Tunable led lamp for producing biologically-adjusted light

<u>Summary of the Invention</u>

0001The present invention relates to light sources; and more specifically to a light-emitting diode (LED) lamp for producing a biologically-adjusted light.

0002<patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="WO2009029575A1"><text>WO 2009/029575 A1</text></patcit> discloses a lamp according to the preamble of claim 1 which is configured to produce light that is free of melatonin -suppressing radiation.

0003Provided herein are exemplary embodiments of an LED lamp for producing an adjustable and/or biologically-adjusted light output, as well as methods of manufacturing said lamp. For example, in one embodiment the LED lamp includes a drive circuit for driving LED dies in one of a plurality of light output configurations (e.g., a pre-sleep configuration, a phase-shift configuration, and a general lighting configuration). The LED lamp may further include an output-select controller and/or input sensor electrically coupled to the drive circuit to select the light output configuration. As such, the LED lamp is tunable to generate different levels of spectral output, appropriate for varying biological circumstances, while maintaining a commercially acceptable light quality and color rendering index.

0004Various aspects and alternative embodiments are described below.

<u>Brief Description of the Figures</u>

0005The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein, form part of the specification. Together with this written description, the drawings further serve to explain the principles of an LED lamp in accordance with the present invention, and to enable a person skilled in the relevant art(s) to make and use the same. In the drawings, like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements. <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li><figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref> illustrates the light spectra of conventional light sources in comparison to a predicted melatonin suppression action spectrum for polychromatic light.</li><li><figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref> is a perspective view of an LED lamp in accordance with one embodiment presented herein.</li><li><figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref> is an exploded view of the LED lamp of <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref>.</li><li><figref idref="f0004">FIG. 4</figref> is an exploded view of a portion of the LED lamp of <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref>.</li><li><figref idref="f0005">FIG. 5</figref> is an exploded view of a portion of the LED lamp of <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref>.</li><li><figref idref="f0006">FIG. 6</figref> is an exploded view of a portion of the LED lamp of <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref>.</li><li><figref idref="f0007">FIG. 7</figref> is an exploded view of a portion of the LED lamp of <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref>.</li><li><figref idref="f0008">FIG. 8</figref> is a schematic process diagram of an LED lamp in accordance with the present invention.</li><li><figref idref="f0009">FIG. 9</figref> illustrates a relative radiant power curve for a mint LED die used in one embodiment presented herein.</li><li><figref idref="f0010">FIGs 10A</figref> and <figref idref="f0011">10B</figref> present color bin data for a mint LED die used III one embodiment presented herein.</li><li><figref idref="f0012">FIG. 11</figref> shows relative spectral power distributions for red, cyan, and blue LED dies that are used in one embodiment presented.</li><li><figref idref="f0012">FIG. 12</figref> shows a power spectral distribution of an LED lamp III a pre-sleep configuration, in accordance with another embodiment presented.</li><li>FIG. I3 shows a power spectral distribution of an LED lamp in a phase-shift configuration, in accordance with one embodiment presented.</li><li><figref idref="f0013">FIG. 14</figref> shows a power spectral distribution of an LED lamp in a general lighting configuration, in accordance with one embodiment presented.</li><li><figref idref="f0014">FIG. 15</figref> is an exploded view of an LED lamp in accordance with another embodiment presented.</li><li><figref idref="f0015">FIG. 16</figref> shows an alternative power spectral distribution for an LED lamp in a pre-sleep configuration.</li><li><figref idref="f0015">FIG. 17</figref> shows an alternative power spectral distribution for an LED lamp in a phase-shift configuration.</li><li><figref idref="f0016">FIG. 18</figref> shows an alternative power spectral distribution for an LED lamp in a general lighting configuration.</li></ul>

<u>Detailed Description</u>

0006Melatonin is a hormone secreted at night by the pineal gland. Melatonin regulates sleep patterns and helps to maintain the body's circadian rhythm. The suppression of melatonin contributes to sleep disorders, disturbs the circadian rhythm, and may also contribute to conditions such as hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, and/or cancer. Blue light, and the blue light component of polychromatic light, have been shown to suppress the secretion of melatonin. Moreover, melatonin suppression has been shown to be wavelength dependent, and peak at wavelengths between about 420nm and about 480nm. As such, individuals who suffer from sleep disorders, or circadian rhythm disruptions, continue to aggravate their conditions when using polychromatic light sources that have a blue light (420nm-480nm) component.

0007Curve A of <figref idref="f0001">FIG. I</figref> illustrates the action spectrum for melatonin suppression. As shown by Curve A, a predicted maximum suppression is experienced at wavelengths around about 460nm. In other words, a light source having a spectral component between about 420nm and about 480nm is expected to cause melatonin suppression. <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref> also illustrates the light spectra of conventional light sources. Curve B, for example, shows the light spectrum of an incandescent light source. As evidenced by Curve B, incandescent light sources cause low amounts of melatonin suppression because incandescent light sources lack a predominant blue component. Curve C, illustrating the light spectrum of a fluorescent light source, shows a predominant blue component. As such, fluorescent light sources are predicted to cause more melatonin suppression than incandescent light sources. Curve D, illustrating the light spectrum of a white light-emitting diode (LED) light source, shows a greater amount of blue component light than the fluorescent or incandescent light sources. As such, white LED light sources are predicted to cause more melatonin suppression than fluorescent or incandescent light sources.

0008As the once ubiquitous incandescent light bulb is replaced by fluorescent light sources (e.g., compact-fluorescent light bulbs) and white LED light sources, more individuals may begin to suffer from sleep disorders, circadian rhythm disorders, and other biological system disruptions. One solution may be to simply filter out all of the blue component (420nm-480nm) of a light source. However, such a simplistic approach would create a light source with unacceptable color rendering properties, and would negatively affect a user's photopic response.

0009On the other hand, because exposure to light generally, and blue light in particular, can reduce the level of drowsiness by suppressing the secretion of melatonin, exposure to light can be employed to maintain alertness when needed. Additionally, exposure to enhanced blue light intensities can help to reset, or shift, the phase of the circadian rhythm of an individual. As such, phase-shifting can be useful in a variety of situations when resetting an individual's internal body clock is desired. Examples include: avoiding jet lag after inter-continental travel, or maintaining alertness for shift workers who are engaged in nighttime work. Although varying the intensity of the blue spectral component of a light source can be achieved through simple filtering, such filtering results in a non-optimal lighting environment.

0010As such, presented herein is an LED lamp with commercially acceptable color rendering properties, which can be tuned to produce varying light outputs. In one embodiment, the light output produces minimal melatonin suppression, and thus has a minimal effect on natural sleep patterns and other biological systems. The LED lamp may also be tuned to generate different levels of blue light, appropriate for the given circumstance, while maintaining good light quality and a high CRI in each case. The LED lamp may also be configured to "self-tune" itself to generate the appropriate light output spectrum, depending on factors such as the lamp's location, use, ambient environment, etc.

0011The light output states/configurations achievable by the LED lamps presented include: a pre-sleep configuration, a phase-shift configuration, and a general lighting configuration. In the pre-sleep configuration, the lamp generates a reduced level of blue light in order to provide an adequate working environment while significantly lessening the suppression of melatonin. The spectrum of light produced by the lamp in the pre-sleep configuration provides an environment appropriate for preparing for sleep while still maintaining light quality. In the phase-shifting configuration, the lamp generates an increased level of blue light, thereby greatly diminishing melatonin production. The spectrum of light produced by the lamp in this phase-shifting configuration provides an environment for shifting the phase of an individual's circadian rhythm or internal body clock. In the general lighting configuration, the lamp generates a normal level blue light, consistent with a typical light spectrum (e.g., daylight). In all states, however, the lamp maintains high visual qualities and CRI, in order to provide an adequate working environment.

0012In one embodiment, the ability to tune, or adjust, the light output is provided by employing a specific combination of LED dies of different colors, and driving the LED dies at various currents to achieve the desired light output. In one embodiment, the LED lamp employs a combination of red, blue, cyan, and mint LED dies, such that the combination of dies produces a desired light output, while maintaining high quality light and high CRI.

0013The following detailed description of the figures refers to the accompanying drawings that illustrate an exemplary embodiment of a tunable LED lamp for producing a biologically-adjusted light output. Other embodiments are possible. Modifications may be made to the embodiment described herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Therefore, the following detailed description is not meant to be limiting.

0014<figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref> is a perspective view of an LED lamp (or bulb) 100 in accordance with one embodiment presented herein. In general, LED lamp 100 is appropriately designed to produce biologically-adjusted light, while still maintaining a commercially acceptable color temperature and commercially acceptable color rending properties.

0015The term "biologically-adjusted light" is intended to mean "a light that has been modified to manage biological effects on a user." The term "biological effects" is intended to mean "any impact or change a light source has to a naturally occurring function or process." Biological effects, for example, may include hormone secretion or suppression (e.g., melatonin suppression), changes to cellular function, stimulation or disruption of natural processes, cellular mutations or manipulations, etc.

0016As shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref>, LED lamp 100 includes a base 110, a heat sink 120, and an optic 130. As will be described below, LED lamp 100 further includes one or more LED chips and dedicated circuitry.

0017Base 110 is preferably an Edison-type screw-m shell. Base 110 is preferably formed of an electrically conductive material such as aluminum. In alternative embodiments, base 110 may be formed of other electrically conductive materials such as silver, copper, gold, conductive alloys, etc. Internal electrical leads (not shown) are attached to base 110 to serve as contacts for a standard light socket (not shown).

0018As known in the art, the durability of an LED chip is usually affected by temperature. As such, heat sink 120, and structures equivalent thereto, serves as means for dissipating heat away from one or more of the LED chips within LED lamp 100. In <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref>, heat sink 120 includes fins to increase the surface area of the heat sink. Alternatively, heat sink 120 may be formed of any configuration, size, or shape, with the general intention of drawings heat away from the LED chips within LED lamp 100. Heat sink 120 is preferably formed of a thermally conductive material such as aluminum, copper, steel, etc.

0019Optic 130 is provided to surround the LED chips within LED lamp 100. As used herein, the terms "surround" or "surrounding" are intended to mean partially or fully encapsulating. In other words, optic 130 surrounds the LED chips by partially or fully covering one or more LED chips such that light produced by one or more LED chips is transmitted through optic 130. In the embodiment shown, optic 130 takes a globular shape. Optic 130, however, may be formed of alternative forms, shapes, or sizes. In one embodiment, optic 130 serves as an optic diffusing element by incorporating diffusing technology, such as described in U.S. Patent No. <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="US7319293B"><text>7,319,293</text></patcit>. In such an embodiment, optic 130, and structures equivalent thereto, serves as a means for defusing light from the LED chips. In alternative embodiments, optic 130 may be formed of a light diffusive plastic, may include a light diffusive coating, or may having diffusive particles attached or embedded therein.

0020In one embodiment, optic 130 includes a color filter applied thereto. The color filter may be on the interior or exterior surface of optic 130. The color filter is used to modify the light output from one or more of the LED chips. In one embodiment, the color filter is a ROSCOLUX #4530 CALCOLOR 30 YELLOW. In alternative embodiments, the color filter may be configured to have a total transmission of about 75%, a thickness of about 50 microns, and/or may be formed of a deep-dyed polyester film on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate.

0021In yet another embodiment, the color filter may be configured to have transmission percentages within +/-10%, at one or more wavelengths, in accordance with the following table: <tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="all"><tgroup cols="2"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="24mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="32mm" /><thead><row><entry colsep="0" align="right" valign="top"><b>Wavelength</b></entry><entry align="right" valign="top"><b>Transmission (%)</b></entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="right">360</entry><entry align="right">66</entry></row><row><entry align="right">380</entry><entry align="right">64</entry></row><row><entry align="right">400</entry><entry align="right">49</entry></row><row><entry align="right">420</entry><entry align="right">30</entry></row><row><entry align="right">440</entry><entry align="right">22</entry></row><row><entry align="right">460</entry><entry align="right">35</entry></row><row><entry align="right">480</entry><entry align="right">74</entry></row><row><entry align="right">500</entry><entry align="right">81</entry></row><row><entry align="right">520</entry><entry align="right">84</entry></row><row><entry align="right">540</entry><entry align="right">85</entry></row><row><entry align="right">560</entry><entry align="right">85</entry></row><row><entry align="right">580</entry><entry align="right">85</entry></row><row><entry align="right">600</entry><entry align="right">86</entry></row><row><entry align="right">620</entry><entry align="right">86</entry></row><row><entry align="right">640</entry><entry align="right">86</entry></row><row><entry align="right">660</entry><entry align="right">86</entry></row><row><entry align="right">680</entry><entry align="right">86</entry></row><row><entry align="right">700</entry><entry align="right">86</entry></row><row><entry align="right">720</entry><entry align="right">86</entry></row><row><entry align="right">740</entry><entry align="right">87</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0022<figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref> is an exploded view of LED lamp 100, illustrating internal components of the lamp. <figref idref="f0004 f0005 f0006 f0007">FIGs. 4-7</figref> are exploded views of portions of LED lamp 100. <figref idref="f0003 f0004 f0005 f0006 f0007">FIGs. 3-7</figref> also serve to illustrate how to assemble LED lamp 100. As shown, in addition to the components described above, LED lamp 100 also includes at least a housing 115, a printed circuit board (PCB) 117, one or more LED chips 200, a holder 125, spring wire connectors 127, and screws 129.

0023As described in more detail with reference to <figref idref="f0008">FIG. 8</figref>, PCB 117 includes dedicated circuitry, such as power supply 450, drive circuit 440, and output-select controller 445. The circuitry on PCB 117, and equivalents thereof, serves as a means for driving the LED chips 200 (or individual LED dies) to produce a biologically-adjusted light output.

0024As used herein, the term "LED chip(s)" is meant to broadly include LED die(s), with or without packaging and reflectors, that may or may not be treated (e.g., with applied phosphors). In the embodiment shown, however, each LED chip 200 includes a plurality of LED dies. In one embodiment, LED chips 200 include an LED package comprising a plurality of LED dies, with at least two different colors, driven at varying currents to produce the desired light output and spectral power densities. Preferably, each LED chip 200 includes two red LED dies, three cyan LED dies, four mint LED dies, and three blue LED dies. <figref idref="f0009">FIG. 9</figref> illustrates a relative radiant power curve for a mint LED die used in one embodiment presented herein. <figref idref="f0010">FIGs. 10A</figref> and <figref idref="f0011">10B</figref> present color bin data for a mint LED die used in one embodiment presented herein. <figref idref="f0012">FIG. 11</figref> shows relative spectral power distributions for red (or alternatively red-orange), cyan, and (two alternative) blue LED dies that are used in one embodiment presented (with alternative equivalent LED dies also being within the scope of the present invention). With this unique combinations of dies, together with the means for driving the LED chips, each of the above mentioned bio-effective states/configurations (e.g., pre-sleep, phase-shifting, and/or general lighting) can be obtained with good color rendering properties.

0025In one embodiment the tunable LED lamp operates in the pre-sleep configuration such that the radiant power emitted by the dies is in a ratio of: about 1 watt of radiant power generated by the mint LED dies, to about 0.5 watts of radiant power generated by the red-orange LED dies, to about 0.1 watts of radiant power generated by the cyan LED dies. In this embodiment the tunable LED lamp operates in the general lighting configuration such that the radiant power emitted by the dies is in a ratio about 1 watt of radiant power generated by the mint LED dies, to about 0.3 watts of radiant power generated by the red-orange LED dies, to about 0.4 watts of radiant power generated by the cyan LED dies, to about 0.2 watts of radiant power generated by the blue LED dies. In this embodiment, the tunable LED lamp operates in the phase-shift configuration such that the radiant power emitted by the dies is in a ratio of about 1 watt of radiant power generated by the mint LED dies, to about 0.1 watts of radiant power generated by the red-orange LED dies, to about .2 watts of radiant power generated by the cyan LED dies, to about 0.4 watts of radiant power generated by the blue LED dies.

0026In another embodiment, the tunable LED lamp operates in the pre-sleep configuration such that the radiant power emitted by the dies is in a ratio of: about 1 watt of radiant power generated by the mint LED dies, to about 0.8 watts of radiant power generated by the red-orange LED dies, to about 0.3 watts of radiant power generated by the cyan LED dies. In this embodiment, the tunable LED lamp operates in the general lighting configuration such that the radiant power emitted by the dies is in a ratio about 1 watt of radiant power generated by the mint LED dies, to about 0.2 watts of radiant power generated by the red-orange LED dies, to about 0.2 watts of radiant power generated by the blue LED dies. In this embodiment, the tunable LED lamp operates in the phase-shift configuration such that the radiant power emitted by the dies is in a ratio of about 1 watt of radiant power generated by the mint LED dies, to about 0.1 watts of radiant power generated by the red-orange LED dies, to about 0.5 watts of radiant power generated by the blue LED dies.

0027For example, to achieve a pre-sleep configuration, drive circuit 440 may be configured to drive the plurality of LED dies such that a blue output intensity level, in a visible spectral output range of between about 380nm and about 485nm, is less than about 10% of a relative spectral power of any other peaks in the visible spectral output above about 485nm. In one embodiment, drive circuit 440 drives the plurality of LED dies such that about 150mA of current is delivered to four mint LED dies; about 360mA of current is delivered to two red LED dies; and about 40mA of current is delivered to three cyan LED dies. In another embodiment, wherein a color filter as described above is employed, the pre-sleep configuration is achieved by configuring drive circuit 440 to deliver about 510MA of current to 4 mint LED dies.

0028To achieve a phase-shift configuration, drive circuit 440 may be configured to drive the plurality of LED dies such that a blue output intensity level, in a visible spectral output range of between about 455nm and about 485nm, is greater than about 125% (or greater than about150%; or greater than about 200%) of a relative spectral power of any other peaks in the visible spectral output above about 485nm. The color rendering index in the phase-shift configuration may be greater than 80. In one embodiment, drive circuit 440 drives the plurality of LED dies such that about 510mA of current is delivered to the mint LED dies; about 180mA of current is delivered to the red LED dies; about 40mA of current is delivered to the cyan LED dies; and about 100mA of current is delivered to the blue LED dies.

0029To achieve a general lighting configuration, drive circuit 440 may be configured to drive the plurality of LED dies such that a blue output intensity level, in a visible spectral output range of between about 380nm and about 485nm, is between about 100% to about 20% of a relative spectral power of any other peaks in the visible spectral output above about 485nm. The color rendering index in the general lighting configuration may be greater than 85. In one embodiment, drive circuit 440 drives the plurality of LED dies such that about 450mA of current is delivered to the mint LED dies; about 230mA of current is delivered to the red LED dies; about 110mA of current is delivered to the cyan LED dies; and about 60mA of current is delivered to the blue LED die.

0030In one embodiment, drive circuit 440 is configured to drive LED chips 200 with a ripple current at frequencies greater than 200Hz. A ripple current at frequencies above 200Hz is chosen to avoid biological effects that may be caused by ripple currents at frequencies below 200Hz. For example, studies have shown that some individuals are sensitive to light flicker below 200Hz, and in some instances experience aggravated headaches, seizures, etc.

0031As shown in <figref idref="f0004">FIG. 4</figref>, base 110 is glued or crimped onto housing 115. PCB 117 is mounted within housing 115. Insulation and/or potting compound (not shown) may be used to secure PCB 117 within housing 115. Electrical leads on PCB 117 are coupled to base 110 to form the electrical input leads of LED lamp 100.

0032As shown in <figref idref="f0005">FIG. 5</figref>, heat sink 120 is disposed about housing 115. As shown in <figref idref="f0006">FIG. 6</figref>, two LED chips 200 are mounted onto a support surface (or directly to heat sink 120), and maintained in place by holder 125. While two LED chips 200 are shown, alternative embodiments may include any number of LED chips (i.e., one or more), or any number of LED dies individually mounted. Screws 129 are used to secure holder 125 to heat sink 120. Screws 129 may be any screws known in the art. Spring wire connectors 127 are used to connect LED chips 200 to the drive circuit 440 on PCB 117. In an alternative embodiment, LED chips 200 (with or without packaging) may be attached directly to heat sink 120 without the use of holder 125, screws 129, or connectors 127. As shown in <figref idref="f0007">FIG. 7</figref>, optic 130 is then mounted on and attached to heat sink 120.

0033<figref idref="f0008">FIG. 8</figref> is a schematic process diagram of an LED lamp in accordance with the present invention. <figref idref="f0008">FIG. 8</figref> also serves a depiction of the functional components mounted on PCB 117, or otherwise associated with LED lamp 100. In practice, a power supply 450 is used to provide power to drive circuit 440. Power supply 450 may, for example, convert AC power to DC power, for driving the LED dies. Drive circuit 440 receives power input from power supply 450, and directional input from output-select controller 445. In turn, drive circuit 440 provides the appropriate current supply to drive the LED dies in accordance with the desired spectral output. Controller 445 therefore serves to control the driving of LEDs 200, and may control light output based on factors such as: time of day, ambient light, real time input, temperature, optical output, location of lamp, etc. Variations in temperature during operation can cause a spectral shift of individual dies. In an embodiment, a photo-sensor 860 is included to monitor the light output of the LEDs 200 to insure consistency and uniformity. Monitoring the output of LEDs 200 allows for real time feedback and control of each die to maintain the desired output spectrum. Photo-sensor 860 may also be used to identify the ambient light conditions. Photo-sensor 860 thus provides an input to controller 445.

0034In another embodiment, a thermal sensor 855 is used to measure the temperature of the LED dies and/or board supporting the LED dies. Because the light output of the dies is a known function of temperature, the measured temperature can be used to determine the light output of each die. Thermal sensor 855 may also be used to measure the ambient temperature conditions. Thermal sensor 855 thus provides another input to controller 445.

0035In another embodiment, a GPS chip 870 and/or clock 875 is included and interfaced with controller 445. Because lamps are shipped around the world to their end location, the ability to determine the expected/actual ambient light, daily light cycle, and seasonal light cycle variations is important in any lamp that may generate light to stimulate or alter circadian rhythms. GPS chip 870 and/or clock 875 provide inputs into controller 445 such that the time of day, seasonality, and other factors can be taken into account by controller 445 to control the lamp output accordingly. For example, by knowing the time of day based on location, the pre-sleep spectrum of the lamp can be generated during the later hours of the day.

0036In still another embodiment, a user-interface 865 is provided to allow a user to select the desired configuration. User-interface 865 may be in the form of a knob, switch, digital input, or equivalent means. As such, user-interface 865 provides an additional input to controller 445.

0037In one embodiment, the pre-sleep configuration spectrum includes a portion of the spectrum that is reduced (e.g., notched/troughed) in intensity. This trough is centered at about 470nm (or alternatively between about 470-480nm, between about 460-480nm, between about 470-490nm, or between about 460-490nm). Such wavelength ranges may be the most important contributor to, and most effective at, suppressing melatonin. Thus minimizing exposure in such wavelength bands during pre-sleep phase will be efficacious. In one embodiment, the notching of the pre-sleep spectrum is obtained using a phosphor-coated mint LED having a specific output spectrum to accomplish the notch in the pre-sleep spectrum. The mint LED itself may include a notch/trough with a minimum in the 470-480nm (or 460-490 nm range), and may be characterized by a maximum intensity in these wavelength ranges as a fractional percent of the peak intensity of the mint LED (e.g., the maximum of 470-480 emission is less than about 2.5% of the peak intensity; the max between about 460-490nm is less than about 5% of the peak intensity).

0038With reference again to <figref idref="f0009">FIG. 9</figref>, illustrated is a relative radiant power curve for a mint LED die used in one embodiment presented. As used herein, the terms "mint LED" or "mint LED die" or "mint die" should be construed to include any LED source, LED chip, LED die (with or without photo-conversion material on the die), or any equivalent light source that is configured or capable of producing the relative radiant power curve shown in <figref idref="f0009">FIG. 9</figref>, or a relative radiant power curve equivalent thereto. Of particular interest to the shown relative radiant power curve is the spectral "notch" between about 460-490nm, and more specifically between at about 470-480nm. Said spectral notch provides a relative intensity, with respect to the peak intensity, that allows the combination of LED dies (or equivalent light sources) to achieve their desired results (i.e., the desired output configuration). In one embodiment, the maximum intensity of the mint LED between about 460-490nm is less than about 5% of the peak intensity. In alternative embodiments the maximum intensity of the mint LED between about 460490nm is less than about 7.5%, or about 10%, or about 15%, or about 20% of the peak intensity. Further, in one embodiment, the maximum intensity of the mint LED between about 470-480nm is less than about 2.5% of the peak intensity. In alternative embodiments, the maximum intensity of the mint LED between about 470-480nm is less than about 3.5%,5%, 10%, or 20% of the peak intensity.

0039<figref idref="f0012">Figures 12</figref>, <figref idref="f0013">13, and 14</figref> show the power spectral distributions corresponding respectively to the pre-sleep, phase-shift, and general illumination configurations of the LED lamp in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. The LED lamp in this embodiment comprises an LED board with a ratio of cyan, mint, red, and royal blue dies of 3:3:2: 1 respectively. The spectral output of the lamp according to each configuration is adjusted by generating radiant fluxes from multiple dies as described below.

0040<figref idref="f0012">FIG. 12</figref> shows a power spectral distribution of an LED lamp III a pre-sleep configuration, in accordance with another embodiment presented. The pre-sleep configuration shown in <figref idref="f0013">FIG. 13</figref> is produced by an array of LED dies in the 3:3:2:1 ratio, driven as follows: (1) three cyan LEDs driven at 7.65V, 66mA, 0.16679 radiant flux; (2) three mint LEDs driven parallel at II. 13V, 95ImA, I.8774 radiant flux; (3) two red-orange LEDs driven at 4.375V, 998mA, 0.96199 radiant flux; and (4) one royal blue LED driven at 2.582V, 30mA, 0.0038584 radiant flux. The total luminous flux is I.024e+003 1 m. The total radiant flux is 3.023ge+000 W. The dominant wavelength is 580.3 nm. The general CRI is 87.30. The color temperature is 2871 K. The 1931 Coordinates (2°) are x: 0.4649, y: 0.4429. The luminous power per radiant watt is 338 lumens per radiant watt.

0041<figref idref="f0013">FIG. 13</figref> shows a power spectral distribution of an LED lamp in a phase-shift configuration, in accordance with one embodiment presented. The phase-shift configuration shown in <figref idref="f0013">FIG. 14</figref> is produced by an array of LED dies in the 3:3:2:1 ratio, driven as follows: (1) three cyan LEDs driven at 8.19V, 235mA, 0.47233 radiant flux; (2) three mint LEDs driven parallel at 1I.14V, 950mA, I.9047 radiant flux; (3) two red-orange LEDs driven at 3.745V, 147mA, 0.1845 radiant flux; and (4) one royal blue LED driven at 2.802V, 525mA, 0.69093 radiant flux. The total luminous flux is 9.87ge+002 1 m. The total radiant flux is 3.2138e+000 W. The dominant wavelength is 495.6 nm. The peak wavelength is 449.7 nm. The general CRI is 87.42. The color temperature is 6,599 K. The 1931 Coordinates (2°) are x: 0.3092, y: 0.3406. The luminous power per radiant watt is 307 lumens per radiant watt.

0042In an alternative embodiment, in the phase-shift configuration, the intensity levels of blue component in the 455nm to 485nm range is preferably greater than about 125% of the relative spectral power of any other peaks in the visible light spectrum higher than 485nm. In alternative embodiments, the blue component in the 455nm to 485nm range may be is preferably greater than about 150%; or about 175%; or about 200%; or about 250%; or about 300% of the relative spectral power of any other peaks in the visible light spectrum higher than 485nm. The color rendering index is preferably greater than 80. By varying the radiant fluxes of one or more of the dies, for example by varying the current drawn by the dies, the intensity of the blue component relative to other spectral peaks greater than 485nm may be adjusted to the desired level.

0043<figref idref="f0013">FIG. 14</figref> shows a power spectral distribution of an LED lamp in a general lighting configuration, in accordance with one embodiment presented. The general lighting configuration shown in <figref idref="f0014">FIG. 15</figref> is produced by an array of LED dies in the 3::3:2:1 ratio, driven as follows: (1) three cyan LEDs driven at 8.22V, 211 mA, 0.44507 radiant flux; (2) three mint LEDs driven parallel at 10.06V, 499mA, 1.1499 radiant flux; (3) two red-orange LEDs driven at 3.902V, 254mA, 0.34343 radiant flux; and (4) one blue LED driven at 2.712V, 190mA, 0.27280 radiant flux. The total luminous flux is 7.192e+002 1 m. The total radiant flux is 2.2248e+000 W. The dominant wavelength is 566.2 nm. The peak wavelength is 625.9 nm. The general CRI is 93.67. The color temperature is 4897 K. The 1931 Coordinates (2°) are x: 0.3516, y: 0.3874. The luminous power per radiant watt is 323 lumens per radiant watt.

0044In an alternative embodiment, in the general illumination configuration, the intensity levels of blue component in the 380nm to 485nm range is preferably about 100% of the relative spectral power of any other peaks in the visible light spectrum higher than 485nm. In alternative embodiments, the intensity levels of blue component in the 380nm to 485nm range is preferably less than about 100%; or less than about 90%; or less than about 80%; or between about 20% to about 100% of the relative spectral power of any other peaks in the visible light spectrum higher than 485nm. The color rendering index is preferably greater than 85.

0045<figref idref="f0014">FIG. 15</figref> is an exploded view of an LED lamp in accordance with another embodiment presented. <figref idref="f0015">FIG. 16</figref> shows an additional form factor in which the present invention may be applied. For example, <figref idref="f0015">FIG. 16</figref> shows a lamp 1600 having an array of LEDs 1610. The LEDs 1610 may be provided in the 3:3:2:1 ratio of cyan:mint:red-orange:blue, as described above.

0046In another embodiment, the LEDs 1610 may be provided in a 3:3:2:3 ratio of cyan:mint:red:blue, as described above. The LEDs are mounted on a support frame 1620, which may serve as a heat-sink. LED circuitry 1630 is used to drive the LEDs 1610 with appropriate drive currents to achieve two or more output configurations (e.g., pre-sleep, phase-shift, and general lighting configurations). An output-select controller 1640 (and associated knob) are provided to allow an end-user to select the desired output configuration. An optic 1650 is provided in front of the LEDs 1610 to provide diffusive effects. The form factor may be completed by fastening the components with means such as screws and/or nuts and bolts, as shown.

Additional Embodiments

0047<figref idref="f0015">Figures 16, 17</figref>, and <figref idref="f0016">18</figref> show the power spectral distributions corresponding respectively to the pre-sleep, phase-shift, and general illumination configurations of the LED lamp in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. The LED lamp in this embodiment comprises an LED board with a ratio of cyan, mint, red, and blue dies of 3:3:2:3 respectively. The spectral output of the lamp according to each configuration is adjusted by generating radiant fluxes from multiple dies as described below.

0048<figref idref="f0015">FIG. 16</figref> shows a power spectral distribution of an LED lamp III a pre-sleep configuration, in accordance with another embodiment presented. The pre-sleep configuration shown in <figref idref="f0013">FIG. 13</figref> is produced by an array of LED dies in the 3:3:2:3 ratio, driven as follows: (1) three cyan LEDs driven at 7.83V, 91 mA, to generate 0.2048 radiant watts; (2) three mint LEDs driven parallel at 9.42V, 288mA, 0.6345 radiant watts; (3) two red-orange LEDs driven at 4.077V, 490mA, 0.5434 radiant watts. The dominant wavelength is 581.4 nm. The general CRI is 71. The color temperature is 2719 K. The luminous power per radiant watt is 331 lumens per radiant watt. The efficacy is 91 lumens per watt.

0049<figref idref="f0015">FIG. 17</figref> shows a power spectral distribution of an LED lamp in a phase-shift configuration, in accordance with another embodiment presented. The phase-shift configuration shown in <figref idref="f0016">FIG. 18</figref> is produced by an array of LED dies in the 3:3:2:3 ratio, driven as follows: (1) three mint LEDs driven parallel at 11.27V, 988mA, 1.679 radiant watts; (2) two red-orange LEDs driven at 3.78V, 180mA, 1.971 radiant, and (3) three blue LEDs driven at 9.07V, 296mA, 0.8719 radiant watts. The dominant wavelength is 476.9 nm. The general CRI is 88. The color temperature is 6235 K. The luminous power per radiant watt is 298 lumens per radiant watt. The efficacy is 63 lumens per watt.

0050<figref idref="f0016">FIG. 18</figref> shows a power spectral distribution of an LED lamp in a general lighting configuration, in accordance with another embodiment presented. The general lighting configuration shown in FIG. 19 is produced by an array of LED dies in the 3:3:2:3 ratio, driven as follows: (1) three cyan LEDs driven at 8.16V, 218mA, to generate 0.4332 radiant watts; (2) three mint LEDs driven parallel at 11.23V, 972mA, 1.869 radiant watts; (3) two red-orange LEDs driven at 3.89V, 295mA, 0.3520 radiant watts. The dominant wavelength is 565.6 nm. The general CRI is 90. The color temperature is 4828 K. The luminous power per radiant watt is 335 lumens per radiant watt. The efficacy is 68 lumens per watt

0051In another embodiment, there is provided a tunable LED lamp for producing a biologically-adjusted light output with a color rendering index above 70. The LED lamp comprises: a base; a housing attached to the base; a power circuit disposed within the housing and having electrical leads attached to the base; a drive circuit disposed within the housing and electrically coupled to the power circuit; and a heat sink disposed about the housing. The LED lamp further comprises: a plurality of LED dies mounted on a support coupled to the housing, wherein each of the plurality of LED dies is electrically coupled to and driven by the drive circuit. The plurality of LED dies includes two red LED dies, three cyan LED dies, four mint LED dies, and three blue LED dies. The LED lamp further comprises: an output-select controller electrically coupled to the drive circuit to program the drive circuit to drive the LED dies in one of a plurality of light output configurations. The plurality of light output configurations includes a pre-sleep configuration, a phase-shift configuration, and a general lighting configuration.

0052The output-select controller may include a user-input interface allowing a user to select the light output configuration. The LED lamp my further include an input sensor electrically coupled to the output-select controller to provide an input variable for consideration in the selection of the light output configuration. The input sensor may be a thermal sensor, a photo-sensor, and/or a GPS chip. The input variable may be selected from the group consisting of: an ambient temperature, a support temperature, an LED die temperature, a housing temperature, the light output produced by the lamp, an ambient light, a daily light cycle, a location of the lamp, an expected ambient light, a seasonal light cycle variation, a time of day, and any combinations and/or equivalents thereof.

0053In the pre-sleep configuration, the drive circuit drives the plurality of LED dies such that a blue output intensity level, in a visible spectral output range of between about 380nm and about 485nm, is less than about 10% of a relative spectral power of any other peaks in the visible spectral output above about 485nm. For example, the drive circuit may drive the plurality of LED dies such that about I50mA of current is delivered to the mint LED dies; about 360mA of current is delivered to the red LED dies; and about 40mA of current is delivered to the cyan LED dies.

0054In the phase-shift configuration, the drive circuit drives the plurality of LED dies such that a blue output intensity level, in a visible spectral output range of between about 455nm and about 485nm, is greater than about 125% of a relative spectral power of any other peaks in the visible spectral output above about 485nm. The color rendering index in the phase-shift configuration may be greater than 80. For example, the drive circuit may drive the plurality of LED dies such that about 510mA of current is delivered to the mint LED dies; about I80mA of current is delivered to the red LED dies; about 40mA of current is delivered to the cyan LED dies; and about 100mA of current is delivered to the blue LED dies.

0055In the general lighting configuration, the drive circuit drives the plurality of LED dies such that a blue output intensity level, in a visible spectral output range of between about 380nm and about 485nm, is between about 100% to about 20% of a relative spectral power of any other peaks in the visible spectral output above about 485nm. The color rendering index in the general lighting configuration may be greater than 85. For example, the drive circuit may drive the plurality of LED dies such that about 450mA of current is delivered to the mint LED dies; about 230mA of current is delivered to the red LED dies; about 110mA of current is delivered to the cyan LED dies; and about 60mA of current is delivered to the blue LED dies.

0056In another embodiment, there is provided an LED lamp, comprising: a housing; a drive circuit disposed within the housing and configured to electrically couple to a power source; and a plurality of LED dies mounted on a support coupled to the housing, wherein each of the plurality of LED dies is electrically coupled to and driven by the drive circuit. The LED lamp further includes an output-select controller electrically coupled to the drive circuit to program the drive circuit to drive the LED dies in one of a plurality of light output configurations. The output-select controller may also include a user-input interface allowing a user to select the light output configuration.

0057The plurality of light output configurations includes a pre-sleep configuration and a general lighting configuration. The plurality of light output configurations may further include a phase-shift configuration. The plurality of LED dies may include red LED dies, cyan LED dies, mint LED dies, and blue LED dies. The ratio of red LED dies to cyan LED dies to mint LED dies to blue LED dies of 2:3::3, respectively. The LED lamp may be tunable to produce a biologically-adjusted light output with a color rendering index above 70.

0058The LED lamp may further comprise an input sensor electrically coupled to the output-select controller to provide an input variable for consideration in the selection of the light output configuration. The input sensor may be a thermal sensor, a photo-sensor, and/or a GPS chip. The input variable may be selected from the group consisting of: an ambient temperature, a support temperature, an LED die temperature, a housing temperature, the light output produced by the lamp, an ambient light, a daily light cycle, a location of the lamp, an expected ambient light, a seasonal light cycle variation, a time of day, and any combinations and/or equivalents thereof.

0059In the pre-sleep configuration, the drive circuit drives the plurality of LED dies such that a blue output intensity level, in a visible spectral output range of between about 380nm and about 485nm, is less than about 10% of a relative spectral power of any other peaks in the visible spectral output above about 485nm. For example, the drive circuit may drive the plurality of LED dies such that about 150mA of current is delivered to the mint LED dies; about 360mA of current is delivered to the red LED dies; and about 40mA of current is delivered to the cyan LED dies.

0060In the phase-shift configuration, the drive circuit drives the plurality of LED dies such that a blue output intensity level, in a visible spectral output range of between about 455nm and about 485nm, is greater than about 125% (or greater than about 150%; or greater than about 200%) of a relative spectral power of any other peaks in the visible spectral output above about 485nm. The color rendering index in the phase-shift configuration may be greater than 80. For example, the drive circuit may drive the plurality of LED dies such that about 510mA of current is delivered to the mint LED dies; about I80mA of current is delivered to the red LED dies; about 40mA of current is delivered to the cyan LED dies; and about 100mA of current is delivered to the blue LED dies

0061In the general lighting configuration, the drive circuit drives the plurality of LED dies such that a blue output intensity level, in a visible spectral output range of between about 380nm and about 485nm, is between about 100% to about 20% of a relative spectral power of any other peaks in the visible spectral output above about 485nm. The color rendering index in the general lighting configuration may be greater than 85. For example, the drive circuit may drive the plurality of LED dies such that about 450mA of current is delivered to the mint LED dies; about 230mA of current is delivered to the red LED dies; about 110mA of current is delivered to the cyan LED dies; and about 60mA of current is delivered to the blue LED dies.

0062In another embodiment, there is provided a tunable LED lamp for producing a biologically-adjusted light output with a color rendering index above 70, comprising: a base; a housing attached to the base; a power circuit disposed within the housing and having electrical leads attached to the base; a drive circuit disposed within the housing and electrically coupled to the power circuit; a heat sink disposed about the housing; a plurality of LED dies mounted on a support coupled to the housing, wherein each of the plurality of LED dies is electrically coupled to and driven by the drive circuit, and wherein the plurality of LED dies includes a ratio of two red-orange LED dies to three cyan LED dies to three mint LED dies to one blue LED dies; and an output-select controller electrically coupled to the drive circuit to program the drive circuit to drive the LED dies in one of a plurality of light output configurations, wherein the plurality of light output configurations includes a pre-sleep configuration, a phase-shift configuration, and a general lighting configuration. In the pre-sleep configuration, the drive circuit may drive the plurality of LED dies such that about 950mA of current is delivered to the mint LED dies, about 1,000mA of current is delivered to the red-orange LED dies, about 65mA of current is delivered to the cyan LED dies; and about 30mA of current is delivered to the blue LED dies. In the phase-shift configuration, the drive circuit may drive the plurality of LED dies such that about 950mA of current is delivered to the mint LED dies, about 150mA of current is delivered to the red-orange LED dies, about 235mA of current is delivered to the cyan LED dies, and about 525mA of current is delivered to the blue LED dies. In the general lighting configuration, the drive circuit may drive the plurality of LED dies such that about 500mA of current is delivered to the mint LED dies, about 250mA of current is delivered to the red-orange LED dies, about 210mA of current is delivered to the cyan LED dies, and about 190mA of current is delivered to the blue LED dies. In other embodiments, alternative currents may be delivered to vary the radiant fluxes and achieve the desired spectral output.

0063In yet another embodiment, there is provided a method of manufacturing a tunable LED lamp for producing a biologically-adjusted light output with a color rendering index above 70. The method comprises: (a) attaching a base to a housing; (b) electrically coupling leads of a power circuit within the housing to the base; (c) electrically coupling a drive circuit disposed within the housing to the power circuit; (d) mounting a plurality of LED dies on a support coupled to the housing such that each of the plurality of LED dies is electrically coupled to and driven by the drive circuit, and wherein the plurality of LED dies includes two red LED dies, three cyan LED dies, four mint LED dies, and three blue LED dies; and (e) configuring the drive circuit to drive the LED dies in one of a plurality of light output configurations, wherein the plurality of light output configurations includes a pre-sleep configuration, a phase-shift configuration, and a general lighting configuration.

0064The method may further comprise: (f) configuring the drive circuit to drive the plurality of LED dies such that a blue output intensity level, in a visible spectral output range of between about 380nm and about 485nm, is less than about 10% of a relative spectral power of any other peaks in the visible spectral output above about 485nm; (g) configuring the drive circuit to drive the plurality of LED dies such that a blue output intensity level, in a visible spectral output range of between about 455nm and about 485nm, is greater than about 125% of a relative spectral power of any other peaks in the visible spectral output above about 485nm; and/or (h) configuring the drive circuit to drive the plurality of LED dies such that a blue output intensity level, in a visible spectral output range of between about 380nm and about 485nm, is between about 100% to about 20% of a relative spectral power of any other peaks in the visible spectral output above about 485nm.

0065The method may further comprise: (i) configuring the drive circuit to drive the plurality of LED dies such that about I50mA of current is delivered to the mint LED dies, about 360mA of current is delivered to the red LED dies, and about 40mA of current is delivered to the cyan LED dies; U) configuring the drive circuit to drive the plurality of LED dies such that about 510mA of current is delivered to the mint LED dies, about I80mA of current is delivered to the red LED dies, about 40mA of current is delivered to the cyan LED dies, and about 100mA of current is delivered to the blue LED dies; and/or (k) configuring the drive circuit to drive the plurality of LED dies such that about 450mA of current is delivered to the mint LED dies, about 230mA of current is delivered to the red LED dies, about 110mA of current is delivered to the cyan LED dies, and about 60mA of current is delivered to the blue LED dies.

0066In another embodiment, there is provided an LED lamp, comprising: a housing; a drive circuit disposed within the housing and configured to electrically couple to a power source; a plurality of LED dies mounted on a support coupled to the housing, wherein each of the plurality of LED dies is electrically coupled to and driven by the drive circuit; and an output-select controller electrically coupled to the drive circuit to program the drive circuit to drive the LED dies in one of a plurality of light output configurations, wherein the plurality of light output configurations includes a pre-sleep configuration and a general lighting configuration. The plurality of LED dies includes red-orange LED dies, cyan LED dies, mint LED dies, and blue LED dies. The plurality of LED dies includes a ratio of red-orange LED dies to cyan LED dies to mint LED dies to blue LED dies of 2:3:3:1, respectively.

0067In another embodiment, there is provided a method of manufacturing a tunable LED lamp for producing a biologically-adjusted light output with a color rendering index above 70, comprising: attaching a base to a housing; electrically coupling leads of a power circuit within the housing to the base; electrically coupling a drive circuit disposed within the housing to the power circuit; mounting a plurality of LED dies on a support coupled to the housing such that each of the plurality of LED dies is electrically coupled to and driven by the drive circuit, and wherein the plurality of LED dies includes two red-orange LED dies, three cyan LED dies, three mint LED dies, and one blue LED dies; and configuring the drive circuit to drive the LED dies in one of a plurality of light output configurations, wherein the plurality of light output configurations includes a pre-sleep configuration, a phase-shift configuration, and a general lighting configuration. In the pre-sleep configuration the method may further comprises configuring the drive circuit to drive the plurality of LED dies such that about 950mA of current is delivered to the mint LED dies, about 1,000 mA of current is delivered to the red-orange LED dies, about 65mA of current is delivered to the cyan LED dies, and about 30mA of current is delivered to the blue LED dies. In the phase-shift configuration the method may further comprise: configuring the drive circuit to drive the plurality of LED dies such that about 950mA of current is delivered to the mint LED dies, about 150mA of current is delivered to the red LED dies, about 235mA of current is delivered to the cyan LED dies, and about 525mA of current is delivered to the blue LED dies. In the general lighting configuration the method may further comprise: configuring the drive circuit to drive the plurality of LED dies such that about 500mA of current is delivered to the mint LED dies, about 250mA of current is delivered to the red LED dies, about 210mA of current is delivered to the cyan LED dies, and about 190mA of current is delivered to the blue LED dies.

0068It will be evident to those skilled in the art, that other die configuration or current schemes may be employed to achieve the desired spectral output of the LED lamp for producing biologically adjusted light.

<u>Conclusion</u>

0069The foregoing description of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Other modifications and variations may be possible in light of the above teachings. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application, and to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention in various embodiments and various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the appended claims be construed to include other alternative embodiments of the invention; including equivalent structures, components, methods, and means.

0070It is to be appreciated that the Detailed Description section, and not the Summary and Abstract sections, is intended to be used to interpret the claims. The Summary and Abstract sections may set forth one or more, but not all exemplary embodiments of the present invention as contemplated by the inventor(s), and thus, are not intended to limit the present invention and the appended claims in any way.