Endoscope system

<u>TECHNICAL FIELD</u>

0001The present disclosure relates to endosurgical devices and systems for observing internal features of a body during minimally invasive surgical procedures, and more particularly, to endoscope systems and the like.

<u>BACKGROUND</u>

0002Endoscopes are introduced through an incision or a natural body orifice to observe internal features of a body. Conventional endoscopes include a light transmission pathway, including a fiber guide, for transmitting light from an external light source through the endoscope to illuminate the internal features of the body. Conventional endoscopes also include an image retrieval pathway for transmitting images of these internal features back to an eyepiece or external video system for processing and display on an external monitor.

<u>SUMMARY</u>

0003The present disclosure is directed to endoscopes and endoscope systems having a light source and camera integrated into a distal end portion of the endoscopes and an integrated processor disposed within a handle of the endoscopes for controlling the endoscope systems.

0004According to an aspect of the present disclosure, an endoscope includes a handle and an elongated body extending distally from the handle. The elongated body includes a distal portion terminating at a distal end. An image sensor is disposed within the distal portion of the elongated body; a lens is disposed at the distal end of the elongated body, and a light source including one or more light emitting elements is integrated into the distal end of the elongated body and positioned radially outward of the lens. In embodiments, the light emitting elements are disposed in a crescent shape around a portion of the lens. The light emitting elements may be LEDs. The image sensor may be a backside illuminated sensor. In embodiments, the image sensor is a high definition CMOS sensor. The lens may be a focus free lens.

0005The endoscope may include a passive thermal control system. In embodiments, a thermally conductive substrate is affixed to the light source. A heat sink may be placed in contact with the thermally conductive substrate. In some embodiments, a thermally conductive adhesive is disposed between the heat sink and the thermally conductive substrate. In certain embodiments, the heat sink is cylindrical in shape and positioned in full contact with a cylindrical wall of the elongated body.

0006In embodiments, the endoscope includes a processor disposed within the handle. The processor includes a system controller, an imaging subsystem, a video processing subsystem, and peripheral controllers for transmitting data to and from external devices, such as the image sensor and the light source. In embodiments, the processor is a system-on-chip.

0007According to another aspect of the present disclosure, an endoscope includes a handle including a handle housing including a grip portion and a control portion. The handle housing defines an inner chamber containing a plurality of circuit boards for powering and controlling the endoscope system. In embodiments, the handle housing includes: a main board including a processor and memory for system control, data capture, image processing, and video output; a power board including an integrated power chip to manage system power; a button board to enable/disable user controls; and a switch board to power the system on and off.

0008The button board may be positioned in the control portion of the handle and the main board may be positioned in the grip portion of the handle. In embodiments, the power board is disposed in the grip portion of the handle, and in certain embodiments, the switch board is positioned in the grip portion of the handle.

0009The endoscope may further include an elongated body extending distally from the handle. The elongated body includes a camera including an image sensor disposed in a distal portion of the elongated body and a lens disposed at the distal end of the elongated body. The elongated body also includes a light source disposed at a distal end of the elongated body. The processor includes a peripheral controller for controlling the transmission of data between the processor and the camera and a peripheral controller for controlling the transmission of data between the processor and the light source.

0010Further details and aspects of exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are described in more detail below with reference to the appended figures.

<u>BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS</u>

0011Embodiments of the present disclosure are described herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none"><li><figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref> is a front, perspective view of an endoscope system of the prior art;</li><li><figref idref="f0001">FIG. 2</figref> is front, perspective view illustrating a schematic configuration of the endoscope system of <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0001">FIG. 3</figref> is a side view illustrating a schematic configuration of an optical system of the endoscope system of <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0002">FIG. 4</figref> is a front, perspective view illustrating a schematic configuration of another endoscope system of the prior art;</li><li><figref idref="f0002">FIG. 5</figref> is a perspective, partial cutaway view illustrating a schematic configuration of a distal end of an endoscope of the endoscope system of <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 4</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0002">FIG. 6</figref> is a perspective view of an endoscope in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;</li><li><figref idref="f0002">FIG. 7</figref> is a front, perspective view illustrating a schematic configuration of an endoscope system in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;</li><li><figref idref="f0003">FIG. 8</figref> is a schematic illustration of a camera of the endoscope of <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 6</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0003">FIG. 9</figref> is an end view illustrating a schematic configuration of a distal end of an endoscope in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;</li><li><figref idref="f0003">FIG. 10</figref> is a side, cross-sectional view of a distal portion of the endoscope of <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 6</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0003">FIG. 11</figref> is a side, perspective view, with parts separated, of the distal portion of the endoscope of <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 10</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0004">FIG. 12</figref> is a block diagram of system components of the endoscope system of <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 7</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0005">FIG. 13</figref> is a block diagram of an integrated processor of <figref idref="f0004">FIG. 12</figref>; and</li><li><figref idref="f0005">FIG. 14</figref> is a top, perspective view of a handle of the endoscope of <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 6</figref>.</li></ul>

<u>DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS</u>

0012Embodiments of the presently disclosed endoscope and endoscope system is described in detail with reference to the drawings, in which like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding elements in each of the several views. As used herein, the term "distal" refers to that portion of a structure that is farther from a user, while the term "proximal" refers to that portion of a structure that is closer to the user. As used herein, the term "subject" refers to a human patient or other animal. The term "clinician" refers to a doctor, nurse, or other care provider and may include support personnel. The term "about" shall be understood as a word of approximation that takes into account relatively little to no variation in a modified term (e.g., differing by less than 2%).

0013Referring initially to <figref idref="f0001">FIGS. 1-3</figref>, a prior art endoscope system 1 includes an endoscope 10, a light source 20, a video system 30, and a display device 40. The light source 20, such as an LED/Xenon light source, is connected to the endoscope 10 via a fiber guide 22 that is operatively coupled to the light source 20 and to an endocoupler 16 disposed on, or adjacent to, a handle 18 of the endoscope 10. The fiber guide 22 includes, for example, fiber optic cable which extends through the elongated body 12 of the endoscope 10 and terminates at a distal end 14 of the endoscope 10. Accordingly, light is transmitted from the light source 20, through the fiber guide 22, and emitted out the distal end 14 of the endoscope 10 toward a targeted internal feature, such as tissue or an organ, of a body of a patient. As the light transmission pathway in such a configuration is long, for example, the fiber guide 22 may be about 1 m to about 1.5 m in length, only about 15% (or less) of the light flux emitted from the light source 20 is outputted from the distal end 14 of the endoscope 10.

0014The video system 30 is operatively connected to an image sensor 32 mounted to, or disposed within, the handle 18 of the endoscope 10 via a data cable 34. An objective lens 36 is disposed at the distal end 14 of the elongated body 12 of the endoscope 10 and a series of spaced-apart, relay lenses 38, such as rod lenses, are positioned along the length of the elongated body 12 between the objective lens 36 and the image sensor 32. Images captured by the objective lens 36 are forwarded through the elongated body 12 of the endoscope 10 via the relay lenses 38 to the image sensor 32, which are then communicated to the video system 30 for processing and output to the display device 40 via cable 39.

0015As the image sensor 32 is located within, or mounted to, the handle 18 of the endoscope 10, which can be up to about 30 cm away from the distal end 14 of the endoscope 10, there is loss of image information in the image retrieval pathway as it is difficult to get a high quality image at every point along the whole working distance of the relay lenses 38. Moreover, due to light loss on the relay lenses 38, the objective lens 36 cannot include a small aperture. Therefore, the depth of field is limited and a focusing module (not shown) is typically utilized in the endocoupler 16 to set the objective lens 36 to a desired focal point, which a clinician must adjust when moving the endoscope 10 during a surgical procedure. Also, rotation of the fiber guide 22 will also rotate the relay lenses 38, which changes the viewing angle during use, and the fiber guide 22 also tends to fall due to the force of gravity. Accordingly, a clinician needs to adjust and/or hold the fiber guide 22 during use to keep the view stable, which is inconvenient during operation.

0016As shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIGS. 4 and 5</figref>, another prior art endoscope system 1', which is substantially similar to endoscope system 1 and therefore will only be described with respect to the differences therebetween, includes the image sensor 32 in a distal portion 13 of the elongated body 12 of the endoscope 10' such that the image retrieval pathway between the objective lens 36 and the image sensor 32 is shorter than that of the endoscope system 1. The endoscope system 1' adopts the same light transmission pathway as that of the endoscope system 1 (i.e., from the light source 20 and through the fiber guide 22), and thus light consumption on transmission is still large. However, the fiber guide 22 may be integrated with the data cable 34, thereby making the endoscope 10' easier to operate as a clinician does not need to adjust the fiber guide 22 during use.

0017Referring now to <figref idref="f0002">FIGS. 6 and 7</figref>, an endoscope system 100 of the present disclosure includes an endoscope 110, a display 120, and a cable 130 connecting the endoscope 110 and the display 120. A camera 140, a light source 150, and an integrated processor 160 are contained within the endoscope 110.

0018The endoscope 110 includes a handle 112 and an elongated body 114 having a cylindrical wall 114a extending distally from the handle 112 along a longitudinal axis "x." The elongated body 114 includes a distal portion 116 terminating at a distal end or tip 118. The handle 112 includes a handling housing 112a including a grip portion 113 for handling by a clinician and a control portion 115 including actuating elements 115a (e.g., buttons, switches etc.) for functional control of the endoscope 110.

0019As shown in <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 8</figref>, in conjunction with <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 7</figref>, the camera 140 is disposed within the elongated body 114 of the endoscope 110. The camera 140 includes an image sensor 142 disposed within the distal portion 116 of the elongated body 112 proximal of a lens 144 that is positioned at the distal end 118. The image sensor 142 may be a charge-coupled device (CCD), a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS), or a hybrid thereof. In embodiments, the image sensor 142 is a highly sensitive, backside illuminated sensor (BSI). In embodiments, the lighting flux required by the image sensor 142 may be up to about 20 lm.

0020As the image retrieval pathway is shortened over that of traditional endoscope systems (e.g., <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>) and the need for relay lenses is eliminated, the depth of field can be expanded and optimized. Accordingly, the lens 144 may include a depth of field from about 20mm to about 110mm with optimized image quality and a field-of-view of about 100 degrees. In embodiments, the lens 144 is a focus free lens. As compared to traditional endoscopes, a focus free lens relies on depth of field to produce sharp images and thus, eliminates the need to determine the correct focusing distance and setting the lens to that focal point. Accordingly, the aperture of the lens 144 can be relatively small, taking up less space at the distal end 118 of the elongated body 114. In embodiments, the outer diameter of the lens 144 is up to about 6 mm.

0021The light source 150 is disposed at the distal end 118 of the endoscope 110. Light source 150 includes one or more high efficiency light emitting elements 152, such as light-emitting diodes (LED). In embodiments, the light emitting elements 152 have a luminous efficacy of up to about 80 lm/W (lumen/watt). As compared to traditional endoscopes, the light source of the present disclosure eliminates the need for the use of an external light source and fiber guide, which can lower the cost of the endoscope system, simplify the endoscope system structure, and reduce light consumption and/or light distortion during light transmission.

0022The light emitting elements 152 are arranged radially outward of the lens 144 at the distal end 118 of the elongated body 114 of the endoscope 110. The light source 150 may include a plurality of individual light emitting elements 152 arranged in an annular ring, such as an LED ring, around the lens 144 (<figref idref="f0002">FIG. 7</figref>) to ensure adequate and even light distribution. In some embodiments, such as that shown in <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 9</figref>, a distal end 118' of an endoscope 100' may include a plurality of individual light emitting elements 152' arranged in a crescent or arc shape around a portion of the lens 144'. The dimensional area of the light source 150 at the distal end 118 of the endoscope may be about, or smaller than, 0.4 cm², with the total light output area being no larger than about 0.1 cm². To reduce the heat output from such a small area by the high density of light, thermal control is managed by reducing heat generation and/or increasing heat conduction.

0023Heat generation may be managed, for example, by controlling the luminous efficacy of the light emitting elements 152 and the lighting flux required by the image sensor 142. In embodiments, the endoscope 100 of the present disclosure includes high efficiency LED light emitting elements 152 and a BSI CMOS sensor 142. The BSI CMOS sensor 142 reduces the lighting flux required to get a bright and clear image in a desired body cavity over image sensors utilized in traditional endoscopes. Accordingly, in embodiments where, for example, about 20 lm of lighting flux is required, such as within an abdomen of a patient, the power consumption of LED light emitting elements 152 having a luminous efficacy of about 80 lm/W will be about 0.25 W (20lm / 80lm/W = 0.25W). As about 80% of the power consumption of an LED is typically turned into heat, an LED light emitting element 152 with 0.25W power consumption would generate no more than about 0.2W of heat, which is a relatively very small amount of heat that can be controlled by a passive thermal system.

0024To increase heat conduction, a passive thermal control system includes a plurality of thermally conductive materials in successive contact with each other so that heat flows from an area of higher temperature to one of lower temperature thereby transporting the excess heat away from the source into the ambient environment. As shown in <figref idref="f0003">FIGS. 10 and 11</figref>, contained within the cylindrical wall 114a of the endoscope 110 is a fixture 170 for fixing the lens 144 and a heat sink 172 within the distal portion 116 of the elongated body 114, a thermally conductive substrate 174 in contact with a distal side 172a of the heat sink 172, and a light source 150 affixed to a distal side 174a of the thermally conductive substrate 174. Heat generated by the light source 150 is conducted to the thermally conductive substrate 174, the heat sink 172, the cylindrical wall 114a of the elongated body 114, and dissipated into the surrounding air as shown by arrows "A".

0025In embodiments, a thin coating of a thermally conductive adhesive 173 may be applied to the distal side 172a of the heat sink 172 to increase the heat conduction between the heat sink 172 and the substrate 174. The heat sink 172 may be shaped as a cylinder that is dimensioned to fit within and fully contact the inner surface of the cylindrical wall 114a of the elongated body 114, thereby maximizing the contact area between the heat sink 172 and the cylindrical wall 114a. The profile of the heat sink 172 may be designed to match the lens 144 and the light source 150 so that in addition to conducting heat, the heat sink 172 also aids in fixing the lens 144 and the light source 150 within the elongated body 114.

0026Referring now to <figref idref="f0004">FIGS. 12</figref> and <figref idref="f0005">13</figref>, the integrated processor 160 is designed for master control of the endoscope system 100. The processor 160 is an integrated circuit including a system controller 162, various subsystems 164, such as an imaging subsystem 164a and a high definition video processing subsystem 164b, and peripherals 166, such as input/output (I/O) interfaces for controlling data transmission to and/or from external devices, such as the image sensor 142, the light source 150, the actuating elements 115a in the control portion 115 of the handle 112, and the display device 120. The processor 160 is also responsible for the configuration and control of memory 168. In embodiments, the processor 160 is a system-on-chip (SoC). Compared to traditional hardware architecture, the power consumption of a SoC is low resulting in less heat generation. Accordingly, thermal control of the endoscope is benefitted from a high level integrated, low power consumption SoC.

0027The processor 160 is configured and designed to capture Full HD raw data from the camera 140 and to transmit the data to the imaging subsystem 164a for video processing, including, for example, color conversion, defect correction, image enhancement, H3A (Auto White Balance, Auto Exposure, and Auto Focus), and resizer. The data is then transmitted to the high definition video processing subsystem 164b for wrapping of the processed data, and finally to an HDMI output 169 for image display on the display device 120. The hardware modules may be tailored to control power consumption. In embodiments, some hardware functional blocks, such as a high definition video image co-processor 161, and some peripherals 166, such as Ethernet and some I/O interfaces, may be disabled. Such system software optimization of the video pipeline results in lower resource requirements and the tailored hardware modules optimize power consumption for thermal control.

0028As shown in <figref idref="f0005">FIG. 14</figref>, in conjunction with <figref idref="f0004">FIGS. 12</figref> and <figref idref="f0005">13</figref>, the hardware structure may include multiple circuit boards to maximize the use of the three dimensional space within the handle housing 112a and/or minimize the dimensional size of the handle 112 to a smaller and lightweight construction. The handle 112 defines an inner chamber containing: a main board 180 including the processor 160 and the memory 168 for performing system control, data capture, imaging processing, and video output; a power board 182 including an integrated power chip 182a to manage the system's power; a button board 184 operably associated with the actuating elements 115a of the control portion 115 of the handle 112 for enabling/disabling a user interface on screen display menu, system functional controls and shortcuts; and a switch board 186 for powering the whole system on and off. The cable 130 connecting the endoscope 110 and the display 120 may, in addition to the HDMI data pathway, include a power wire and converter for converting alternating current (e.g., 110/220V AC) into direct current (e.g., 5V DC) for system power.

<u>EXAMPLES</u>

Example 1

0029An endoscope was constructed which included three high efficiency LEDs having a luminous efficacy of about 80 lm/W and an OV2724 CMOS HD image sensor which is commercially available from OmniVision of Santa Clara, California. A passive thermal control system was designed to include the thermally conductive materials provided in Table 1 below. <tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="all"><title>TABLE 1: Thermal Conductive Materials in a Thermal Control System</title><tgroup cols="2"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="48mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="51mm" /><thead><row><entry align="center" valign="top">Material</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Thermal Conductivity (W/m*K)</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center">Ceramic substrate</entry><entry align="center">320</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Silicone thermal adhesive</entry><entry align="center">2-5</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Aluminum heat sink</entry><entry align="center">230</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Stainless steel cylindrical wall</entry><entry align="center">16</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Air</entry><entry align="center">0.024</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

Example 2

0030The thermal control of the endoscope of Example 1 was tested by measuring the temperature at the surface of the distal end of the elongated body of the endoscope inside an artificial abdominal cavity having a 298.8K environment temperature after the endoscope was powered-on for 60 minutes. As shown in Table 2 below, the temperature rise was under 10K for a 20lm flux, which means that the temperature at the distal end of the endoscope was not over about 42°C during use. <tables id="tabl0002" num="0002"><table frame="all"><title>TABLE 2: Temperature Test Results</title><tgroup cols="5"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="17mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="22mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="23mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="29mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="35mm" /><thead><row><entry align="center" valign="top">Flux (lm)</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Voltage (V)</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Current (mA)</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Temperature (K)</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Temperature rise (K)</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center">7.29</entry><entry align="center">7.789</entry><entry align="center">10</entry><entry align="center">296.23</entry><entry align="center">2.48</entry></row><row><entry align="center">11.17</entry><entry align="center">7.839</entry><entry align="center">15</entry><entry align="center">297.26</entry><entry align="center">3.56</entry></row><row><entry align="center">14.54</entry><entry align="center">7.871</entry><entry align="center">20</entry><entry align="center">298.52</entry><entry align="center">5.31</entry></row><row><entry align="center">18.74</entry><entry align="center">7.904</entry><entry align="center">25</entry><entry align="center">299.88</entry><entry align="center">6.13</entry></row><row><entry align="center">22.43</entry><entry align="center">7.929</entry><entry align="center">30</entry><entry align="center">300.78</entry><entry align="center">7.03</entry></row><row><entry align="center">26.14</entry><entry align="center">7.951</entry><entry align="center">35</entry><entry align="center">303.88</entry><entry align="center">10.13</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

Example 3

0031The lighting stability of the endoscope of Example 1 was tested by continually working the endoscope for over a 72 hour period under the same test conditions of the temperature test of Example 2. As shown in Table 3 below, the temperature was successfully controlled by the passive thermal control system. <tables id="tabl0003" num="0003"><table frame="all"><title>TABLE 3: Stability Test Results</title><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="17mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="22mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="23mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="23mm" /><thead><row><entry align="center" valign="top">Flux (lm)</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Voltage (V)</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Current (mA)</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Time (h, min)</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center">20.74</entry><entry align="center">7.937</entry><entry align="center">30</entry><entry align="center">0h 00min</entry></row><row><entry align="center">21.16</entry><entry align="center">7.936</entry><entry align="center">30</entry><entry align="center">4h 26min</entry></row><row><entry align="center">21.01</entry><entry align="center">7.934</entry><entry align="center">30</entry><entry align="center">5h 14min</entry></row><row><entry align="center">20.29</entry><entry align="center">7.933</entry><entry align="center">30</entry><entry align="center">22h 56min</entry></row><row><entry align="center">20.80</entry><entry align="center">7.933</entry><entry align="center">30</entry><entry align="center">29h 08min</entry></row><row><entry align="center">20.64</entry><entry align="center">7.929</entry><entry align="center">30</entry><entry align="center">50h 21min</entry></row><row><entry align="center">20.33</entry><entry align="center">7.925</entry><entry align="center">30</entry><entry align="center">74h 01min</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0032It will be understood that various modifications may be made to the embodiments described herein. Therefore, the above description should not be construed as limiting, but merely as exemplifications of various embodiments. Those skilled in the art will envision other modifications within the scope and spirit of the claims appended thereto.

0033The invention may be described by reference to the following numbered paragraphs; <ol id="ol0001" ol-style=""><li>1. An endoscope comprising: <ul id="ul0002" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a handle; and</li><li>an elongated body extending distally from the handle, the elongated body including a distal portion terminating at a distal end;</li><li>an image sensor disposed within the distal portion of the elongated body;</li><li>a lens disposed at the distal end of the elongated body; and</li><li>a light source including one or more light emitting elements integrated into the distal end of the elongated body and positioned radially outward of the lens.</li></ul></li><li>2. The endoscope of paragraph 1, wherein the light emitting elements are LEDs.</li><li>3. The endoscope of paragraph 1, wherein the light emitting elements are disposed in a crescent shape around a portion of the lens.</li><li>4. The endoscope of paragraph 1, further comprising a thermally conductive substrate affixed to the light source.</li><li>5. The endoscope of paragraph 4, further comprising a heat sink in contact with the thermally conductive substrate.</li><li>6. The endoscope of paragraph 5, wherein a thermally conductive adhesive is disposed between the heat sink and the thermally conductive substrate.</li><li>7. The endoscope of paragraph 5, wherein the heat sink is cylindrical in shape and is in full contact with a cylindrical wall of the elongated body.</li><li>8. The endoscope of paragraph 1, wherein the image sensor is a backside illuminated sensor.</li><li>9. The endoscope of paragraph 1, wherein the image sensor is a BSI CMOS sensor.</li><li>10. The endoscope of paragraph 1, wherein the lens is a focus free lens.</li><li>11. The endoscope of paragraph 1, further comprising an integrated processor disposed within the handle.</li><li>12. The endoscope of paragraph 11, wherein the processor includes a system controller, an imaging subsystem, a video processing subsystem, and peripheral controllers for transmitting data to and from the image sensor and the light source.</li><li>13. The endoscope of paragraph 11, wherein the processor is a system-on-chip.</li><li>14. An endoscope including: <ul id="ul0003" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a handle including a handle housing including a grip portion and a control portion, the handle housing defining an inner chamber containing: <ul id="ul0004" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a main board including a processor and memory for system control, data capture, image processing, and video output;</li><li>a power board including an integrated power chip to manage system power;</li><li>a button board to enable/disable user controls; and</li><li>a switch board to power the endoscope on and off.</li></ul></li></ul></li><li>15. The endoscope of paragraph 14, wherein the button board is positioned in the control portion of the handle and the main board is positioned in the grip portion of the handle.</li><li>16. The endoscope of paragraph 15, wherein the power board is disposed in the grip portion of the handle.</li><li>17. The endoscope of paragraph 16, wherein the switch board is positioned in the grip portion of the handle.</li><li>18. The endoscope of paragraph 15, further comprising: <ul id="ul0005" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>an elongated body extending distally from the handle, the elongated body including: <ul id="ul0006" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a camera including an image sensor disposed in a distal portion of the elongated body and a lens disposed at the distal end of the elongated body; and</li><li>a at a distal light source disposed end of the elongated body,</li></ul></li><li>wherein the processor includes a peripheral controller for controlling the transmission of data between the processor and the camera and a peripheral controller for controlling the transmission of data between the processor and the light source.</li></ul></li></ol>