Providing a classification suggestion for concepts

Description of equivalent WO 2011017133 A2

PROVIDING A CLASSIFICATION SUGGESTION FOR CONCEPTS

TECHNlCAL, FIELD

This application relates in general to information classification, in particular, to a system and method for providing a classification suggestion for concepts.

BACKGROUND ART

Historically, document review during the discovery phase of litigation and for other types of legal matters, such as due diligence and regulator, compliance, have been conducted manually. During document review, individual reviewers, generally licensed attorneys, are typically assigned sets of documents for coding. A reviewer must carefully study each document and categorize the document by assigning a code or other marker from a set of descriptive classifications, such as "privileged." "responsive," and 'non-responsive." The classifications can affect the disposition of each document, including admissibility into evidence. As well, during discovery, document review can potentially affect the outcome of the legal underlying matter, and consistent and accurate results are crucial.

Manual document review is tedious and time-consuming. Marking documents is performed at the sole discretion of each reviewer and inconsistent results can occur due to misunderstanding, time pressures, fatigue, or other factors. A large volume of documents reviewed, often with only limited time, can create a loss of mental focus and a loss of purpose for the resultant classification. Each new reviewer also faces a steep learning curve to become familiar with the legal matter, coding categories, and review techniques.

Currently, with the increasingly widespread movement to electronically stored information (ESI). manual document review is becoming impracticable and outmoded, lite often exponential growth of ESI can exceed the bounds reasonable for conventional manual human review and the sheer scale of staffing ESl review underscores the need for computer- assisted ESI review tools.

Conventional ESI review tools have proven inadequate for providing efficient, accurate, and consistent results. For example. Discover Ready LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, conducts semi-automated document review through multiple passes over a document set in ESl form. During the first pass, documents are grouped by category and basic codes are assigned. Subsequent passes refine and assign further encodings. Multiple pass ESI review also requires a priori project-specific knowledge engineering, which is generally applicable to only a single project, thereby losing the benefit of am inferred knowledge or experiential know-how for use in other review projects.

Thus, there remains a need for a system and method for increasing the efficiency of document review by providing classification suggestions based on reference documents while ultimately ensuring independent reviewer discretion.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

Document review efficiency can be increased by identifying relationships between reference concepts, which are concepts that have been assigned classification codes, and uncoded concepts and providing a suggestion for classification based on the classification relationships. Uncoded concepts are formed into conceptual clusters. The uncoded concepts for a cluster are compared to a set of reference concepts. Those reference concepts most similar to the uncoded concepts are identified based on. for instance, semantic similarity and are used to fonn a classification suggestion. The classification suggestion can be provided with a confidence level that reflects the amount of similarity between the uncoded concepts and reference concepts in the neighborhood. The classification suggestion can then be accepted, rejected, or ignored by a reviewer.

One embodiment provides a system and method for providing a classification suggestion for concepts. A corpus of electronically stored information including reference concepts each associated with a classification and uncoded concepts are maintained. A cluster of uncoded concepts and reference concepts is provided. A neighborhood of reference concepts in the cluster is determined for at least one of the uncoded concepts. A classification of the neighborhood is determined using a classifier The classification of the neighborhood is suggested as a classification for the at least one uncoded concept.

Still other embodiments of the present invention will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, wherein are described embodiments by wax^* of illustrating the best mode contemplated for carrying out the invention. As will be realized, the invention is capable of other and different embodiments and its several details are capable of modifications in various obvious respects, all without departing from the spirit and the scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not as restrictive.

FIGURE I is a block diagram showing a system for providing reference concepts as a suggestion for uncoded concepts, in accordance with one embodiment. FIOURE 2 is a process flow diagram showing a method for providing a classification suggestion for uncoded concepts, in accordance with one embodiment

RGURE 3 is a process flow diagram showing a method for providing a confidence level for a classification suggestion for use in the method of FIGURE 2.

5 FIGURE 4 is a process flow diagram showing a method for accepting or rejecting a

classification suggestion for use in the method of FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 5 is a block diagram showing, by way of example, ways to generate a neighborhood of reference concepts for a clustered uncoded concept for use in the method of FIGURE 2.

10 FIGURE 6 is a block diagram showing, by way of example, classifier routines for

suggesting a classification for an uncoded concept for use in the method of FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 7 is a screenshot showing, by way of example, a visual display of reference concepts in relation to uncoded concepts.

FIGURE 8 is a block diagram showing, by way of example, a duster with a combination 15 of classified reference concepts, uncoded concepts, and concepts given a classification.

FIGURE 9 is a table showing, by way of example, a matrix mapping of uncoded concepts and documents.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

The ever-increasing volume of ESl underlies the need for automating document review 20 for improved consistency and throughput. Token clustering via injection utilizes reference, or previously classified tokens, which offer knowledge gleaned from earlier work in similar legal projects, as well as a reference point for classifying uncoded tokens.

The tokens can include word-level, symbol-level, or character-level n-grams, raw terms, entities, or concepts. Other tokens, including other atomic parse-level elements, are possible. 25 An n-gram is a predetermined number of items selected from a source. The items can include syllables, letters, or words, as well as other items. A raw term is a term that has not been processed or manipulated. Entities further refine nouns and noun phrases into people, places, and things, such as meetings, animals, relationships, and various other objects. Additionally, entities can represent other parts of grammar associated with semantic meanings to disambiguate 30 different instances or occurrences of the grammar. Entities can be extracted using entity

extraction techniques known in the field.

Concepts are collections of nouns and noun-phrases with common semantic meaning that can be extracted from ESI, including documents, through part-of-speech tagging. Each concept can represent one or more documents to be classified during a review. Clustering of the concepts provides an overall view of the document space, which allows users to easily identify documents sharing a common theme.

The clustering of tokens, for example, concepts, differs from document clustering, which groups related documents individually. In contrast, concept clustering groups related concepts, 5 which are each representative of one or more related documents Each concept can express an ideas or topic that may not he expressed by individual documents. A concept is analogous to a search query by identifying documents associated with a particular idea or topic.

A user can determine how particular concepts are related based on the concept clustering. Further, users are able to intuitively identify documents by selecting one or more associated

I O concepts in a cluster. For example, a user may wish to identify all documents in a particular corpus that are related to car manufacturing The user can select the concept ''car

manufacturing" or "vehicle manufacture" within one of the clusters and subsequently, the associated documents are presented. However, during document clustering, a user is first required to select a specific document from which other documents that are similarly related can

15 then be identified.

Reference tokens are previously classified based on the document content represented by that token and can be injected into clusters of uncoded, that is unclassified, tokens to influence classification of the uncoded tokens. Specifically, relationships between an uncoded token and the reference tokens, in terms of semantic similarity or distinction, can be used as an aid in

20 providing suggestions for classifying uncoded tokens. Once classified, the newly -coded, or reference, tokens can be used to further classify the represented documents. Although tokens, such as word-level or character-level n-grams, raw terms, entities, or concepts, can be clustered and displayed, the discussion below will focus on a concept as a particular token.

End-to end ESI review requires a computerized support environment within which

25 classification can be performed. FIGURE 1 is a block diagram showing a system 10 for

providing reference concepts as a suggestion for uncoded concepts, in accordance with one embodiment. By way of illustration, the system 10 operates in a distributed computing environment, which includes a plurality of heterogeneous systems and ESI sources. Henceforth, a single item of ESI will be referenced as a "document," although ESl can include other forms of

30 non-document data, as described infra A back end server 1 1 is coupled to a storage device 13, which stores documents 14a in the form of structured or unstructured data, a database 30 for maintaining information about the documents, and a look up database 37 for storing many-to- many mappings 38 between documents and document features, such as concepts, and a concept document index 40, which maps documents to concepts. The storage device 13 also stores reference documents 14b, which provide a training set of trusted and known results for use in guiding ESI classification. The reference documents 14b can be hand-selected or automatically determined. Additionally, the set of reference documents can be predetermined or can be generated dynamically, as the selected uncoded documents are classified and subsequently added to the set of reference documents. Further, the backend server 11 can store uncoded concepts 14c and reference concepts 14d. Concepts are collections of nouns and noun-phrases with common semantic meaning. The nouns and noun-phrases can be extracted from one or more documents in the corpus for review. Hereinafter, the terms "classified" and "coded' are used interchangeably with the same intended meaning, unless otherwise indicated.

The backend server 11 is coupled to an intranerwork 21 and executes a workbench software suite 31 for providing a user interface framework for automated document

management, processing, analysis, and classification. In a further embodiment, the backend server 11 can be accessed via an internetwork 22. The workbench suite 31 includes a document mapper 32 that includes a clustering engine 33, similarity searcher 34, classifier 35, and display generator 36. Other workbench suite modules are possible.

The clustering engine 33 performs efficient concept scoring and clustering of uncoded concepts, such as described in commonly-assigned U.S. Patent No. 7/>lO,313, U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/844.810, entitled "System and Method for Displaying Relationships Between Concepts to Provide Classification Suggestions via Inclusion.'^* filed July 27. 2010, pending, U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/844,792, entitled "System and Method for

Displaying Relationships Between Concepts to Provide Classification Suggestions via Injection," filed July 27_; 2010. pending, and U S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/844,813. entitled "System and Method for Displaying Relationships Between Concepts to Provide Classification Suggestions via Nearest Neighbor." filed July 27, 2010. pending, the disclosures of winch is incorporated by reference.

Briefly, clusters of uncoded concepts 14c are formed and can be organized along vectors, known as spines, based on a similarity of the clusters. The similarity can be expressed in terms of distance. The uncoded concepts 14c are identified from a corpus of uncoded documents for a document review- project. In a further embodiment, the cluster set of uncoded concepts can be predetermined based on a related document review project.

The similarity searcher 34 identifies the reference concepts 14d that are similar to selected uncoded concepts 14c. clusters, or spines. The classifier 35 provides a machine- generated suggestion and confidence level for classification of the selected uncoded concepts 14c. clusters, or spines, as further described below beginning with reference to FIGURE 2. The display generator 36 arranges lhe clusters and spines in thematic or conceptual relationships in a two-dimensional visual display space. Once generated, the visual display space is transmitted to a work client 12 by the backend server i 1 via the document mapper 32 for presenting to a reviewer. The reviewer can include an individual person who is assigned to review and classify the concepts 14c by designating a code. Hereinafter, unless otherwise indicated, the terms ''reviewer" and "custodian" are used interchangeably with the same intended meaning. Other types of reviewers are possible, including machine-implemented reviewers

Hie document mapper 32 operates on υncoded concepts 14c, which can be retrieved from the storage 13. as well as a plurality of local and remote sources. The local and remote sources can also store the reference concepts 14d, as well as the uncoded documents 14a and reference documents 14b. The local sources include documents and concepts 17 maintained in a storage device 16 coupled to a local server 15 and documents 20 maintained in a storage device 19 coupled to a local client IS. The local server 15 and local client 18 are interconnected to the backend server 11 and the work client 12 over the intranetwork 21. In addition, the document mapper 32 can identify and retrieve documents from remote sources over the internetwork 22. including the Internet, through a gateway 23 interfaced to the intranetwork 21. The remote sources include documents 26 maintained in a storage device 25 coupled to a remote server 24a and documents 29 maintained in a storage device 28 coupled to a remote client 24b. Other document and concept sources, either local or remote, are possible.

The individual documents 14a, 14b, 17, 20. 26. 29 include all forms and types of structured and unstructured ESI including electronic message stores, word processing documents, electronic mail (email) folders, Web pages, and graphical or multimedia data.

Notwithstanding, the documents could be in the form of structurally organized data, such as stored in spreadsheets or databases.

In one embodiment, the individual documents 14a, 14b. 17, 20, 26, 29 can include electronic message folders storing email and attachments, such as maintained by the Outlook and Outlook Express products, licensed by Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA. The database can be on SQL-based relational database, such as the Oracle database management system. Release 8. licensed by Oracle Corporation, Redwood Shores, CA.

Additionally, the individual documents 17, 20.26.29 include uncoded documents. reference documents, and previously uncoded documents that have been assigned a classification code. The number of uncoded documents may be too large for processing in a single pass. Typically, a subset of uncoded documents are selected for a document review assignment and stored as a document corpus, which can also include one or more reference documents as discussed infra.

Moreover, the individual concepts 14c, 14d, 17, 20. 26. 29 include uncoded concepts and reference concepts. The uncoded concepts, which are unclassified, represent collections of nouns and noun-phrases that are semaniically related and extracted from documents in a document review project.

The reference concepts are initially uncoded concepts that can be selected from the corpus or other source of uncoded concepts and subsequently classified When combined with uncoded concepts, such as described in commonly. assigned U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/844,810, entitled "System and Method for Displaying Relationships Between Concepts to Provide Classification Suggestions via Inclusion," filed July 27, 2010. pending. ll.S Patent Application Serial No. 12/844,792, entitled "System and Method for Displaying Relationships Between Concepts to Provide Classification Suggestions via Injection." filed July 27. 2010, pending, and U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/844,813. entitled "System and Method for Displaying Relationships Between Concepts to Provide Classification Suggestions via Nearest Neighbor," filed July 27. 2010. pending, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference, the reference concepts can provide suggestions for classification of the remaining uncoded concepts in the corpus based on visual relationships between the reference concepts and uncoded concepts The reviewer can classify one or more of the uncoded concepts by assigning a code to each concept representing a classification, based on the suggestions, if desired. The suggestions can also be used for other purposes, such as quality control. Concepts given a classification code by the reviewer are then stored. Additionally, the now-coded concepts can be used as reference concepts in related document review assignments. The assignment is completed once all uncoded concepts in the assignment have been assigned a classification code.

In a further embodiment, the reference concepts can be used as a training set to form machine-generated suggestions for classifying uncoded concepts. The reference concepts are representative of the document corpus for a review project in which data organization or classification is desired. A set of reference concepts can be generated for each document review project or alternatively, the reference concepts can be representative of documents selected from a previously conducted document review project that is related Io the current document review project. Guided review assists a reviewer in building a reference concept set representative of the corpus for use in classifying uncoded documents. Alternatively, the reference concept set can be selected from a previously conducted document review that is related to the current document review project. During guided review, uncoded concepts that are dissimilar to each other are identified based on a similarity threshold. Other methods for determining dissimilarity are possible.

Identifying a set of dissimilar concepts provides a group of concepts that is representative of the corpus for a document review project. Each identified dissimilar concept is then classified by assigning a particular code based on the content of the concept to generate a set of reference concepts for the document review project. Guided review can be performed by a reviewer, a machine, or a combination of the reviewer and machine.

Other methods for generating a reference concept set for a document review project using guided review are possible, including clustering. A set of uncoded concepts to be classified can be clustered, such as described in commonly-assigned U.S. Patent Application Serial No.

12/8-44,810. entitled ''System and Method for Displaying Relationships Between Concepts to Provide Classification Suggestions via Inclusion," filed JuK' 27, 2010. pending. U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/844,792, entitled ''System and Method for Displaying Relationships Between Concepts to Provide Classification Suggestions via Injection," filed July 27, 2010. pending, and U S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/844,813. entitled "System and Method for Displaying Relationships Between Concepts Io Provide Classification Suggestions via Nearest Neighbor," tiled July 27, 2010, pending, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference.

Briefly, a plurality of the clustered uncoded concepts is selected based on selection criteria, such as duster centers or sample clusters. The duster centers can be used to identify uncoded concepts in a cluster that are most similar or dissimilar to the cluster center. The identified uncoded concepts are then selected for classification. After classification, the previously uncoded concepts represent a reference set. In a further example, sample clusters can be used to generate a reference set by selecting one or more sample clusters based on cluster relation criteria, such as size, content, similarity, or dissimilarity. The uncoded concepts in the selected sample clusters are then selected for classification by assigning codes. The classified concepts represent a reference concept set for the document review project Other methods for selecting uncoded concepts for use as a reference set are possible. Although the above process has been described with reference to concepts, other objects or tokens are possible.

For purposes of legal discovery, the codes used to classify uncoded concepts can include "privileged," "responsive," or ''non-responsive. " Other codes are possible. The assigned classification codes can be used as suggestions for classification of associated documents. For example, a document associated with three concepts, each assigned a "privileged" classification can also be considered "privileged." Other types of suggestions are possible. A "privileged" document contains information that is protected by a privilege, meaning that the document should not be disclosed or "produced" to an opposing party. Disclosing a "privileged" document can result in an unintentional waixer of the subject matter disclosed. A ' responsive^*' document contains information that is related to the legal matter, while a "non-responsive" document includes information that is not related to the legal matter.

5 Obtaining reference sets and cluster sets, and identifying the most similar reference

concepts can be performed by the system 10. which includes individual computer systems, such as the backend server 11 , work server 12. server I S, client 18. remote server 24a and remote client 27. The individual computer systems are general purpose, programmed digital computing devices consisting of a central processing unit (CPU), random access memory (RAM), non-

I O volatile secondary storage, such as a hard drive or CD ROM drive, network interfaces, and

peripheral devices, including user interfacing means, such as a keyboard and display 39. The various implementations of the source code and object and byte codes can be held on a computer-readable storage medium, such as a floppy disk, hard drive, digital video disk (DVD). random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM) and similar storage mediums. For

15 example, program code, including software programs, and data are loaded into the RAM for execution and processing by the CPU and results are generated for display, output, transmitlal. or storage.

Classification code suggestions associated with a confidence level can be provided to assist a reviewer in making classification decisions for uncoded concepts. FIGURE 2 is a

20 process flow diagram showing a method for providing a classification suggestion for uncoded concepts, in accordance with one embodiment. A set of uncoded concepts is first identified, then clustered, based on thematic or conceptual relationships (block 41 ). The clusters can be generated on-demand or previously-generated and stored, as described in commonly-assigned U.S. Patent No. 7,610,313, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.

25 Once obtained, an uncoded concept within one of the clusters is selected (block 42). A neighborhood of reference concepts that is most relevant to the selected uncoded concept is identified (block 43). Determining the neighborhood of the selected uncoded concept is further discussed below with reference to FIGURE 5. The neighborhood of reference concepts is determined separately for each cluster and can include one or more reference concepts within

30 that cluster. The number of reference concepts in a neighborhood can be determined

automatically or by an individual reviewer In a further embodiment, the neighborhood of reference concepts is defined for each available classification code or subset of class codes. A classification for the selected uncoded concept is suggested based on the classification of the similar coded reference concepts in the neighborhood (block 44). The suggested classification can then be accepted, rejected, or ignored by the reviewer, as further described below with reference to FIGURE 4. Optionally, a confidence level for (he suggested classification can be provided (block 45). as further described below with reference to RGURE 3.

The machine-generated suggestion for classification and associated confidence level can be determined by the classifier as further discussed below with reference Io FIGURES 3 and 5. Once generated, the reference concepts in the neighborhood and the selected uncoded concept are analyzed to provide a classification suggestion. The analysis of the selected uncoded concept and neighborhood reference concepts can be based on one or more routines performed by the classifier, such as a nearest neighbor (NN) classifier, as further discussed below with reference to FIGURE 5. The classification suggestion is displayed to the reviewer through visual display, such as textually or graphically, or other ways of display. For example, the suggestion can be displayed as part of a visual representation of the uncoded concept, as further discussed below with reference to FIGURES 7 and 8. and as described in commonly-assigned U.S. Patent No. 7,271,804, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.

In a further embodiment, the classified concepts can be used to classify those documents represented by that concept. For example, in a product liability lawsuit, the plaintiff claims that a wood composite manufactured by the defendant induces and harbors mold growth. During discovery, all documents within the corpus for the lawsuit and relating to mold should be identified for review. The concept for mold is clustered and includes a "responsive^"

classification code, which indicates that the noun phrase mold is related to the legal matter. Upon selection of the mold concept, all documents that include the noun phrase mold can be identified using the mapping matrix, which is described further below with reference to FIGURE 9. The responsive classification code assigned to the concept can be used as a suggestion for the document classification. However, if the document is represented by multiple concepts with different classification codes, each different code can be considered during classification of the document.

In a further embodiment, the concept clusters can be used with document clusters, which are described in commonly -owned in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/833,860, entitled "System and Method for Displaying Relationships Between Electronically Stored Information to Provide Classification Suggestions via Inclusion." filed July 9. 2010, pending, and U.S. Patau Application Serial No. 12/833,872, entitled "System and Method for Displaying Relationships Between Electronically Stored Information to Provide Classification Suggestions via Injection," filed July 9. 2010, pending, the disclosures of which is incorporated by reference. For example, selecting a concept in the concept cluster display can identify one or more documents with a common idea or topic. Further selection of one of the documents represented by the selected cluster in the document concept display can identify documents dial are similarly related to the content of the selected document. The identified documents can be the same or different as the other documents represented by the concept.

Similar documents can also be identified as described in commonly-assigned U.S. Patent

Application Serial No. 12/833,880. entitled "System and Method for Displaying Relationships Between Electronically Stored Information to Provide Classification Suggestions via Nearest Neighbor." filed July 9.2010, pending, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.

In an even further embodiment, the documents identified from one of the concepts can be classified automatically as described in commonly-assigned U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/833,769. entitled "System and Method for Providing a Classification Suggestion for

Electronically Stored Information/" filed July 9.2010, pending, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.

Once the suggested classification code is provided for the selected uncoded concept, the classifier can provide a confidence level for the suggested classification, which can be presented as an absolute value or percentage. FIGURE 3 is a process flow diagram showing a method for providing a confidence level for a classification suggestion for use in the method of FIGURE 2. The confidence level is determined from a distance metric based on the amount of similarity- of the uncoded concept to the reference documents used for the classification suggestion (block 51) in one embodiment, the similarity between each reference concept in the neighborhood and the selected uncoded concept is determined as the cos σ of the score vectors for the concept and each reference concept being compared. The cos c provides a measure of relative similarity or dissimilarity between tokens, including the concepts in the documents and is equivalent to the inner products between the score vectors for the uncoded document and the reference document In the described embodiment, the cos C is calculated in accordance with the equation: <img file="WO2011017133A2_D0001.tif" />

where comprises the similarity metric between uncoded concept A and reference <img file="WO2011017133A2_D0002.tif" />

concept B. comprises a score \ector for the uncoded concept A. and comprises a score <img file="WO2011017133A2_D0003.tif" />

vector for the reference concept H. Other forms of determining similarity using a distance metric are feasible, as would be recognized by one skilled in the art. such as using Euclidean distance. Practically, a reference concept in the neighborhood that is identical to the uncoded concept would result in a confidence level of 100%. while a reference concept that is completely dissimilar would result in a confidence level of 0%.

Alternatively, the confidence level can take into account the classifications of reference concepts in the neighborhood that are different than the suggested classification and adjust the confidence level accordingly (block 52). For example, the confidence level of the suggested classification can be reduced by- subtracting the calculated similarity metric of the unsuggesled classification from the similarity metric of the reference concept of the suggested classification. Other confidence level measures are possible. The reviewer can consider confidence level when assigning a classification to a selected υncoded concept. Alternatively, the classifier can automatically assign the suggested classification upon determination. In one embodiment, (he classifier only assigns an υncoded concept with the suggested classification if the confidence level is above a threshold value (block 53), which can be set by the reviewer or the classifier For example, a confidence level of more than 50% can be required for a classification to be suggested to the reviewer. Finally, once determined, the confidence level for the suggested classification is provided to the reviewer (block 54).

The suggested classification can be accepted, rejected, or ignored by the reviewer.

FIGURE 4 is a process flow diagram showing a method for accepting or rejecting a classification suggestion for use in the method of FIGURE 2. Once the classification has been suggested (block 61). the reviewer can accept or reject the suggestion (block 62). If accepted, the previously uncoded concept is coded with the suggested classification (block 63). Additionally, the now-coded concept can be stored as a coded concept. In a further embodiment, the suggested classification is automatically assigned to the υncoded concept, as further described below with reference to FIGURE 6 If rejected, the uncoded concept remains uncoded and can be manually classified by the re\ ievver under a different classification code (block 64). Once the selected uncoded concept is assigned a classification code, either by the reviewer or automatically, the newly classified concept can be added to the set of reference concepts for use in classifying further uncoded concepts. Subsequently, a further υncoded concept can be selected for classification using similar reference concepts.

In a further embodiment, if the manual classification is different from (he suggested classification, a discordance is identified by the system (block 65). Optionally, the discordance can be visually depicted to the reviewer (block 66). For example, the discordance can be displayed as part of a visual representation of the discordant document, as further discussed below with reference to FIGURE 8. Additionally, the discordance is flagged if a discordance threshold value is exceeded, which can be set by the reviewer or the classifier. The discordance threshold is based on the confidence level. In one embodiment,, the discordance value is identical to the confidence level of the suggested classification. In a further embodiment, the discordance value is the difference between the confidence level of the suggested classification and the confidence level of the manually-assigned classification.

In a yet further embodiment, an entire cluster, or a cluster spine containing multiple clusters of uncoded documents can be selected and a classification for the entire cluster or cluster spine can be suggested. For instance, for cluster classification, a cluster is selected and a score vector for the center of the cluster is determined as described in commonly-assigned U S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/844.810, entitled "System and Method for Displaying Relationships Between Concepts to Provide Classification Suggestions via Inclusion." filed July 27, 2010, pending, U.S. Patent Application Serial No 12/844,792, entitled "System and .Method for Displaying Relationships Between Concepts to Provide Classification Suggestions via Injection." filed July 27.2010, pending, and U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/844,813, entitled ^•'System and Method for Displaying Relationships Between Concepts to Provide Classification Suggestions via Nearest Neighbor.^*' filed July 27.2010, pending, the disclosures of which are incorporated by- reference.

Briefly, a neighborhood for the selected cluster is determined based on a distance metric. Each reference concept in the selected cluster is associated with a score vector and the distance is determined by comparing the score vector of the cluster center with the score vector for each of the reference concepts to determine a neighborhood of reference concepts that are closest to the cluster center. However, other methods for generating a neighborhood are possible. Once determined, one of the classification measures is applied to the neighborhood to determine a suggested classification for the selected cluster, as further discussed below with reference Io FIGURE *

One or more reference concepts nearest to a selected uncoded concept are identified and provided as a neighborhood of reference concepts for the selected uncoded concept. FIGURE 5 is a block diagram showing, by way of example, ways to generate a neighborhood 70 of reference concepts for a clustered uncoded concept for use in the method of FIGURE 2. Types of neighborhood generation include inclusion 71, injection 72, and nearest neighbor 73. Other ways to generate the neighborhood are possible. Inclusion 71 includes using uncoded concepts and reference concepts to generate clusters, such as described in commonly-assigned U S Patent Application Serial No. 12/844.810. entitled "System and Method for Displaying Relationships Between Concepts to Provide Classification Suggestions via Inclusion." filed July 27, 2010, pending, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference. Briefly, a set of reference concepts is grouped with one or more uncoded concepts and are organized into clusters containing both uncoded and reference concepts, as discussed above. The reference concepts in the cluster, or a subset thereof, is then used as the neighborhood for an uncoded concept.

Injection 72 includes inserting reference concepts into clusters of uncoded concepts based on similarity, such as described in commonly-assigned U.S. Patent Application Serial No.

12/844.792, entitled "System and Method for Displaying Relationships Between Concepts to Provide Classification Suggestions via Injection/' filed Jury 27. 2010, pending, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference. Briefly, a set of dusters of uncoded concepts is obtained, as discussed above. Once obtained, a cluster center is determined for each cluster. The cluster center is representative of all the concepts in that particular cluster. One or more cluster centers can be compared with a set of reference concepts and those reference concepts that satisfy a threshold of similarity to that cluster center are selected. The selected reference concepts are then inserted into the cluster associated with that cluster center. The selected reference concepts injected into the cluster can be the same or different as the selected reference concepts injected into another cluster. The reference concepts in the cluster, or a subset thereof, is then used as the neighborhood for an uncoded concept.

Nearest Neighbor 73 includes a comparison of uncoded concepts and reference concepts, such as described in commonly-assigned U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/844.813. entitled "System and Method for Displaying Relationships Between Concepts Io Provide Classification Suggestions via Nearest Neighbor,^" filed July 27, 2010, pending, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference. Briefly, uncoded concepts are identified and clustered, as discussed above A reference set of concepts is also identified. An uncoded concept is selected from one of the clusters and compared against the reference set to identify one or more reference concepts that are similar to the selected uncoded concept. The similar reference concepts are identified based on a similarity measure calculated between the selected uncoded concept and each reference document Once identified, the similar reference concepts, or a subset thereof, is then used as the neighborhood.

An uncoded concept is compared to one or more reference concepts to determine a suggested classification code for the uncoded concept. FIGURE 6 is a block diagram showing, by way of example, classifier routines 80 for suggesting a classification for an uncoded concept for use in the method of FIGURE 2. Types of classifier routines include minimum distance classification measure 82. minimum average distance classification measure 83. maximum count classification measure 84. and distance weighted maximum count classification measure 85 Other types of classification measures and classifiers are possible. The minimum distance classification measure 82, also known as closest neighbor, includes determining the closest reference concept neighbor in the neighborhood to the selected uncoded concept. Once determined, the classification of the closest reference concept is used as the classification suggestion for the selected uncoded concept. Score vectors for the selected uncoded concept and for each of a number of reference concepts are compared as the cos σ to determine a distance metric. The distance metrics for the reference concepts are compared to identify the reference concept closest to the selected uncoded concept.

The minimum average distance classification distance measure 83 determines the distances of all reference concepts in the neighborhood, averages the determined distances based on classification, and uses the classification of the closest average distance reference concepts as the classification suggestion. The maximum count classification measure 84, also known as the voting classification measure, includes calculating die number of reference documents in the neighborhood and assigning a count, or "vote"', to each reference concept. The classification that has the most "votes" is used as the classification suggestion for the uncoded concept

The distance weighted maximum count classi fication measure 85 is a combination of the minimum average distance 81 and maximum count classification measures 82. Each reference concept in the neighborhood is given a count, but the count is differentially weighted based on the distance that reference concept is from the selected uncoded concept. For example, a vote of a reference concept closer to the uncoded concept is weighted heavier than a reference concept further away. The classification determined to have the highest vote count is suggested as the classification of the selected uncoded concept.

A confidence lex el can be provided for the suggested classification code, as described above with reference to FIGURE 3. For example, the neighborhood of a particular uncoded concept can contain a total of five reference concepts, with three classified as "responsive" and two classified as "non-responsive.^" Determining the classification suggestion using the maximum count classification measure 84 results in a classification suggestion of "responsive^** for the uncoded concept, but the confidence level provided can be penalized for each of the non- suggested classification concepts in the neighborhood The penalty reduces the confidence level of the classification. Other ways of determining the confidence level are possible.

The clusters of uncoded concepts and reference concepts can be provided as a display to the reviewer. FIGURE 7 is a screenshot 90 showing, by way of example, a visual display 91 of reference concepts in relation to uncoded concepts. Clusters 93 can be located along a spine, which is a vector, based on a similarity of the uncoded concepts in the clusters 93. Each cluster 93 is represented by a circle: however, other shapes, such as squares, rectangles, and triangles are possible, as described in U.S. Patent No. 6,888.584, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference. The uncoded concepts 94 are each represented by a smaller circle within the clusters 93, while (he reference concepts 95 are each represented by a circle with a diamond-shape within the boundaries of the circle. The reference concepts 95 can be further represented by their 5 assigned classification code. Classification codes can include "privileged," "responsive,"^* and iion-responsive," as well as other codes. Other classification categories are possible. For instance, privileged reference concepts can include a circle with an "X" in the center and non- responsive reference concepts can include a circle with striped lines. Other classification representations for the reference concepts and other classified concepts are possible, such as by

10 color. Each cluster spine 96 is represented as a vector along winch the clusters are placed.

The display- 91 can be manipulated by a individual reviewer via a compass 92. which enables the reviewer to navigate, explore, and search the clusters 93 and spines % appearing within the compass 92, as further described in commonly-assigned U.S. Patent No. 7.356,777, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference. The compass 92 visually emphasizes

15 clusters V3 located within the borders of the compass 92. while deemphasizing clusters 93

appearing outside of the compass 92.

Spine labels 99 appear outside of the compass 92 at an end of each cluster spine 96 to connect the outermost cluster of the cluster spine % to preferably the closest point along the periphery of the compass 92 In one anbodimem, the spine labels 99 are placed without overlap

20 and circumferentiaJly around the compass 92. Each spine label 99 corresponds to one or more concepts tor the cluster that most closely describes a cluster spine 96 appearing within the compass 92. Additionally, the cluster concepts for each of the spine labels 99 can appear in a concepts list (not shown) also provided in the display. Toolbar buttons 97 located at the top of the display 91 enable a user to execute specific commands for (he composition of the spine

25 groups displayed. A set of pull down menus 98 provide further control over the placement and manipulation of clusters 93 and cluster spines 96 within the display 91. Other types of controls and functions are possible.

The toolbar buttons 97 and pull down menus 98 provide control to the reviewer to set parameters related to classification. For example, the confidence suggestion threshold and

30 discordance threshold can be set at a document, cluster, or cluster spine level Additionally, the reviewer can display the classification suggestion, as well as further details about the reference concepts used for the suggestion by clicking an uncoded concept, cluster, or spine. For example, a suggestion guide 100 can be placed in the display 91 and can include a "Suggestion" field, a "Confidence LeveT field. The "Suggestion " field in the suggestion guide 100 provides the classification suggestion for a selected document, cluster, or spine. The "Confidence Level" Held provides a confidence level of the suggested classification. Alternatively, the classification suggestion details can be revealed by hovering over the selection with the mouse.

In one embodiment, a garbage can 101 is provided to remove tokens, such as cluster concepts from consideration in the current set of clusters 93. Removed cluster concepts prevent those concepts from affecting future clustering, as may occur when a reviewer considers a concept irrelevant to the clusters 93.

The display 91 provides a visual representation of the relationships between thematically related concepts, including uncoded concepts and similar reference concepts. The υncoded concepts and reference concepts located within a cluster or spine can he compared based on characteristics, such as a type of classification of the reference concepts, a number of reference concepts for each classification code, and a number of classification category types in the cluster to identify relationships between the uncoded concepts and reference concepts. The reference concepts in the neighborhood of the uncoded concept can be used to provide a classification code suggestion for the uncoded concept. For example. FIGURE 8 is a block diagram showing, byway of example, a cluster 110 with a combination of classified reference concepts, υncoded concepts, and concepts given a classification. The cluster 110 can include one "privileged" reference concept 111, two "non-responsive" concepts 112. seven uncoded concepts 113. one uncoded concept with a "privileged" code suggestion 114, one previously uncoded concept with an accepted "non-responsive" code suggestion 115, and one previously uncoded concept showing a discordance 116 between the classification code suggested and the classification code manually assigned by the reviewer.

The combination of "'privileged" I M and "non-responsive" 112 reference concepts within the cluster can be used by a classifier to provide a classification suggestion to a reviewer for the uncoded reference concepts 113. as further described above with reference to FIGURE 6. Uncoded concept 114 has been assigned a suggested classification code of "privileged^" by the classier. The classification suggestion can be displayed te\tually or visually to the reviewer. Other ways of displaying a suggested classification are possible. In one embodiment, uncoded concepts are assigned a color and each classification code is assigned an individual color.

Placing the color code of the suggestion on a portion 117 of the υncoded concept 114 denotes the suggested classification code. Similarly, the classification suggestion for an entire cluster can be displayed textually or visually, for example by assigning a color to the cluster circle matching the color of the suggested classification code. A reviewer can choose Io accept or reject the suggested classification, as described further above with reference to FIGURE 4. If accepted, the now-classified concept is given the color code of the suggested classification. For example, concept i 15 previously assigned a suggestion of ''no-responsive." which was subsequently accepted by the reviewer, and given the visual depiction of "non-responsive. " In a further embodiment, the suggested classification code is automatically assigned to the uncoded document without the need of prior reviewer approval.

In a further embodiment, discordance between the classification code suggested and the actual classification of the concept is noted by the system For example, discordant concept 116 is assigned a classification suggestion of ''privileged" but coded as "non-responsive." With the discordant option selected, the classification suggested by the classifier is retained and displayed after the uncoded concept is manually classified.

A corpus of documents for a review project can be divided into assignments using assignment criteria, such as custodian or source of the documents, content, document type, and date. Other criteria are possible. Each assignment is assigned to an individual reviewer for analysis The assignments can be separately analyzed or alternatively, analyzed together to determine concepts for the one or more assignments of documents. The content of each document within the corpus can be converted into a set of concepts. As described above, concepts typically include nouns and noun phrases obtained through part-of-speech tagging that have a common semantic meaning. The concepts, which are representative of the documents can be clustered to prov ide a classification suggestion of the document content.

Clustering of the uncoded concepts provides groupings of related uncoded concepts and is based on a similarity metric using score vectors assigned to each uncoded concept, as described above and such as described in commonly-assigned U.S. Patent No. 7.610,313, U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/844.810, entitled "System and Method for Displaying

Relationships Between Concepts to Provide Classification Suggestions via Inclusion," filed July 27, 2010. pending. U S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/844.792. entitled "System and Method for Displaying Relationships Between Concepts Io Provide Classification Suggestions via Injection," filed July 27, 2010. pending, and U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/844.813. entitled "System and Method for Displaying Relationships Between Concepts to Provide Classification Suggestions via Nearest Neighbor.^** filed July 27.2010, pending, the disclosures of which is incorporated by reference

The score vectors can be generated using a matrix showing the uncoded concepts in relation to documents that contain the concepts. FIGURE 9 is a table showing, by way of example, a matrix mapping 120 of uncoded concepts 124 and documents 123. The uncoded documents 123 arc listed along a horizontal dimension 121 of the matrix, while the concepts 124 are listed along a vertical dimension 122. However, the placement of the uncoded documents 123 and concepts 124 can be reversed. Each cell 125 within the matrix 120 includes a cumulative number of occurrences of each concept within a particular uncoded document 123.

Score vectors can be generated for each document by identifying the concepts and associated weights within that document and ordering the concepts along a vector with the associated concept weight. In the matrix 120, the score vector 126 for a document 123 can be identified as all the concepts included in that document and the associated weights, which are based on the number of occurrences of each concept. Score vectors can also be generated for each concept by identifying the documents that contain that concept and determining a weight associated with each document. The documents and associated weights are then ordered along a vector for each concept, as the concept score vector. In the matrix 120. the score vector 127 for a concept can be identified as all the documents that contain that concept and the associated weights. Classification of uncoded concepts then can be associated and applied to the uncoded documents associated with the concept

In a further embodiment, each document can be represaited by more than one concept. Accordingly, to determine a classification code for the document, the classification codes for each of the associated concepts can be analyzed and compared, such as described above with reference to FIGURE 6. In one example, a classification code can be determined by counting the number of associated concepts for each classification code and then assigned the classification code with the most associated concepts. In a further example, one or more of the associated concepts can be weighted and the classification code associated with the highest weight of concepts is assigned. Other methods for determining a classification code for uncoded documents based on reference concepts are possible.

Although clustering, classification, and displaying relationships has been described above with reference to concepts, other tokens, such as word-level or character-level n--grams, raw terms, and entities, are possible.

While the invention has been particularly shown and described as referenced to the embodiments thereof, those skilled in the art will understand that the foregoing and other changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope.