Intelligent backhaul radio with zero division duplexing

Description of equivalent WO 2014040083 A2

INTELLIGENT BACKHAUL RADIO WITH CO-BAND ZERO DIVISION DUPLEXING

PRIORITY

[0001 ] This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application Serial Nos.

13/609,156, filed on September 10, 2012 and 13/767,796, filed February 14, 2013, the entireties of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to data networking and in particular to a backhaul radio for connecting remote edge access networks to core networks with advantageous spectrum usage.

2. Related Art

[0003] Data networking traffic has grown at approximately 100% per year for over 20 years and continues to grow at this pace. Only transport over optical fiber has shown the ability to keep pace with this ever-increasing data networking demand for core data networks. While deployment of optical fiber to an edge of the core data network would be advantageous from a network performance perspective, it is often impractical to connect all high bandwidth data networking points with optical fiber at all times. Instead, connections to remote edge access networks from core networks are often achieved with wireless radio, wireless infrared, and/or copper wireline technologies.

[0004] Radio, especially in the form of cellular or wireless local area network (WLAN) technologies, is particularly advantageous for supporting mobility of data networking devices. However, cellular base stations or WLAN access points inevitably become very high data bandwidth demand points that require continuous connectivity to an optical fiber core network.

[0005] When data aggregation points, such as cellular base station sites, WLAN access points, or other local area network (LAN) gateways, cannot be directly connected to a core optical fiber network, then an alternative connection, using, for example, wireless radio or copper wireline technologies, must be used. Such connections are commonly referred to as "backhaul."

[0006] Many cellular base stations deployed to date have used copper wireline backhaul technologies such as Tl, El, DSL, etc. when optical fiber is not available at a given site.

However, the recent generations of HSPA+ and LTE cellular base stations have backhaul requirements of 100 Mb/s or more, especially when multiple sectors and/or multiple mobile network operators per cell site are considered. WLAN access points commonly have similar data backhaul requirements. These backhaul requirements cannot be practically satisfied at ranges of 300m or more by existing copper wireline technologies. Even if LAN technologies such as Ethernet over multiple dedicated twisted pair wiring or hybrid fiber/coax technologies such as cable modems are considered, it is impractical to backhaul at such data rates at these ranges (or at least without adding intermediate repeater equipment). Moreover, to the extent that such special wiring (i.e., CAT 5/6 or coax) is not presently available at a remote edge access network location; a new high capacity optical fiber is advantageously installed instead of a new copper connection.

[0007] Rather than incur the large initial expense and time delay associated with bringing optical fiber to every new location, it has been common to backhaul cell sites, WLAN hotspots, or LAN gateways from offices, campuses, etc. using microwave radios. An exemplary backhaul connection using the microwave radios 132 is shown in Fig. 1. Traditionally, such microwave radios 132 for backhaul have been mounted on high towers 112 (or high rooftops of multi-story buildings) as shown in Fig. 1, such that each microwave radio 132 has an unobstructed line of sight (LOS) 136 to the other. These microwave radios 132 can have data rates of 100 Mb/s or higher at unobstructed LOS ranges of 300m or longer with latencies of 5 ms or less (to minimize overall network latency).

[0008] Traditional microwave backhaul radios 132 operate in a Point to Point (PTP) configuration using a single "high gain" (typically > 30dBi or even > 40dBi) antenna at each end of the link 136, such as, for example, antennas constructed using a parabolic dish. Such high gain antennas mitigate the effects of unwanted multipath self-interference or unwanted co- channel interference from other radio systems such that high data rates, long range and low latency can be achieved. These high gain antennas however have narrow radiation patterns. [0009] Furthermore, high gain antennas in traditional microwave backhaul radios 132 require very precise, and usually manual, physical alignment of their narrow radiation patterns in order to achieve such high performance results. Such alignment is almost impossible to maintain over extended periods of time unless the two radios have a clear unobstructed line of sight (LOS) between them over the entire range of separation. Furthermore, such precise alignment makes it impractical for any one such microwave backhaul radio to communicate effectively with multiple other radios simultaneously (i.e., a "point to multipoint" (PMP) configuration).

[0010] In particular, "street level" deployment of cellular base stations, WLAN access points or LAN gateways (e.g., deployment at street lamps, traffic lights, sides or rooftops of single or low-multiple story buildings) suffers from problems because there are significant obstructions for LOS in urban environments (e.g., tall buildings, or any environments where tall trees or uneven topography are present).

[0011] Fig. 1 illustrates edge access using conventional unobstructed LOS PTP microwave radios 132. The scenario depicted in Fig. 1 is common for many 2^nd Generation (2G) and 3^rd Generation (3G) cellular network deployments using "macrocells". In Fig. 1, a Cellular Base Transceiver Station (BTS) 104 is shown housed within a small building 108 adjacent to a large tower 112. The cellular antennas 116 that communicate with various cellular subscriber devices 120 are mounted on the towers 112. The PTP microwave radios 132 are mounted on the towers 112 and are connected to the BTSs 104 via an nTl interface. As shown in Fig.l by line 136, the radios 132 require unobstructed LOS.

[0012] The BTS on the right 104a has either an nTl copper interface or an optical fiber interface 124 to connect the BTS 104a to the Base Station Controller (BSC) 128. The BSC 128 either is part of or communicates with the core network of the cellular network operator. The BTS on the left 104b is identical to the BTS on the right 104a in Fig. 1 except that the BTS on the left 104b has no local wireline nTl (or optical fiber equivalent) so the nTl interface is instead connected to a conventional PTP microwave radio 132 with unobstructed LOS to the tower on the right 112a. The nTl interfaces for both BTSs 104a, 104b can then be backhauled to the BSC 128 as shown in Fig. 1.

[0013] The conventional PTP radio on a whole is completely unsuitable for obstructed

LOS or PMP operation. To overcome, these and other deficiencies of the prior art, one or more of the inventors has disclosed multiple exemplary embodiments of an "Intelligent Backhaul Radio" (or "IBR") in US Patent Application Nos. 13/212,036, now U.S. Patent No. 8,238,318, and 13/536,927, which share a common assignee to this invention and are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety into this invention.

[0014] Both conventional PTP radios and IBRs can be operated using time division duplexing (or "TDD"). Fig. 2 depicts a generic digital radio, not necessarily a conventional PTP radio or an IBR, in a TDD configuration. With TDD, only one of the radios amongst the two peers depicted in Fig. 2 transmits at any given point in time according to a time schedule known to both radios. This enables both TDD radios to transmit and receive at the same frequency or within the same finite frequency band. Thus, relative to Fig. 2, each radio transmits and receives at a single nominal carrier frequency fi, but when one radio in any given link (of which only one link is depicted in Fig. 2) is transmitting, then the other radio is receiving wherein neither radio transmits and receives at the same point in time.

[0015] Both conventional PTP radios and IBRs can be operated using frequency division duplexing (or "FDD"). Fig. 3 depicts a generic digital radio, not necessarily a conventional PTP radio or an IBR, in a conventional FDD configuration. With conventional FDD, each of the radios amongst the two peers depicted in Fig. 3 transmits at separate frequencies, fi and f₂, known to both radios but chosen such that frequency-selective filters within the transmitters and the receivers of each radio can sufficiently reject unwanted transmit noise and signal leakage within each receiver. In FDD, both radios amongst the two peers depicted in Fig. 3 can transmit and receive simultaneously.

[0016] There are well-known advantages and disadvantages for each of TDD or FDD operation for both the generic radios of Figs. 2 and 3, or for IBRs or conventional PTP radios. Many advantages of TDD are related to disadvantages of FDD, or vice versa.

[0017] For example, in TDD antenna resources are easily shared between transmit and receive, which is a distinct advantage for TDD. Conversely, in FDD antenna resources are not easily shared and either separate antennas for transmit and receive or a frequency duplex er is required to support conventional FDD radio operation. For example, in utilizing TDD, the isolation of the receiver from the intentional or unintentional signals of the transmitter is straightforward since transmission occurs only when reception does not occur, and vice versa. Conversely, in utilizing FDD, the transmitter signals (both intentional and unintentional) must be highly isolated from the receiver channel, which is a disadvantage for FDD such that conventional FDD radios have required multiple additional filters relative to TDD as well as separate antennas or frequency duplexers. For example in TDD, spectrum access is very flexible as any portion of the radio spectrum that supports the desired channel bandwidth can theoretically be used and the duty cycle between transmit and receive can be varied easily, which is another distinct advantage for TDD. Conversely, in FDD spectrum access channels for transmit and receive need to be paired at frequency separations compatible with the isolation requirements for conventional FDD radio operation.

[0018] However, even conventional FDD radios have significant advantages over TDD despite the disadvantages described above. For example in FDD, with separate antennas between transmit and receive, the losses between either the power amplifier and the transmit antenna or the receive antenna and the low noise amplifier are lower than that of a TDD radio with a transmit/receive switch, which is an advantage for such an FDD radio. As another example in FDD, very high PHY and MAC efficiency can be obtained in a backhaul radio with simultaneously achieving very low latency in transmission and reception without any significant buffering at the network interface, which is a distinct advantage for FDD. Conversely, in TDD a trade-off is required between PHY and MAC efficiency on one hand and minimizing latency and buffering on the other hand. For example, in FDD all of the "non-antenna" resources, such as the entire transmit path and the entire receive path are utilized at all times. Conversely, in TDD much or all of the transmit path may be idle when receiving and vice versa for the receive path when transmitting, which significantly underutilizes the resources within a TDD radio. For example, in FDD a low latency feedback channel to each transmitter is available because a peer FDD radio does not need to wait until such transmitter stops transmitting to send feedback information that may enhance the link performance. Conversely, in TDD no feedback can occur until the transmitter stops and the radio goes to receive mode and thus feedback latency must also be traded off against overall efficiency.

[0019] Recently, it has been proposed that certain types of radio systems that operate within a single channel or band may transmit and receive simultaneously without all of the isolation circuitry and frequency separation of conventional FDD systems by adding a cancellation capability as shown conceptually in Fig. 4. In such an exemplary configuration, which is referred to herein as "Zero Division Duplexing" (or "ZDD"), each radio in a particular link transmits and receives at single nominal carrier frequency fi as is allowable for TDD, but can transmit and receive simultaneously as is allowable for FDD Such a ZDD radio has many of the advantages of FDD, such as for example only, low latency and high efficiency, as well as many of the advantages of TDD, such as for example only, flexible spectrum access.

Furthermore, a ZDD radio in theory can have at least twice the single-link spectral efficiency of either an FDD or TDD radio by utilizing the same frequency channel simultaneously in both directions of a link. In some configurations, ZDD operation may be at two channels about a nominal frequency fi such that no conventional isolation filtering at RF is possible in which case the above referenced advantages still apply except for the spectral efficiency improvement. As shown in Fig. 4, exemplary ZDD radios have attempted to cancel unwanted transmitter leakage primarily by inverting the phase of an attenuated copy of the transmit signal and summing it at the receiver to substantially cancel the transmit signal leakage at the receiver antenna.

[0020] However, known techniques for implementing ZDD radios are completely inadequate for an IBR, or many other high performance antenna array based radio systems, to operate in any ZDD mode whether "co-channel" or "co-band".

SUMMARY

[0021 ] The following summary of the invention is included in order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects and features of the invention. This summary is not an extensive overview of the invention and as such it is not intended to particularly identify key or critical elements of the invention or to delineate the scope of the invention. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of the invention in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented below.

[0022] Some embodiments of the claimed invention are directed to backhaul radios utilizing zero division duplexing (ZDD) that are compact, light and low power for street level mounting, operate at 100 Mb/s or higher at ranges of 300m or longer in obstructed LOS conditions with low latencies of 5 ms or less, can support PTP and PMP topologies, use radio spectrum resources efficiently and do not require precise physical antenna alignment. Radios with such exemplary capabilities as described by multiple various embodiments are referred to herein by the term "Intelligent Backhaul Radio" (IBR).

[0023] According to aspects of the invention, an intelligent backhaul radio is disclosed that includes a plurality of transmit RF chains to convert from a plurality of transmit chain input signals to a plurality of respective RF transmit chain signals; a plurality of adaptable RF transversal filter sets to convert a plurality of signals respectively derived from the plurality of RF transmit chain signals to a plurality of RF transmit leakage cancellation signals, wherein each adaptable RF transversal filter set is comprised of a plurality of adaptable RF transversal filters, each for filtering a respective one of said plurality of signals respectively derived from the plurality of RF transmit chain signals to provide a respective adaptable RF transversal filtered signal, and a combiner for combining the plurality of adaptable RF transversal filtered signals within the filter set to produce one of said RF transmit leakage cancellation signals; a plurality of RF cancellation combiners for respectively combining one of said plurality of RF transmit leakage cancellation signals with one of said plurality of RF receive signals to provide a plurality of RF receive chain input signals, and a plurality of receive RF chains to convert from said plurality of RF receive chain input signals to a plurality of respective receive chain output signals; a cancellation controller, for adapting each of said plurality of adaptable RF transversal filters of one or more of said plurality of adaptable RF transversal filter sets, wherein the cancellation controller utilizes a plurality of RF transmit leakage metrics respectively derived from each of said receive RF chains associated with each of said one or more adaptable RF transversal filters sets being adapted by said cancellation controller; one or more demodulator cores, wherein each demodulator core demodulates one or more receive symbol streams to produce a respective receive data interface stream; a frequency selective receive path channel multiplexer, interposed between the one or more demodulator cores and the plurality of receive RF chains, to produce the one or more receive symbol streams provided to the one or more demodulator cores from the plurality of receive chain output signals; an antenna array that includes a plurality of directive gain antenna elements; and one or more selectable RF

connections that selectively couple certain of the plurality of directive gain antenna elements to certain of the plurality of receive RF chains, wherein the number of directive gain antenna elements that can be selectively coupled to receive RF chains exceeds the number of receive RF chains that can accept receive RF signals from the one or more selectable RF connections; and a radio resource controller, wherein the radio resource controller sets or causes to be set the specific selective couplings between the certain of the plurality of directive gain antenna elements and the certain of the plurality of receive RF chains.

[0024] According to other aspects of the invention an intelligent backhaul radio is disclosed that includes a plurality of transmit RF chains to convert from a plurality of transmit chain input signals to a plurality of respective RF transmit chain signals; a plurality of adaptable RF transversal filter sets to convert a plurality of signals respectively derived from the plurality of RF transmit chain signals to a plurality of RF transmit leakage cancellation signals, wherein each adaptable RF transversal filter set is comprised of a plurality of adaptable RF transversal filters, each for filtering a respective one of said plurality of signals respectively derived from the plurality of RF transmit chain signals to provide a respective adaptable RF transversal filtered signal, and a combiner for combining the plurality of adaptable RF transversal filtered signals within the filter set to produce one of said RF transmit leakage cancellation signals; a plurality of RF cancellation combiners for respectively combining one of said plurality of RF transmit leakage cancellation signals with one of said plurality of RF receive signals to provide a plurality of RF receive chain input signals, and a plurality of receive RF chains to convert from said plurality of RF receive chain input signals to a plurality of respective receive chain output signals; a plurality of receive baseband cancellation combiners for combining a plurality of baseband transmit leakage cancellation signals with a respective one of said plurality of receive chain output signals to provide a plurality of baseband cancelled receive signals; a plurality of adaptable baseband transversal filter sets to receive a plurality of signals respectively derived from the plurality of transmit chain input signals and provide a plurality of baseband transmit leakage cancellation signals respectively to each of the plurality of receive baseband cancellation combiners, wherein each adaptable baseband transversal filter set is comprised of a plurality of adaptable baseband transversal filters, each for filtering a respective one of said plurality of signals respectively derived from the plurality of transmit chain input signals to provide a respective adaptable baseband transversal filtered signal, and a combiner for combining the plurality of the adaptable baseband transversal filtered signals of the filter set s to provide one of said baseband transmit leakage cancellation signals to one of said respective receive baseband cancellation combiners, a cancellation controller, for adapting each of said plurality of adaptable RF transversal filters of one or more of said plurality of adaptable RF transversal filter sets, wherein the cancellation controller utilizes a plurality of RF transmit leakage metrics respectively derived from each of said receive RF chains associated with each of said one or more adaptable RF transversal filters sets being adapted by said cancellation controller; and wherein said cancellation controller is additionally for adapting each of said plurality of adaptable baseband transversal filters of one or more of said plurality of adaptable baseband transversal filter sets, wherein the cancellation controller utilizes a plurality baseband cancellation adaptation input signals derived directly or indirectly from each of said receive RF chains or from said baseband combiners associated with each of said one or more adaptable baseband transversal filter sets being adapted by said cancellation controller; one or more demodulator cores, wherein each demodulator core demodulates one or more receive symbol streams to produce a respective receive data interface stream; a frequency selective receive path channel multiplexer, interposed between the one or more demodulator cores and the plurality of receive baseband cancellation combiners, to produce the one or more receive symbol streams provided to the one or more demodulator cores from the plurality of baseband cancelled receive signals; an antenna array that includes a plurality of directive gain antenna elements; and one or more selectable RF connections that selectively couple certain of the plurality of directive gain antenna elements to certain of the plurality of receive RF chains, wherein the number of directive gain antenna elements that can be selectively coupled to receive RF chains exceeds the number of receive RF chains that can accept receive RF signals from the one or more selectable RF connections; and a radio resource controller, wherein the radio resource controller sets or causes to be set the specific selective couplings between the certain of the plurality of directive gain antenna elements and the certain of the plurality of receive RF chains.

[0025] In some embodiments, the transmit leakage metric is an RSSI measurement.

[0026] In some embodiments, the transmit leakage metric is further derived from said receive chain output signal, wherein the derivation of said RF transmit leakage metric comprises a correlation with one or more signals related to one or more of said transit chain input signals.

[0027] In some embodiments, the adapting by said cancellation controller of each of the plurality of adaptable RF transversal filters of one or more of said plurality of adaptable RF transversal filter sets utilizes an iterative adaptation algorithm so as to minimize or otherwise optimize said wherein said RF transmit leakage metrics.

[0028] In some embodiments, the baseband cancellation adaptation input signals are respectively derived said baseband cancelled receive signals.

[0029] In some embodiments, the baseband cancellation adaptation input signals are respectively derived utilizing a correlation with one or more signals related to one or more of said transit chain input signals, and wherein said adapting by said cancellation controller of each of the plurality of adaptable baseband transversal filters of one or more of said plurality of adaptable baseband transversal filter sets utilizes an iterative adaptation algorithm so as to minimize any remaining transmit leakage signal from the baseband cancelled receive signals.

[0030] In some embodiments, the baseband cancellation adaptation input signals comprise signals related said transit chain input signals, and further comprise one or more of said receive chain output signals, and wherein said adapting by said cancellation controller of each of the plurality of adaptable baseband transversal filters of one or more of said plurality of adaptable baseband transversal filter sets utilizes a closed form calculation utilizing said baseband cancellation adaptation input signals.

[0031] In some embodiments, the closed form calculation involves a least squares or

MMSE calculations.

[0032] In some embodiments, the combiner of one or more of said adaptable RF transversal filter sets is integral to one or more of said RF cancelation combiners.

[0033] The In some embodiments, the combiner of one or more of said adaptable baseband transversal filter sets is integral to one or more of said receive baseband cancelation combiners.

[0034] According to an aspect of the invention, an intelligent backhaul radio is disclosed that includes a plurality of transmit RF chains to convert from a plurality of transmit chain input signals to a plurality of respective RF transmit chain signals; a plurality of transmit RF reference receive chains respectively coupled, directly or indirectly, to the output of said plurality of transmit RF chains, to convert a plurality of signals respectively derived from said respective RF transmit chain signals to respective baseband sampled RF transmit reference signals; a plurality of receive baseband cancellation combiners for combining a plurality of baseband sampled RF transmit leakage cancellation signals with a respective one of a plurality of receive chain output signals to provide a plurality of baseband cancelled receive signals; a plurality of first adaptable baseband transversal filter sets to receive the plurality of baseband sampled RF transmit reference signals and provide a plurality of baseband sampled RF transmit leakage cancellation signals respectively to each of the plurality of respective receive baseband cancellation combiners, wherein each first adaptable baseband transversal filter set is comprised of a plurality of first adaptable baseband transversal filters, each for filtering a respective one of said plurality of baseband sampled RF transmit reference signals to provide a respective first baseband filtered signal, and a combiner for combining the plurality of respective first baseband filtered signals within the filter set to provide one of said plurality of baseband sampled RF transmit leakage cancellation signals to one of said respective receive baseband cancellation combiners; a plurality of RF cancellation combiners for respectively combining one of a plurality of up-converted baseband transmit leakage cancellation signals with one of said plurality of RF receive signals to provide a plurality of RF receive chain input signals, and a plurality of receive RF chains to convert from a plurality of said RF receive chain input signals to a plurality of said respective receive chain output signals; a plurality of cancellation up- converter chains, each to receive a respective one of said plurality of baseband transmit leakage cancellation signals and respectively provide one of said plurality of the up-converted baseband transmit leakage cancellation signals to a respective one of said plurality of RF cancellation combiners; a plurality of second adaptable baseband transversal filter sets to receive a plurality of signals respectively derived from the plurality of transmit chain input signals and provide the plurality of baseband transmit leakage cancellation signals respectively to each of the plurality of respective cancellation up-converter chains, wherein each second adaptable baseband transversal filter set is comprised of a plurality of second adaptable baseband transversal filters, each for filtering a respective one of said plurality of signals respectively derived from the plurality of transmit chain input signals to provide a respective second baseband filtered signal, and a combiner for combining the plurality of the second baseband filtered signals of the filter set to provide one of said plurality of baseband transmit leakage cancellation signals to one of said respective cancellation up-converter chains, a cancellation controller, for adapting each of said plurality of second adaptable baseband transversal filters of one or more of said plurality of second adaptable baseband transversal filter sets, wherein the adaptation controller utilizes a second transmit leakage metric derived, directly or indirectly, from each of said receive RF chains, or said receive baseband cancellation combiners associated with each of said one or more second adaptable transversal filter sets being adapted by said adaptation controller, wherein said cancellation controller is additionally for adapting each of said plurality of said first adaptable baseband transversal filters of one or more of said plurality of first adaptable baseband transversal filter sets, wherein the adaptation controller utilizes a plurality of baseband cancellation adaptation input signals derived directly or indirectly from each of said receive RF chains, or receive baseband cancelation combiners associated with each of said one or more first adaptable baseband transversal filter sets being adapted by said adaptation controller.

[0035] In some embodiments, the second RF transmit leakage metric is an RSSI measurement.

[0036] In some embodiments, the second RF transmit leakage metric is further derived from said receive chain output signal, wherein the derivation of said first or said second RF transmit leakage metric comprises a correlation with one or more signals related to one or more of said transit chain input signals.

[0037] In some embodiments, the adapting by said cancellation controller of each of the plurality of first or second adaptable RF transversal filters of one or more of said plurality of first or second adaptable RF transversal filter sets utilizes an iterative adaptation algorithm so as to minimize or otherwise optimize said RF transmit leakage metrics.

[0038] In some embodiments, the baseband cancellation adaptation input signals are respectively derived said baseband cancelled receive signals.

[0039] In some embodiments, the baseband cancellation adaptation input signals are respectively derived utilizing a correlation with one or more signals related to one or more of said transit chain input signals, and wherein said adapting by said cancellation controller of each of the plurality of second adaptable baseband transversal filters of one or more of said plurality of second adaptable baseband transversal filter sets utilizes an iterative adaptation algorithm so as to minimize any remaining transmit leakage signal from the baseband cancelled receive signals. [0040] In some embodiments, the baseband cancellation adaptation input signals comprise signals related said transit chain input signals, and further comprise one or more of said receive chain output signals, and wherein said adapting by said cancellation controller of each of the plurality of second adaptable baseband transversal filters of one or more of said second plurality of adaptable baseband transversal filter sets utilizes a closed form calculation utilizing said baseband cancellation adaptation input signals.

[0041] In some embodiments, the closed form calculation involves a least squares or

MMSE calculations.

[0042] In some embodiments, the combiner of one or more of said second adaptable baseband transversal filter sets is integral to one or more of said RF cancelation combiners

[0043] In some embodiments, the combiner of one or more of said first adaptable baseband transversal filter sets is integral to one or more of said baseband cancelation combiners.

[0044] In some embodiments, the coupling of the transmit RF reference receive chains, directly or indirectly, to the output of said plurality of transmit RF chains includes the coupling to and from one or more of the following: a power amplifier, one more frequency selective RF components, an RF switch fabric, an RF Front-end, a Front-end Transmission Unit, a low pass filter, a band pass filter, a notch filter, a high pass filter, an equalizing filter, a duplexing filter, one or more radio frequency switch or switches, an RF coupler, an RF divider, a Wilkinson divider or combiner, a splitter, a summer, a combiner, a BALUN, an RF circulator, an RF isolator, a transmission line, a micro-strip line, an RF front end module, an antenna, a directive gain element, an antenna including the coupling of received signals from other antennas, an antenna including signals reflected from a transmit antenna as a result of imperfect impedance matching, a component including a "Enable" input that causes substantially all active circuitry to power down, a component including a "Enable" input that causes a substantial reduction in RF energy.

[0045] In some embodiments, multiple nested or successive RF cancelation processes are utilized to increase the cancelation prior to any intermediate frequency, analog or baseband cancelation processes. [0046] In some embodiments, multiple nested or successive Intermediate frequency cancelation processes are utilized to increase the cancelation prior to any analog or baseband cancelation processes.

[0047] In some embodiments, multiple nested or successive analog baseband cancelation processes are utilized to increase the cancelation prior to any baseband cancelation processes.

[0048] In some embodiments, multiple nested or successive digital baseband cancelation processes are utilized to increase the cancelation.

[0049] In some embodiments, crest factor reduction techniques are utilized with the transmitter to reduce non-linear distortion.

[0050] In some embodiments, a frequency selective transmit equalizer is utilized so as to increase an isolation aspect between the transmit antenna array and the receive antenna array, or associated elements or coupling ports; selected or collectively.

[0051] In some embodiments, the optimization of a frequency selective transmit equalizer includes metrics associated with a target receiving intelligent backhaul radio and the isolation aspects of the receive antenna array of the current intelligent backhaul radio relative to the transmit antenna array associated with the transmit equalizer.

[0052] In some embodiments, the frequency selective transmit equalizer utilizes transmit beam forming.

[0053] In some embodiments, adaptive transmitter beam forming is utilized so as to reduce requirements of cancelation, in on aspect including a reduced time delay of the received RF coupling paths required to be canceled by an RF cancellation process, or the amplitude of signals related to transmitter to receiver coupling within a given delay spread.

[0054] In some embodiments, more antennas than receive chains are present and the selection of the receive antennas is based upon a combination of a metric associated with the desired receive signals and a metric associated with the isolation between the selected receive antenna elements from the transmit antenna array associated with the same intelligent backhaul radio.

[0055] In some embodiments, more antennas than receive chains are present and the selection of the receive antennas is based upon a combination of a metric associated with the capacity of the received signal from a separate transmitting intelligent backhaul radio, and the impact to the resulting capacity at the current intelligent backhaul radio as a result of interference from transmitted signals from the same intelligent backhaul radio.

[0056] In some embodiments, the impact to the capacity at the current intelligent backhaul radio is based upon the ability to cancel the transmitter leakage from the received signal.

[0057] In some embodiments, the impact to the capacity at the current intelligent backhaul radio is based upon the potential for the receive chains receivers to be saturated by transmitter leakage at one or more of the low noise amplifier, a RF selection switch, and an analog to digital coverer maximum input level.

[0058] In some embodiments, the impact to the capacity at the current intelligent backhaul radio is based upon the ability to cancel the transmitter leakage from the received signal at RF.

[0059] In some embodiments, the impact to the capacity at the current intelligent backhaul radio is based upon the ability to cancel the transmitter leakage from the received signal at an intermediate frequency.

[0060] In some embodiments, the impact to the capacity at the current intelligent backhaul radio is based upon the ability to cancel the transmitter leakage from the received signal at analog baseband.

[0061] In some embodiments, the impact to the capacity at the current intelligent backhaul radio is based upon the ability to cancel the transmitter leakage from the received signal at digital baseband.

[0062] In some embodiments, the impact to the capacity at the current intelligent backhaul radio is based upon the ability to cancel the transmitter leakage from the received signal, including an un-cancelable transmitter noise.

[0063] In some embodiments, the impact to the capacity at the current intelligent backhaul radio is based upon the ability to cancel the transmitter noise associated with transmitter signal leakage from the received signal.

[0064] In some embodiments, the impact to the capacity at the current intelligent backhaul radio is based upon the ability to cancel the transmitter leakage from the received signal, and the ability to utilize a frequency selective transmit equalizer to satisfy a transmit capacity to a target intelligent backhaul radio.

[0065] In some embodiments, the impact to the capacity at the current intelligent backhaul radio is based upon the ability to cancel the transmitter leakage from the received signal, and the ability to utilize a transmit automatic gain control to satisfy a transmit capacity to a target intelligent backhaul radio.

[0066] In some embodiments, the impact to the capacity at the current intelligent backhaul radio is based upon the ability to cancel the transmitter leakage from the received signal, and the ability to utilize a transmit automatic gain control and a frequency selective transmit equalizer to satisfy a transmit capacity to a target intelligent backhaul radio.

[0067] In some embodiments, a transmitter associated with the intelligent backhaul controller having an automatic gain control wherein the adjustment of the automatic gain control is based at least in part upon the remaining transmitter leakage signal level following a transmitter leakage cancelation process in one or more of the receivers.

[0068] In some embodiments, a transmitter associated with the intelligent backhaul controller having an automatic gain control wherein the adjustment of the automatic gain control is based at least in part upon the remaining transmitter leakage noise level following a transmitter leakage cancelation process in one or more of the receivers.

[0069] In some embodiments, a transmitter associated with the intelligent backhaul controller having an automatic gain control wherein the adjustment of the automatic gain control is based at least in part upon the remaining transmitter leakage signal level or noise level following a transmitter leakage cancelation process in one or more of the receivers taking into account a pre-determined level causing non-linear distortion effects in one or more receiver components.

[0070] In some embodiments, the non-linear distortion is an analog to digital converter maximum receive level, or dynamic range.

[0071] In some embodiments, the non-linear distortion is maximum receive level, or dynamic range associated with a desired receiver sensitivity.

[0072] In some embodiments, weights for use with an RF cancelation are stored during an initial factory calibration. [0073] In some embodiments, weights for use with an RF cancelation are stored during an initial factory calibration, wherein more antennas then receive chains are present and the weights are stored according to an index associated with specific antenna selections.

[0074] In some embodiments, weights for use with an RF cancelation are stored following optimization of the performance of the cancelation process.

[0075] In some embodiments, weights for use with an RF cancelation are stored following optimization of the performance of the cancelation process, wherein more antennas then receive chains are present and the weights are stored according to an index associated with specific antenna selections.

[0076] In some embodiments, more antennas then receive chains are present, and weights are stored according to an index associated with specific antenna selections.

[0077] In some embodiments, weights for use with an RF cancelation are stored following the decision to change the selection of an antenna where an index associated with the current antenna selection is utilized in the weight storage.

[0078] In some embodiments, weights for use with an RF cancelation are retrieved following the decision to change the selection of an antenna, where an index associated with the specific antenna selection is utilized in the weight retrieval.

[0079] In some embodiments, more antennas then receive chains are present, and the weights are stored and retrieved according to an index associated with specific antenna selections.

[0080] In some embodiments, storing and retrieval of weights associated with one or more cancelation processes is performed based upon an event.

[0081] In some embodiments, storing and retrieval of weights for one or more cancelation processes is performed based upon a reselection of antennas.

[0082] In some embodiments, only digital baseband cancelation of transmitter leakage signal is performed.

[0083] In some embodiments, the adaptation of the weights associated with a subsequent cancelation step is performed while the weights associated with a preceding transmitter cancelation step are held constant. [0084] In some embodiments, the adaptation or calculation of the weights associated with a transmitter cancelation step is performed during a specific time period coordinated by the radio resource controller.

[0085] In some embodiments, the radio resource controller of the current intelligent backhaul radio coordinates one or more properties of the specific time period with a respective intelligent backhaul radio having signal received by the current intelligent backhaul radio.

[0086] In some embodiments, the one or more properties of the specific time period include the time or duration of the specific time period.

[0087] In some embodiments, the one or more properties of the specific time period include the transmitted or received signal power levels of signals received by the current intelligent backhaul radio during the specific time period.

a. In some embodiments, the one or more properties of the specific time period include the transmitted wave forms received by the current intelligent backhaul radio during the specific time period.

[0088] In some embodiments, the intelligent backhaul radio utilizes common up converting local oscillator signals.

[0089] In some embodiments, the intelligent backhaul radio utilizes common down converting local oscillator signals.

[0090] In some embodiments, the intelligent backhaul radio utilizes common down converting local oscillator signals and analog to digital sampling timing signals.

[0091] In some embodiments, the intelligent backhaul radio includes receivers performing zero division duplexing cancelation of the transmitter signals and performing spatial multiplexing among the set of receivers, and utilizes common down converting local oscillator signals.

[0092] In some embodiments, the intelligent backhaul radio includes receivers performing zero division duplexing cancelation of the transmitter signals and performing spatial multiplexing among the set of receivers, and performs an RF cancelation and a digital baseband cancelation process.

[0093] In some embodiments, the RF cancelation processing includes two cancelation steps comprising a first RF cancelation followed by a second RF cancelation. [0094] In some embodiments, both RF cancelations are based upon signals derived form a sample RF transmitter signals.

[0095] In some embodiments, one RF cancelation is based upon signals derived from sampled RF transmitter signals and the other RF cancelation is based upon up converted digital cancelation signals derived from digital baseband transmitter signals.

[0096] In some embodiments, the digital baseband cancelation process utilizes cancelation signals sampled from the intelligent backhaul radio transmitters at RF.

[0097] In some embodiments, the digital baseband process comprises a plurality of cancelation steps a first cancelation step utilizing cancelation signals sampled from the intelligent backhaul radio transmitters at RF and a second cancelation process utilizing cancelation signals derived from digital baseband transmitter signals.

[0098] In some embodiments, the digital baseband process utilizes cancelation signals sampled from the intelligent backhaul radio transmitters at digital baseband.

[0099] In some embodiments, at least one transmitter non-linearity is simulated at digital baseband utilizing digital baseband transmitter input signals, and utilized in a digital baseband cancelation process.

[0100] In some embodiments, the simulation of a transmitter non-linearity at digital baseband utilizes a received signal to estimate parameters of the non-linearity.

[0101] In some embodiments, the simulation of a transmitter non-linearity at digital baseband utilizes a metric following the cancelation process to estimate parameters of the non- linearity.

[0102] In some embodiments, the cancelation of a simulated transmitter non-linearity at digital baseband involves the removal of the digital baseband transmitter signal from the output of the non-linearity estimation process and the application of a digital filter estimating a channel response between the transmitter to receiver, prior to the step of performing a cancelation of the estimated non-linearity distortion from a receiver signal.

[0103] In some embodiments, a plurality of the receiver chain input signals, receive antenna signals, RF transmit reference signals, or signals input to a RF canceller combiner are combined in a predetermined gain, delay, or phase relationship so as to be separable in digital baseband. [0104] In some embodiments, a plurality of the receiver chain input signals, receive antenna signals, RF transmit reference signals, or signals input to a RF canceller combiner are combined in a predetermined gain, delay, or phase relationship so as to be separable in digital baseband where in the signals derived from the RF transmitter reference signals are separated and utilized in a cancelation process.

[0105] In some embodiments, each individual cancelation process includes one, multiple, or all of the components or steps associated with foregoing cancelation steps, processes or blocks.

[0106] Aspects of the current invention also include combinations and permutations of the foregoing embodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0107] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated into and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate one or more examples of embodiments and, together with the description of example embodiments, serve to explain the principles and implementations of the embodiments.

[0108] FIG. 1 is an illustration of conventional point to point (PTP) radios deployed for cellular base station backhaul with unobstructed line of sight (LOS).

[0109] FIG. 2 is an illustration of a generic TDD radio.

[0110] FIG. 3 is an illustration of a generic FDD radio.

[0111] FIG. 4 is an illustration of a generic ZDD radio.

[0112] FIG. 5 is an illustration of intelligent backhaul radios (IBRs) deployed for cellular base station backhaul with obstructed LOS according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0113] FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an IBR according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0114] FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an IBR according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0115] FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an IBR antenna array according to one embodiment of the invention. [0116] FIG. 9A is a block diagram of a Front-end Transmission Unit according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0117] FIG. 9B is a block diagram of a Front-end Reception Unit according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0118] Fig. 10 is a diagram of an exemplary horizontally arranged intelligent backhaul radio antenna array.

[0119] Fig. 11 is a diagram of an exemplary vertically arranged intelligent backhaul radio antenna array.

[0120] Fig. 12 is a block diagram of a portion of a ZDD enabled IBR according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0121] Fig. 13 is a block diagram of a Loop 1 ZDD canceller according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0122] Fig. 14 is a block diagram of a Loop 2 ZDD canceller according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0123] Fig. 15 is a block diagram of a Loop 3 ZDD canceller according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0124] Fig. 16 is a block diagram of a portion of a ZDD enabled IBR including a ZDD

Canceller Loop coefficients generator according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0125] Fig. 17 is a block diagram of a portion of a ZDD enabled IBR including a Loop 1

(CI) and Loop 3 (C3D) cancellers according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0126] Fig. 18 is a block diagram of a portion of a ZDD enabled IBR including a Loop 2

(C2D) and Loop 3 (C3R) cancellers according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0127] Fig. 19 is a diagram of the mathematical representation of depicted signals at a

ZDD enabled IBR transmitter according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0128] Fig. 20 is a diagram of the mathematical representation of depicted signals at a

ZDD enabled IBR receiver according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0129] Fig. 21 is a diagram of the mathematical representation of depicted signals at a

ZDD enabled IBR receive chain input according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0130] Fig. 22 is a diagram of a further mathematical representation of depicted signals at a ZDD enabled IBR receive chain input according to one embodiment of the invention. [0131] Fig. 23 is a diagram of a further detailed mathematical representation of depicted signals at a ZDD enabled IBR receive chain input according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0132] Fig. 24 is a diagram of the mathematical representation of depicted signals at a

ZDD enabled IBR receive chain digital output according to one embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0133] Fig. 5 illustrates deployment of intelligent backhaul radios (IBRs) in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. As shown in Fig. 5, the IBRs 500 are deployable at street level with obstructions such as trees 504, hills 508, buildings 512, etc. between them. The IBRs 500 are also deployable in configurations that include point to multipoint (PMP), as shown in Fig. 5, as well as point to point (PTP). In other words, each IBR 500 may communicate with more than one other IBR 500.

[0134] For 3G and especially for 4^th Generation (4G), cellular network infrastructure is more commonly deployed using "microcells" or "picocells." In this cellular network

infrastructure, compact base stations (eNodeBs) 516 are situated outdoors at street level. When such eNodeBs 516 are unable to connect locally to optical fiber or a copper wireline of sufficient data bandwidth, then a wireless connection to a fiber "point of presence" (POP) requires obstructed LOS capabilities, as described herein.

[0135] For example, as shown in Fig. 5, the IBRs 500 include an Aggregation End IBR

(AE-IBR) and Remote End IBRs (RE-IB Rs). The eNodeB 516 of the AE-IBR is typically connected locally to the core network via a fiber POP 520. The RE-IBRs and their associated eNodeBs 516 are typically not connected to the core network via a wireline connection; instead, the RE-IBRs are wirelessly connected to the core network via the AE-IBR. As shown in Fig. 5, the wireless connection between the IBRs include obstructions (i.e., there may be an obstructed LOS connection between the RE-IBRs and the AE-IBR).

[0136] Figs. 6 and 7 illustrate exemplary embodiments of the IBRs 500 shown in Fig. 5.

In Figs. 6 and 7, the IBRs 500 include interfaces 604, interface bridge 608, MAC 612, modem 624, channel MUX 628, RF 632, which includes Txl ... TxM 636 and Rxl ... RxN 640, antenna array 648 (includes multiple antennas 652), a Radio Link Controller (RLC) 656, a Radio

Resource Controller (RRC) 660 and a ZDD Canceller 670. The IBR may optionally include an IBMS agent 700 as shown in Fig. 7. It will be appreciated that the components and elements of the IBRs may vary from that illustrated in Figs. 6 and 7. Multiple exemplary embodiments of the components and elements of the IBRs of Figs. 6 and 7, except for ZDD Canceller 670, are disclosed in US Patent Application Nos. 13/212036, now U.S. Patent No. 8,238,318, and

13/536927 and incorporated herein.

[0137] As described in greater detail in US Patent Application Nos. 13/212036, now U.S.

Patent No. 8,238,318, and 13/536927 and incorporated herein, modem 624 of Figs. 6 and 7 produces K transmit symbol streams wherein each of the K transmit symbol streams comprises a sequence of blocks of modulated symbols. In a PTP configuration, the K transmit symbol streams would be destined to a peer receiver at the other IBR in the link. In a PMP configuration at the AE-IBR, one or more of the K transmit symbol streams, as designated by the AE-IBR, would be destined to the receiver in each one of the RE -IBRs. Also, in a PMP configuration at the RE -IBR, the K transmit symbol streams would be destined to the receiver in the AE-IBR. Additionally as described in greater detail in US Patent Application Nos. 13/212036, now U.S. Patent No. 8,238,318, and 13/536927 and incorporated herein, channel MUX 628 of Figs. 6 and 7 generates M transmit chain input signals, wherein M > K, and each of the M transmit chain input signals may be generated with contribution from one or more (or all) of the K transmit symbol streams.

[0138] As described in greater detail in US Patent Application Nos. 13/212036, now U.S.

Patent No. 8,238,318, and 13/536927 and incorporated herein, each of the M transmit chain input signals is converted to a transmit RF signal by respective ones of Txl ... TxM 636 in Figs. 6 and 7. In a PTP configuration, the M transmit RF signals would be directed via elements of the antenna array 648 as set by the RRC 660 to a peer receiver at the other IBR in the link. In a PMP configuration at the AE-IBR, one or more of the M transmit RF signals, as designated by the AE- IBR, would be directed via elements of the antenna array 648 as set by the RRC 660 to the receiver in each one of the RE-IBRs. Also, in a PMP configuration at the RE-IBR, the M transmit RF signals would be directed via elements of the antenna array 648 as set by the RRC 660 to the receiver in the AE-IBR. In an embodiment of the IBR Antenna Array (648), M_s RF Transmit Reference Signals (680) are passed from the IBR Antenna Array (648) to the Canceller MUX (670) for use in cancellation processing and in some embodiments calibration operations. In some embodiments M_s will be equal to the number of Transmit Antenna Elements QT in a one to one relationship. Additionally, in some embodiments M_s will be equal to the number of RF transmit signals M in a one to one relationship. In embodiments where QT is greater than M, the number of M_s RF Transmit Reference Signals may be equal to M, in which case the RF switch fabric (812) within the antenna array (648) may be utilized to select M_s RF transmit reference signals (680) of the QT available Transmit Antenna Reference Signals (805). In such

embodiments, in which M_s is equal to the number of RF Transmit Signals M, and in which the number of Transmit Antenna Elements (652) QT is greater than the number of RF Transmit Signals M, the selection of the specific M_s RF Transmit Reference Signals will be made by the RRC (660), and in correspondence with the selection of the Antenna Elements (652) utilized for the transmission of the RF Transmit Signals and further may utilize the same selection control signaling or alternative selection control signaling.

[0139] In alternative embodiments, the M_s RF Transmit Reference Signals (680) may be obtained directly from the M_s RF Transmit Signals within Cancellation MUX 670, rather than from the Antenna Array 648. In various embodiments, the M_s RF Transmit Reference Signals (680) may be utilized in analog or digital cancellation processing as will be described in further detail in relation to subsequent figures.

[0140] The receive signal processing path in Figs. 6 and 7 of exemplary IBRs, except for the processes and structures associated with the Cancellation MUX 670, conceptually reverses the operations performed in one or more peer IBR transmitters providing signals to a particular IBR receiver. As described in greater detail in US Patent Application Nos. 13/212036, now U.S. Patent No. 8,238,318, and 13/536927 and incorporated herein, N receive RF signals are provided by various elements of the antenna array 648 as set by the RRC 660 and then converted to N receive chain output signals by respective ones of Rxl ... RxN 640 in Figs. 6 and 7. Additionally as described in greater detail in US Patent Application Nos. 13/212036, now U.S. Patent No. 8,238,318, and 13/536927 and incorporated herein, channel MUX 628 of Figs. 6 and 7 generates L receive symbol streams, wherein N > L, and each of the L receive symbol streams may be generated with contribution from one or more (or all) of the N receive chain output signals. As described in greater detail in US Patent Application Nos. 13/212036, now U.S. Patent No. 8,238,318, and 13/536927 and incorporated herein, modem 624 of Figs. 6 and 7 demodulates one or more (or all) of the L receive symbol streams.

[0141] Fig. 8 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of an IBR Antenna Array 648 with dedicated transmission and reception antennas. Fig. 8 illustrates an antenna array having Q_R+Q_T directive gain antennas 652 (i.e., where the number of antennas is greater than 1). In Fig. 8, the IBR Antenna Array 648 includes an IBR RF Switch Fabric 812, RF interconnections 804, a set of Front-ends 809 and 810 and the directive gain antennas 652. The RF interconnections 804 can be, for example, circuit board traces and/or coaxial cables. The RF interconnections 804 connect the IBR RF Switch Fabric 812 and the set of Front-end Transmission Units 809 and the set of Front-end Reception Units 810. Each Front-end Transmission Unit 809 is associated with an individual directive gain antenna 652, numbered consecutively from 1 to Q_T. Additionally, the IBR RF Switch Fabric 812 is further coupled to receive RF Transmit Reference Signals 805 from each Front-end Transmission unit, in specific embodiments, to allow for the selection M_s of the Q_T RF Transmit Antenna Signals, as previously described, to be provided to the Cancellation Mux 670 as RF Transmit Reference Signals (1 ... M_s) 680. Each Front-end Reception Unit 810 is associated with an individual directive gain antenna 652, numbered consecutively from 1 to Q_R. The present embodiment may be used, for example, with the antenna array embodiments of Figs. 1 1 and 12, or those depicted in US Patent Application Nos. 13/212036, now U.S. Patent No. 8,238,318, and 13/536927 and incorporated herein. Exemplary embodiments of the IBR RF Switch Fabric 812 are also described in detail in US Patent Application Nos. 13/212036, now U.S. Patent No. 8,238,318, and 13/536927 and incorporated herein. For example, in some embodiments the IBR RF Switch Fabric 812 provides the capability to connect any of the M transmit RF signals to any of the Q_T Front-end Transmission Units 809 with associated individual directive gain antenna 652, or to connect any of the N receive RF signals to any of the Q_R Front-end Reception Units 810 with associated individual directive gain antenna 652.

[0142] In an alternative embodiment, the IBR RF Switch fabric 812 may be bypassed for the transmission signals when the number of dedicated transmission antennas and associated Front- end Transmission Units (Q_T) is equal to the number of transmit RF signals (e.g. Q_T = M), resulting in directly coupling the transmit RF signals from respective Txl ... TxM 636 to respective Front-end Transmission Units 809. In an associated embodiment, the IBR RF switch fabric 812 may be bypassed for the selection of the RF Transmit Reference Signals (680) coupled to the Cancellation MUX (670), by directly connecting the RF Transmit Reference Signals (1 ... Q_T) (805)directly to the RF Transmit Reference Signals (1 ... M_s) (680), when M = QT. In an additional alternative embodiment, the IBR RF Switch fabric 812 may also be bypassed for the reception signals when the number of dedicated reception antennas and associated Front-end Reception Units (Q_R) is equal to the number of receive RF signals (e.g. Q_R = N), resulting in directly coupling the receive RF signals for respective Rxl ... RxN 640 to respective Front-end Reception Units 810. Alternatively, the IBR RF Switch fabric 812 may also comprise circuitry to combine signals from two or more Front-end Reception Units or to provide signals to two or more Front-end Transmission Units as described in greater detail in US Patent Application Nos. 13/212036, now U.S. Patent No. 8,238,318, and 13/536927 and incorporated herein.

[0143] As shown in Figs. 9A and 9B, each Front-end 809 or 810 also includes an

"Enable" input 925, 930 that causes substantially all active circuitry to power-down. Power- down techniques are well known. Power-down is advantageous for IBRs in which not all of the antennas are utilized at all times. It will be appreciated that alternative embodiments of the IBR Antenna Array may not utilize the "Enable" input 925, 930 or power-down feature. With respect to Fig. 9A, Bandpass filter 940 receives transmission signal RF-SW-Tx-qt, provides filtering and couples the signal to power amplifier 904, then to low pass filter 950. The output of the lowpass filter is then coupled to a dedicated transmission antenna, which is comprised of directive antenna element 652 with gain Gqt. Fig. 9A also depicts the RF Transmit Reference Signal (805) which in this exemplary embodiment may be obtained by a line coupler (955) to the interconnection between low pass filter 950 and directive antenna element 652 wherein the utilization of such RF Transmit Reference Signal (805) within the ZDD Canceller 670 is described in greater detail herein. With respect to Fig. 9B, directive antenna element 652 with gain Gqr is a dedicated receive only antenna and coupled to receive filter 970, which is in turn coupled to LNA 908. The resulting amplified receive signal is coupled to band bass filter 960, which provides output RF-SW-Rx-qr.

[0144] Fig. 10 is a diagram of an exemplary horizontally arranged intelligent backhaul radio antenna array intended for operation in the 5 to 6 GHz band and Fig. 11 is a diagram of an exemplary vertically arranged intelligent backhaul radio antenna array also intended for operation in the 5 to 6 GHz band. Analogous versions of the arrangement shown in Figs. 10 and 11 are possible for any bands within the range of at least 500 MHz to 100 GHz as will be appreciated by those of skill in the art of antenna design. In both Figs. 10 and 11 the number of transmit directive antenna elements 652 and associated Front-end Transmission Units 809 is QT=2. Larger values of QT are straightforward to implement by increasing the width of the antenna array depicted in Fig. 10 or possibly without increasing any outside dimensions of the antenna array depicted in Fig. 11 at least for QT=4 as will be appreciated by those of skill in the art of antenna design. In both Figs. 10 and 11 the number of receive directive antenna elements 652 and associated Front-end Reception Units 810 is QR=8. Larger values of Q_R are

straightforward to implement by increasing the width of the antenna array depicted in Fig. 10 or by increasing the width and/or height of the antenna array depicted in Fig. 11 as will be appreciated by those of skill in the art of antenna design.

[0145] The transmit directive antenna elements depicted in Figs. 10 and 11 comprise multiple dipole radiators arranged for either dual slant 45 degree polarization (Fig. 10) or dual vertical and horizontal polarization (Fig. 11) with elevation array gain as described in greater detail in US Patent Application No. 13/536927 and incorporated herein. In one exemplary embodiment, each transmit directive antenna element has an azimuthal beam width of approximately 100-120 degrees and an elevation beam width of approximately 15 degrees for a gain Gqt of approximately 12 dB.

[0146] The receive directive antenna elements depicted in Figs. 10 and 11 comprise multiple patch radiators arranged for either dual slant 45 degree polarization (Fig. 10) or dual vertical and horizontal polarization (Fig. 11) with elevation array gain and azimuthal array gain as described in greater detail in US Patent Application No. 13/536927 and incorporated herein. In one exemplary embodiment, each receive directive antenna element has an azimuthal beam width of approximately 40 degrees and an elevation beam width of approximately 15 degrees for a gain Gqr of approximately 16 dB.

[0147] Other directive antenna element types are also known to those of skill in the art of antenna design including certain types described in greater detail in US Patent Application No. 13/536927 and incorporated herein. [0148] Preliminary measurements of exemplary antenna arrays similar to those depicted in Fig. 10 show isolation of approximately 40 to 50 dB between individual transmit directive antenna elements and individual receive directive antenna elements of same polarization with an exemplary circuit board and metallic case behind the radiating elements and a plastic radome in front of the radiating elements. Analogous preliminary measurements of exemplary antenna arrays similar to those depicted in Fig. 11 show possible isolation improvements of up to 10 to 20 dB for similar directive gain elements relative to Fig. 10. Thus, for certain IBR embodiments in ZDD operation, the vertical antenna array arrangement depicted in Fig. 1 1 may be preferable to the horizontal antenna array arrangement depicted in Fig. 10, providing for additional initial RF isolation.

[0149] Fig. 12 is a block diagram of a portion of an IBR according to one embodiment of the invention that illustrates one exemplary embodiment of the ZDD Canceller 670 in greater detail internally and with relationship to other parts of an exemplary IBR. The implementation philosophy shown in the current embodiment is based on cancelling the transmit chain signals from the IBR Transmit Antenna Array (648A) that undesirably leak in to the receive chains (comprised of signal flow from IBR Receive Antenna Array (648B) to the receive portion of the IBR Channel Multiplexer (628)). ZDD cancellation may be performed using multiple approaches and at various stages within the IBR receive chains. Within alternative

embodiments, it is also possible to cancel the transmit streams (1 ... K, from IBR Modem 624) within the receive streams (1 ... L, output from the IBR Channel Multiplexer 628). Further alternative embodiments employ cancellation of the transmit chain signals within the receive streams (1 ... L, output from the IBR Channel Multiplexer 628).

[0150] Note that within the current embodiment, associated with performing

cancellation at various stages of the receiver chains, cancellation may be performed at analog baseband, intermediate frequency (IF), RF and/or digital baseband.

[0151] In order to achieve the required performance of the IBR 1200, the signal to noise ratio of the Receive Streams (1 ... L) must be sufficient so as to allow for acceptable

demodulation error rate at IBR Modem (624). As discussed above, conventional radios utilize frequency duplexing or time duplexing to allow for sufficient isolation of the transmitter signals from the signal being received and demodulated. Associated with the exemplary embodiments of the ZDD enabled IBR 1200, isolation of the desired receive signals from transmitted signals is accomplished utilizing a combination of active cancellation and inherent isolation between the IBR Transmit Antenna Array (648A), and the IBR Receive Antenna Array (648B). The various isolating features and functions are referred to in the following discussion as Isolation Loops or Cancellation Loops. Embodiments of the Cancellation Loops generally include adaptation based on active measurements of signals, channel estimates, cancellation metrics, or other metrics. In the current embodiment depicted in Fig. 12, four loops are shown: Loop L0 (1202), LI (1204), L2 (1206), and L3 (1208). Note each individual loop may be comprised of multiple successive or nested loops of similar or equivalent function, collectively operating as a single loop.

[0152] The Isolation "Loop" L0 (1202) is mainly just indicative of the finite isolation between any two antennas (Tx to Rx, or Tx to Tx) which is a critical parameter for FDD and even more critical in ZDD. Some embodiments of L0 (1202) will not include adaptive adjustment or utilize active control, but may still be referred to as a Loop for the constancy of the terminology herein. Other embodiments of L0, are truly a "loop" to the extent that some feedback mechanism either moves a servo to an isolating structure or a tuning element that affects a different isolation transfer function between any two antennas or sets of antennas of interest for a particular operational mode. Such tuning of control may further include the optional antenna selection function of Rx Antenna/Channel Switch Matrix within 648B. The operation of the optional Rx Antenna/Channel Switch Matrix within 648B is equivalent to that of the receive portions of IBR RF Switch Fabric 812 of Fig. 8, wherein the selection is performed of N RF Receive Signals (RF-Rx-1 to RF-Rx-N) of the QR available RF Receive Antenna Signals (labeled consecutively Yi(t) to YoR(t)) shown in Fig. 12. Such RF Receive Signals (678) are provided to canceller 670, and more specifically to canceller RF summing nodes

(alternatively referred to as RF cancellation combiners) 1210-1 to 1210-N respectively.

[0153] Design of the antenna array for minimal magnitude response by and/or capability of L0 tuning by feedback is a key enabler for simplifying the demands of LI, L2 and/or L3. Relative to L0 (1202), it is generally expected, and experimentally confirmed in specific embodiments allowing for testing, IBR antenna elements and orientations in a "vertical" array stack as shown in Fig. 11 will have better isolation due to the higher elevation gain than azimuthal gain amongst the elements, relative to the horizontal configurations depicted in Fig. 10.

[0154] The Canceller Loop LI (1204) samples the "actual" transmitted RF signal in each

Tx chain (RF Transmit Reference Signals 1 to M_s (680) labeled 680-1 to 680-M) , and then generates for each Rx chain a modified "cancellation signal Cl_n" (also referred to in some embodiments as a RF transmit leakage cancellation signal) that when summed (via RF summers 1210-1 to 1210-N) with the Rx chain signals (678) before input to the downconverters (640) substantially cancels the Tx signals 1 through M (Xi(t) to X_M( ) that have leaked into the Rx antennas contributing to each Rx chain "n". Exemplary embodiments of LI (1204) are realized by an analog equivalent to a complex FIR "filter" implemented at RF and described in relation to Fig. 13. In alternative implementations LI (1204) may be implemented by down converting RF Transmit Reference Signals 680 to an intermediate frequency (IF) for FIR processing and then either upconverted back to RF or applied at a cancellation-summing node at IF.

[0155] For some embodiments of ZDD-IBRs, LI may be targeted at only the largest Tx to Rx coupling paths, and those that are fixed for a specific IBR RF switch fabric (812) selection. Such coupling paths are expected to involve timescales with variations typically of order 1 ns or less for example in some embodiments. In specific embodiments it is possible to determine the appropriate loop coefficients once (at a factory calibration in some embodiments) and then refine only very occasionally. Such an approach may be utilized in other embodiments where longer time delays with mode variation are addressed as well, as a combination of a fixed or slowly adapting LI, and a parallel of sequential LI cancellers which address the longer delay, lower magnitude, and more highly varying coupling paths. Such embodiments may include a

"primary" loop to address the most significant magnitude response components and once cancelled by the primary loop (typically including LI but possibly using part of L2 or L3 instead or in addition to LI), this should allow a secondary loop (probably within L2 or L3) to track shorter variations of much smaller magnitude. Details of exemplary LI embodiments are described in further detail in connection with Fig. 13.

[0156] The Canceller Loop L2 (1206) also samples the transmitted RF signals (RF

Transmit Reference signals 680). In some embodiments, it may be preferable not to sample directly as indicated but instead sample by taking a set of interim output signals from within LI (there are M x N such interim cancellation signals) and then applying the additional fine resolution processing of L2 (1206). L2 is distinctly different from LI (1204) in that L2 processes Tx signals in the digital baseband domain using FIR digital "filter" techniques which enables L2 to practically cancel far lower power signals with substantially longer delays than with LI (1204). Optionally the L2 cancellation signal can be upconverted back to RF ("C2R_n" as shown) or used as a cancellation signal at digital baseband ("C2D_n" as shown and referred to as a baseband transmit leakage cancellation signal in some embodiments). In embodiments utilizing digital baseband cancellation via L2 or L2 and L3 together, summer nodes (alternatively referred to as cancellation combiners )1212-n will be respectively utilized to sum the C2D_n signal with receive chain output signals (674) from respective receive chains to provide respective baseband cancelled receive signals. A major issue with L2 is the noise and distortion added by the act first of downconverting and digitizing the sampled Tx RF signals, and then further upconverting and leveling if the optional "C2R_n" signals are to be generated. Aspects of L2 embodiments addressing such impairments will be discussed. Note that exemplary embodiments of such processing are depicted and described in further detail in connection with Fig. 14.

[0157] The Canceller Loop L3 (1208) is very different from LI (1204) or L2 (1206) in that it takes as an input a digital baseband representation of each Tx chain signal Txi(t) to Tx_M(t). In L3 (1208) all processing of the Tx chain signal can be done using digital FIR "filter" techniques similar to L2. Ideally the input to L3 would be after the digital low pass channel filter 1214-m. In embodiments where the filter outputs are not accessible the digital filters (1214) can also be replicated in L3 to generate a better estimate of the actual Tx signal. Such replication provides for matched channel impacts thus reducing the overall need for the L3 channel estimation to include compensation for filters 1214-1 to 1214-M. Eliminating the requirement to estimate this filter will allow for a faster or less complex estimation of L3 cancellation coefficients in some embodiments. Similarly, the effective response of the low pass analog filter (1216-m) following the DAC, and the BPF (1218-m) following the upconverter can also be included in L3 to improve the cancellation accuracy, efficiency, or convergence speed.

Additionally, it is contemplated that other filters may be included in L3 as well, for instance those in the receiver such as a bandpass filter (not show) following summers 1210-n, and lowpass filters 1221-n, and 1222-n. Further, certain intermod products in the Tx chain or as created in the Rx front-ends (or in the analog portions of LI or L2) can also be modeled within L3 (or possibly within L2) for cancellation by the L3 output. Such processing will be further described in connection with embodiments depicted in Fig. 15.

[0158] However, L3 (1208) cannot cancel Tx chain noise as LI can generally or L2 can subject to certain limitations. Typically the L3 cancellation signals "C3D_n" would be used at digital baseband (referred to as baseband transmit leakage cancellation signals in some embodiments) as shown but optionally these signals can be upconverted as "C3R_n" and applied at RF (at summer 1210-n for instance and wherein C3R_n comprises an up-converted baseband transmit leakage cancellation signal which acts as a digitally generated RF transmit leakage cancellation signal in some embodiments). It is also possible to generate both "C3D_n" and "C3R_n" simultaneously and in some embodiments with different emphases on the various undesired signal components to be cancelled.

[0159] The ZDD Canceller Loop Coefficients Generator (ZCLCG) (675) is notional as shown in Fig. 12. This illustrates a bus for coefficients to be transferred to the various loops (and in some embodiments, operation information to be fed back from the various loops to the ZCLCG). It is shown with the primary inputs being the pass through digital baseband receive chain signals from which the ZCLCG can measure the effects of different loop coefficients on the undesired signal levels present, as well as perform calibration and channel estimation functions associated with the transmitter, receiver, and loop signal paths. However, other inputs such as RSSI from each downconverter chain, or FFT data (or derived FFT data) for each Rx chain from the IBR channel multiplexer (not specifically illustrated above) may also be used by the ZCLCG to determine various loop coefficients in specific embodiments. Furthermore, the ZCLCG itself as a "processor" may be within the same resources as the IBR channel multiplexer and/or IBR modem or a standalone processor or a custom chip with one or more of the loops, or some hybrid of some or all of the above in various embodiments. Embodiments of the ZCLCG will also include state machine functionality so as to perform the aforementioned procedures as part of a process, or in reaction to events, or time durations and periods. For instance, in one embodiment, L0 may be modified based upon a change in the selected receive antennas to be utilized within the Receive Antenna Array (648B) and the IBR RF Switch Fabric (812). In response to this change, the loop coefficients may be required to be modified by the ZCLCG (675). In one embodiment, the timing of such an antenna selection change may be in

coordination with one or more of the RRC (660), IBR MAC (612), RLC (656), and other functional blocks of Figs. 6 and 7 including IBMS Agent (700), so as to cause the antenna selection change to be just prior to a known signal transmission period designed and utilized for the training of the ZCLCG. Such an approach has the benefit of potentially minimizing the loss of transmitted information to an intended receiving IBR, and may further include pre-determined waveform properties beneficial to the training and loop coefficient determination. Other embodiments may perform such a training process on a periodic basis, and/or in response to a measured cancellation performance threshold, a temperature change, or changes in other IBR operating parameters. Embodiments may also utilize a training process wherein various loops are trained sequentially and utilizing various procedures and algorithms. For example in one embodiment, upon a change to L0 (1202), LI (1204) may be trained with L2 (1206) and L3 (1208) effectively turned off, and utilizing a closed loop adaptive algorithm with the goal of minimizing a parameter associated with a transmitted training signal (such as RSSI, or correlated signal power). Following the completion of the LI coefficients being set, the coefficients of successive loops may be progressively determined and set. In some embodiments, the determination of the coefficients may be performed adaptively using a steepest decent class of algorithm, while in other embodiments a close form calculation may be utilized wherein a measurement of the impulse response or frequency response (referred to herein generically as the channel response) is made including an actively cancelling LI . The channel response measurement would be made from each transmit chain to each receive chain in some

embodiments, and result in MxN channel measurements (where M is the number of transmit chains, and N is the number of receive chains). Such a channel measurement may then be utilized to calculate the required loop coefficients for L2, if present, and L3. Such calculations may be performed with the same or separate channel measurements for L2 and L3. In embodiments where separate channel measurements are utilized for L2 and L3 coefficient calculation, some embodiments may perform the L3 channel measurements with LI and L2 cancellation active such that the cancellation performance is include in the resulting L3 channel measurements. [0160] Referring to the IBR RF (632) and specifically the receive portions (640), the receive gain control, in some specific embodiments, must take into account the remaining transmit signal following the LI cancellation process at the summers 1210-n. Some

embodiments may control the AGC from the ZDD Canceller Loop Coefficients Generator (675) or from the IBR Modem or IBR Channel Mux instead of from within the Rx chain as shown in Fig.12. Within the transmitter chains, transmit power control is expected but not shown, and in some embodiments would be under the control (at least partially) of the coefficient generator (675) so the cancellation performance may aid in the determination of a maximum or desirable transmit power level based upon limitations of the cancellation multiplexer (670).

[0161] IBR embodiments utilizing ZDD may be utilized in at least two variants. The first variant is "co-channel" ZDD ("CC-ZDD") wherein the Tx chain channels at least partially overlap (if not completely coincide with) the Rx chain channels. Embodiments utilizing CC- ZDD are theoretically possible of achieving twice the spectral efficiency for a single link at the physical layer, relative to systems not utilizing ZDD approaches. When coupled with available MAC efficiencies due to the reduction of delay and increased automatic retransmission (ARQ) efficiency utilizing an ACK/NAK protocol or the equivalent, additional efficiencies are possible. In particular, the delay reduction relative the TDD based systems is significant. This CC-ZDD mode is ideal for licensed band operation where interference is well controlled and spectral efficiency most highly valued.

[0162] The second ZDD variant can be called "single band" or "co-band" ZDD (CB-

ZDD) wherein both the Tx chain channels and the Rx chain channels are within a single band (using a single band pass filter) utilized during both transmission and reception, but the channels do not overlap. Such an arrangement results in minimal spectral efficiency improvement (though FDD is typically better than TDD) but is still highly desirable at least as a fallback mode for unlicensed band operation. One advantage of CB-ZDD in unlicensed bands results from the interference seen at the receiver of one IBR, being dramatically different (and frequency dependent) compared to its peer device such that operating in a similar frequency range allows for a more optimized channel frequency choice under significant interference conditions. Other advantages include the flexibility for a CB-ZDD device to operate in bands which operation would otherwise not be possible without expensive and fixed band pass filters. In some ways, "co-band" ZDD ("CB-ZDD") is simpler because the analog and/or digital baseband low pass filters (as well as the FFTs in the IBR channel multiplexer) can perform much of the Tx signal cancellation. But in other ways since the requirement to cancel the Tx chain noise within the Rx chain channel remains the same as CC-ZDD, then CB-ZDD has the additional complication that the "easily" detectable Tx signal that drives the ZCLCG process is not at the right channel frequency to ensure noise cancellation in the Rx chain under normal operating conditions.

However other metrics for Tx noise cancellation may be utilized mitigating much of this disadvantage, such as adapting the loops based upon receiver performance metrics such as signal to noise ratio (SNR), bit error rate (BER), frame error rate (FER) or metrics associated with the forward error correction (FEC). Such approaches would be most applicable to LI or L2 with C2D_n adaptation (or "L2D") for noise cancellation.

[0163] The aforementioned CC-ZDD (and potentially CB-ZDD) has specific

applicability in use in an ZDD Aggregation End IBR (AE-IBR) when operating in a point to multi-point (PMP) mode in communication with multiple non-ZDD Remote End IBRs (RE- IBRs) operating each in a TDD mode. Such a configuration allows for the ZDD enabled AE- IBR to be transmitting to one or more RE-IBRs, whilst receiving from one or more other RE- IBRs. In these embodiments, no ZDD cancellation is required at the RE-IBRs, but a doubling of the overall network efficiency is realized relative to AE-IBRs not utilizing ZDD. To enable such an embodiment, a time multiplexing of one or more of the AE-RE links and RE-AE links must be arranged and scheduled such that the RE-IBRs are time multiplexed with their transmission and reception periods, and offset relative to other RE-IBRs, at least to the extent that TDD operation is achievable at each RE -IBR individually, not considering other multipoint multiplexing approaches such as frequency multiplexing (such as Orthogonal Frequency

Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiplexing (SC- FDM), and the like). Such techniques may be using in combination with the aforementioned ZDD multiplexing approaches.

[0164] Other embodiments of the aforementioned ZDD techniques may be utilized for repeaters to be used interposed between IBRs, or in conjunction as a feature of a particular ZDD enabled IBR. Such repeater embodiments may utilize ZDD approaches to allow for reception and transmission of signal simultaneously allowing for higher efficiency relative to TDD based repeating approaches, or more spectral efficiency relative to FDD based repeating approaches. ZDD repeater embodiments may perform the repeating function in a number of approaches including: at an RF and un-demodulated level, a modulation symbol by symbol level, a stream level, an FEC Block Level, a MAC Frame Level, or potentially higher levels. When performed at a stream level, beam forming techniques may be utilized to allow for a spatially rich propagation environment allowing for an increased performance network.

[0165] Embodiments of a Loop 1 (LI) (1204) canceller of cancellation multiplexer (670) are depicted in Fig. 13. An exemplary Loop LI embodiment samples the "actual" transmitted RF signal in each Tx chain (1302-m), and then generates for each Rx chain a modified

"cancellation signal Cl_n" (1318-n) that when applied to summing node (1210-n) with the Rx chain signal (678-n) before input to the downconverter (1220-n) substantially cancels the Tx signals 1 through M that have leaked into the Rx antennas contributing to Rx chain "n". Some embodiments of LI are realized by an analog equivalent to a complex FIR "filter" implemented at RF. Alternative embodiments of LI provide for signal to be down converted to an IF for FIR processing and then either up converted back to RF or applied at IF.

[0166] The transfer function Gs_m (1306-m) is intended to indicate a "zero-th" order match between the magnitude and delay from X_m(t) to an average Rx chain at the first summer and a known frequency response. The delay might be realized in a cable of preset length that approximates the delays in the Tx-Rx path. The transfer function might be strongly influenced by one or more band pass filters in each Rx chain, or other filters in either the transmit or receive paths which are "in the loop", and so it may be advantageous to place an identical band pass filter (or other such "in the loop" filters) within each Gs_m (1306-m). This has the additional benefit of keeping out of band Tx spurs from being injected into the Rx chains. The transfer function also includes the effect of the coupling to X_m(t), by a line coupler near the Tx antenna feed point in some embodiments. It is desirable to sample a signal highly correlated to the actual X_m(t) transmission and to have sufficient signal such that the sampled noise floor is far above the equivalent input noise of LI .

[0167] In some embodiments of the "FIR" structure depicted in Fig. 13, a delay line

(1310) is of length Dl *Ati and for each delay tap, weights Wl_mAd (1311) are complex with separate I and Q components, while in other embodiments such weights may be in amplitude only. In an exemplary embodiment as depicted by Fig. 13, the weights (1311) are typically sent from the ZCLCG (675) as finite bit words (i.e. 8, 10 or 12 bits per I or Q component). In an alternative embodiment, the weights (1311) come from an analog feedback loop. In an exemplary embodiment as depicted by Fig. 13, each weight Wl_m,_n,d (1311) is complex multiplied (1312) in the RF signal domain on the d-th delayed version of the m-th sampled Tx chain signal and then the results are summed across each d=0 to Dl for each m at summing nodes 1314, and then across all m=l to M for each of n=l to N at summing nodes 1316-n.

[0168] The exemplary embodiment depicted in Fig. 13 indicates a delay line (1310) of uniform steps Δίι from d=0 to d=Dl (similar to a FIR filter structure). However, it may be neither practical nor desirable to have uniform steps. If LI is "matched" to reflections including transmit to receive propagation time delays up to a maximum time delay (such a maximum time delay sufficient to address all reflections above a specific magnitude threshold) then there may be non-uniform time steps that result in a better cancellation by design. Also, it may be neither practical nor desirable to have uniform amplitudes from each tap of the delay line for analogous reasons. In some embodiments the typical delay within Gs_m will be of order 1 ns, and the delay line length will be of similar order or possibly less. In a discrete implementation even 3 "taps" may be impractical for a 2 x 4 system, but when implemented in a custom RFIC it may be practical to have on the order of 5-10 delay steps, while other embodiments may have yet more taps.

[0169] In practice, the RF delay line (1310) depicted in Fig. 13 can be realized from a distributed transmission line with multiple taps, or from a lumped circuit equivalent with passive inductors and capacitors. In embodiments utilizing complex multipliers (1312) or equivalent circuits thereof, each complex multiplier (1312) can be constructed, for example only, from a pair of four-quadrant multipliers wherein one multiplier is driven by an "I" set of weights and the other by a "Q" set of weights (collectively a complex weight 1310 in the current embodiment), and further wherein either the RF input signal to the second multiplier is shifted 90 degrees relative to the first or the outputs of the respective multipliers are summed (at summer 1314 in some embodiments) in quadrature instead of linearly. There are numerous conventional techniques to realize the RF summations (1314, 1316-n) in Fig. 13 and to combine one or more of summing nodes 1314, 1316-n and/or 1210-n into a single summing node (wherein each summer may be referred to as a combiner elsewhere). It is also possible to implement the canceller LI without using quadrature signal paths and weights relying on "real" sampling theory, by ensuring the taps are spaced to satisfy the Nyquist band pass sampling theorem. One embodiment of a delay line utilizing complex samples and weights may be implemented with a single delay line and linear summation, wherein each I and Q sample in the delay line are sampled from different taps spaced at l/(fo*4) in time, where fo is the center frequency of operation of the band, and if the delay between each "pair" of taps is equated to 1/BW, then BW is the frequency bandwidth of the cancellation bandwidth. In such an embodiment, each pair of taps, comprise in phase and quadrature phase (or real and imaginary) samples at a specific "tap".

[0170] Referring now to Fig. 14, a block diagram of a Loop 2 ZDD canceller according to one embodiment of the invention is depicted. As previously discussed, the Canceller Loop L2 (1206) also samples the transmitted RF signals though in some implementations it may be preferable not to sample directly as indicated but instead by taking a set of interim output signals from within LI (1204) as there are M x N such interim cancellation signals in some

embodiments and then applying the additional fine resolution processing of L2. In other embodiments, the "FIR" filter structures of LI may be incorporated into L2 (1206). Such an arrangement may be utilized in embodiments not having a LI (1204), but utilizing advantages of combining transversal filtering at RF of each of the transmitters individually (utilizing LI weights) into all of the sampling receivers of L2. Such an arrangement allows for advantages in capturing and utilizing transmitter and receiver noise (especially phase noise) in specific combinations. In such an embodiment it is possible to capture all (M times N) combinations of the transmitter and receiver multiplicative phase noises. In one embodiment of such an arrangement, passive components and micro-strip lines utilize a printed circuit board or other substrate. Such arrangements allow for a "spatial multiplexing" by the RF filter structures of all transmitter signals onto each of the sampling receivers. Further embodiments allow for use of such FIR structures, or delay line structures to spatial multiplex RF Transmit Reference Signals (680-m) with receive chain signals (678-n) by utilizing either the signal receive chains (1225-n) and / or the sampling receive chains (1406-m). In the case where both L2 sampling receive chains (1406-m) and signal receive chains (1225-n) are utilized, receive chain signals 678-n and RF Transmit Reference Signals (680-m) would be coupled to more than one of the utilized signal receiver chains (1225-n) and sampling receive chains (1406-m) to multiplex signals. Further additional processing to de-multiplex the signals will be performed to de-multiplex the receive chain and sampling receive chain signals prior to applications to the L2 FIR filters (1408).

Other embodiments may utilize arrangements of signal receive chains (1225-n) alone or sampling receive chains (alternatively referred to as transmit RF reference receive chains in some embodiments) (1406-m) alone. Baseband processing equivalent to MIMO receiver processing may be utilized to separate the individual combinations of transmitter to sampling receiver signals. When specific arrangements of shared VCOs are utilized among receivers and sampling receivers and between transmitters and in some cases C3R up converter chains, the VCO phase noise impact may be greatly mitigated or even eliminated.

[0171] In one greatly simplified and exemplary embodiment addressing the impacts of phase noise (and other sources of noise), a single shared VCO is utilized for all up converters and down converters for the transmitters, receivers, sampling receivers, and any C3R up converters. Such an arrangement does not require the RF "spatial multiplexing" discussed above in order to address phase noise concerns as the transmitter phase noise when received using a C2D sampling receiver (1406, alternatively referred to as transmit RF reference receive chains in some embodiments) will have a common noise as the transmitter signal when received on the signal receivers (1225-1 through 1225-N). Other arrangements may share VCOs between all up converters (that generate C3R_n) and transmit chains (636), and between all down converters within C2D sampling receivers (1406-m of 1404-1 through 1404-M, and alternatively referred to as transmit RF reference receive chains in some embodiments) and signal receivers (1225-1 through 1225-N). Further embodiments may utilize common VCOs between pairs of down converters in a respective sampling receiver and signal receiver, or similarly utilize common VCOs for pairs of up converters for a respective signal transmitters and C3R up converter chain.

[0172] Returning now to the exemplary embodiments of Fig. 14, embodiments of L2 are distinctly different from LI in that L2 processes Tx signals in the digital baseband domain using FIR "filter" (1408) techniques that enable L2 to cancel far lower magnitude signals with substantially longer delays than with LI . In some embodiments the L2 cancellation signal can be upconverted back to RF ("C2R_n" not shown in Fig. 14) or used as a cancellation signal at digital baseband ("C2Dn" as shown). One major issue with L2 is the noise and distortion added by the act first of downconverting and digitizing the sampled Tx RF signals (1406).

[0173] In some embodiments, the inputs from X_m(t) can be a line coupled input as described for LI, or can be from the same Gs_m (1306-m) (or a parallel Gs_m for L2 only) as described for LI . In alternative embodiments, the inputs for each X_m(t) might be derived from the set of Cl_m,_n (where n=l to N). This could be the average of the N cancellation signals, the maximum of them or some weighted blend where the weights are determined dynamically by the ZCLCG.

[0174] Note that with respect to embodiments of Fig. 14, the number of transmitters M may be different from the number of receivers N. However in specific embodiments discussed above addressing the "spatial multiplexing" of transmit reference signals (680-1 through 680-M) onto the sampling receivers (1406-m of 1404-1 through 1404-M)) and potentially the receive chains, the number of transmitters and receivers are equal (M=N).

[0175] In one embodiment in which Cl_n (1318-n) signals are utilized respectively as inputs (1402-1 to 1402-M, where M=N) to each sampling receiver 1406-1 to 1406-M, sets of weights (1311) may be chosen so as to allow for a "spatial" multiplexing between the transmitter signals and the separation of each of the transmitter signal components from one another including associated transmitter noise and specific sampling receiver (1406-m) noise as discussed above. As noted previously the phase noise of both the Tx chains and the Rx chains are particularly problematic for the operation of L2D processing. However in specific implementations, utilizing transmitters and receivers each with two or more shared voltage controlled oscillators and frequency references, such noise impact may be compensated for in such embodiments. In such a configuration, all M transmitters will be received by all N sampling receivers (1406-1 to 1406-M, when M=N). As noted, by appropriately choosing the LI weights (1311) associated with each RF transmitter reference signal 1302-m, each combination (M by N) of transmitter and receiver noises will be sampled and recoverable via the mentioned spatial multiplexing approach. To the extent that pairs (or more) of receivers have common frequency local oscillators (VCOs and frequency references) individual transmitter and receiver noise components may be recovered and or be compensated for so as to allow for base band digital cancellation of the noise included in the Tx to Rx leakage signals from each receive chain. This is enabled by pairing each signal receiver (1225-n) with an L2D sampling receiver (1406- m) with a common LO frequency as discussed. The demultiplexing may be performed utilizing specific weights and processing within the FIR filters of Fig. 14 (1408 for example). In one example the so called filter weights for each FIR filter 1408 may be comprised of the

convolution of weights for coefficients to separate specific transmitter and receiver components, and to compensate for Tx to Rx frequency responses to allow for cancellation. Alternatively such processing may be performed in the frequency domain rather that in the time domain or in additional processing not depicted in Fig. 14.

[0176] In the embodiments associated with Fig. 14, all sets of weights W2_mjn (1407) are complex sets of d=l to D2 individual tap weights each typically with separate I and Q

components. They are typically sent from the ZCLCG (675) as finite bit words (i.e. 12, 16, or more bits per I or Q component). Each individual tap weight W2_mAd (1407) is complex multiplied digitally on the d-th delayed version of the m-th sampled Tx chain signal and then the results are summed across each d=0 to D2 for each m (within each FIR2_m,_n 1408), and then across all m=l to M (at each summer 1410-n) for each of n=l to N.

[0177] The preceding embodiment indicates a conventional complex FIR filter structure for CFIR2 (1408). It may be desirable when L2 is being used to cancel significant variations in overall delay of the Tx to Rx chain coupling paths to, in some embodiments, have a complex CFIR2 with a smaller time delay for certain of the taps and longer for the remainder, or to have parallel complex FIR structures with different time delay steps and then sum them together.

[0178] In some embodiments each sampling receiver chain (1406-m) may be realized in practice using conventional components or incorporated in an RFIC. Each CFIR2_m,_n (1408) and digital domain summation (1410-n) can be constructed using conventional digital circuits in either an ASIC or FPGA, or realized in software on a DSP.

[0179] Referring to Fig. 15, a block diagram of embodiments of a Loop 3 ZDD canceller is depicted. The Canceller Loop L3 (1208) is very different from LI (1204) or L2 (1206) in that it takes as an input a digital baseband representation of each Tx chain signal Txi(t) to Tx_M(t). In L3 (1208) all processing of the Tx chain signal can be done using digital FIR "filter" techniques similar to L2. Ideally the input to L3 would be after the digital low pass channel filter 1214-m. In embodiments where the filter outputs are not accessible the digital filters (1214) can also be replicated in L3 to generate a better estimate of the actual Tx signal. Such replication provides for matched channel impacts thus reducing the overall need for the L3 channel estimation to include compensation for filters 1214-1 to 1214-M. Eliminating the requirement to estimate this filter will allow of a faster or less complex estimation of L3 cancellation coefficients in some embodiments. Similarly, the effective response of the low pass analog filter (1216-m) following the DAC, and the BPF (1218-m) following the upconverter can also be included in L3 to improve the cancellation accuracy, efficiency, or convergence speed. Additionally, it is contemplated that other filters may be included in L3 as well, for instance those in the receiver such as a bandpass filter (not show) following summers (alternatively referred to as cancellation combiners) 1210-n, and lowpass filters 1221-n, and 1222-n. Further, certain intermod products in the Tx chain or as created in the Rx front-ends (or in the analog portions of LI or L2) can also be modeled within L3 (or possibly within L2) for cancellation by the L3 output.

[0180] However, L3 (1208) cannot cancel Tx chain noise as LI can generally or L2 can subject to certain limitations. Techniques to mitigate such noise impacts may be addressed associated with LI or L2 as discussed. One such approach combining C2D_n and C3R_n will be discussed associated with Fig. 18. In particular, an approach for capturing correlated C3R_n noise components by a C2D_n receiver for later cancellation has been discussed and is disclosed in greater detail.

[0181] Returning to the exemplary embodiment of Fig. 15, the L3 cancellation signals

"C3D_n", where n is from 1 to N, would be used at digital baseband as shown but optionally these signals can be upconverted as "C3R_n" and applied at RF. It is also possible to generate both "C3D_n" and "C3R_n" simultaneously and possibly with different emphases on the various undesired signal components to be cancelled, however this would require additional FIR circuitry (not shown) to account for the different magnitude, phase and delay between C3R_n and C3D_n even for the "same" cancellation signal effect.

[0182] In the exemplary embodiment of Fig. 15, all weights W3_m,n are complex sets of d=l to D3 individual tap weights each typically with separate I and Q components and utilized within CFIR3_m,n (1516-n within 1508-m). In specific embodiments weights are typically sent from the ZCLCG (675) as finite bit words (i.e. 12, 16, or more bits per I or Q component). Each individual tap weight W3_m,_n,d is complex multiplied digitally on the d-th delayed version of the m-th sampled Tx chain signal and then the results are summed across d=0 to D3 for each m within each CFIR3 (1516-n within 1508-m), and then across all m=l to M (at summer 1520-n) for each of n=l to N.

[0183] The above discussion indicates the use of a conventional FIR filter structure for

CFIR3 (1516-n for example). It may be desirable when L3 is being used to cancel signal components with significant time delay variations to either have a complex CFIR3 with a smaller time delay for certain of the taps and longer for the remainder, or to have parallel complex FIR structures with different time delay steps and then sum them together.

[0184] The exemplary embodiment of Fig. 15 additionally illustrates an intermod generator IMGTx_m (1510), where m may be from 1 to M, which may be used to estimate IM signal components caused by the Tx PA in chain m. It is expected that the weights used for any CFIR3 following the IMGTx_m would be the same as for the other CFIR3 under the reasonable theory that the IM components out of the Tx_m would experience the same propagation paths to each Rx_n as the rest of X_m(t). Each IMGTx_m (1510) may also take from the ZCLCG (675) certain weights (not shown) that optimize parameters within the intermod model based on observed or calculated results.

[0185] In addition to IMGTx_m, other intermods of potential interest include those created in the RF LNA of each receive chain n and those created within the other cancellers (such as LI per the indication above). Each RF LNA may generate intermods of all M Tx signals each of which may be uniquely transferred to each Rx_n. Thus, cancellation of such intermods requires at least a bank of M CFIR3Rx_m (1502-m) for each Tx_m, each comprising N CFIRs of length D3RF taps and weights (not shown). The intermods are then modeled based on M inputs at each respective IMGRx_n (1504-n) wherein certain weights (not shown) may be passed to optimize the model in view of observed results. Similarly, for intermods created within each canceller branch of LI (or of L2, not shown), these can be estimated for each X_m(t) by applying Tx_m(t) to

IMGCl_m (1512) as shown above and then applying the result to a bank of N CFIR2Cl-m each of D3C1 taps in length with weights (not shown) supplied by the ZCLCG (675).

[0186] In specific embodiments, the various operational and design parameters are chosen such that none of the intermod cancellers depicted above are necessary. However, this will not always be the case particularly for high transmit powers associated with longer range operation.

[0187] Note the preceding discussion shows both C3R_n and C3D_n but in practice only one of these would normally be present from a single CFIR3 bank as depicted. If it were desired to have both, then there would need to be additional CFIR circuitry present (not shown) to account for the difference in magnitude, phase and delay between the two types of outputs in order to effect cancellations, or alternatively the CFIR3 bank would be replicated separately (i.e. CFIR3R & CFIR3D) with separate weights (not shown) for each to effect a "L3R" and a "L3D" in parallel.

[0188] All of the CFIR, IMG and summation circuits (1514, 1520, etc) depicted in Fig.

15 can be realized by conventional digital circuit techniques in an ASIC or FPGA, or

alternatively by software in a DSP. The optional C3R upconverter chains (1506-1 to 1506-N) depicted can be implemented in an RFIC or in commercially available RF transmitter components.

[0189] Fig. 16 is a block diagram of a portion of a ZDD enabled IBR including a ZDD

Canceller Loop Coefficients Generator (ZCLCG) according to one embodiment of the invention. Note that the architecture depicted in Fig. 16 may be implemented in many different ways as hardware, software on a processor, or a combination of both. In specific embodiments, the ZCLCG can be realized within commercial of the shelf processors, or in ASIC or FPGA (in whole or in part).

[0190] In one embodiment, a basic process of subsequent cancellations based on an RRC setting (first order) and RLC setting (second order) is employed. In one exemplary embodiment of a ZDD enabled IBR, a start-up technique is for both ends of an IBR link in a given channel to start-up initially in a TDD service mode that allows the IBRs to exchange key RRC data and establish common frame sync.

[0191] Then, in one embodiment based on RRC, L0 "coefficients" (possibly embodied as just selectable settings) are chosen first, typically from a non-volatile memory set by design or factory calibration (and possibly, or alternatively, within the Coefficients Memory (1606)). To the extent that such L0 coefficients or settings have multiple valid values for given RRC parameters, such values can be tested by inserting Tx-m chain preambles (serially or in parallel as described below for LI), and then applying FFT (or even just an RSSI, not shown, but available from the sampling receiver chain (1225-n) in one embodiment, or elsewhere in further embodiments) to each (or all) Rx_n to measure the effects on undesired Tx_m signal leakage into each Rx_n. This can be iterated until a minimum leakage value is determined. Alternatively, the L0 settings may be balanced with an identified desirable IBR receive signal. In one

embodiment, such a balance comprises determining settings achieving a target threshold receive signal strength, or SNR, or other metric for a desired receive signal, and a target L0 isolation level. In such an embodiment, compromises between receive desired SNR (or other metric), and L0 isolation requires balance and may be achieved by optimizing the value (maximum or minimum) of a formula defining a metric such as the following:

[0192] Vo = max(f_DS(Wo(i))*fiso(W₀(i))), for all i,

[0193] In the equation above, fos( o(i)) is a function of the desired receive signal, where

Wo(i) are Lo coefficients sets as a function of i, and in one embodiment include the RRC antenna selection settings of the IBR antenna array (648). Note that i is an index which ranges in value from 1 to the total number of possible Wo(i) setting combinations.

[0194] In the equation above, fiso( ₀(i)) is a function of the isolation between each transmit chain and each receive chain, where Wo(i) are Lo coefficients sets as a function of i, and in one embodiment include the RRC antenna selection settings of the IBR antenna array (648).

[0195] The functions fos_, and ¾ο in some embodiment are linear functions, while in other embodiment are nonlinear functions, or a combination. In one embodiment, the functions are a comparison to one or more thresholds, or fuzzy logic processing. In other embodiments the functions take the form of a global optimization function determining the maximum link throughput between two or more IBRs. Embodiments of such a function balance the target IBR received throughput and reliability and the current IBR's receive throughput and reliability as function of Wo(i) settings. Examples of some of such embodied optimization algorithms associated with the L0 setting process, or associated with the other loop settings may be found in Systems Engineering in Wireless Communications, by Koivo and Elmusrati (ISBN 0470021780).

[0196] Second, in one embodiment holding the L0 coefficients constant, based also on

RRC primarily, an initial guess for the LI coefficients would be read from a non- volatile memory set by design or factory calibration (and possibly within the Coefficients Memory (1606)). An iterative process would commence wherein Tx_m preambles (either serially or in parallel initially) are inserted into each Tx_m and the effect on each IQ magnitude bin for each Rx_n is considered to modify the coefficients to minimize observed Tx_m in each Rx_n. There are numerous techniques that the Coefficients Generator Processor (1610) and/or Coefficients Calculator (1608) can use, such as iteration by steepest descents (or alternatives such as those disclosed within Koivo and Elmusrati), to determine the coefficients in view of the previous values of Wl_m,_n,d and previous IQ magnitude bins given a new observed set of IQ magnitude bins for a new tested set of Wl_m,_n,d. Such processing may be performed as time domain based algorithm, or utilizing frequency domain based processing, or as a combination of both domains. In some embodiments, the Tx_m preambles may be inserted in parallel to optimize the Wl_mAd in view of Tx_mi to Tx^ leakage that passes through LI and creates an additional leakage path independent of L0 into each Rx_n from each Tx_m. In an exemplary embodiment, the Critical Timing Unit (1616) schedules the preamble insertions and FFT sampling in view of the Tx Symbol Clock (for precise preamble symbol insertion) and the Tx Frame Sync (so that, for example, Tx_m preambles are sent when other IBRs in receive antenna view of the instant IBR in the same Rx channel have their Tx signals substantially inhibited in power). Such timing may also be coordinated via the IBMS Agent (700) in cooperation with other IBRs or an IBMS Server as described in co-pending application US 13/271057 by a common inventor and assignee.

[0197] In an embodiment where LI is not present but L2 is, the above process would be performed in a similar manner for L2 in some embodiments. To the extent that the delay range of such an L2 includes long delay cancellations, the optimization of such W2_mAd would in some embodiments, be performed similar to the process described below for L3 in some embodiments. Alternatively or in addition, the L2 coefficients may be calculated by closed form approaches rather than using iterative algorithms. Such algorithms may include so called MMSE and LMS based approaches in some embodiments, which will be described in more detail.

[0198] After the LI coefficients have converged, reflection cancellations are made using either L2 or L3 (for example, using L3, as in L3D only in certain embodiments as depicted associated with Fig. 17, or parallel L3R and L3D loops in other embodiments). In some embodiments the calculation of L3 coefficients would also be an iterative process to determine W3_m,n,d coefficients but it is unlikely that a meaningful initial guess would exist from design or factory calibration relative to an actual deployment location. Thus, the number of preamble/FFT cycles to converge may be substantial. Also, the number of calculations required for each preamble/FFT cycle in view of the many potential CFIR taps in L2 or L3 may be substantial. In the case where desired Tx power and certain component parameters causes substantial IM signals that are insufficiently cancelled by LI and/or L2, then a final process to compute CFIR3 tap weights and IM model parameters is required. In one embodiment, this could be done by having the Critical Timing Unit (1616) also control a Tx Power Control circuit (1602) (for example, shifting away 1 or 2 bits in each Tx chain for symbol timing level 6 or 12 dB power control steps) that should allow FFT sampling to pick up the effects of IM processes due to the non- linear effect of such leakage signals within each Rx-n as a function of Tx power level.

[0199] The above process assumes CC-ZDD wherein some or all of the Tx-m channel overlaps with the Rx-n channel. For CB-ZDD wherein the Tx and Rx channels are adjacent, it may be preferable to use the above approach with the Rx channel BW in the downconverter chains temporarily set to cover some or all of the Tx and Rx together to more efficiently determine various cancellation coefficients. For CB-ZDD with disparate Tx and Rx channels, it may be preferable to temporarily force the RRC to tune the signal receiver chains (1225-n) to the Tx channel so that various cancellation coefficients can be efficiently determined from the Tx leakage signals. However in CB-ZDD, even if neither of the above options is exercised, it should still be possible to determine cancellation coefficients simply from Tx noise (and out of channel IM signals if present) using substantially the same procedure described above for CC- ZDD.

[0200] After both ends of a particular link have converged to an initially acceptable set of canceller coefficients, it is also necessary to update and maintain these coefficients in view of changing environmental parameters such as temperature or voltage internal to each IBR or channel obstructions external to each IBR. It is expected that L0 parameters would not be part of this update process. One exemplary procedure for this update process would be to periodically, such as once every L3u frames (where L3u may be 1 to 10 depending on the environment), have the Critical Timing Unit send one or more Tx_m chain preambles, while the other IBRs in view of the Rx antennas at the Rx channel frequency substantially inhibit their Tx power, and effectively repeat the W3_m,_n,d coefficient calculation process if the IQ magnitude bins have increased beyond some threshold from the previous test stored in memory. Similarly, every Liu frames (where Liu may be 100-1000 depending on the environment), the Wl_mAd coefficients may be re -tested with C2 and/or C3 inhibited to recalculate Wl if a change beyond a threshold has occurred. If so, recalculation of W2 and/or W3 (and/or IM parameters) would need to follow. Alternatively, rather than every Liu frames, this Wl test may be scheduled only if the L3 (and/or L2) update process fails to keep the residual Tx signals in one or more Rx_n below a particular threshold value. In some ZDD IBR installations, the channel dynamics may be far slower or faster changing than in others. Thus, it may also make sense to have Liu, L2u, and/or L3u into parameters that are adaptive to the estimated channel dynamics. For example only, if current values of Ll_u? L2_U? and/or L3u consistently produce insubstantial changes to their respective Wl, W2, and/or W3 coefficients, then increase the given values of Ll_u? L2_U? and/or L3u until some predetermined maximum is reached. Conversely, if substantial changes to coefficients do result, then reduce the given values of Ll_u? L2_U? and/or L3u until some predetermined minimum is reached.

[0201] As will be discussed, in other embodiments a closed form LMS or MMSE calculation may be made to determine L2 or L3 weights (or other weights for that matter).

[0202] In one embodiment associated with calculating L2 weights, a least squares closed form based approach may be utilized in a C2D (or analogously for calculating L3 weights in a C3D) cancellation wherein the sampled RF Transmit Reference Signals (Xsi to XS_M)

corresponding to signals associated with 680-1 through 680-M, using sampling receivers (1406- m), are compared with the receive chain output signals (674) prior to summer (or alternatively referred to as combiners) 1212-n (or at 1212-n with C2D and/or C3D temporarily inhibited) to calculate the coefficients W2_mAd, utilizing a closed form calculation. Some embodiments will utilize a least squares calculation, or MMSE calculation which when performed in the time domain requires a large matrix inversion. Alternatively such calculations may be performed in the frequency domain to achieve a closed form solution. For example in one embodiment, the following process is followed for each receiver chain n, where n varies from 1 through N:

[0203] 1) A vector of sampled receive data (Zs_n) is assembled from S_R complex valued time domain samples of Zs_n(t) at the output of receiver chain 1225-n, taken from the input (674- n) of cancellation combiner (alternatively referred to as cancellation summers) 1212-n. Note that Zs_n is arranged to have the dimensions SR by 1 , and that SR > D2, where D2 is the number of taps in each CFIR2 (1408). Next, the Fourier transform of Zs_n is taken to provide FZs_n (also having dimensions SR by 1). Such a Fourier transform may be realized in any one of known conventional approaches, including utilizing FFT processing block 1614, with additional coupling to signals at reference points 674 to obtain time domain samples of Zs_n (not shown in Fig. 16) or from Rx_n directly with C2D and/or C3D temporarily inhibited.

[0204] 2) M vectors are respectively assembled for each block 1404-m coupled to RF

Transmit Reference Signals 680-m, where m = 1 through M. Each vector (Xs_m) of sampled RF Transmit Reference Signals data is assembled from SR complex valued time domain samples of X_m(t) at the output (1409-m) of the sampling receiver chain (1406-m) of block 1404-m, for each reference signal. Note that each vector Xs_m is arranged to have the dimensions SR by 1 , and that SR > D2, where D2 is the number of taps in each CFIR2 (1408). Next, the Fourier transform of Xs_m is taken to provide FXs_m (also having dimensions SR by 1). Such a Fourier transform may be realized in any one of known conventional approaches, including utilizing FFT processing block 1614, with additional coupling the signals at reference points 1409-m of each sampling receivers 1406-1 through 1406-M to obtain time domain samples of Xs_m (not shown in Fig. 16). The M vectors of FXs_m, where m = 1 through M, may further be arranged to form a matrix FXs of dimension S_R by M, where each column contains a single vector FXs_m.

[0205] 3) Next, in the frequency domain, and on a bin-by-bin basis, a Least Squares estimation is performed. For a reference on the least squares estimator see eq. 3.33, Smart Antennas For Wireless Communications, Rappaport; ISBN 0-13-71987-8 and derivation 3L, Linear Algebra and its Applications, Strang; ISBN 0-15-551005-3. Also see "Least Squares Problems with several Variables" as one example utilizing complex mathematics for the current embodiment, though alternative solutions are contemplated. Adapting the MMSE and Least Squares approach to the current application yields Eq. 14-1.

[0206] FW2*^{S T} (b) = [FXs(b)^H FXsib^FXsQ))" FZs_n {b) (Eq. 14-1)

[0207] where b indexes frequency bins 1 through SR, and where the "H" superscript refers to the Hermitian (conjugate) transpose of a matrix, and the superscript "-1" refers to a matrix inversion and, where, FZs_n(b) is a complex scalar and FXs(b) is comprised of a 1 by M vector, and FW2n^ST (b) is an M by 1 vector, where each element comprises the b^th complex frequency domain bin value of the frequency domain estimation of the filter taps associated with CFIR2_m,n.

[0208] 4) Following computation for all frequency bins from b = 1 through S_R, the newly determined (M by S_R) matrix FW2^^ST may be combined utilizing a weighted averaging, or other filtering approaches, on an bin by bin basis with previously utilized or estimated versions of matrix FW2^^T resulting in matrix FW2^;^lt . Alternatively, the frequency domain based filtering may be performed in a later time domain step, and vector FW2^^T may be substituted for the subsequent step referencing the matrix FW2^F^^lt .

[0209] 5) Next an inverse FFT of FW2^J^^lt is performed on a row wise basis (over SR samples, for each row m) resulting in W2^^ST which comprises estimates of the time domain FIR filter weights as a vector of dimension M by S_R, where S_R is > D2 (the number of filter taps per FIR2 (1408)).

[0210] 6) Finally W2_n is calculated by performing a truncation of VV2„^5rfrom M by SR to a M by D2, where for each receive chain the most significant magnitude coefficients will be contained in the first D2 values of the M rows of W2^^ST . Additionally, a time domain sample- by-sample averaging, weighted averaging (FIR), recursive (IIR) filtering may be performed with previous calculated versions of W2^^ST or W2_n. Note that each row W2_n corresponds to the weights, W2_mAi to W2_mAD2 for the corresponding CFIR_min (1408). Note that this processing equally applies to the calculation of the L3 coefficients as well, with the exception that such calculation be processed on the output of the cancellation of C2 (if present), and only while the Wl, W2, and W3R weights (if present) are held static. Additionally the transmit reference signals would be based upon the pure digital reference signals Txl ... M (672) input to the transmit chains, rather the RF Transmit Reference Signals (680).

[021 1 ] Referring now to Fig. 17, a block diagram of a portion of a ZDD enabled IBR including Loop 1 (CI) (1204) and Loop 3 (C3D) (1208) cancellers is depicted according to one embodiment of the invention. Note that all labeled signals in Fig. 17 are complex, represented by either I and Q or magnitude and phase. In one embodiment, the isolation in L0 (1202) and the cancellation capability of LI are sufficient that only L3 with digital baseband outputs is required for CC-ZDD operation. Furthermore with careful design, the L3 (1208) in a preferred embodiment does not need IM cancellation circuits. [0212] Note that L0 (1202) includes the effects of each transmit antenna signal X_m(t) on every receive antenna signal Y_q(t), as well as on every other X_m(t). Note also that every antenna, X_m(t) and Y_q(t), may be subject to receiving unwanted interference I(t) as well as the desired signal from another IBR and various undesired leakage signals from the instant IBR.

[0213] The goal of L0, LI and L3 is that each Rx_n(t) does not have a level of any X_m(t)

(or other undesired signal introduced by the instant IBR and not the outside world radiating into each receive antenna) that causes appreciable (typically more than 1 dB) desensitization at the demodulator relative to an equivalent receiver where each X_m(t) at the instant IBR has zero power.

[0214] Referring now to Fig. 18, a block diagram depicting of a portion of a ZDD enabled IBR including a Loop 2 (C2D) and Loop 3 (C3R) cancellers according to one embodiment of the invention. In embodiments associated with Fig. 18, wherein C2D of Fig. 14, and C3R of Fig. 15 are utilized, the noise from the cancellation transmitters 1506-1 to 1506-N may be compensated for by sharing LO frequency sources (VCOs) between the signal transmitters and the C3R transmitters such that the phase noise is common to all up converted signals allowing for the cancellation of the transmitted phase noise at summers (alternatively referred to as cancellation combiners) 1210-n. Additionally, utilizing a shared VCO between the C2D sampling receivers (1406-m) and signal receive chains (1225-n) allows for a common phase noise component between all receivers allowing for the cancellation of phase noise at baseband in C2D or related digital cancellation. Performing additional cancellation of the digital base band transmit signals (Txi(t) and Tx₂(t)), the individual phase noise components may be recovered for use in further cancellation processing using noise components individually (the shared transmit phase noise, and the shared receive phase noise). As a result, transmitter leakage signals from IBR transmit array (648 A) may be canceled at 1210-n utilizing C3R processing allowing for a cancellation of the leakage signals such that the ADCs within the signal receive chains (1225-n) are not saturated. Such embodiments sharing a common VCO among all up converters and a common VCO among all down converters down converters allows for the cancellation of the transmitter leakage signal and the transmitter phase noise at 1210-n. In other embodiments, transmitter noise may not be cancelled when the transmitter leakage signal is cancelled (when the C3R up converter VCOs are not shared with the transmit chain VCOs) and remain in the signal receive chains (1225-n), and the remaining phase noise may be cancelled in C2D processing and associated processing utilizing references for the up converter or down converter phase noises.

[0215] However, in some embodiments utilizing commercially available chip set implementations, VCOs are shared only among pairs of transmitters and pairs of receivers. As discussed previously, the phase noise combinations may be recovered and compensated for in further cancellation processing at base band during C2D or C3R processing.

[0216] Referring now to Fig. 19 through Fig. 24 a detailed mathematical description of one the embodiments of Fig. 17 utilizing LI, and L3 are presented. Note that within the references figures all multiplies "x" shown are complex, though realizations of such complex multiplies may be performed by analog structures such as mixers or by digital structures such as combinatorial logic gates (i.e. "XOR") or adders.

[0217] Fig. 19 is a diagram of the mathematical representation of depicted signals at a

ZDD enabled IBR transmitter according to one embodiment of the invention. Referring to (19- 1) and (19-2) note that X_m(t) is linearly related to Tx_m(t) except for the additive IM and noise terms. The IM terms may be modeled from Tx_m(t) depending on the mechanism that causes them. The noise is uncorrected from Tx_m(t) and thus L3 cannot cancel the Tx noise in the receiver in embodiments of Fig. 17. Unless LI (or theoretically L2, but subject to practical limitations described earlier) cancels this noise to a level acceptably below each receive chain's internal noise level (plus received uncorrected noise/interference), then this Tx noise will desense the demodulator and limit the overall link margin in this embodiment.

[0218] The sampled Tx_m(t) signals utilized by LI are predominantly Gs_m x X_m(t).

However, they may also include unwanted leakage of other transmit signals on a theoretically infinite number of propagation paths as shown in Eqs. 19-3 and 19-4 of Fig. 19. There may also be uncoordinated interference present at each Tx antenna but generally if this were significant it would probably already cause significant interference at one or more receive antennas in specific embodiments. There is also at least thermal noise present at the input to LI . Although this noise Ns_m(t) may be far below the transmitter noise [Gs_m x N_Txm(t)] in magnitude, the effect of Ns_m(t) combined with the transfer function within LI and its noise figure will be injected at Z_n(t) into each receiver chain, while the transmitter noise is theoretically cancelled out (and there is no practical way to cancel Ns_m(t)). [0219] Fig. 20 is a diagram of the mathematical representation of depicted signals at a

ZDD enabled IBR receiver according to one embodiment of the invention. At the receiver each Y_q(t), of Eq. 20-1 receives a desired signal from its peer IBR (Y_Rxq(t)) as well as both exemplary transmit signals X_m(t), each of which reaches Y_q(t) by a theoretically infinite number of delay paths and complex transfer functions, plus the input noise and interference at each antenna.

[0220] At the inputs to each downconverter chain, Z_n(t) (Eq. 20-2), the signal is composed of all 8 Y_q(t) signals multiplied by respective complex transfer functions and subject to a small delay plus the equivalent input noise for the downconverter chain and the LI cancellation signal, as well as any intermod products generated in the circuits from antenna q to downconverter n (especially in view of Tx leakage from X_m that may be much larger than Y_Rxq). Note that within 648B the effect of the switch matrix and the LNA power down when a particular receive antenna is not selected typically results in the selected q_n mapping having a magnitude of that greatly exceeds that of all unselected mappings.

[0221] The LI cancellation signal can be described as a summation across the two sampled transmit signals Xs_m (which each comprise Xi and X₂ due to finite Tx to Tx antenna isolation) weighted by complex transfer functions Wl_mAd at delays of approximately "d*Ati" (but not necessarily uniform delay steps in some embodiments) and Gl_m,d (in some embodiments these might all be unity but in practice with RF delay lines these will vary somewhat in other embodiments), plus undesired intermodulation products created within LI as indicated.

[0222] Fig. 21 is a diagram of the mathematical representation of depicted signals at a

ZDD enabled IBR receive chain input according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0223] This representation of Z_n(t) (Eq. 21-00) illustrates five constituent components for each Rx downconverter input chain signal:

[0224] (21-01) This is the "desired Rx chain signal" component that will be eventually channel multiplexed, equalized, and demodulated in the baseband Rx PHY. This is dominated by the switch matrix selection from q to n.

[0225] (21-02) This is the "Rx chain input noise floor" (which includes interference at the Rx antennas) component that leads to finite SINR for the receive chain. This should also be dominated by the switch matrix selection from q to n in consideration of the thermal noise floor and RF front-end noise figure. Ideally the dominant X N_R^ is much greater than N_Dcn as well in good RF design practice.

[0226] (21-03) This is the "undesired Tx leakage" component that reflects the cumulative effects of finite isolation in L0 from any Tx antenna m to any receive antenna q in view of the switch matrix selections.

[0227] (21-04) This is the LI cancellation component (or "LI output signal") which in an ideal world would be exactly equal to, but opposite in sign to, the undesired Tx leakage component. In reality, this is not possible, but if LI sufficiently cancels certain key subcomponents of the Tx leakage, then L2 or L3 may be able to sufficiently cancel the rest for CC- ZDD. In the case of CB-ZDD, then LI needs to cancel only the Tx leakage noise (and IM signals if present) in the Rx channel to be acceptably low relative to the noise plus interference component.

[0228] (21-05) This is the "undesired Rx intermods" (of the Tx leakage signals) produced in the RF front-end (typically the LNA) of each path from Rx antenna q to downconverter input n. Ideally, the L0 isolation and the linearity of the LNA and/or switch matrix would cause such intermods to be acceptably low relative to the noise plus interference component by design such that this component is negligible. It is generally not possible to cancel this particular intermod component by LI . However, in some cases it may be feasible to model the generation of this intermod component relative to the Tx_m digital baseband signals and thus cancel it in L3.

[0229] Fig. 22 is a diagram of a further mathematical representation of depicted signals at a ZDD enabled IBR receive chain input according to one embodiment of the invention.

Substituting previous representations of X_m(t) (Eq. 19-1 and 19-2) and Cl_n(t) (Eq. 20-3) creates a more detailed description of Z_n(t) (Eq. 22-00).

[0230] This representation of Z_n(t) now illustrates nine constituent components for each

Rx downconverter input chain signal:

[0231 ] Equation components (22-01) and (22-02) are equivalent equation segments (21-

01) and (21-02) of Fig. 21, respectively.

[0232] Equation Segment (22-03) is the first of three subcomponents of the "undesired

Tx leakage" component from the previous slide. This particular subcomponent is representable in terms linearly related to the original Tx chain baseband digital signal Tx_m(t). [0233] Equation Segment (22-04) is the second of three subcomponents of the "undesired

Tx leakage" component from the previous slide. This particular subcomponent comprises the Tx chain output noise.

[0234] Equation Segment (22-05) is the third of three subcomponents of the "undesired

Tx leakage" component from the previous slide. This particular subcomponent comprises the Tx chain output intermods.

[0235] Equation Segment (22-06) is the first of three subcomponents of the "LI output signal" component from the previous slide. This particular subcomponent is the actual LI cancellation signal that is complicated by the finite Tx-Tx antenna isolation as represented in L0tx_mi_im2,i. This "LI cancellation signal" would ideally cancel all three of the undesired Tx subcomponents.

[0236] Equation Segment (22-07) is the second of three subcomponents of the "LI output signal" component from the previous slide. This particular subcomponent comprises the interference at the Tx antennas and the noise generated by LI . It is not possible to cancel the noise term in this sub-component. Therefore, LI and the Rx front-end must be designed such that the noise term in this sub-component is acceptable relative to the "Rx chain input noise floor" component. In practice, this involves minimizing the noise output from LI and raising the gain in the Rx front-end without causing other problems (such as downconverter saturation or Rx front-end undesired intermods). It is also not possible to cancel the interference term in this subcomponent at least from within the ZDD subsystem of the IBR. However, this interference iTxm is likely correlated to lRx_q in practice and thus an IBR with redundant Rx chains may be able to cancel such interference in the Rx channel multiplexer. Note that in practice, WlxGlxGs_m is likely substantially lower in magnitude that for the selected q of a given n.

[0237] Equation Segment (22-08) is the third of three subcomponents of the "LI output signal" component from the previous slide. This particular subcomponent arises from intermods of X_m(t) (or effectively Tx_m(t) if the EVM is small) generated within LI . Preferably, these intermods are acceptably low relative to the "Rx chain input noise floor" component by design and hence effectively negligible. In some cases, it may be feasible to model the generation of this intermod component relative to the Tx_m digital baseband signals and thus cancel it in L3.

[0238] Equation Segment (22-09) is equivalent to Equation Segment (21-05) of Fig. 21. [0239] Fig. 23 is a diagram of a further detailed mathematical representation of depicted signals at a ZDD enabled IBR receive chain input according to one embodiment of the invention. Further substituting previous representations of X_m(t) into the LI cancellation signal creates an even more detailed description of Z_n(t) (Eq. 23-00 of Fig. 23).

[0240] This representation of Z_n(t) now illustrates eight constituent components for each

Rx downconverter input chain signal:

[0241] Equation components (23-01) and (23-02) are equivalent equation segments (21-

01) and (21-02) of Fig. 21, respectively.

[0242] Equation component (23-03) is the first of three subcomponents of the "residual

Tx leakage" component which is expressed in view of the three sub-components of the

"undesired Tx leakage" in combination with analogous sub-components of the LI cancellation signal of the previous slide. This particular subcomponent is representable in terms linearly related to the original Tx chain baseband digital signal Tx_m(t) (across all Tx chains). To the extent that the magnitude of [G_Txm x Tx_m] times L0_m,qii exceeds the equivalent input noise (plus interference) for any [i_m,_q,i + t^J > [t_sm+t_Di], then at least some L3 cancellation will be required or the receive chain will be desensed.

[0243] Equation component (23-04) is the second of three subcomponents of the

"residual Tx leakage" component. This particular subcomponent comprises the residual Tx chain output noise (with contributions from all Tx chains). It is imperative (in some embodiments) that t_Di be chosen such that [t_sm+t_Di] > [t_m,_q,i + t^J for any "i" wherein the magnitude of [Nx_xm x LO_m^i] exceeds the equivalent input noise (plus interference) of each receive chain and further that D 1 be large enough in number of taps such that any frequency dependence of the effective transfer function of L0 can be sufficiently approximated. This is necessary because L3 in this exemplary embodiment cannot cancel any residual Tx noise in a receive chain.

[0244] Equation component (23-05) is the third of three subcomponents of the "residual

Tx leakage" component. This particular subcomponent comprises the Tx chain output intermods (with contributions from all Tx chains). Ideally in the current embodiment, toi would be chosen such that [t_sm+t_Di] > [t^ + t^J for any "i" wherein the magnitude of [XiMTxm L0_m,qii] exceeds the equivalent input noise (plus interference) of each receive chain and Dl would be large enough in number of taps such that any frequency dependence of the effective transfer function of L0 can be sufficiently approximated so that further cancellation of Tx IM products in L3 of this exemplary embodiment is not required.

[0245] Equation components (23-06, 07, and 08) are equivalent to (22-07, 8, and 9) of

Fig. 22.

[0246] Note that the relationship of Wl_m,_n,_d to G_R^, Gl_m,_d, G_Sm, L0tx_mi_im2ii, L0_m,_q,i, and the delays is theoretically identical for Tx_m(t), Nx_xm(t) and XiMTxm(t). Thus in CC-ZDD solving for Wl_mAd such that the residual Tx signal is minimized should also minimize the residual Tx noise and intermods at a given Rx chain input n. For CB-ZDD, this is still true for residuals in the Tx channel, but not necessarily true for residuals in the Rx channel if Wl_m,_n,d was determined by minimizing residual Tx signal in the Tx channel. In particular, for non-overlapping CB-ZDD, the frequency dependence of L0 may make the Wl_mAd that minimizes the residual Tx noise in the Rx channel somewhat different than that which minimizes residual Tx noise (or residual Tx signal) in the Tx channel. However, determining Wl_mAd may be far simpler in the Tx channel by minimizing residual Tx signal so this may be a good interim step despite the likely

requirement of temporarily operating the Rx chain at the Tx channel (and note that to the extent iteration is used, the first guess may still preferably come from a table set by factory calibration and/or design as discussed previously). Final optimization of Wl_mAd in CB-ZDD may require processing gain by averaging or multiple iterations across many residual signal tests due to the statistical variations of the noise.

[0247] Fig. 24 is a diagram of the mathematical representation of depicted signals at a

ZDD enabled IBR receive chain digital output signals according to one embodiment of the invention. Consider now the Rx chain output in the digital domain (24-01) which is linearly related to input plus the L3 cancellation signal. For the specific case where all RF front-end and LI intermods and noise are sufficiently small relative to the receive chain noise floor by design, and the residual Tx noise and Tx intermods are sufficiently cancelled by LI relative to the receive chain noise floor, then the receive chain digital output signals can be written

approximately as composed of three components described as follows:

[0248] The first component is the desired Rx chain signal (24-11). The second component (24-12) is the Rx chain noise floor plus interference from sources other than the instant ZDD IBR. Because LI connects the Tx antennas in a path to each receive chain independent of the Rx antennas, the interference at the Tx antennas is also in each receive chain per this component. However, if I_TXM is correlated with I_R^, then in certain receive architectures such interference may be cancellable by the Rx FDE or other mechanism within the Rx channel multiplexer assuming redundant Rx chains.

[0249] The third component (24-13) is the residual Tx signal (with contributions from all

Tx chains due to Tx-Tx antenna coupling). The L3 cancellation signal must be optimized by finding W3_m,_n,_d3 coefficients such that this residual Tx signal is sufficiently small relative to the Rx chain noise floor in CC-ZDD. Because the residual Tx signal is linear with respect to Tx_m(t), then for sufficiently large D3 and t_D3 > t_miqii for any L0_m,_qii of interest, it should always be possible to find W3_m,_n,_d3 such that this residual Tx signal is sufficiently minimized. For non- overlapping CB-ZDD, this component may not be important as the frequency dependence of Goc_n may greatly attenuate this component relative to the desired Rx signal and the Rx noise floor, and the residual may be effectively discarded by the FFT in the Rx channel multiplexer.

[0250] One or more of the methodologies or functions described herein may be embodied in a computer-readable medium on which is stored one or more sets of instructions (e.g., software). The software may reside, completely or at least partially, within memory and/or within a processor during execution thereof. The software may further be transmitted or received over a network.

[0251 ] The term "computer-readable medium" should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media that store the one or more sets of instructions. The term "computer- readable medium" shall also be taken to include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying a set of instructions for execution by a machine and that cause a machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies of the present invention. The term "computer-readable medium" shall accordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to, solid-state memories, and optical and magnetic media.

[0252] Embodiments of the invention have been described through functional modules at times, which are defined by executable instructions recorded on computer readable media which cause a computer, microprocessors or chipsets to perform method steps when executed. The modules have been segregated by function for the sake of clarity. However, it should be understood that the modules need not correspond to discreet blocks of code and the described functions can be carried out by the execution of various code portions stored on various media and executed at various times.

[0253] It should be understood that processes and techniques described herein are not inherently related to any particular apparatus and may be implemented by any suitable combination of components. Further, various types of general purpose devices may be used in accordance with the teachings described herein. It may also prove advantageous to construct specialized apparatus to perform the method steps described herein. The invention has been described in relation to particular examples, which are intended in all respects to be illustrative rather than restrictive. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that many different combinations of hardware, software, and firmware will be suitable for practicing the present invention.

Various aspects and/or components of the described embodiments may be used singly or in any combination. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the claims.