Directional backlight

Description of equivalent WO 2013173786 A1

Directional Backlight

TECHNICAL FIELD

[01] This disclosure generally relates to illumination of light modulation devices, and more specifically relates to light guides for providing large area illumination from localized light sources for use in 2D, 3D, and/or autostereoscopic display devices.

BACKGROUND

[02] Spatially multiplexed autostereoscopic displays typically align a parallax component such as a lenticular screen or parallax barrier with an array of images arranged as at least first and second sets of pixels on a spatial light modulator, for example an LCD. The parallax component directs light from each of the sets of pixels into different respective directions to provide first and second viewing windows in front of the display. An observer with an eye placed in the first viewing window can see a first image with light from the first set of pixels; and with an eye placed in the second viewing window can see a second image, with light from the second set of pixels.

[03] Such displays have reduced spatial resolution compared to the native resolution of the spatial light modulator and further, the structure of the viewing windows is determined by the pixel aperture shape and parallax component imaging function. Gaps between the pixels, for example for electrodes, typically produce non-uniform viewing windows. Undesirably such displays exhibit image flicker as an observer moves laterally with respect to the display and so limit the viewing freedom of the display. Such flicker can be reduced by defocusing the optical elements; however such defocusing results in increased levels of image cross talk and increases visual strain for an observer. Such flicker can be reduced by adjusting the shape of the pixel aperture, however such changes can reduce display brightness and can comprise addressing electronics in the spatial light modulator.

BRIEF SUMMARY

[04] According to an aspect of the present invention, a directional backlight may comprise an array of light sources, a light expansion waveguide section and a light extraction waveguide section. The light expansion waveguide section may have an input end and opposed guide surfaces for guiding light along the waveguide. The array of light sources may be disposed at different input positions in a lateral direction across the input end of the light expansion waveguide section. The light extraction waveguide section may be arranged to receive light from the light expansion waveguide section and may comprise first and second, opposed guide surfaces for guiding light along the light extraction waveguide section. The first guide surface may be arranged to guide light by total internal reflection and the second guide surface may have a stepped shape comprising a plurality of facets and intermediate regions intermediate the facets, wherein the intermediate regions are arranged to direct light through the light extraction waveguide section without extracting it, and the facets face the light expansion waveguide section and oriented to reflect light guided through the light extraction waveguide section in directions allowing exit through the first guide surface into optical windows in output directions distributed in the lateral direction that are dependent on the input positions of the light sources.

[05] Advantageously the present embodiments can achieve a directional waveguide that can achieve illumination of a spatial light modulator for directional display applications including autostereoscopic display, privacy display and high power efficiency displays. The directional output can be modified in cooperation with a control system to achieve tracking of a moving observer, and illumination of multiple observers. The directional waveguide may be arranged in a thin package, reducing bulk and cost of the display system. The directional illumination may be achieved with low cross talk and may be responsive to rapid observer motion, reducing the appearance of image flicker.

[06] By way of comparison with arrangements wherein the light is reflected by a reflective end within the waveguide, the light expansion waveguide section is arranged separately from the light extraction waveguide section. For light passing from the light source to the facets of the second guide surface that provide extraction, the appearance of scatter artefacts due to light losses at the surface of the waveguide may be reduced. In particular, the visibility of the illumination triangle for light propagating in air from the light sources at the input may be reduced. Further, the length of the light expansion waveguide section may be different to the length of the light extraction waveguide section, which may achieve improved aberrations for a given size of extraction region. The array of light sources may be separated from the light extraction waveguide section, which may achieve improved separation of stray light from the light sources compared to the light extraction section. Further the requirement for a reflective end may be eliminated, reducing cost of manufacture.

[07] According to a further aspect of the present disclosure, a directional backlight apparatus may include an array of light emitting elements and a waveguide for guiding light. The waveguide may include a first light guiding region which may include first and second substantially parallel planar surfaces. The waveguide may additionally include a second light guiding region which may include a first light guiding surface that may be substantially planar and a second light guiding surface, opposite the first light guiding surface. The second light guiding surface may additionally include a plurality of guiding features and a plurality of extraction features, in which the extraction features and the guiding features are connected to and alternate with one another respectively. Further, the plurality of extraction features may direct light to reflect and exit the light valve. Moreover, the extraction features may be arranged so that light from the light emitting elements may be directed by the extraction features with substantially the same directionality for extraction features across the plurality of extraction features

[08] Display backlights in general employ waveguides and edge emitting sources.

Certain imaging directional backlights have the additional capability of directing the illumination through a display panel into viewing windows. An imaging system may be formed between multiple sources and the respective window images. One example of an imaging directional backlight is an optical valve that may employ a folded optical system and hence may also be an example of a folded imaging directional backlight. Light may propagate substantially without loss in one direction through the optical valve while counter-propagating light may be extracted by reflection off tilted facets as described in Pat. App. Ser. No. 13/300,293, which is herein incorporated by reference, in its entirety.

[09] However, the optical valve has an extraction efficiency that may be, at least in part, determined by the ratio of the height of the input side to the height of the reflecting side.

[10] The present embodiments provide waveguide imaging directional backlights that comprise stepped waveguides. Light is injected into a light expansion waveguide section arranged to provide expansion of light in at least a lateral direction. The light expansion waveguide section may have substantially parallel sides for guiding light. The light is then incident on a light extraction waveguide section, wherein light extraction is advantageously achieved by facets that are inclined to intermediate regions.

[11] Embodiments herein may provide an autostereoscopic display with large area and thin structure. Further, as will be described, the directional backlights of the present disclosure may achieve thin optical components with large back working distances. Such components can be used in directional backlights, to provide directional displays including autostereoscopic displays. Further, embodiments may provide a controlled illuminator for the purposes of an efficient autostereoscopic display. Embodiments may achieve observer tracking and may provide multi-user autostereoscopic display.

[12] Embodiments of the present disclosure may be used in a variety of optical systems.

The embodiment may include or work with a variety of projectors, projection systems, optical components, displays, microdisplays, computer systems, processors, self-contained projector systems, visual and/or audiovisual systems and electrical and/or optical devices. Aspects of the present disclosure may be used with practically any apparatus related to optical and electrical devices, optical systems, presentation systems or any apparatus that may contain any type of optical system. Accordingly, embodiments of the present disclosure may be employed in optical systems, devices used in visual and/or optical presentations, visual peripherals and so on and in a number of computing environments.

[13] Before proceeding to the disclosed embodiments in detail, it should be understood that the disclosure is not limited in its application or creation to the details of the particular arrangements shown, because the disclosure is capable of other embodiments. Moreover, aspects of the disclosure may be set forth in different combinations and arrangements to define embodiments unique in their own right. Also, the terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation.

[14] Directional backlights offer control over the illumination emanating from substantially the entire output surface controlled typically through modulation of independent LED light sources arranged at the input aperture side of an optical waveguide. Controlling the emitted light directional distribution can achieve single person viewing for a security function, where the display can only be seen by a single viewer from a limited range of angles; high electrical efficiency, where illumination is only provided over a small angular directional distribution; alternating left and right eye viewing for time sequential stereoscopic and autostereoscopic display; and low cost.

[15] These and other advantages and features of the present disclosure will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading this disclosure in its entirety.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[16] Embodiments are illustrated by way of example in the accompanying FIGURES, in which like reference numbers indicate similar parts, and in which:

[17] FIGURE 1A is a schematic diagram illustrating a front view of light propagation in one embodiment of a directional display device, in accordance with the present disclosure;

[18] FIGURE IB is a schematic diagram illustrating a side view of light propagation in one embodiment of the directional display device of FIGURE 1A, in accordance with the present disclosure;

[19] FIGURE 2A is a schematic diagram illustrating in a top view of light propagation in another embodiment of a directional display device, in accordance with the present disclosure; [20] FIGURE 2B is a schematic diagram illustrating light propagation in a front view of the directional display device of FIGURE 2A, in accordance with the present disclosure;

[21] FIGURE 2C is a schematic diagram illustrating light propagation in a side view of the directional display device of FIGURE 2A, in accordance with the present disclosure;

[22] FIGURE 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating in a side view of a directional display device, in accordance with the present disclosure;

[23] FIGURE 4A is schematic diagram illustrating in a front view, generation of a viewing window in a directional display device and including curved light extraction features, in accordance with the present disclosure;

[24] FIGURE 4B is a schematic diagram illustrating in a front view, generation of a first and a second viewing window in a directional display device and including curved light extraction features, in accordance with the present disclosure;

[25] FIGURE 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating generation of a first viewing window in a directional display device including linear light extraction features, in accordance with the present disclosure;

[26] FIGURE 6A is a schematic diagram illustrating one embodiment of the generation of a first viewing window in a time multiplexed imaging directional display device in a first time slot, in accordance with the present disclosure;

[27] FIGURE 6B is a schematic diagram illustrating another embodiment of the generation of a second viewing window in a time multiplexed directional display device in a second time slot, in accordance with the present disclosure;

[28] FIGURE 6C is a schematic diagram illustrating another embodiment of the generation of a first and a second viewing window in a time multiplexed directional display device, in accordance with the present disclosure;

[29] FIGURE 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating an observer tracking autostereoscopic display apparatus including a time multiplexed directional display device, in accordance with the present disclosure;

[30] FIGURE 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating a multi-viewer directional display device, in accordance with the present disclosure;

[31] FIGURE 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating a privacy directional display device, in accordance with the present disclosure;

[32] FIGURE 10 is a schematic diagram illustrating in side view, the structure of a time multiplexed directional display device, in accordance with the present disclosure; [33] FIGURE 11 is a schematic diagram illustrating a front view of an inline directional backlight, in accordance with the present disclosure;

[34] FIGURE 12 is a schematic diagram illustrating a side view of an inline directional backlight, in accordance with the present disclosure;

[35] FIGURE 13 is a schematic diagram illustrating a side view of a detail of the stepped light extraction waveguide section of an inline directional backlight, in accordance with the present disclosure;

[36] FIGURES 14A-C are schematic diagrams illustrating front and side views of an asymmetric diffuser, in accordance with the present disclosure;

[37] FIGURE 15 is a schematic diagram illustrating a directional display apparatus including a display device illuminated by a an inline directional backlight, and including a control system, in accordance with the present disclosure;

[38] FIGURE 16 is a schematic diagram illustrating a front view of an inline directional backlight, in accordance with the present disclosure;

[39] FIGURE 17 is a schematic diagram illustrating a top view of an inline directional display device and viewing windows, in accordance with the present disclosure;

[40] FIGURE 18 is a schematic diagram illustrating the formation of an optical window by a further inline directional backlight, in accordance with the present disclosure;

[41] FIGURE 19 is a schematic diagram illustrating the formation of a viewing window by another inline directional backlight, in accordance with the present disclosure;

[42] FIGURE 20 is a schematic diagram illustrating a side view of a directional display device which includes an inline directional backlight, in accordance with the present disclosure;

[43] FIGURE 21 is a schematic diagram illustrating a side view of a folded inline directional backlight, in accordance with the present disclosure; and

[44] FIGURE 22 is a schematic diagram illustrating a side view of a folded inline directional backlight, in accordance with the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[45] Time multiplexed autostereoscopic displays can advantageously improve the spatial resolution of autostereoscopic display by directing light from all of the pixels of a spatial light modulator to a first viewing window in a first time slot, and all of the pixels to a second viewing window in a second time slot. Thus an observer with eyes arranged to receive light in first and second viewing windows will see a full resolution image across the whole of the display over multiple time slots. Time multiplexed displays can advantageously achieve directional illumination by directing an illuminator array through a substantially transparent time multiplexed spatial light modulator using directional optical elements, wherein the directional optical elements substantially form an image of the illuminator array in the window plane.

[46] The uniformity of the viewing windows may be advantageously independent of the arrangement of pixels in the spatial light modulator. Advantageously, such displays can provide observer tracking displays which have low flicker, with low levels of cross talk for a moving observer.

[47] To achieve high uniformity in the window plane, it is desirable to provide an array of illumination elements that have a high spatial uniformity. The illuminator elements of the time sequential illumination system may be provided, for example, by pixels of a spatial light modulator with size approximately 100 micrometers in combination with a lens array. However, such pixels suffer from similar difficulties as for spatially multiplexed displays. Further, such devices may have low efficiency and higher cost, requiring additional display components.

[48] High window plane uniformity can be conveniently achieved with macroscopic illuminators, for example, an array of LEDs in combination with homogenizing and diffusing optical elements that are typically of size 1 mm or greater. However, the increased size of the illuminator elements means that the size of the directional optical elements increases proportionately. For example, a 16 mm wide illuminator imaged to a 65 mm wide viewing window may require a 200 mm back working distance. Thus, the increased thickness of the optical elements can prevent useful application, for example, to mobile displays, or large area displays.

[49] Addressing the aforementioned shortcomings, optical valves as described in commonly- owned U.S. Patent Application No. 13/300,293 advantageously can be arranged in combination with fast switching transmissive spatial light modulators to achieve time multiplexed autostereoscopic illumination in a thin package while providing high resolution images with flicker free observer tracking and low levels of cross talk. Described is a one dimensional array of viewing positions, or windows, that can display different images in a first, typically horizontal, direction, but contain the same images when moving in a second, typically vertical, direction.

[50] Conventional non-imaging display backlights commonly employ optical waveguides and have edge illumination from light sources such as LEDs. However, it should be appreciated that there are many fundamental differences in the function, design, structure, and operation between such conventional non-imaging display backlights and the imaging directional backlights discussed in the present disclosure.

[51] Generally, for example, in accordance with the present disclosure, imaging directional backlights are arranged to direct the illumination from multiple light sources through a display panel to respective multiple viewing windows in at least one axis. Each viewing window is substantially formed as an image in at least one axis of a light source by the imaging system of the imaging directional backlight. An imaging system may be formed between multiple light sources and the respective window images. In this manner, the light from each of the multiple light sources is substantially not visible for an observer's eye outside of the respective viewing window.

[52] In contradistinction, conventional non-imaging backlights or light guiding plates (LGPs) are used for illumination of 2D displays. See, e.g., Kalil Kalantar et al, Backlight Unit With Double Surface Light Emission, J. Soc. Inf. Display, Vol. 12, Issue 4, pp. 379-387 (Dec. 2004). Non-imaging backlights are typically arranged to direct the illumination from multiple light sources through a display panel into a substantially common viewing zone for each of the multiple light sources to achieve wide viewing angle and high display uniformity. Thus nonimaging backlights do not form viewing windows. In this manner, the light from each of the multiple light sources may be visible for an observer's eye at substantially all positions across the viewing zone. Such conventional non-imaging backlights may have some directionality, for example, to increase screen gain compared to Lambertian illumination, which may be provided by brightness enhancement films such as BEF™ from 3M. However, such directionality may be substantially the same for each of the respective light sources. Thus, for these reasons and others that should be apparent to persons of ordinary skill, conventional non-imaging backlights are different to imaging directional backlights. Edge lit non-imaging backlight illumination structures may be used in liquid crystal display systems such as those seen in 2D Laptops, Monitors and TVs. Light propagates from the edge of a lossy waveguide which may include sparse features; typically local indentations in the surface of the guide which cause light to be lost regardless of the propagation direction of the light.

[53] As used herein, an optical valve is an optical structure that may be a type of light guiding structure or device referred to as, for example, a light valve, an optical valve directional backlight, and a valve directional backlight ("v-DBL"). In the present disclosure, optical valve is different to a spatial light modulator (which is sometimes referred to as a "light valve"). One example of an imaging directional backlight is an optical valve that may employ a folded optical system. Light may propagate substantially without loss in one direction through the optical valve, may be incident on an imaging reflector, and may counter-propagate such that the light may be extracted by reflection off tilted light extraction features, and directed to viewing windows as described in U.S. Pat. App. Ser. No. 13/300,293, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[54] A stepped waveguide is a waveguide for an imaging directional backlight comprising a waveguide for guiding light, further comprising: a first light guiding surface; and a second light guiding surface, opposite the first light guiding surface, further comprising a plurality of light guiding features interspersed with a plurality of extraction features arranged as steps.

[55] In operation, light may propagate within an exemplary optical valve in a first direction from an input end to a reflective end and may be transmitted substantially without loss. Light may be reflected at the reflective end and propagates in a second direction substantially opposite the first direction. As the light propagates in the second direction, the light may be incident on light extraction features, which are operable to redirect the light outside the optical valve. Stated differently, the optical valve generally allows light to propagate in the first direction and may allow light to be extracted while propagating in the second direction.

[56] The optical valve may achieve time sequential directional illumination of large display areas. Additionally, optical elements may be employed that are thinner than the back working distance of the optical elements to direct light from macroscopic illuminators to a window plane. Such displays may use an array of light extraction features arranged to extract light counter propagating in a substantially parallel waveguide.

[57] Thin imaging directional backlight implementations for use with LCDs have been proposed and demonstrated by 3M, for example U.S. Patent No. 7,528,893; by Microsoft, for example U.S. Patent No. 7,970,246 which may be referred to herein as a "wedge type directional backlight;" by RealD, for example U.S. Patent Application No. 13/300,293 which may be referred to herein as an "optical valve" or "optical valve directional backlight," all of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[58] In stepped waveguide imaging directional backlights, light may reflect back and forth between the internal faces of, for example, a stepped waveguide which may include a first guide surface and a second guide surface comprising a plurality of light extraction features and intermediate regions. As the light travels along the length of the stepped waveguide, the light may not substantially change angle of incidence with respect to the first and second guide surfaces and so may not reach the critical angle of the medium at these internal surfaces. Light extraction may be advantageously achieved by a light extraction features which may be facets of the second guide surface (the step "risers") that are inclined to the intermediate regions (the step "treads"). Note that the light extraction features may not be part of the light guiding operation of the stepped waveguide, but may be arranged to provide light extraction from the structure. By contrast, a wedge type imaging directional backlight may allow light to guide within a wedge profiled waveguide having continuous internal surfaces. Thus the stepped waveguide (optical valve) is thus not a wedge type imaging directional backlight.

[59] Firstly, there will be described some directional backlights in which light is extracted after reflection from a reflective end of a waveguide, and directional display devices including such directional backlights.

[60] FIGURE 1A is a schematic diagram illustrating a front view of light propagation in one embodiment of structure directional display device, and FIGURE IB is a schematic diagram illustrating a side view of light propagation in the directional display device of FIGURE 1A.

[61] FIGURE 1A illustrates a front view in the xy plane of an optical valve, and includes an illuminator array 15 which may be used to illuminate a stepped waveguide 1. Illuminator array 15 includes illuminator elements 15a through illuminator element 15n (where n is an integer greater than one). In one example, the stepped waveguide 1 of FIGURE 1A may be a stepped, display sized waveguide 1. Illuminator elements 15a through 15n form light sources and may be light emitting diodes (LEDs). Although LEDs are discussed herein as illuminator elements 15a - 15n, other light sources may be used such as, but not limited to, diode sources, semiconductor sources, laser sources, local field emission sources, organic emitter arrays, and so forth. Additionally, FIGURE IB illustrates a side view in the xz plane, and includes illuminator array 15, SLM (spatial light modulator) 48, extraction features 12, guiding features 10, and stepped waveguide 1, arranged as shown. The side view provided in FIGURE IB is an alternative view of the front view shown in FIGURE 1A. Accordingly, the illuminator array 15 of FIGURES 1A and IB corresponds to one another and the stepped waveguide 1 of FIGURES 1A and IB may correspond to one another.

[62] Further, in FIGURE IB, the stepped waveguide 1 may have an input end 2 and a reflective end 4 that is thicker than the input end 2. The waveguide 1 extends between the input end 2 that receives input light and the reflective end 4 that reflects the input light back through the waveguide 1. The length of the input end 2 in a lateral direction across the waveguide is greater than the height of the input end 2. The illuminator elements 15a - 15n are disposed at different input positions in a lateral direction across the input end 2. [63] The waveguide 1 has first and second, opposed guide surfaces extending between the input end 2 and the reflective end 4 for guiding light forwards and back along the waveguide 1 by total internal reflection. The first guide surface is planar. The second guide surface has a plurality of light extraction features 12 facing the reflective end 4 and inclined to reflect at least some of the light guided back through the waveguide 1 from the reflective end in directions that break the total internal reflection at the first guide surface and allow output through the first guide surface, for example, upwards in FIGURE IB, that is supplied to the SLM 48.

[64] In this example, the light extraction features 12 are reflective facets, although other reflective features could be used. In this example, the second guide surface has a stepped shape including the light extraction features 12 and intermediate regions intermediate the light extraction features 12. The light extraction features 12 do not guide light through the waveguide 1, whereas the intermediate regions of the second guide surface intermediate the light extraction features 12 guide light without extracting it. Those intermediate regions of the second guide surface are planar and may extend parallel to the first guide surface, or at a relatively low inclination. The light extraction features 12 are inclined relative to those intermediate regions. The light extraction features 12 are oriented to reflect light from the light sources, after reflection from the reflective end 4, through the first guide surface.

[65] The light extraction features 12 are arranged to direct input light from different input positions in the lateral direction across the input end in different directions relative to the first guide surface that are dependent on the input position. As the illumination elements 15a-15n are arranged at different input positions, the light from respective illumination elements 15a-15n is reflected in those different directions. In this manner, each of the illumination elements 15a-15n directs light into a respective optical window in output directions distributed in the lateral direction in dependence on the input positions. The lateral direction across the input end 2 in which the input positions are distributed corresponds with regard to the output light to a lateral direction to the normal to the first guide surface. The lateral directions as defined at the input end 2 and with regard to the output light remain parallel in this embodiment where the deflections at the reflective end 4 and the first guide surface are generally orthogonal to the lateral direction.. Under the control of a control system, the illuminator elements 15a - 15n may be selectively operated to direct light into a selectable optical window.

[66] In the present disclosure an optical window may correspond to the image of a single light source in the window plane, being a nominal plane in which optical windows form across the entirety of the display device. Alternatively, an optical window may correspond to the image of a groups of light sources that are driven together. Advantageously, such groups of light sources may increase uniformity of the optical windows of the array 121.

[67] By way of comparison, a viewing window is a region in the window plane wherein light is provided comprising image data of substantially the same image from across the display area. Thus a viewing window may be formed from a single optical window or from plural optical windows, under the control of the control system.

[68] The SLM 48 extends across the waveguide is transmissive and modulates the light passing therethrough. Although the SLM 48 may be a liquid crystal display (LCD) but this is merely by way of example, and other spatial light modulators or displays may be used including LCOS, DLP devices, and so forth, as this illuminator may work in reflection. In this example, the SLM 48 is disposed across the first guide surface of the waveguide and modulates the light output through the first guide surface after reflection from the light extraction features 12.

[69] The operation of a directional display device that may provide a one dimensional array of viewing windows is illustrated in front view in FIGURE 1A, with its side profile shown in FIGURE IB. In operation, in FIGURES 1A and IB, light may be emitted from an illuminator array 15, such as an array of illuminator elements 15a through 15n, located at different positions, y, along the surface of input end 2, x=0, of the stepped waveguide 1. The light may propagate along +x in a first direction, within the stepped waveguide 1, while at the same time, the light may fan out in the xy plane and upon reaching the far curved end side 4, may substantially or entirely fill the reflective end 4 that is curved to have positive optical power. While propagating, the light may spread out to a set of angles in the xz plane up to, but not exceeding the critical angle of the guide material. The extraction features 12 that link the guiding features 10 of the second guide surface 8 of the stepped waveguide 1 may have a tilt angle greater than the critical angle and hence may be missed by substantially all light propagating along +x in the first direction, ensuring the substantially lossless forward propagation.

[70] Continuing the discussion of FIGURES 1A and IB, the reflective end 4 of the stepped waveguide 1 may be made reflective, typically by being coated with a reflective material such as, for example, silver, although other reflective techniques may be employed. Light may therefore be redirected in a second direction, back down the guide in the direction of -x and may be substantially collimated in the xy or display plane. The angular spread may be substantially preserved in the xz plane about the principal propagation direction, which may allow light to hit the riser edges and reflect out of the guide. In an embodiment with approximately 45 degree tilted extraction features 12, light may be effectively directed approximately normal to the xy display plane with the xz angular spread substantially maintained relative to the propagation direction. This angular spread may be increased when light exits the stepped waveguide 1 through refraction, but may be decreased somewhat dependent on the reflective properties of the extraction features 12.

[71] In some embodiments with uncoated extraction features 12, reflection may be reduced when total internal reflection (TIR) fails, squeezing the xz angular profile and shifting off normal. However, in other embodiments having silver coated or metallized extraction features, the increased angular spread and central normal direction may be preserved. Continuing the description of the embodiment with silver coated extraction features, in the xz plane, light may exit the stepped waveguide 1 approximately collimated and may be directed off normal in proportion to the y-position of the respective illuminator element 15a - 15n in illuminator array 15 from the input edge center. Having independent illuminator elements 15a - 15n along the input end 2 then enables light to exit from the entire first light directing side 6 and propagate at different external angles, as illustrated in FIGURE 1A.

[72] The reflective end 4 may have positive optical power in the lateral direction across the waveguide. In embodiments in which typically the reflective end 4 has positive optical power, the optical axis may be defined with reference to the shape of the reflective end 4, for example being a line that passes through the centre of curvature of the reflective end 4 and coincides with the axis of reflective symmetry of the end 4 about the x-axis. In the case that the reflecting surface 4 is flat, the optical axis may be similarly defined with respect to other components having optical power, for example the light extraction features 12 if they are curved, or the Fresnel lens 62 described below. The optical axis 238 is typically coincident with the mechanical axis of the waveguide 1. In the present embodiments that typically comprise a substantially cylindrical reflecting surface at end 4, the optical axis 238 is a line that passes through the centre of curvature of the surface at end 4 and coincides with the axis of reflective symmetry of the side 4 about the x-axis. The optical axis 238 is typically coincident with the mechanical axis of the waveguide 1. The cylindrical reflecting surface at end 4 may typically comprise a spherical profile to optimize performance for on-axis and off-axis viewing positions. Other profiles may be used.

[73] Illuminating a spatial light modulator (SLM) 48 such as a fast liquid crystal display (LCD) panel with such a device may achieve autostereoscopic 3D as shown in top view or yz- plane viewed from the illuminator array 15 end in FIGURE 2A, front view in FIGURE 2B and side view in FIGURE 2C. FIGURE 2A is a schematic diagram illustrating in a top view, propagation of light in a directional display device, FIGURE 2B is a schematic diagram illustrating in a front view, propagation of light in a directional display device, and FIGURE 2C is a schematic diagram illustrating in side view propagation of light in a directional display device. As illustrated in FIGURES 2A, 2B, and 2C, a stepped waveguide 1 may be located behind a fast (e.g., greater than 100Hz) LCD panel SLM 48 that displays sequential right and left eye images. In synchronization, specific illuminator elements 15a through 15n of illuminator array 15 (where n is an integer greater than one) may be selectively turned on and off, providing illuminating light that enters right and left eyes substantially independently by virtue of the system's directionality. In the simplest case, sets of illuminator elements of illuminator array 15 are turned on together, providing a one dimensional viewing window 26 or an optical pupil with limited width in the horizontal direction, but extended in the vertical direction, in which both eyes horizontally separated may view a left eye image, and another viewing window 44 in which a right eye image may primarily be viewed by both eyes, and a central position in which both the eyes may view different images. In this way, 3D may be viewed when the head of a viewer is approximately centrally aligned. Movement to the side away from the central position may result in the scene collapsing onto a 2D image.

[74] FIGURE 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating in side view a directional display device. Further, FIGURE 3 illustrates additional detail of a side view of the operation of a stepped waveguide 1, which may be a transparent material. The stepped waveguide 1 may include an illuminator input end 2, a reflective end 4, a first guide surface 6 which may be substantially planar, and a second guide surface 8 which includes guiding features 10 and light extraction features 12. In operation, light rays 16 from an illuminator element 15c of an illuminator array 15 (not shown in FIGURE 3), that may be an addressable array of LEDs for example, may be guided in the stepped waveguide 1 by means of total internal reflection by the first guide surface 6 and total internal reflection by the guiding feature 10 of the second guide surface 8, to the reflective end 4, which may be a mirrored surface. Although reflective end 4 may be a mirrored surface and may reflect light, it may in some embodiments also be possible for light to pass through reflective end 4.

[75] Continuing the discussion of FIGURE 3, light ray 18 reflected by the reflective end 4 may be further guided in the stepped waveguide 1 by total internal reflection at the reflective end 4 and may be reflected by extraction features 12. Light rays 18 that are incident on extraction features 12 may be substantially deflected away from guiding modes of the stepped waveguide 1 and may be directed, as shown by ray 20, through the first guide surface 6 to an optical pupil that may form a viewing window 26 of an autostereoscopic display. The width of the viewing window 26 may be determined by at least the size of the illuminator, output design distance and optical power in the reflective end 4 and extraction features 12. The height of the viewing window may be primarily determined by the reflection cone angle of the extraction features 12 and the illumination cone angle input at the input end 2. Thus each viewing window 26 represents a range of separate output directions with respect to the surface normal direction of the SLM 48 that intersect with a plane at the nominal viewing distance.

[76] FIGURE 4A is a schematic diagram illustrating in front view a directional display device which may be illuminated by a first illuminator element and including curved light extraction features. In FIGURE 4A, the directional backlight may include the stepped waveguide 1 and the light source illuminator array 15. Further, FIGURE 4A shows in front view further guiding of light rays from illuminator element 15c of illuminator array 15, in the stepped waveguide 1. Each of the output rays are directed towards the same viewing window 26 from the respective illuminator 14. Thus light ray 30 may intersect the ray 20 in the window 26, or may have a different height in the window as shown by ray 32. Additionally, in various embodiments, sides 22, 24 of the optical valve may be transparent, mirrored, or blackened surfaces. Continuing the discussion of FIGURE 4A, light extraction features 12 may be elongate, and the orientation of light extraction features 12 in a first region 34 of the second guide surface 8 (that is shown in FIGURE 3, but not shown in FIGURE 4A) may be different to the orientation of light extraction features 12 in a second region 36 of the second guide surface 8.

[77] FIGURE 4B is a schematic diagram illustrating in front view a directional display device which may illuminated by a second illuminator element. Further, FIGURE 4B shows the light rays 40, 42 from a second illuminator element 15h of the illuminator array 15. The curvature of the reflective surface on the reflective end 4 and the light extraction features 12 cooperatively produce a second viewing window 44 laterally separated from the viewing window 26 with light rays from the illuminator element 15h.

[78] Advantageously, the arrangement illustrated in FIGURE 4B may provide a real image of the illuminator element 15c at a viewing window 26 in which the real image may be formed by cooperation of optical power in reflective end 4 and optical power which may arise from different orientations of elongate light extraction features 12 between regions 34 and 36, as shown in FIGURE 4A. The arrangement of FIGURE 4B may achieve improved aberrations of the imaging of illuminator element 15c to lateral positions in viewing window 26. Improved aberrations may achieve an extended viewing freedom for an autostereoscopic display while achieving low cross talk levels.

[79] FIGURE 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating in front view an embodiment of a directional display device including a waveguide 1 having substantially linear light extraction features. Further, FIGURE 5 shows a similar arrangement of components to FIGURE 1 (with corresponding elements being similar), with one of the differences being that the light extraction features 12 are substantially linear and parallel to each other. Advantageously, such an arrangement may provide substantially uniform illumination across a display surface and may be more convenient to manufacture than the curved extraction features of FIGURE 4A and FIGURE 4B.

[80] FIGURE 6A is a schematic diagram illustrating one embodiment of the generation of a first viewing window in a time multiplexed imaging directional display device in a first time slot, FIGURE 6B is a schematic diagram illustrating another embodiment of the generation of a second viewing window in a time multiplexed imaging directional display device in a second time slot, and FIGURE 6C is a schematic diagram illustrating another embodiment of the generation of a first and a second viewing window in a time multiplexed imaging directional display device. Further, FIGURE 6A shows schematically the generation of illumination window 26 from stepped waveguide 1. Illuminator element group 31 in illuminator array 15 may provide a light cone 17 directed towards a viewing window 26. FIGURE 6B shows schematically the generation of illumination window 44. Illuminator element group 33 in illuminator array 15 may provide a light cone 19 directed towards viewing window 44. In cooperation with a time multiplexed display, windows 26 and 44 may be provided in sequence as shown in FIGURE 6C. If the image on a spatial light modulator 48 (not shown in FIGURES 6A, 6B, 6C) is adjusted in correspondence with the light direction output, then an autostereoscopic image may be achieved for a suitably placed viewer. Similar operation can be achieved with all the directional backlights and directional display devices described herein. Note that illuminator element groups 31, 33 each include one or more illumination elements from illumination elements 15a to 15n, where n is an integer greater than one.

[81] FIGURE 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating one embodiment of an observer tracking autostereoscopic display apparatus including a time multiplexed directional display device. As shown in FIGURE 7, selectively turning on and off illuminator elements 15a to 15n along axis 29 provides for directional control of viewing windows. The head 45 position may be monitored with a camera, motion sensor, motion detector, or any other appropriate optical, mechanical or electrical means, and the appropriate illuminator elements of illuminator array 15 may be turned on and off to provide substantially independent images to each eye irrespective of the head 45 position. The head tracking system (or a second head tracking system) may provide monitoring of more than one head 45, 47 (head 47 not shown in FIGURE 7) and may supply the same left and right eye images to each viewers' left and right eyes providing 3D to all viewers. Again similar operation can be achieved with all the directional backlights and directional display devices described herein.

[82] FIGURE 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a multi-viewer directional display device which includes a time multiplexed directional backlight. As shown in FIGURE 8, at least two 2D images may be directed towards a pair of viewers 45, 47 so that each viewer may watch a different image on the spatial light modulator 48. The two 2D images of FIGURE 8 may be generated in a similar manner as described with respect to FIGURE 7 in that the two images would be displayed in sequence and in synchronization with sources whose light is directed toward the two viewers. One image is presented on the spatial light modulator 48 in a first phase, and a second image is presented on the spatial light modulator 48 in a second phase different from the first phase. In correspondence with the first and second phases, the output illumination is adjusted to provide first and second viewing windows 26, 44 respectively. An observer with both eyes in window 26 will perceive a first image while an observer with both eyes in window 44 will perceive a second image.

[83] FIGURE 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating a privacy directional display device which includes a directional backlight. 2D image display systems may also utilize directional backlighting for security and efficiency purposes in which light may be primarily directed at the eyes of a first viewer 45 as shown in FIGURE 9. Further, as illustrated in FIGURE 9, although first viewer 45 may be able to view an image on device 50, light is not directed towards second viewer 47. Thus second viewer 47 is prevented from viewing an image on device 50. Each of the embodiments of the present disclosure may advantageously provide autostereoscopic, dual image or privacy display functions.

[84] FIGURE 10 is a schematic diagram illustrating in side view the structure of a time multiplexed directional display device which includes a directional backlight. Further, FIGURE 10 shows in side view an autostereoscopic display, which may include the stepped waveguide 1 and a Fresnel lens 62 arranged to provide the viewing window 26 for a substantially collimated output across the stepped waveguide 1 output surface. A vertical diffuser 68 may be arranged to extend the height of the window 26 further. The light may then be imaged through the spatial light modulator 48. The illuminator array 15 may include light emitting diodes (LEDs) that may, for example, be phosphor converted blue LEDs, or may be separate RGB LEDs. Alternatively, the illuminator elements in illuminator array 15 may include a uniform light source and spatial light modulator arranged to provide separate illumination regions. Alternatively the illuminator elements may include laser light source(s). The laser output may be directed onto a diffuser by means of scanning, for example, using a galvo or MEMS scanner. In one example, laser light may thus be used to provide the appropriate illuminator elements in illuminator array 15 to provide a substantially uniform light source with the appropriate output angle, and further to provide reduction in speckle. Alternatively, the illuminator array 15 may be an array of laser light emitting elements. Additionally in one example, the diffuser may be a wavelength converting phosphor, so that illumination may be at a different wavelength to the visible output light.

[85] Thus, FIGURES 1 to 10 variously describe: a waveguide 1; a directional backlight comprising such a waveguide 1 and an illuminator array 15; and a directional display device including such a directional backlight and an SLM 48. As such the various features disclosed above with reference to FIGURES 1 to 10 may be combined in any combination.

[86] There will now be described some directional backlights, and directional display devices including such directional backlights. In the following description, the components are arranged as described above except for some modifications that will be described. Accordingly, the above description of construction and function applies equally to the following embodiments, but for brevity will not be repeated. Similarly, the various features disclosed below with reference to the following FIGURES may be combined in any combination.

[87] In particular, in the following embodiments, instead of light being extracted from a waveguide after reflection from a reflective end, the light extraction features face the opposite direction and extract light on a first pass. Otherwise the structure and function remains fundamentally as described above. The following backlights are referred to as "inline" directional backlights.

[88] FIGURE 11 is a schematic diagram illustrating a front view of an inline directional backlight arranged as follows..

[89] The directional backlight includes an illuminator array 15 as described above. The illuminator elements 15n of the illuminator array 15 are disposed at different input positions in a lateral direction across the input end of a light expansion waveguide section 9 of the directional backlight. The light expansion waveguide section 9 is a waveguide that has opposed guide surfaces that guiding light therealong from the input end and supply the light to a light extraction waveguide section 1 1.

[90] The light extraction waveguide section 11 is coupled to light expansion waveguide section 9 through a lens element 119 so that it receives light from the light expansion waveguide section 9. Thus light expansion waveguide section 9 and the light extraction waveguide section 1 1 are continuous without any air gap.

[91] The light extraction waveguide section 11 is a waveguide that has a similar construction to the waveguide 1 as described above, except that the light extraction features 12 face the light expansion waveguide section 9. The light extraction features 12 are oriented to reflect light in directions allowing exit through the first guide surface, but on the initial pass through the light extraction waveguide section 1 1, without reflection from a reflective end. Thus, the output light is directed into optical windows in output directions distributed in the lateral direction that are dependent on the input positions of the illuminator elements 15n, in the same manner as described above. In this example, the light extraction features 12 extend linearly in the lateral direction.

[92] In particular the inline directional backlight may operate in a similar manner to the waveguide 1 described above, with the difference that light may not be reversed at the reflective end. Instead, the inline directional backlight may allow input light to fan out or expand in the lateral direction within the light expansion waveguide section 9 before converging the light approximately half way down its length into the light extraction waveguide section 1 1 containing light extraction features 12 and in which light may be directed out of the light extraction waveguide section 1 land into an optical window, towards an observer.

[93] For example, light emitted from an illuminator element 15d (e.g., LED) may expand within a guiding region 9 before being redirected with the lens element 1 19,. Light extraction features 12 may extract the light between guiding regions 10 to provide directed rays 5, which may converge to form viewing windows in a similar manner to the optical valve. Effectively, the inline directional backlight can be constructed and may operate as an unfolded optical valve in which the reflecting mirror 4 may be replaced by the lens element 119.

[94] The lens element 119 has positive optical power in the lateral direction and acts as a window forming optical element which converges the light from an illuminator element 15n into an optical window.

[95] In this example, the lens element 1 19 includes two bodies 1 11 and 1 13 of materials that have different refractive indexes and an interface shaped as a lens surface such as a Fresnel lens surface. In one example, the body 11 1 adjacent the light expansion waveguide section 9 may be provided by the same material as the light expansion waveguide section 9, and may be integral therewith, whereas the body 113 adjacent the light extraction waveguide section 1 1 may be provided by a material of a lower refractive index such as silicones, fluorinated materials, aerogels, and so forth.

[96] In this example, light expansion waveguide section 9 may be tapered, so that as it widens in the lateral direction from the illuminator array 15 towards the aperture of the light extraction waveguide section 1 1, and light outside this region may be lost. This saves material cost. Advantageously, the light transmission of this embodiment may be improved, and the thickness of the lens element 119 can be reduced.

[97] FIGURE 12 is a schematic diagram illustrating a side view of an inline directional backlight 2001 that may have the same construction as the embodiment of FIGURE 1 1. The operation of an inline directional backlight 2001 to provide a one dimensional array of viewing windows for use in an autostereoscopic display is illustrated in FIGURE 12. The inline directional backlight of FIGURE 12 includes a light extraction waveguide section 2009 having an input end 2002. The light extraction waveguide section 2009 may include opposed guide surfaces that are arranged to guide light by total internal reflection, for example by being substantially parallel and planar.

[98] The directional backlight includes a lens element 2004 and a light extraction waveguide section 2011, with a distal end 2003.

[99] FIGURE 13 is a schematic diagram illustrating a side view of a detail of the light extraction waveguide section 201 1 of the optical directional backlight 2001 of FIGURE 12 that comprises opposed, first and second guide surfaces 2006 and 2008 arranged as follows.

[100] The first guide surface 2006 may be arranged to guide light by total internal reflection, for example being a substantially planar surface.

[101] In this example, the second guide surface 2008 has a stepped shape including a plurality of light extraction features 2012 and intermediate regions 2010 intermediate the light extraction features 2012. The intermediate regions 2010 guide light without extracting itby total internal reflection of light, for example being by substantially planar and parallel to the first guide surface 2006, or at a relatively low inclination. The light extraction features 2012 face the light expansion waveguide section 2009 and are oriented to reflect light from the illuminator elements 15n through the first guide surface 2006. The light extraction features 2012 and intermediate regions 2010, respectively, may be arranged in a stepwise manner such that the separation of the first guide surface 2006 and the second guide surface 2008 increases as x increases.

[102] The guiding sides of sections 2009 and 2011 may be substantially parallel planar but may further be tapered so that the TIR angle may change as light propagates therealong. Such an arrangement may advantageously achieve a variation in output uniformity.

[103] The second guide surface 2008 may be an uncoated interface between a high index material such as a plastic, for example, PMMA, PET, PC, or any other known substantially optically transparent plastics and a low index material such as air, silicones, fluorinated materials, aerogels, and so forth. Alternatively, the second guide surface 2008 may be coated, for example with a metal reflective coating over its full area so that the light extraction features 2012 may be reflective for substantially all angles of incidence, and may thus have a tilt angle 2125 of 45 degrees arranged to direct light on-axis towards an observer 2045 for example, substantially without loss. Alternatively, the coating may be a reflective coating patterned so that the light extraction features 2012 are coated to achieve a specular reflection for substantially all angles of incidence while the intermediate regions 2010 may be uncoated to achieve low loss TIR for guiding light rays (compared to the reflection loss that may occur at metallized intermediate regions 2010).

[104] The light extraction features 2012 may be arranged with an approximate tilt angle 2125 of the approximate range 10 to 60 degrees, preferably in the approximate range of 20 to 50 degrees and more preferably in the approximate range of 25 to 45 degrees. Advantageously, light output may be achieved substantially normal to the first guide surface 2006 or may be achieved without metallizing the second guide surface 2008, thus increasing device efficiency.

[105] The light extraction features 2012 and intermediate regions 2010 may further be provided with a pitch that may be different to the pitch of the pixels of an associated spatial light modulator 2048 as described below, so as to minimize the appearance of Moire fringes.

[106] The height of the light extraction features 2012 may be arranged to provide a substantially uniform output illumination across the area of the light extraction waveguide section 201 1. For example, the light extraction features 2012 may have a height of approximately 10 micrometers, an approximate pitch of 150 micrometers and an approximate tilt angle of 35 degrees.

[107] The light expansion waveguide section 2009 may have a height in the direction perpendicular to the lateral direction (vertical in FIGURE 12) that is smaller than the height of the lens element 2004 and the height of the light extraction waveguide section 201 1 at its input end to advantageously achieve efficient coupling between the two optical elements at the edge of the inline directional backlight.

[108] Light absorbing elements 2007 may be provided around the illuminator array 15 and the input end 2002 of the light extraction waveguide section 2009 to collect light that may not be absorbed in the light extraction waveguide section 2009.

[109] FIGURES 14A-C are schematic diagrams illustrating front and side views of a diffuser 68 that may be arranged extending across the first guide surface of the light extraction waveguide section of any of the embodiments herein. The diffuser 68 may be an asymmetric that is arranged to provide greater angular dispersion of light in a direction (vertical in FIGURE 14A) perpendicular to the lateral direction than in the lateral direction (horizontal in FIGURE 14A), for example as follows.

[110] As shown in FIGURE 14A, the diffuser 68 may comprise extended surface relief features 2304 arranged to achieve wide angle diffusion with cone angle 2300 in the x axis direction as shown in FIGURE 14B and small cone angle 2302 in the lateral direction as shown in FIGURE 14C. The diffuser 68 may comprise a substrate 2308 and layer 2306 comprising the surface relief features 2304. In an illustrative embodiment, the diffuser 68 may be arranged to form a diffusion angle 2300 of +/-15 degrees in the direction perpendicular to the lateral direction, where the diffusion angle is the cone angle outputted for collimated light ray incident on to the diffuser 68. Advantageously the diffuser 68 may be further arranged to provide mixing of optical windows so that gaps between illuminator elements 15n are substantially not visible in the window plane 106. In a display with a viewing distance between the backlight 100 and window plane 106 of 500mm, the angular separation of the observer's eyes may be approximately 7 degrees. A lateral diffusion angle of +/-3 degrees may be arranged to spread light of optical windows to achieve high uniformity of viewing windows while achieving low levels of cross talk.

[Ill] FIGURE 15 is a schematic diagram illustrating a directional display apparatus including a display device illuminated by an inline directional backlight. The directional display apparatus also includes a control system. The arrangement and operation of the control system will now be described and may be applied, mutatis mutandis, to each of the display devices disclosed herein.

[112] As illustrated in FIGURE 15, a directional display device 100 may include an inline directional backlight device that is arranged as shown in FIGURE 12 and described above. The directional display device 100 may further include an SLM 48 and a diffuser 68 that each extend across the first guide surface 2006 of the light extraction waveguide section 2012. [113] Optionally, a Fresnel lens 62 may be provided extending across the first guide surface 2006 of the light extraction waveguide section 2012. The Fresnel lens 62 may act as a window forming optical element arranged to converge light in the lateral directions into the optical windows. Whilst the Fresnel lens 62 could in principle replace the lens element 2004, when both the lens element 2004 and the Fresnel lens are provided, they to cooperate to achieve optical windows 26 at a viewing plane 106 observed by an observer 99. The control system may comprise a sensor system arranged to detect the position of the observer 99 relative to the display device 100. The sensor system comprises a position sensor 70, such as a camera, and a head position measurement system 72 that may for example comprise a computer vision image processing system. The control system may further comprise an illumination controller 74 and an image controller 76 that are both supplied with the detected position of the observer supplied from the head position measurement system 72.

[114] The illumination controller 74 selectively operates the illuminator elements 15 to direct light to into the viewing windows 26 in cooperation with waveguides 2009, 2004, 2011. The illumination controller 74 selects the illuminator elements 2015 to be operated in dependence on the position of the observer detected by the head position measurement system 72, so that the viewing windows 26 into which light is directed are in positions corresponding to the left and right eyes of the observer 99. In this manner, the lateral output directionality of the waveguide 2009, 2004, 201 1 corresponds with the observer position.

[115] The image controller 76 controls the SLM 48 to display images. To provide an autostereoscopic display, the image controller 76 and the illumination controller 74 may operate as follows. The image controller 76 controls the SLM 48 to display temporally multiplexed left and right eye images. The illumination controller 74 operate the illuminator elements of light source array 2015 to direct light into respective viewing windows in positions corresponding to the left and right eyes of an observer synchronously with the display of left and right eye images. In this manner, an autostereoscopic effect is achieved using a time division multiplexing technique.

[116] FIGURE 16 is a schematic diagram illustrating a front view of an alternative inline directional backlight. This has the same construction as that of FIGURE 12 but with the following modifications.

[117] The light expansion waveguide section 2009 and the light extraction waveguide section 2011 have a gap therebetween. The lens element 2004 is formed by the input end of the light extraction waveguide section 201 1 being shaped as a lens surface. Otherwise the construction and operation are the same as described above.

[118] As shown in FIGURE 16, light rays 2005 may be emitted from an illuminator element 2014 of the illuminator array 2015, located at different input positions in the lateral direction (y direction) along the surface of the input end 2002 at approximately x=0 of the light expansion waveguide section 2009. Light rays 2005 may propagate along x within the light expansion waveguide section 2009 while at the same time may fan out laterally in the xy plane until, upon reaching the output end of the light expansion waveguide section 2009, may be incident on the lens element 2004. The light extraction features 2012 in the light extraction waveguide section 201 1, may be direct light substantially normal to the xy display plane with the xz angular spread again substantially maintained relative to the propagation direction. This angular spread may be increased when light exits the light extraction waveguide section 201 1 through refraction.

[119] For uncoated light extraction features 2012, reflection may be reduced when total internal reflection (TIR) fails, thus "squeezing" the x-y angular profile and shifting off normal, whereas silver coated extraction features may preserve the increased angular spread and also may substantially preserve the central, normal direction. In the xz plane, light rays 2005 may exit the waveguide region 2011 near collimated and directed off normal in proportion to the y-position of the source light source array 2015 LED from the input edge center.

[120] FIGURE 17 is a schematic diagram illustrating a top view of an inline directional backlight 2001 of the type described above and viewing windows 2026 and 2044 formed thereby. Having independent illuminator elements 2014 of illuminator array 2015 along the input end 2002 may then enable light to exit from the entire directional backlight 2001 and propagate at different external angles as illustrated in FIGURE 17. Thus light from illuminator element 2014 may be directed to viewing window 2026 in the z direction, while light from element 2038 may be directed to viewing window 2044.

[121] The inline directional backlight display may be arranged to operate in a similar manner to that shown in FIGURE 9. Illuminating a spatial light modulator (SLM) 2048 such as a fast liquid crystal display (LCD) panel with such a device may enable autostereoscopic 3D. The light extraction waveguide section 2011 of an inline directional backlight 2001 may be located behind a fast >100Hz LCD panel SLM 2048 that displays sequential right and left eye images. In synchronization, specific light emitting elements of the illuminator array 2015 may be turned on and off providing illuminating light that enters right and left eyes independently by virtue of the system's directionality. Illuminator elements 2014 of the illuminator array 2015 may be turned on together giving a one dimensional viewing window 2026, such as an optical pupil with limited width in the horizontal direction but extended in the vertical (x) direction. If a first eye is in viewing window 2026 a left eye image may be seen, and if a second eye is in viewing window 2044 a right eye image may be seen. If the viewing windows 2026, 2044 are extended to either side, an observer positioned off-axis may see a single image in each eye. In this way 3D is sensed when the head of observer 2045 is approximately centrally aligned but movement to the side may result in the scene collapsing onto a 2D image.

[122] FIGURE 18 is a schematic diagram illustrating the formation of an optical window by an inline directional backlight. This has the same construction as that of FIGURE 12 but with the following modifications.

[123] FIGURE 18 shows an embodiment in which the lens element 2004 is omitted so that non- collimated light may be incident on light extraction features 2012. In this embodiment the light expansion waveguide section 2009 and the light extraction light expansion waveguide section 201 1 are continuous and may be formed by sections of a common waveguide, or may be separately formed and attached together.

[124] The light extraction features 2012 extend in the lateral direction but with a curved shape to provide positive optical power in the lateral direction. The light extraction features 2012 may act as a window forming optical element by converging light in the lateral directions into the optical windows. Optionally, the light extraction features 2012 may cooperate to provide this window forming effect with a Fresnel lens 62 as described above and/or the lens element 2004 which may be retained. The size of the optical window 2016 in a window plane may vary along the length of the region 201 1, however if the region 2009 is longer than the region 201 1, the relative change in size of the optical window 2016 along the length of the region 201 1 may be reduced in comparison to arrangements wherein the lengths are the same (for example in the stepped waveguide arrangement of FIGURE IB). Advantageously the arrangement can achieve a simpler construction and lower cost and may achieve a wide viewing angle.

[125] The curvature of the light extraction features 2012 may vary depending on the distance from the array 2015 which may provide imaging of the array 2015 from points across the area of the inline directional backlight. Light that is incident on the light extraction features 2012 may thus be deflected by an angle that is dependent on the position in the region 201 1. An illuminator element may be imaged by the light extraction features 2012 onto a window 2026 in the window plane, an area which observers are positioned. A first group of features 2012 at the end of region 2011 may achieve a window separation at the window plane that may be lower than a second group of features 2012 nearer to the array 2015. Thus, the height of the light extraction waveguide section 2011 may be controlled to achieve a small variation in window size at the window plane, increasing viewing freedom. Advantageously such an arrangement removes the optical element 2004 thus increasing output efficiency and reducing complexity.

[126] Alternatively, a lens element 2004 may be provided in addition to the curved light extraction features 2012, advantageously improving the aberrational performance of the system, and achieving telecentric illumination of the curved features 2012.

[127] FIGURE 19 is a schematic diagram illustrating the formation of a viewing window by a further inline directional backlight. This has the same construction as that of FIGURE 16 but with the following modifications.

[128] Instead of just the input end of the light extraction waveguide section 201 1 being shaped as a lens surface, the lens element 2004 is formed by both the output end 2064 of the light expansion waveguide section 2009 and the input end 2004 of the light extraction waveguide section 2011 being shaped as lens surfaces, in this example a Fresnel lens surfaces.

[129] Further, the light extraction waveguide section 2011 has said stepped shape in a light extraction region and further comprises a light guiding region 2019 arranged between the light extraction region and the light expansion waveguide section 2009. This allows the structure of the Fresnel features on ends 2064, 2004 to be separated from the light extraction features 2012, improving uniformity of the output illumination across the display surface. Further the window size may be substantially constant for substantially most to all points across the display area, and an output Fresnel lens 2062 may not be employed, reducing cost and complexity.

[130] FIGURE 20 is a schematic diagram illustrating a side view of a display device which includes an inline directional backlight 2001. This has the same construction as that of FIGURE 15 but with the following modifications.

[131] Light ray 2020 from illuminator array 2015 may be directed through light expansion waveguide section 2009 and into the light extraction waveguide section 2011 and may be extracted by the light extraction features 2012. Light rays that are not deflected may be incident on the distal end 2003 of the light extraction waveguide section 201 1 and may be absorbed. That distal end 2003 may preferably have a thickness that is small compared to the thickness of the input end 2002 of the light extraction waveguide section 201 1 to advantageously optimize efficiency and reduce cross talk. In an illustrative embodiment, the input end 2002 may have a thickness of approximately 2 mm, while the distal end 2003 may have a thickness of less than approximately 0.5 mm.

[132] To increase the mechanical stability of this end, for example, the second guide surface 2008 may be metallized and a stabilization layer 2025 incorporated extending thereacross.

[133] Light rays 2020 may be substantially collimated by features 2012 and may be incident on Fresnel lens 2062 so that a window 2026 may be substantially formed in the plane of the window 2026. Advantageously the distal end 2003 may have a minimal thickness to increase efficiency and reduce cross talk due to back reflections at this side in comparison to optical valve arrangements.

[134] Diffuser 2068 may be an asymmetric diffuser as described above such that light rays incident on diffuser 2068 may be diffused in the vertical (x) direction to provide ray bundle 2022, but have little, or controlled diffusion in the lateral (y) direction. Advantageously, the diffuser can further achieve diffusion of the structure of the Fresnel lens and facets so that beating between the structure and the pixels of the SLM 2048 is substantially minimized.

[135] In the present embodiments, the light extraction section and light expansion section may further comprise a folding mirror arrangement therebetween to achieve a folding of the structure, reducing the dimensions of the system and forming a folded optical system. Single and double folds may be provided to achieve L-shaped structures and U-shaped structures.

[136] FIGURE 21 is a schematic diagram illustrating a side view of a folded inline directional backlight. A folding mirror arrangement 2506 may comprise a right angled prism and may achieve reflection at side 2508. Alternatively side 2508 may be replaced by a reflective mirror (such as a metal mirror or ESR™ from 3M Corporation) in air or other material. Advantageously the width of the inline directional backlight may be reduced.

[137] FIGURE 22 is a schematic diagram illustrating a side view of a folded inline directional backlight. The folding mirror arrangement may comprise prism 2500 with reflective sides 2502, 2506. the expansion section 2009 may be arrange substantially parallel to the light extraction section 201 1 and advantageously the thickness of the inline directional backlight may be reduced to provide a more compact arrangement for display illumination.

[138] The lens element 2004 may be arranged with the expansion section 2009, extraction section 2011 or between reflective sides of the folding mirror arrangement.

[139] As may be used herein, the terms "substantially" and "approximately" provide an industry-accepted tolerance for its corresponding term and/or relativity between items. Such an industry-accepted tolerance ranges from zero percent to ten percent and corresponds to, but is not limited to, component values, angles, et cetera. Such relativity between items ranges between approximately zero percent to ten percent.

[140] While various embodiments in accordance with the principles disclosed herein have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of this disclosure should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with any claims and their equivalents issuing from this disclosure. Furthermore, the above advantages and features are provided in described embodiments, but shall not limit the application of such issued claims to processes and structures accomplishing any or all of the above advantages.

[141] Additionally, the section headings herein are provided for consistency with the suggestions under 37 CFR 1.77 or otherwise to provide organizational cues. These headings shall not limit or characterize the embodiment(s) set out in any claims that may issue from this disclosure. Specifically and by way of example, although the headings refer to a "Technical Field," the claims should not be limited by the language chosen under this heading to describe the so-called field. Further, a description of a technology in the "Background" is not to be construed as an admission that certain technology is prior art to any embodiment(s) in this disclosure. Neither is the "Summary" to be considered as a characterization of the embodiment(s) set forth in issued claims. Furthermore, any reference in this disclosure to "invention" in the singular should not be used to argue that there is only a single point of novelty in this disclosure. Multiple embodiments may be set forth according to the limitations of the multiple claims issuing from this disclosure, and such claims accordingly define the embodiment(s), and their equivalents, that are protected thereby. In all instances, the scope of such claims shall be considered on their own merits in light of this disclosure, but should not be constrained by the headings set forth herein.