Vein filter

<u>Technical Field</u>

0001This application relates to a vascular filter and more particularly to a vein filter for capturing blood clots within the vessel.

<u>Background Art</u>

0002This application claims priority from US provisional application serial no. <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="US60572274B"><text>60/572,274</text></patcit>, filed 5/18/04, and is a continuation-in-part of <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="US80579604" dnum-type="L"><text>US application serial no. 10/805,796 filed March 22, 2004</text></patcit>, which claims priority from US provisional application serial no. <patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="US60538379B"><text>60/538,379, filed January 22, 2004</text></patcit>.

0003Passage of blood clots to the lungs is known as pulmonary embolism. These clots typically originate in the veins of the lower limbs and can migrate through the vascular system to the lungs where they can obstruct blood flow and therefore interfere with oxygenation of the blood. Pulmonary embolisms can also cause shock and even death.

0004In some instances, blood thinning medication, e.g. anticoagulants such as Heparin, or sodium warfarin can be given to the patient. These medications, however, have limited use since they may not be able to be administered to patients after surgery or stroke or given to patients with high risk of internal bleeding. Also, this medication approach is not always effective in preventing recurring blood clots.

0005Therefore, surgical methods to reduce the likelihood of such pulmonary embolisms by actually blocking the blood clot from reaching the lungs have been developed. One surgical method of treatment involved major surgery where the size of the vessel lumen was restricted by placement of ligatures or clips around the vein, e.g. the inferior vena cava which transports blood from the lower portion of the body to the heart and lungs. This prevented passage of dangerously large blood clots through the vein to the lungs. However, this approach is an invasive surgical procedure, requiring an abdominal incision and general anesthesia and frequently causing vessel thrombosis and lower extremity swelling. Also, there is a lengthy patient recovery time and additional hospital and surgeon expenses associated with this major surgery. In fact, oftentimes, the patients requiring the surgery are unhealthy and the major surgery and general anesthesia poses a risk in and of itself.

0006To avoid such invasive surgery, less invasive surgical techniques have been developed. These involve the placement of a mechanical barrier in the inferior vena cava. These barriers are in the form of filters and are typically inserted through either the femoral vein in the patient's leg or the right jugular vein in the patient's neck or arm under local anesthesia. The filters are then advanced intravascularly to the inferior vena cava where they are expanded to block migration of the blood clots from the lower portion of the body to the heart and lungs.

0007These prior filters take various forms. One type of filter is composed of coiled wires such as disclosed in <patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="US5893869A"><text>U.S. Patent nos. 5,893,869</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0005" dnum="US6059825A"><text>6,059,825</text></patcit>. Another type of filter consists of legs with free ends having anchors for embedding in the vessel wall to hold the filter. These filters are disclosed, for example, in <patcit id="pcit0006" dnum="US4688553A"><text>U.S. Patent nos. 4,688,553</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0007" dnum="US4781173A"><text>4,781,173</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0008" dnum="US4832055A"><text>4,832,055</text></patcit>, and <patcit id="pcit0009" dnum="US5059205A"><text>5,059,205</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0010" dnum="US5984947A"><text>5,984,947</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0011" dnum="US6007558A"><text>6,007,558</text></patcit>. Another type of filter is disclosed in <patcit id="pcit0012" dnum="US6214025B"><text>U.S. Patent no. 6,214,025</text></patcit> consisting of wires twisted together to form a cylindrical anchoring portion conforming to the inner vessel wall surface to exert a radial force and a conical filtering portion. <patcit id="pcit0013" dnum="CA2415975A1"><text>CA 2 415 975 A1</text></patcit> describes a releasable and retrievable vascular filter system. <patcit id="pcit0014" dnum="EP1464299A1"><text>EP 1 464 299 A1</text></patcit>, which is a state of the art pursuant to Article 54(3) EPC, describes a retrievable medical filter which can be placed in a blood vessel or other body passage.

0008Several factors have to be considered in designing vein filters. One factor is that the filter needs to be securely anchored within the vessel wall, while avoiding traumatic engagement and damage to the wall as well as damage to the neighboring abdominal aorta. Another factor is that the filter must be collapsible to a sufficiently small size to be easily maneuvered and atraumatically advanced intravascularly to the inferior vena cava or other target vessel. Thirdly, the filter should direct the blood clots to the center of the vessel to improve dissolution of the clot within the vessel by the blood flow.

0009It would be advantageous to provide a vein filter that satisfies the foregoing parameters. Namely, such vein filter would advantageously have sufficient anchoring force to retain the filter within the vessel while providing atraumatic contact with the vessel wall, would have a minimized insertion (collapsed) profile to facilitate delivery through the vascular system to the surgical site, and would enable migration of the captured blood clots to the center of the vessel. Moreover, it would also be advantageous to provide a filter that could simplify insertion through the femoral or the right jugular vein or arm into the inferior vena cava.

0010Additionally, the need for a vein filter in many patients is temporary. In these instances it would be advantageous to provide a vein filter that satisfies the foregoing factors and in addition could be readily removed from the patient. Thus, the filter would advantageously strike the balance of having structure to provide sufficient anchoring while enabling atraumatic removal from the vessel after a period of time. It would further be advantageous if the filter could be removed minimally invasively, e.g. intravascularly.

0011Filters that are temporary are typically removed by a retrieval snare which pulls the filter into a retrieval sheath. It would be advantageous to provide a filter which facilitates grasping by the snare as well as facilitates withdrawal by providing a smooth transition into a retrieval sheath.

0012<patcit id="pcit0015" dnum="WO0232496A"><text>WO02/32496</text></patcit> discloses an over-the-wire interlock attachment/detachment mechanism which includes a cylindrical lock receiving section of a small diameter attached to an implantable medical device such as a blood clot filter, a stent, or a septal occlude. This cylindrical lock receiving section has a plurality of spaced, curved cutouts to receive both the guide fingers and contoured locking fingers formed on a cylindrical locking section. The locking fingers are angled outwardly from the cylindrical body of the cylindrical locking section, and are moved inwardly into engagement with the curved cutouts of the cylindrical lock receiving section by a sheath which slides over the cylindrical locking section or other suitable operator.

<u>Summary of invention</u>

0013The present invention overcomes the problems and deficiencies of the prior art. The present invention provides a combination according to claim 1.

0014The dependent claims describe further features of the combination.

<u>Brief description of drawings</u>

0015Preferred embodiment(s) of the present disclosure are described herein with reference to the drawings wherein: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li><figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> is a perspective view of a first embodiment of a vein filter in the collapsed configuration;</li><li><figref idref="f0001">Figure 2</figref> is an enlarged side view of a portion of the vein filter of <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0002">Figure 3</figref> is a perspective view of the vein filter of <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> in an expanded configuration;</li><li><figref idref="f0002">Figure 4A</figref> is a side view of the vein filter of <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> in another expanded configuration;</li><li><figref idref="f0003">Figure 4B</figref> is a front view of the vein filter of <figref idref="f0002 f0003">Figure 4</figref> in the expanded configuration;</li><li><figref idref="f0003">Figure 5</figref> is a side view of the vein filter of <figref idref="f0002">Figure 3</figref> in the expanded configuration;</li><li><figref idref="f0003">Figure 6A</figref> is a close up view of a portion of the struts showing one embodiment of anchoring elements having pointed ends;</li><li><figref idref="f0004">Figure 6B</figref> is a close up view of a portion of one of the struts showing another embodiment of anchoring elements in the form of hemispherical cutouts;</li><li><figref idref="f0004">Figure 7</figref> is a perspective view of an alternate embodiment of a vein filter of shown in the expanded configuration;</li><li><figref idref="f0005">Figure 8</figref> is a side view of the vein filter of <figref idref="f0004">Figure 7</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0005">Figure 9</figref> is a side view of a portion of the vein filter of <figref idref="f0004">Figure 7</figref> shown in the collapsed configuration;</li><li><figref idref="f0005">Figure 10</figref> is a perspective view of another alternate embodiment of a vein filter shown in the expanded configuration;</li><li><figref idref="f0006">Figure 11A</figref> is a perspective view of yet another alternate embodiment of a vein filter shown in the expanded configuration;</li><li><figref idref="f0006">Figure 11B</figref> is a view similar to <figref idref="f0006">Figure 11A</figref> showing an alternate embodiment of the hooks;</li><li><figref idref="f0007">Figure 11C</figref> is a view similar to <figref idref="f0006">Figure 11A</figref> showing another alternate embodiment of the hooks;</li><li><figref idref="f0007">Figure 11D</figref> is a view similar to <figref idref="f0006">Figure 11A</figref> showing yet another alternate embodiment of a vein filter;</li><li><figref idref="f0008">Figure 11E</figref> is a perspective view of the filter of <figref idref="f0007">Figure 11D</figref> in the collapsed position;</li><li><figref idref="f0008">Figure 11F</figref> is an enlarged view of the retention hooks of <figref idref="f0007">Figure 11D</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0009">Figure 11G</figref> is a perspective view of an alternate embodiment of the filter of <figref idref="f0004">Figure 7</figref> having the retention hooks of <figref idref="f0007">Figure 11D</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0009">Figure 11H</figref> is an enlarged view of the retention hooks of <figref idref="f0009">Figure 11G</figref> in the collapsed position;</li><li><figref idref="f0009">Figure 12A</figref> is a close up perspective view of an alternate embodiment of an end of the filter having a series of cutouts to receive a retrieval snare;</li><li><figref idref="f0010">Figure 12B</figref> is a close up perspective view of an alternate embodiment of an end of a vein filter having cutouts to receive a retrieval snare;</li><li><figref idref="f0010">Figure 12C</figref> is a side view of the embodiment of <figref idref="f0010">Figure 12B</figref> showing a retrieval snare placed in one of the cutouts between the coils;</li><li><figref idref="f0010">Figure 13A</figref> is a close up perspective view of another alternate embodiment of an end of a vein filter having a hook to receive a retrieval snare;</li><li><figref idref="f0011">Figure 13B</figref> is a perspective view of an end of a vein filter illustrating another alternate embodiment of the hook to receive a retrieval snare;</li><li><figref idref="f0011">Figures 13C and 13D</figref> are perspective and top views, respectively, of an alternate embodiment of the hook to receive a retrieval snare;</li><li><figref idref="f0012">Figure 13E</figref> is a top view of an alternate embodiment of the hook of <figref idref="f0011">Figure 13C</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0012">Figures 13F and 13G</figref> are perspective and side views, respectively, of an embodiment of a hook forming part of a vein filter according to the present invention to receive a retrieval snare;</li><li><figref idref="f0013">Figures 13H-13J</figref> are side views showing the method steps for engaging the hook of <figref idref="f0012">Figure 13F</figref> for removing the filter utilizing a retrieval snare when the snare approaches from one orientation;</li><li><figref idref="f0013 f0014">Figures 13K-13N</figref> are side views showing the method steps for engaging the hook of <figref idref="f0012">Figure 13F</figref> for removing the filter utilizing a retrieval snare when the snare approaches from an orientation opposite the orientation of <figref idref="f0013">Figure 13H</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0015">Figures 14, 15</figref> and <figref idref="f0016">16</figref> illustrate delivery and placement of the vessel filter of <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> in the inferior vena cava wherein <figref idref="f0015">Figure 14</figref> illustrates initial insertion of the delivery sheath through the femoral vein, <figref idref="f0015">Figure 15</figref> illustrates the delivery sheath being advanced toward the inferior vena cava just below (upstream) the juncture of the renal arteries; and <figref idref="f0016">Figure 16</figref> illustrates the delivery sheath fully withdrawn to place the filter in the expanded placement configuration in the inferior vena cava;</li><li><figref idref="f0016">Figure 17</figref> is a perspective view of one embodiment of a delivery system for a vein filter;</li><li><figref idref="f0016">Figure 18</figref> is an exploded view of the delivery system of <figref idref="f0016">Figure 17</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0017">Figure 19</figref> is a cross-sectional view showing the engagement of the interlocking rails of the cartridge with the hub;</li><li><figref idref="f0017">Figure 20A</figref> is a perspective view of an alternate embodiment of a vein filter having interconnecting struts in the filter portion, the filter shown in the expanded configuration;</li><li><figref idref="f0018">Figure 20B</figref> is a front view of the filter of <figref idref="f0017">Figure 20A</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0019">Figure 20C</figref> is a side view of the filter of <figref idref="f0017">Figure 20A</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0018">Figure 20D</figref> is a perspective view of the filter of <figref idref="f0017">Figure 20A</figref> shown in the collapsed configuration;</li><li><figref idref="f0019">Figure 20E</figref> is an enlarged view of an end portion of the filter of <figref idref="f0018">Figure 20D</figref> showing the retention hooks;</li><li><figref idref="f0020">Figure 20F</figref> is an enlarged developed view of the end portion of the filter of <figref idref="f0018">Figure 20D</figref> showing the axial relationship of the retention hooks;</li><li><figref idref="f0020">Figure 21</figref> is a perspective view of another alternate embodiment of the filter having interconnecting struts in the filter portion;</li><li><figref idref="f0021">Figure 22A</figref> is a perspective view of another alternate embodiment of a vein filter having interconnecting struts in the filter portion and in the mounting portion;</li><li><figref idref="f0021">Figures 22B</figref> and <figref idref="f0022">22C</figref> are front and side views, respectively of the filter of <figref idref="f0021">Figure 22A</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0022">Figure 22D</figref> is a perspective view of the filter of <figref idref="f0021">Figure 22A</figref> shown in the collapsed configuration; and</li><li><figref idref="f0023">Figure 22E</figref> is an enlarged view of an end region of the filter of <figref idref="f0022">Figure 22D</figref> in the collapsed configuration.</li></ul>

<u>Description of embodiments</u>

0016Turning now to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals identify similar or like components throughout the several views, various embodiment of a vein filter are described for placement within the inferior vena cava to capture blood clots or other particles which could otherwise pass to the lungs.

0017The filter is movable from a low profile collapsed configuration to facilitate insertion through the delivery sheath to a larger expanded placement configuration to enable atraumatic engagement with the vessel walls to secure (mount) the filter within the inferior vena cava. The filter is preferably substantially bell-shaped and preferably has a flared or mounting region (portion/section) and a filtering region (portion/section). As described in more detail below, the filtering portion has inwardly directed struts, terminating in a converging region, thereby directing particles toward the central axis of the filter. By directing the particles to the center, they will be exposed to greater blood flow which improves dissolution of the particles. The other portion increases in transverse dimension to form a flared region. The flare provides less contact area than a straight region, resulting in less tissue ingrowth to facilitate removal of the filter if desired. The flare also reduces the chance of vessel distortion if inserted into a curved vena cava.

0018Turning now to details of the filter and with initial reference to <figref idref="f0001">Figures 1 and 2</figref>, the filter is designated generally by reference numeral 10 and is shown in a collapsed configuration for delivery. Filter 10 is preferably formed from a single tube 11. In a preferred embodiment, the filter 10 is composed of shape memory material, such as Nitinol, a nickel titanium alloy, or elgiloy however, other materials such as stainless steel are also contemplated. A plurality of cutouts 12 are formed in the filter 10, preferably by laser cutting although other techniques are contemplated. In the illustrated embodiment, six elongated cutouts are formed, creating six strips or struts 14 of substantially uniform width separated by the cutouts 12 and extending from tubular portion 18.

0019The collapsed configuration of filter 10 reduces the overall profile to facilitate delivery to the site. The diameter or transverse dimension of filter 10 in the collapsed configuration is represented by reference D1 and preferably is about 2mm and more preferably about 1.7mm. Other dimensions are also contemplated. The diameter or transverse dimensions of the filter in the expanded placement configurations (e.g. <figref idref="f0002">Figs. 4A</figref> and <figref idref="f0003">5</figref>) is greater than the diameter or transverse dimension D1 in the collapsed (delivery) configuration. The filter is thus preferably dimensioned for insertion through a 6 French delivery system and through a 6 French catheter.

0020<figref idref="f0002 f0003">Figures 3-5</figref> illustrate the expanded placement configuration of the filter 10. Filter 10 is generally bell-shaped in configuration. Filter 10 has a flared region 17 and a converging region 21 at the filtering section 19. The transverse dimension of the filter at flared (or mounting/anchoring) region 17 is thus greater than the transverse dimension at filtering section 19. In larger vessels, the filter can expand to a diameter D2 shown in <figref idref="f0003">Figure 5</figref>. In smaller vessels, the filter expands to a smaller diameter, e.g. D3, shown in <figref idref="f0002 f0003">Figure 4</figref>. Diameters (or transverse dimensions) D2-D3 preferably range from about 18 mm to about 32mm, depending on the internal diameter of the vessel wall as will be explained in more detail below. Other dimensions are also contemplated.

0021The elongated struts 14 are spaced apart as shown and extend at an angle away from the longitudinal axis L of filter 10 in region 17 to provide a flare. Preferably, this angle or taper is about 10°, although other dimensions are contemplated. In the filtering region 19, beginning at an intermediate portion of the filter (the transition between the first and second regions 17, 19) the struts 14 curve or bend inwardly (region 23) toward the longitudinal axis and then extend inwardly at an angle to the tubular portion 18, thereby forming an angle with the longitudinal axis. In the illustrated embodiment, when expanded, the six struts 14 are shown spaced approximately 60 degrees apart. It is also contemplated that a fewer or greater number of struts could be provided and spacing other than 60 degrees be provided.

0022In the expanded placement configuration, a portion of the each elongated strut 14 has an outer surface 20 for engagement with the vessel wall to retain the filter 10 in position in the vessel. This region is angled with respect to the longitudinal axis. The outer surface 20 of struts 14 could be roughened to enhance engagement. Alternatively, a plurality of atraumatic tabs, barbs or other penetrating members can extend from the outer surface 20 of the struts 14 to engage the vessel wall to retain the filter. <figref idref="f0003">Figures 6A</figref> and <figref idref="f0004">6B</figref> show examples of such retention features. In <figref idref="f0004">Figure 6B</figref>, the filter has a series of hemispherical cutouts 152 formed along the length of the struts 154 forming pointed edges 156 to engage the vessel wall. The cutouts 152 can be formed along the length of the strut 154 or alternatively be formed only along a portion of the length. The cutouts can also be formed on fewer than all the struts.

0023In the embodiment of <figref idref="f0003">Figure 6A</figref>, the filter has anchoring elements 162 formed by cutouts 163 at the ends of the struts 164. Anchoring elements 162 have pointed ends 165. In the collapsed configuration the anchoring elements 162 and their pointed ends 165 are aligned with the struts 164, substantially parallel with the longitudinal axis of the filter to maintain a reduced profile. When the filter moves to the expanded configuration, the pointed ends 165 face outwardly as shown in <figref idref="f0003">Figure 6A</figref>. Anchoring elements 162 can be placed in the end regions of the strut or in other locations. The anchoring elements can also be placed in the opposite direction shown.

0024In the embodiment of <figref idref="f0006">Figure 11A</figref>, the struts 174 of filter 170 terminate in hooks 172 which extend substantially perpendicular from the strut. Hooks extend from the substantially V-shaped region 179 formed by the joining of connecting struts 174a, 174b. In the alternate embodiment of <figref idref="f0007">Figure 11C</figref>, struts 184 of filter 180 also terminate in substantially perpendicular hooks 182, however this arrangement is achieved by torquing the connecting struts 184a, 184b at the curved region 185 so the hooks bend out of the plane. As shown, hooks 182 extend from V-shaped region 189 formed by the connecting struts 184a, 184b. In the alternate embodiment of <figref idref="f0006">Figure 11B</figref>, the hooks 192 of filter 190 (having struts 194) lie in the plane of the connecting struts 194a, 194b, flush with the wide width surface "w" of the V-shaped region 199 of connecting struts 194a, 194b.

0025In the alternate embodiment of <figref idref="f0007 f0008">Figures 11D-11F</figref>, the hooks 302 lie in the same plane as the connecting struts 304a, 304B of struts 310 as in <figref idref="f0006">Figure 11B</figref>; however the hooks of filter 301 are of two different sizes. More specifically, a first set of hooks 302a is larger than a second set of hooks 302b. Preferably when formed in a laser cut tube, hooks 302a are formed so that they occupy a region equivalent to the transverse dimension of two adjacent struts. For example, in the collapsed configuration, hook 302a occupies a region (dimension) of four connecting struts while smaller hook 302b would only occupy the region (dimension) of two connecting struts. Smaller hooks 302b are spaced axially inwardly with respect to larger hooks 302a to minimize the collapsed profile (transverse dimension) of the filter when collapsed for insertion. In this preferred embodiment, smaller hooks 302b occupy the space created by the larger hooks 302a so they can be considered as nesting within larger hooks 306a. Stated another way, each hook 302b has an outer surface 307 which conforms (follows the contour) to an inner surface 309 of a hook 306a. The penetrating tips 306a, 306b in hooks 302a, 302b, respectively, penetrate the tissue to retain the filter, preferably temporarily.

0026The aforedescribed hooks 172, 182, 192, 302 (as well as the hooks described below) can be used with any of the disclosed embodiments (see e.g. <figref idref="f0009">Figure 11G</figref>). Such hooks can also be formed or placed on fewer than all the struts.

0027Referring back to <figref idref="f0002 f0003">Figures 3-5</figref>, the filter portion of filter 10 will now be discussed. As noted above, the filtering section of filter 10 at a first end of the filter is designated generally by reference numeral 19 and includes the converging region 21. Filtering section 19 extends from the flared region 17, and extends toward the central longitudinal axis L of the filter 10 and converges at portion 32 into tubular portion 18. At the transition region between the filtering and flared regions 19, 17, struts 14 bend inwardly (region 23), then extend radially inwardly toward the tubular portion 18, and transition to the tubular portion 18. The tubular portion 18 and converging region 19 of the filter 10 are spaced both axially outwardly and radially inwardly from the bend regions 23 of the strut 14. (Axially outwardly is represented by arrow "a" and radially inwardly is represented by arrow "b" in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 4A</figref>). The filter is designed to direct particles to the center of the filter and vessel. (Trapping the particles at the center rather than the edges of the filter is more desirable because there is less blood flow at the edges of the vessel and greater blood flow at the center to better dissolve the particles.) For clarity, not all of these sections of each strut 14 are labeled in the drawings, it being understood that the non-labeled struts can have the same configurations.

0028Turning now to the flared or mounting (anchoring) region 17, each strut 14 is divided into two connecting strut portions 14a, 14b. Preferably, each strut portion 14a, 14b is about one half the width of the undivided strut 14, although other widths are contemplated. The strut portions 14a, 14b of each divided strut 14 extend in opposite directions and include a curved region 25 as the strut portions 14a, 14b each extend toward respective strut portion 14a or 14b of an adjacent strut. That is, strut portions 14a, 14b form connecting portions to connect adjacent struts 14 as connecting strut 14a of one strut is connected to connecting strut 14b of an adjacent strut. Connecting strut portion 14a on one strut and portion 14b of another strut converge at end region 29 of the filter and form a substantially V-shaped region. Six such V-shaped end portions are preferably formed, each portion connecting adjacent struts. Note that although all six struts 14 are shown interconnected, it is also contemplated that fewer than all the struts can be interconnected.

0029Note the designations of longitudinal, angled, curved, bowed, connected, joined, interconnected, connecting strut, etc. in the illustrated embodiments refer to the same integral strut and are divided into such regions for ease of understanding.

0030It should be understood that the elongated struts 14 bend as they move from their collapsed position to their expanded placement configuration. Therefore, stated another away, the filter 10 can be viewed as having a filtering section 19 at a first end extending from the tubular portion 18. As viewed, each of the struts 14 emerges from the tubular portion 18 at an angle that extends outwardly away from the center to transition to curved portions 23. The curved portions 23 extend outwardly away from the longitudinal axis forming a flare or region of progressively increasing transverse dimension. In this flared region 17, near a second end of the filter (opposite the end containing tubular portion 18), the struts 14 are interconnected by connecting struts 14a, 14b that curve inwardly toward the connecting strut 14a or 14b of an adjacent strut to form a substantially V-shaped end portion.

0031In the placement (expanded) configuration, the filter 10 moves towards its memorized position and the extent it returns to its fully memorized position will be dependent on the size of the vessel in which the filter 10 is inserted. (The larger the vessel, the closer the filter comes to returning to it's fully memorized position). This can be understood by comparing <figref idref="f0002">Figures 4A</figref> and <figref idref="f0003">5</figref> which illustrate by way of example two possible expanded dimensions of the filter; <figref idref="f0002">Figure 4A</figref> showing expansion to a smaller dimension occurring in smaller diameter vessels and <figref idref="f0003">Figure 5</figref> showing expansion to a larger dimension occurring in larger diameter vessels.

0032To enable movement between an expanded and collapsed configuration, the filter tube of the embodiments described herein is preferably made of shape memory metal material, such as Nitinol, a nickel titanium alloy. The memorized configuration of the filter 10 is shown in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>. To facilitate passage of the filter 10 through the lumen of the delivery sheath 100 (shown in <figref idref="f0015">Figure 14</figref> in conjunction with the method of insertion) and into the vessel, cold saline is injected into the delivery sheath or catheter 100 and around the filter 10 in its collapsed position within the delivery sheath 100. This shape memory material characteristically exhibits rigidity in the austenitic state and more flexibility in the martensitic state. The cold saline maintains the temperature dependent filter 10 in a relatively softer condition as it is in the martensitic state within the sheath. This facilitates the exit of filter 10 from the sheath 100 as frictional contact between the filter 10 and the inner surface of the sheath would otherwise occur if the filter was maintained in a rigid, i.e. austenitic, condition.

0033Once ejected from the delivery sheath or catheter 100, the filter is no longer cooled and is exposed to the warmer body temperature, which causes the filter 10 to return towards its austenitic memorized configuration.

0034The filter 10 (and other filters described herein) can be inserted through the jugular vein in the neck of the patient or through the femoral vein in the leg of the patient or the arm. The filters can also be placed in the superior vena cava.

0035<figref idref="f0015 f0016">Figures 14-16</figref> illustrate delivery and placement of the filter 10, by way of example, in the inferior vena cava. Delivery catheter 100 is inserted through the femoral vein "f" and advanced through the iliac arteries into the inferior vena cava. Delivery catheter would be withdrawn once the tip of the sheath is adjacent the structure so that withdrawal of the sheath would place the filter in the desired location of <figref idref="f0016">Figure 16</figref>. Tubing 104 and valve assembly 106 enable saline injection. Delivery catheter 100 is withdrawn to enable filter 10 to be warmed by body temperature to transition to the expanded placement configuration. The other filters described herein could be inserted in the same manner. Note it is implanted in the orientation such that filter section 19 is downstream of the flared section 17. This enables blood clots or other particles to be directed to the center of the filter section by the angled struts. Thus the direction of insertion, e.g. upstream or downstream direction, will determine how the filter is to be positioned in the delivery catheter.

0036In an alternate embodiment of the filter, the strut width can vary. For example, the struts can be wider at the flared region than at the filtering portion. This is preferably achieved by removing material to create the thinner portions. These thinner portions increase the flexibility of the filter for forming the angled and curved portions upon deployment. Alternatively, the filter can have struts which are thinner, rather than wider, at the flared region, than at the angled and curved regions of the filtering portion. This would provide more stability at the curved regions. The adjustment of the widths is designed to strike a balance between stability and flexibility of the various regions of the filter. Thus, other width variations are contemplated such as making multiple width changes within each strut and/or in different struts.

0037<figref idref="f0004 f0005">Figures 7-9</figref> illustrate an alternate embodiment of the filter, designated by reference numeral 110. Filter 110 is similar to filter 10 except for end region 121. That is, like filter 10, filter 110 has a filtering region 119 which extends from the flared (anchoring/mounting) region 117, and extends toward the central longitudinal axis L of the filter 110 and converges at portion 132 into tubular portion 118. Struts 114 bend inwardly toward the longitudinal axis of the filter 10 at region 123. For clarity, not all of these sections of each strut 114 are labeled in the drawing, it being understood that the non-labeled struts can have the same configurations. The flared region 117 as in filter 10 is of an angle preferably about 8 degrees although other angles are contemplated.

0038The end region 121 of filter 110 where the struts 114 interconnect differs from filter 10. In filter 110, the struts 114 are interconnected by connecting strut portions 114a, 114b that curve outwardly away from the central axis and then inwardly toward each other to form a substantially V-shaped end portion 127. At the outward curved or bowed portion 124, the connecting struts are joined to connecting struts of adjacent struts 114 (region 125). Thus, a closed geometric shape 133 is formed as shown. The closed shape as shown is substantially oval in configuration, although other shapes are contemplated. Six such closed geometric shapes are preferably formed, each connecting adjacent struts, although fewer closed shapes are contemplated if fewer than all the struts are interconnected. Also, the length of the region 125 where the struts are joined can be shorter or longer than that shown, thereby changing the configuration of the closed geometric shape (e.g. making it longer or shorter).

0039Stated in other words, each strut 114 divides into two connecting strut portions 114a, 114b which initially extend outwardly from each other. As each strut extends outwardly, the strut portion 114a joins the strut portion 114b of an adjacent strut at region 125. After this joined region 125, the strut portions 114a and 114b which emanate from the same strut extend inwardly towards each other and are joined at their ends into a substantially V-shaped end, designated by reference numeral 127.

0040The collapsed configuration of filter 110 is shown in <figref idref="f0005">Figure 9</figref> with cutouts 112 forming six struts 114. Regions 113 illustrate where struts 114 divide.

0041In the alternate embodiment of <figref idref="f0005">Figure 10</figref>, filter 150 resembles filter 10 of <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> except for the additional connecting struts or ribs 152. These ribs increase the stability of the filter 150. As shown, the two ribs 152 extend from adjacent struts 154 and curve inwardly towards each other and are joined at region 156 (forming a V-like connection). The ribs 152 can be arranged so they are axially aligned as in <figref idref="f0005">Figure 10</figref> or alternatively can be staggered i.e. spaced axially (not shown). Also, the ribs can be placed between fewer than all the struts and the ribs can be utilized with any of the foregoing embodiments. Note that the ribs are preferably integrally formed with the filter, formed by the laser cutting process mentioned above; however, alternatively the ribs can be attached to the struts. Struts 154 divide into connecting struts 154a, 154b in the embodiment of <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>.

0042<figref idref="f0009">Figures 11G and 11H</figref> illustrate an alternate embodiment of the filter of <figref idref="f0004">Figure 7</figref> having the hooks of filter 301 of <figref idref="f0007">Figure 11D</figref>. Filter 350, like filter 110, has struts 354 which are interconnected by connecting strut portions 354a, 354b that curve outwardly then inwardly toward each other to form V-shaped portions 357, terminating in hooks 356. As in <figref idref="f0007">Figure 11D</figref>, large hooks 356a alternate with axially offset smaller hooks 356b and are identical to hooks 306a, 306b of <figref idref="f0007">Figure 11D</figref>.

0043In another embodiment, the ribs could curve radially outward near their tips, thus contacting the vessel wall and acting as a retaining mechanism.

0044<figref idref="f0017 f0018 f0019 f0020">Figure 20</figref> illustrates an alternate embodiment of a filter. In this embodiment, the struts are interconnected at the filtering region rather than at the flared mounting (anchoring) region. This creates closed geometric shapes at the filtering region to enhance the clot capturing capability of the filter. Also, by providing the interconnection more forward (downstream) in the filter, i.e. in the filtering region (filtration zone), linear movement of the filter is facilitated to enhance removal of the filter.

0045Turning first to <figref idref="f0017">Figures 20A</figref> and <figref idref="f0019">20C</figref>, bell-shaped filter 700 has a filtering region 719 and a flared anchoring (mounting) region 721 of greater transverse dimension. Flared region 721 is preferably at an angle of about 8 degrees with respect to the longitudinal axis of the filter, although other angles are contemplated. In this flared region 721, the transverse dimension increases towards the anchoring end of the filter 700 so that as in the other embodiments disclosed herein, the terminal end of the filter at region 719 has a smaller transverse dimension than at the opposing terminal end at region 721. The filtering region 719 extends from the flared region 721 toward the longitudinal axis of the filter 700 and converges at portion 732 into tubular portion 718 at the filter end portion of filter 700.

0046Filtering region 719 has six struts 714 curving outwardly from tubular portion 718. Each filter strut or strut portion 714 extends radially from tubular portion 718 and divides into two connecting filter struts or strut portions 714a, 714b (preferably of equal width) that angle way from each other (in different directions) to extend to the connecting strut portion of an adjacent strut 714. Thus, connecting strut portion 714a of one strut 714 interconnects with the connecting strut portion 714b of an adjacent strut at joining region 714d. This forms closed geometric shapes 725, preferably substantially diamond shaped in configuration. For clarity, not all of the identical parts are labeled in the drawing. In the illustrated embodiment, preferably six struts are provided forming twelve interconnecting struts, however a different number of struts and closed geometric shapes can be provided. Also, fewer than all of the struts could be interconnected. Although preferably the struts 714 divide into connecting struts 714a, 714b of half the width, other dimensions are contemplated.

0047After convergence of strut portions 714a, 714b at joining region 714d, it transitions into elongated mounting strut portions 714c which form flared mounting or anchoring region 721. The length of the strut portions 714c in the anchoring region 721 can vary, with increased/decreased length increasing the flexibility/rigidity of the struts. The thickness of the strut portions can also vary to affect flexibility/rigidity.

0048Preferably, the strut portions 714c terminate in hooks 740a, 740b similar to hooks 302a, 302b of <figref idref="f0007">Figure 11D</figref>. That is, hooks 740a and 740b lie in the plane of the struts 714c and hooks 740a are larger than hooks 740b, formed so they occupy a region equivalent to the transverse dimension of two adjacent struts. Smaller hooks 740b nest within larger hooks 740a as described above in conjunction with hooks 302a, 302b. Note that smaller hooks 740b are spaced axially (inwardly) of hooks 740a as well as spaced axially with respect to each other as represented by the arrows in <figref idref="f0020">Figure 20F</figref> designating the three different distances E1, E2 and E3 in the developed view, presented for ease of understanding since the hooks are formed from a tube. Other hook designs could alternatively be provided, including the various hook embodiments described herein.

0049The tubular portion 718 is preferably in the form of a retrieval hook as described herein with respect to the other embodiments, and preferably in the form of retrieval hook 290 of <figref idref="f0012">Figure 13F</figref>. Other retrieval structure can also be utilized.

0050In the alternate embodiment of <figref idref="f0020">Figure 21</figref>, the filter is designated generally by reference numeral 800 and has a filtering region 819 and a flared anchoring (mounting) region 821. The filter 800 differs from filter 700 in the additional joining regions of the connecting struts. More specifically, filter struts 814 extend radially from tubular portion 818, in a similar manner as struts 714 of <figref idref="f0017">Figure 20A</figref>. Struts 814 divide into connecting struts or strut portions 814a, 814b, extending in different directions, and then join at first joining regions 814c to a connecting strut of an adjacent strut 814. Emanating from joining regions 814c, connecting struts or strut portions 814f, 814g, extend in different directions, away from each other, to connect to another adjacent strut 814f or 814g at second joining regions 814d. At regions 814d, the mounting struts or strut portions 814h extend longitudinally to form the flared mounting or anchoring region 821. The interconnecting struts preferably form a first set of substantially diamond shaped closed geometric shapes 830 as shown and a second set of substantially hexagonal shaped closed geometric shapes 832. Other shapes are contemplated as are a different number of struts 814, interconnecting struts, and closed geometric shapes. For clarity, not all identical parts are labeled in the drawings.

0051At the terminal ends of the struts 814 at the mounting portion 821, retention hooks are provided. Hooks 840a, 840b as shown are preferably identical to hooks 740a,740b of <figref idref="f0017 f0018 f0019 f0020">Figure 20</figref>. Retrieval hook 850 at the tubular end portion 818 of the filtering end portion of filter 800 is preferably identical to retrieval hook 750 of filter 700. Other hook designs and retrieval structure could alternatively be utilized.

0052<figref idref="f0021 f0022 f0023">Figure 22</figref> illustrates an alternate embodiment of a filter. In this embodiment, the struts are interconnected at the filtering region (filtration zone) and at the flared mounting (anchoring) region. These interconnecting struts at the filtering region enhance the clot capturing capability of the filter. The interconnection at the mounting region enhances the stability of the filter and the vessel retention capability by reducing the flexibility of the struts.

0053Referring to <figref idref="f0021">Figures 22A</figref> and <figref idref="f0022">22C</figref>, bell-shaped filter 900 has a filtering region 919 and a flared anchoring (mounting) region 921 of greater transverse dimension. Flared region 921 is preferably at an angle of about 8 degrees with respect to the longitudinal axis of the filter, although other angles are contemplated. In this flared region 921, the transverse dimension increases towards the anchoring end of the filter 900 so the terminal end of the filter at region 919 has a smaller transverse dimension than the opposing terminal end at region 921. The filtering region 919 extends from the flared region 921 toward the longitudinal axis of the filter 900 and converges at portion 932 into tubular portion 918 at the filter end portion of filter 900.

0054Filtering region 919 has six struts 914 curving outwardly from tubular portion 918. Each elongated filter strut or strut portion 914 extends radially from tubular portion 918 and divides into two connecting filter struts or strut portions 914a, 914b (preferably of equal width) that angle way from each other (in different directions) to extend to the connecting strut portion of an adjacent strut 914. Thus, connecting strut portion 914a of one strut 914 interconnects with the connecting strut portion 914b of an adjacent strut at joining region 914d. This forms closed geometric shapes 925, preferably substantially diamond shaped in configuration. For clarity, not all of the identical parts are labeled in the drawing. In the illustrated embodiment, preferably six struts are provided forming twelve interconnecting struts in the filtering region, however a different number of struts and closed geometric shapes can be provided. Also, fewer than all of the struts could be interconnected. Although the struts 914 can divide into connecting struts 914a, 914b of half the width, other dimensions are contemplated such as equal to the width.

0055After convergence of strut portions 914a, 914b at joining region 914d, it transitions into elongated mounting strut portions 914c which form flared mounting or anchoring region 921. The length of the mounting strut portions 914c in the anchoring region 921 can vary, with increased/decreased length increasing the flexibility/rigidity of the struts. The thickness of the strut portions can also vary to affect flexibility/rigidity. Each strut 914c divides into two connecting mounting strut portions 914e, 914f. Each strut portion 914e, 914f can be one half the width of the undivided strut 14, although other widths are contemplated such as equal to the width. The strut portions 914e, 914f of each divided strut 914c extend in opposite directions and include a curved region as the strut portions 914e, 914f each extend toward respective strut portion 914e or 914f of an adjacent strut. That is, strut portions 914e, 914f form connecting portions to connect adjacent struts 914c as connecting strut 914e of one strut is connected to connecting strut 914f of an adjacent strut. Connecting strut portion 914e on one strut and portion 914f of another strut converge at end (joining) region 929, as closed geometric shapes 935 are formed. End region 929 has an elongated region (or hook strut) 931 and preferably terminates in hooks described below. Note that although all six mounting struts 914 are shown interconnected, it is also contemplated that fewer than all the struts can be interconnected.

0056Thus, as can be appreciated, the elongated struts have a first angled region of interconnecting (connecting) struts 914a, 914b in the filtering region 919 and a second angled region of interconnecting (connecting) struts 914e, 914f in the mounting region 921. The region of the interconnecting struts in the first region (the filtering region) has a transverse dimension less than the transverse dimension of the region having the interconnecting struts in the mounting region.

0057In the embodiment of <figref idref="f0021 f0022 f0023">Figure 22</figref>, the filter strut portions and mounting strut portions each divide into connecting struts of half the width. In an alternate embodiment, the filter struts and mounting struts are also bifurcated, however the width of the connecting strut is increased so it is greater than one half the width of the struts and can for instance be equal to the width of the strut. Such bifurcation with increased width is also applicable to the other embodiments of the filter described herein. Bifurcation with decreased width is also contemplated.

0058Preferably, the strut portions 914c terminate in hooks 940a, 940b similar to hooks 302a, 302b of <figref idref="f0007">Figure 11D</figref>. That is, hooks 940a and 940b lie in the plane of the struts 914 and hooks 940a are larger than hooks 940b, formed so they occupy a region equivalent to the transverse dimension of two adjacent struts. Smaller hooks 940b nest within larger hooks 940a in the same manner as described above in conjunction with hooks 302a, 302b. Note that smaller hooks 940b are spaced axially (inwardly) of hooks 940a as well as spaced axially with respect to each other in the same manner as described with respect to hooks 740b of filter 700 and illustrated in <figref idref="f0020">Figure 20F</figref> showing the three different distances E1, E2 and E3 in the developed view. Other hook designs could alternatively be provided, including the various hook embodiments described herein.

0059The tubular portion 918 is preferably in the form of a retrieval hook 950 as described herein with respect to the other embodiments, and preferably in the form of retrieval hook 290 of <figref idref="f0012">Figure 13F</figref>. Other retrieval structure can also be utilized.

0060Filters 700, 800 and 900 are preferably manufactured from a cut tube, preferably laser cut. Therefore, as in the other embodiments described herein, terms such as interconnected, connected, joined, etc., are used for ease of description, it being understood that preferably these portions are integral as they are preferably formed from a single tube. Also, mounting struts and filter struts used to describe the various embodiments disclosed herein can be considered as mounting strut "portions" or "sections" and filter strut "portions" or "sections" of the same struts if the filter is formed integrally, e.g. from a cut tube.

0061The foregoing filters can be inserted through the femoral vein or alternatively through the internal jugular vein. It can be removed from access through the internal jugular vein or femoral vein. Various methods can be used to remove the filter such as those described in commonly assigned co-pending application serial no. <patcit id="pcit0016" dnum="WO09911097A"><text>09/911,097, filed July 23, 2001</text></patcit>, now published application <patcit id="pcit0017" dnum="WO20020193827A1"><text>2002-0193827-A1, published December 19, 2001</text></patcit>, including for example, slotted hooks, graspers, etc. A recess or cutout can also be provided at the tubular end portions to receive a snare or other device for removal. A hook 222 at tubular portion 220 is illustrated in the embodiment of <figref idref="f0010">Figure 13A</figref> and is configured to receive a snare. <figref idref="f0011">Figure 13B</figref> illustrates another embodiment of a hook. Hook 232 formed in tubular portion 230 forms a cutout 234 for receiving a snare or other removal device. The snare can surround and grasp both ears 235. However, the gap 237 between the ears 235 also enables a retrieval snare to lie in the gap 237 to surround and grasp one of the two ears 235.

0062In the alternate embodiment of <figref idref="f0011">Figures 13C and 13D</figref>, hook 272 is similar to hook 232 of <figref idref="f0011">Figure 13B</figref> in that it has two ears 275 with a gap 277 therebetween. However it differs in that it has a bottom cutout 278 formed between walls 279. It also differs in that surfaces 274 of ears 275 are rounded and outer proximal walls 278a angle outwardly (proximally) to curved peak 276 then angle inwardly (wall 278b) to provide a smoother transition into the retrieval sheath. Thus, two angled transitions are provided.

0063In the alternate embodiment of <figref idref="f0012">Figure 13E</figref>, to further enhance the transition to facilitate withdrawal into the retrieval sheath, the side walls 284 extending into ears 285 of hook 282 angle inwardly toward the longitudinal axis. Consequently, there are three angled transitions: 1) an angled transition in a first direction formed by angled walls 288a which angle proximally outwardly from the edge 285a of ears 285 to the curved peak 285b (the proximal end of the hook is designated generally by reference numeral 283); 2) an angled transition in a second direction formed by angled walls 288b which angle distally outwardly from curved peak 285b; and 3) an angled transition formed by walls 284 which angle proximally inwardly as walls 284 come closer together toward the proximal end. This results in a smoother transition into the retrieval sheath as it reduces the likelihood of the filter proximal end, i.e. the hook, being caught on the edge of the sheath - the angled edges which create camming surface for all approaches of the filter (360 degree range) will help the hook edges slide into the sheath.

0064<figref idref="f0012">Figures 13F and 13G</figref> illustrate an embodiment of the retrieval hook of the present invention. This is the retrieval hook shown in conjunction with filter 301 of the embodiment of <figref idref="f0007">Figures 11D</figref> and <figref idref="f0009">11G</figref>. Hook 290 has a curved hook 292 at the proximalmost end. This hook 292 is configured to receive a retrieval snare or other retrieval device. A portion of the wall of the hook 290 is cut out to expose the annular interior surface 294. That is, being formed from a laser cut tube, a wall portion is removed to expose curved inner wall surface 294. This annular interior surface 294 extends from radiused region 295 to proximalmost edge 296. The interior surface 294, for ease of explanation, can be considered to have an interior surface 294a at the radiused region 295 and an interior surface 294b at the hook 292. The interior surface 294b accommodates a portion of a tubular snare sheath. That is, the outer wall of the snare sheath (tube) can partially fit within the cut out region 293. This enhances removal as the snare pulls the filter hook into collinear arrangement with the sheath tube. This can be appreciated by reference to <figref idref="f0013">Figures 13H-13J</figref> discussed below. The radiused region 295, spaced axially (distal) from the hook 292, includes a radiused or curved edge defined by radiused side walls 297a, 297c and top wall 297b. The angled side walls 297a, 297c form camming surfaces to direct the hook 290 and filter into the retrieval sheath. This can be appreciated by reference to <figref idref="f0013 f0014">Figures 13K-13N</figref> discussed below.

0065It should be appreciated, that the hook can be formed in other ways to provide an interior annular surface to function in a similar manner as surface 294, i.e. to receive the snare tube.

0066It should be appreciated that any of the retrieval hooks can be used with any of the filters described herein.

0067In <figref idref="f0013">Figures 13H-13J</figref>, the snare approaches the retrieval hook 290 in the orientation shown. This results in a collinear arrangement. More specifically, the snare 502 is part of a retrieval system which includes a snare sheath or tube 504 through which the snare 502 extends. The distal wall 503 of snare sheath 504 provides for cinching of the snare 502. The snare sheath 504 is inserted through retrieval sheath 510. When the filter is pulled into the retrieval sheath 510 it is collapsed for removal. As discussed above, preferably cold saline is injected during the removal process to cool the sheath to transition to a softer martensitic state to facilitate removal.

0068In the orientation shown, as snare 502 retracts the filter, the snare sheath 504 fits into the cut out region 293 as its outer wall conforms to the inner wall surface 294b of hook 292. Thus, the hook 290 and snare sheath 504 become substantially collinear as shown in <figref idref="f0013">Figure 13I</figref>. This collinear arrangement facilitates retraction into the retrieval sheath 510 as it reduces the likelihood of a wall of the hook getting caught on the distal edge 512 of the retrieval sheath 510, thus providing a smoother transition into the sheath as shown in <figref idref="f0013">Figure 13J</figref>.

0069<figref idref="f0013 f0014">Figures 13K-13N</figref> illustrate the retrieval steps when the snare approaches from the opposite orientation of <figref idref="f0013">Figure 13H</figref>, i.e. below the hook as viewed in the orientation of <figref idref="f0013">Figure 13K</figref>. As the snare 502 retracts the filter towards the sheath 510, the wall 297b contacts the edge 512 of retrieval sheath 510 and due to the radiused walls 297a, 297c (depending on the side of contact), the hook is cammed downwardly (in the orientation of <figref idref="f0014">Figure 13M</figref>) into the retrieval sheath 510 as shown in <figref idref="f0014">Figure 13N</figref>. This provides a smooth transition into the retrieval sheath 510 as it reduces the likelihood of the hook being caught on the sheath edge.

0070<figref idref="f0009">Figure 12A</figref> illustrates an embodiment of a retrieval hook having a series of recesses 210 along the length of the tubular portion 212. This enables the tubular portion 212 to be grasped at several locations along its length, facilitating grasping of the filter for removal. These multiple recesses or cutouts 210 are axially spaced as shown. In the embodiment of <figref idref="f0010">Figure 12B</figref>, the end of the tubular portion 240 has a series of axially spaced cutouts 242 which form a coil-like engagement structure. This engagement structure provides multiple engagement areas for a retrieval (removal) device, such as a retrieval snare, for grasping the filter as the device can for instance be cinched in any of the spaces (formed by the cutouts) between the turns 246 in the helical coil. <figref idref="f0010">Figure 12C</figref> shows a snare 300 placed in one of the cutouts 242.

0071To facilitate removal of the filter from the vessel, cold saline can be injected onto the implanted filter to change the temperature of the filter to move it to a relatively softer condition to facilitate the filter being drawn in to the retrieval sheath. That is, injection of cold saline will cause the filter to approach its martensitic state, bringing the filter to a more flexible condition. The flexible condition facilitates the collapse and withdrawal of the filter into the retrieval sheath, by decreasing the frictional contact between the filter and the inner surface of the retrieval sheath.

0072A delivery system for the filters is shown in <figref idref="f0016">Figures 17 and 18</figref>. The delivery system 600 includes a hub 602, a cartridge 604 containing the filter, a pusher 606 and a wire 608 extending through the pusher 606. The wire 608 extends through the cartridge 604 and through the length of tube 603 to maintain a separation of the hooks, e.g. hooks 402 of filter 350 of <figref idref="f0009">Figure 11G</figref>, during insertion of the delivery system and delivery of the filter. The cartridge 604 is removably attached to the hub 602, preferably by a snap-fit although other modes of attachment are also contemplated. The cartridge preferably has markings (not shown) on the outer surface to indicate a femoral or jugular direction so the user knows the orientation to attach the cartridge 604 to hub 602.

0073Once attached, advancement of the pusher 604 advances the filter from the cartridge and through tube 603 as the distal edge of the pusher 604 abuts the proximal end of the filter, with the wire 608 (e.g., a Nitinol wire) preventing entanglement of the retention hooks. The wire 608 also provides support (stability) for the pusher 604 as the pusher 604 is advanced over the wire 608. The filter is forced out of the distal end of the tube, where it is no longer cooled by saline and is warmed by body temperature to return toward its memorized configuration.

0074To enhance the retention of the cartridge 604 in the hub 602, a locking mechanism can be provided such as the mechanism of <figref idref="f0017">Figure 19</figref>. The cartridge 604 has a pair of locking rails 612a, 612b, each including a respective recess 614a, 614b. The hub 602 contains a detent 620 as shown. When the cartridge 604 is inserted into the hub 602, the recess 614a of the locking rails 612a is retained by the detent 620. This locks the cartridge 604 to the hub 602 during use, preventing unwanted separation of the cartridge 604 from the hub 602. If access via the jugular artery instead of the femoral artery is desired, then the cartridge is inserted so that recess 614b of rail 612b engages detent 620 of hub 602.

0075While the above description contains many specifics, those specifics should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the disclosure, but merely as exemplifications of preferred embodiments thereof. For example, the filters can be inserted in other regions of the body. Also, any of the aforedescribed filters can have mounting sections of varying thickness. The foregoing filters can be made of materials other than shape memory material. Those skilled in the art will envision many other possible variations that are within the scope of the disclosure as defined by the claims appended hereto.