Fast merge support for legacy documents

BACKGROUND

0001Network-based document collaboration systems permit multiple users to simultaneously access and coauthor a document. Although multiple users are permitted to coauthor a document, in order to prevent conflicts, the system may restrict the areas in a document in which each user can make edits to minimize chances for conflicting changes when the copies of the documents are merged.

0002Legacy systems typically may not allow for the coauthoring of documents created on the legacy systems. Documents created on these systems may therefore not be configured properly to support coauthoring on document collaboration systems. This can result in undesired conflicting edits. <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="US20090006936A1"><text>US 2009/0006936 A1</text></patcit> relates to collaborative document authoring. In an assembly document creation phase, a user creates a collaborative document or assembly document based on a template, such as an assembly template. In an example, an assembly template includes document XML, content controls, and custom XML parts. In a collaboration setup phase, a user, such as an editor, can select an assembly template and/or specify the structure of the document to be assembled by creating sections in an assembly document. The user can also define the users or participants who can interact with each section of the assembly document. In an authoring phase, individual authors can add content to sections assigned to each author. Finally, in a publishing phase, the final assembly document may be transformed to a different format, stored in a document management repository, etc. The output of the publishing phase is a published assembly document. <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="EP1657649A2"><text>EP 1 657 649 A2</text></patcit> relates to techniques for converting legacy documents into XML format. The legacy document is decomposed into a plurality of document portions. A target XML schema comprising a plurality of schema components for defining an output XML document is provided. A plurality of local schema from the target XML schema is generated, wherein each local schema comprises at least one of the schema components. A plurality of conversion tasks are generated by associating a local schema and an applicable document portion, wherein each conversion task associates data from the applicable document portion with the applicable schema component in the local schema. For each conversion task, a conversion method is selected and the conversion method is performed. The results are assembled from the conversion tasks and the target XML schema into the output XML document. <patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="US2004230896A1"><text>US 2004/230896 A1</text></patcit> relates to a technique for enabling authors to work on hierarchical documents. The technique comprises retrieving a hierarchical document from a server computing device, modifying the retrieved hierarchical document, sending an indication of the modification to the server computing device, and when the modification cannot be applied on the server computing device, reverting the modified hierarchical document to a current form of the hierarchical document on the server computing device. Further, a technique for generating a unique identification for a node of the hierarchical document, associating the generated unique identification with the node and conducting transactions relating to the node using the associated unique identification is disclosed. <patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="US7249314B2"><text>US 7 249 314 B2</text></patcit> relates to a technique for simultaneous editing of a document by two or more users. The document is divided into a number of sections. Each section is stored in a separate data container, which is part of a document tree. A master copy of the document tree is accessible to a server, which transmits all or part of the document tree to two or more clients, each of which is operated by a user. The clients can independently lock different sections, allowing the users to simultaneously edit different sections. When a user completes editing a section, the modified section is stored on the master server and broadcast to other users. The document tree is headed by an independently lockable and editable parent container, which is used to store summary information and other information, such as default formatting and other document wide information.

SUMMARY

0003It is the object of the present invention to improve prior art systems. This object is solved by the subject matter of the independent claims. Preferred embodiments are defined by the dependent claims.

0004Embodiments of the disclosure are directed to a method for merging document metadata at a client computer. A document is obtained from a server computer by a user at the client computer, and the document is opened at the client computer. In response to opening the document at the client computer, a determination is made as to whether the document includes unit identifiers. When it is determined that the document does not include unit identifiers, a unit identifier is assigned to each unit in the document.

0005A first message is received from the server computer providing notification that at least one other user is authoring the document. In response to receiving the first message from the server computer providing notification that at least one other user is authoring the document, a second message is sent to the server computer, the second message including first metadata for the document. In response to sending the second message to the server computer, a third message is received from the server computer, the third message including second metadata for the document. In response to receiving the third message from the server computer, a determination is made whether the first metadata and the second metadata should be merged. When it is determined that the first metadata and the second metadata should be merged, unit identifiers are adjusted in the document based on the second metadata.

0006The details of one or more techniques are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of these techniques will be apparent from the description, drawings, and claims.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0007<ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li><figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> shows an example system for fast merge support of legacy documents.</li><li><figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref> shows example modules of an example client computer of <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> that implements a capability for fast merge support of legacy documents.</li><li><figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref> an example of document identifier renumbering during a metadata merge operation.</li><li><figref idref="f0004">Figure 4</figref> shows a flowchart of a method for merging document metadata at a client computer.</li><li><figref idref="f0005">Figure 5</figref> shows a flowchart of a method for determining whether metadata should be merged at a client computer.</li><li><figref idref="f0006">Figure 6</figref> shows example components of the client computer of <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref>.</li></ul>

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

0008The present application is directed to systems and methods for creating unit identifiers for legacy documents created on legacy network-based shared document systems that do not provide unit identifiers.

0009In example embodiments, a document is broken into units. Units can be any subpart of a document, for example sentences, paragraphs, headings, drawings, tables, etc. A document may contain only one unit, for example a single table, sentence, or multiple units, such as multiple tables, sentences, or paragraphs. For the example embodiments disclosed herein, a document unit is a paragraph of the document.

0010Legacy documents are those documents that were created by legacy systems that do not provide for coauthoring. The legacy documents therefore do not include paragraph identifiers. Paragraph identifiers are created for a legacy document when the document is saved on a document collaboration system or when two or more authors edit the document on the document collaboration system.

0011Because paragraph identifiers are created for a legacy document in this manner, when two or more authors using the document collaboration system access the same legacy document, paragraphs currently being edited by one of the authors are identified and paragraph locks are propagated to the other authors. The paragraph locks prevent the authors that are not currently editing a locked paragraph from editing the locked paragraph until the lock is removed. In this disclosure, an author is defined as a user who is creating or editing a document.

0012The systems and methods also provide for comparing and merging paragraph identifiers in documents and for providing paragraph identifier merging and paragraph lock propagation. A unique set of paragraph identifiers is created each time an author accesses a legacy document that does not include paragraph identifiers. When a second author accesses the same legacy document, the paragraph identifiers are compared and merged so that each author has a synchronized set of paragraph identifiers for the legacy document.

0013<figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> shows an example system 100 that supports fast merging of legacy documents. The system 100 includes clients 102, 104, a server 106 and a network 108. More or fewer clients and servers can be used. In this disclosure the terms client and client computer are used interchangeably and the terms server and server computer are used interchangeably.

0014Among the plurality of information stored on the clients 102, 104 is a client operating system ("OS") and client applications. The client OS is a program that manages the hardware and software resources of the client system. The client applications utilize the resources of the clients 102, 104 to directly perform tasks specified by a user, for example a user who is authoring a document. For example, the clients 102, 104 include one or more software applications, such as word processing programs, that are used to create and edit document files. One example of such an application is Microsoft Word from Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Washington. Other examples of such applications are also applicable.

0015Server 106 is a file server that is accessible through a network. Server 106 stores a plurality of files. These files can include both software applications and documents, as described further herein. Server 106 controls access to the documents stored by the server 106.

0016In example embodiments, the server 106 can be located within an organization or can be part of a document collaboration system. An example document collaboration system is a SHAREPOINT^® team services portal server services provided by Microsoft Corporation. An example shared document server is Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007 provided by Microsoft Corporation. Other configurations can be used.

0017In example embodiments, paragraph identifiers are merged and paragraph locks are propagated through a metadata channel 111 that is separate from a data channel 113 used to save the edited contents of the document. By transmitting metadata separately from document content, authors are able to receive paragraph locks fast, independent of a content save operation. Because the paragraph locks prevent two or more authors from editing the same content simultaneously, the integrity of the coauthoring process is enhanced.

0018<figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref> shows a detailed view of the logical modules of client computer 102. Client computer 102 includes example document processing module 202, example metadata processing module 204 and example metadata merge module 206. The example document processing module 202 supports the creation, editing and saving of document content, such as text, headers, tables, illustrations, etc. The example document processing module 202 also supports the processing of information about document content, known as metadata. The example document processing module 202 implements a word processing application, for example the Microsoft Word word processing application from Microsoft Corporation.

0019The example metadata processing module 204 processes the metadata in the document. Some examples of metadata are the document name, date of creation or last edit, document identifier, revision identifier, paragraph identifiers, paragraph range, and paragraph locks. Other kinds of document metadata are possible.

0020A paragraph identifier is a number that identifies each paragraph in a document. In example embodiments, paragraph identifiers may include identifiers for sub-units of a document such as headers and footers in addition to actual paragraphs.

0021A paragraph lock is metadata that indicates that an author is editing a paragraph of a document. In order to avoid conflicts, only one author is permitted to edit the same content at the same time. When one author edits a paragraph of a document, a paragraph lock is received for that paragraph for all other authors that have the document open. The document lock prevents these other authors from editing the paragraph until the lock is removed.

0022Additional details regarding such locks can be found in <patcit id="pcit0005" dnum="US14553608" dnum-type="L"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/145,536 filed on June 25, 2008</text></patcit>.

0023When an author on client computer 102 opens a legacy document that does not include paragraph identifiers, the example metadata processing module 204 generates a document identifier for the document. The document identifier is typically a number that is randomly generated from a specific number range. For example, the document identifier may be a 32-bit number that is in the range from 1 to 0x7fffffff.

0024The example metadata processing module 204 assigns the document identifier to the first paragraph in the document. The remaining paragraphs are then sequentially numbered from the document identifier. For example, if there are five paragraphs in the document and the randomly generated document identifier is 1000, the five paragraphs are assigned paragraph identifiers 1000, 1001, 1002, 1003 and 1004, respectively.

0025The example metadata processing module 204 also identifies as metadata the next paragraph number in the paragraph identifier sequence. In this example, the next paragraph identifier is 1005. Although the paragraph identifiers are sequentially generated when a document is initially opened, paragraph identifiers for any paragraphs that may be added as a result of editing the document are randomly generated.

0026When the author on client 102 opens the document, the example metadata processing module 204 also obtains a revision identifier for the document. Each document stored in the example document collaboration system includes a revision identifier that identifies a version number for the document. In some example embodiments, the revision identifier may be part of a file system identifier for the document. The example metadata processing module 204 keeps track of the revision identifier as metadata.

0027Because at this time, the author on client 102 is the only author that has opened the document, the document does not contain any paragraph locks. The author on client 102 is free to edit the document at will, editing existing paragraphs, deleting paragraphs, adding new paragraphs, making formatting changes, etc. Until the author on client 102 saves these changes, the server 106 does not know about the changes.

0028When an author on client 104 opens a copy of the same document, server 106 presents the author on client 104 with a version of the document that does not include the changes the author on client 102 made to the document if the author on client 102 has not saved the document before client 104 opens the document.

0029When the document is opened on client 104, the example metadata processing module 204 on client 104 randomly generates a document identifier for the version of the document opened at client 104. The example metadata processing module 204 on example client 104 assigns the document identifier to the first paragraph of the document opened on client 104 and sequentially assigns paragraph numbers to the remaining paragraphs of the document opened on client 104.

0030Because the document identifiers are randomly generated, the document and paragraph identifiers for the copies of the document opened at clients 102 and 104 are different. In order to propagate paragraph locks to the two opened documents, the paragraph identifiers for each opened document must be merged and synchronized. This is because paragraph locks are associated with specific paragraphs. Therefore, paragraphs having common content on multiple copies of opened documents are required to have to have identical paragraph identifiers.

0031The example metadata merge module 206 compares and synchronizes paragraph identifiers between documents. When the author on client 104 opens the document, server 106 informs the author on client 104 that there is at least one other user already authoring the document. Server 106 also informs the author on client 102 that another author has opened the document. When the author at client 102 discovers that another author has opened the document, the example metadata merge module 206 on client 102 sends metadata to server 106. Similarly, when the author at client 104 discovers that another author has opened the document, the example metadata merge module 206 at client 104 sends metadata to server 106 using the metadata channel 111.

0032The example metadata sent to server 106 by clients 102 and 104 includes three metadata components - the document identifier, the next paragraph identifier and the revision identifier. In example embodiments, these three components are called a metadata seed. When server 106 receives the metadata seed from clients 102 and 104, server 106 determines which metadata seed arrived first. The metadata seed that arrived at server 106 first is considered the winner. The winning metadata seed information is then propagated to the other authors. For example, if server 106 receives the metadata seed from client 104 first, the metadata seed information on client 102 is merged with the metadata seed information from client 104.

0033<figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref> shows an example of how the example metadata merge module 206 merges metadata using metadata from two authors. When an author on client 102 initially opens a document that doesn't include paragraph identifiers (e.g., a document created on a legacy system that does not support coauthoring), metadata operations merge module 204 assigns paragraph identifiers to each paragraph of the document. An example set of paragraph identifiers is shown for example document copy 302. In this example, there are six paragraphs in the document with paragraph identifiers 1000, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004 and 1005, respectively.

0034During the editing of the document, the author on client 102 deletes paragraph 1003 and adds paragraphs with paragraph identifiers 2002, 8123 and 9123. This is shown in example document copy 304. The author on client 102 is able to modify, add, and/or delete any paragraph in the document because currently there are no other users authoring the document so there are no paragraph locks on the document. The added paragraphs have paragraph identifiers that are randomly generated, as described above.

0035After the author on client 102 makes the changes to the document shown in example document copy 304, the author on client 104 opens a copy of the document. A copy of the document is obtained from server 106. Because the changes to the document made by the author on client 102 have not yet been saved to server 106, the document opened by the author on client 104 contains the same content as shown in example document copy 302.

0036When the document is opened on client 104, the metadata operations module 204 on client 104 randomly generates a document identifier for the document opened at client 104. In this example, the document identifier is 2000. The example metadata operations module 204 on client 104 assigns the document identifier 2000 to the first paragraph of the document opened on client 104. The example metadata operation module 204 on client 104 then sequentially numbers the remaining paragraphs in the document. The resulting paragraph numbering is shown in example document copy 306.

0037At some given interval, clients 102, 104 both synchronize the metadata associated with the document. This synchronization happens over the metadata channel 111, as described above. In example embodiments, the synchronization interval can be set to happen at a specific period, such as every 2 second, 5 second, 10 seconds, 20, seconds, 30 seconds, 1 minute, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, or 30 minutes. Other intervals can be used.

0038In the example, the metadata seed from client 104 is received at server 106 first. When server 106 determines that the metadata seed from client 104 was received first and is the winning seed, server 106 sends the metadata seed received from client 104 to client 102. When client 102 receives the metadata seed from server 106, the example metadata merge module 206 on client 102 merges the metadata seed received from server 106 with the paragraph metadata on client 102. The result of the merge is shown in example document copy 308.

0039Example document copy 308 shows that as a result of the merge, paragraphs identifiers 1000, 1001, 1002, 1004 and 1005 (from example document copy 304) are changed to 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004 and 2005, respectively. Because the document identifier of the winning seed is 2000, the example metadata merge module 206 on client 102 renumbers the paragraphs in the paragraph range determined from the metadata seed received from server 106. The renumbering makes the paragraphs in the paragraph range consistent with the document identifier 2000. The paragraph range can be determined from the metadata seed because the metadata seed includes the document identifier (which is also the first paragraph of the paragraph range) and the next paragraph identifier (which is the next sequential paragraph identifier following the last paragraph identifier in the paragraph range) and because all the paragraphs in the paragraph range are sequentially numbered. Therefore, the first paragraph in the document opened at client 102 is renumbered from 1000 to 2000. The paragraph range includes paragraphs 1000 through 1005. Therefore, paragraph 1001 is renumbered to 2001, paragraph 1002 is renumbered to 2002, paragraph 1004 is renumbered to 2004 and paragraph 1005 is renumbered to 2005. As discussed earlier, paragraph 1003 was deleted.

0040The metadata merge module 206 on client 102 also determines all paragraph identifiers the document opened at client 102 that are not included in the paragraph range. This includes paragraphs with paragraph identifiers 2002, 8123 and 9123 that were added to example document copy 304. Because added paragraph 2002 conflicts with renumbered paragraph 2002 (original paragraph 1002), the example metadata merge module 206 renumbers added paragraph 2002 to 1002. The example metadata merge module 206 renumbers added paragraph 2002 to 1002 because paragraph identifier 1002 is no longer used in the document and, therefore, there is no conflict if paragraph 1002 is used. The example metadata merge module 206 does not change paragraph identifiers 8123 and 9123 because there are no conflicts caused by these paragraph identifiers.

0041When the metadata merge is completed, paragraphs with common content for the document opened on client 102 and for the document opened on client 104 have identical paragraph identifiers. For example, if before the merge paragraphs having identifiers 1000, 1001, 1002, 1004 and 1005 for the document opened on client 102 have common content with paragraphs having identifiers 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004 and 2005, respectively for the document opened on client 104, after the merge, these paragraphs on both client 102 and client 104 have paragraph identifiers 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004 and 2005. This permits paragraph locks to be assigned to these paragraphs. For example, when an author at client 102 edits paragraph 2004, a paragraph lock is transmitted to the document at client 104, preventing client 104 from editing paragraph 2004. The paragraph lock assures that multiple authors cannot edit the same paragraph simultaneously.

0042When the author on client 102 performs a save operation, the content changes for the document opened on client 102 are sent to server 106 through the data channel 113. In addition to transmitting content changes, the save operation also removes any paragraph locks associated with the paragraphs previously edited on client 102. The change in locks is communicated through the metadata channel 111.

0043The saved content and the removal of the paragraph locks are propagated to all authors that are currently authoring the document. This permits the authors to edit paragraphs that were previously locked. However, once an author starts editing a paragraph, a new paragraph lock is created and propagated to all other authors that are currently editing the document through the metadata channel 111.

0044Once the paragraph identifiers are synchronized, further changes to the document by either client 102 or client 104 can be synchronized using the paragraph identifies in the manner described in <patcit id="pcit0006" dnum="US95197307" dnum-type="L"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 11/951,973 filed on December 6, 2007</text></patcit>, the entirety of which is hereby referenced.

0045The above discussion of metadata merging describes two authors. In other example embodiments, more than two authors may edit the same document. The same metadata merge operations apply for example embodiments having more than two authors.

0046<figref idref="f0004">Figure 4</figref> shows an example flowchart of a method 400 for merging document metadata at a client computer. At operation 402, an author on example client 102 obtains a document from example server 106 and opens the document on client 102. Server 106 is a server such as Microsoft SharePoint Server 2007, used with an Internet-based document collaboration system such as Microsoft SharePoint. Client 102 opens the document with a word processing program such as Microsoft Word. Example method 400 assumes that at the time the author at client 102 opens the document, no other authors have the document open.

0047At operation 404, client 102 determines whether the document includes paragraph identifiers. Typically, legacy documents stored on server 106 do not include paragraph identifiers because the legacy documents are created by word processing applications that do not support coauthoring or include paragraph identifiers. If the document does include paragraph identifiers, client 102 can start editing the document at operation 406.

0048If the document does not include paragraph identifiers, paragraph identifiers are assigned to the document at operation 408. The example metadata operations module 204 randomly generates a document identifier for the document. The document identifier, typically a 32-bit number with a range from 1-0x7fffffff, is then assigned to the first paragraph of the document. Then, the remaining paragraphs are sequentially numbered from the document identifier.

0049At operation 410, the author on client 102 proceeds to edit the document. Because the author on client 102 is the only author that has opened the document, the author on client 102 can edit any paragraph of the document and can also add and delete paragraphs.

0050At operation 412, client 102 receives a message from server 106 that provides notification to client 102 that at least one other author, for example an author on client 104, has opened the document. When client 102 receives notification that at least one other author has opened the document, at operation 414 the example metadata operations module 204 on client 102 sends first metadata to server 106. The first metadata includes a metadata seed for the document open on client 102, including the document identifier, a next paragraph identifier and a revision identifier.

0051At operation 416, client 102 receives a message from server 106 that includes second metadata. The second metadata originates from one of the other authors who is authoring the document, for example the author on client 104. The second metadata represents the winning metadata seed received at server 106. The winning metadata seed is the first metadata seed received at server 106 from the at least one other authors that are authoring the document. The second metadata includes the document identifier, next paragraph identifier and revision identifier from the client that sends the winning metadata seed to server 106, for example client 104.

0052At operation 418, client 102 determines whether the first metadata and the second metadata should be merged. The steps involved in determining whether the first metadata and the second metadata should be merged are shown in <figref idref="f0005">Figure 5</figref> and discussed later in this disclosure. If it is determined that the first metadata and the second metadata should not be merged, at operation 420 the author at client 102 continues to edit the document.

0053If it is determined that the first metadata and the second metadata should be merged, at operation 422 the example metadata merge module 206 on client 102 merges the first metadata and the second metadata. The metadata is merged by adjusting paragraph identifiers in the document opened by the author on client 102. The operation of adjusting paragraph identifiers includes changing the paragraph identifiers for all paragraphs in the document opened on client 102 that have common content with corresponding paragraphs in the document opened on client 104. The paragraph identifiers on the document opened on client 102 are changed to corresponding paragraph identifiers indicated by the document identifier and the next paragraph identifier included in the second metadata. For example, if paragraphs 1-3 on the document opened on client 102 have common content with paragraphs 1-3 on the document opened on client 104 and if the document identifier for the document on client 102 is 1000 and the document identifier in the second metadata is 2000, the first three paragraphs in the document on client 104 are renumbered to 2000, 2001 and 2002.

0054In addition, if it is determined that paragraphs added to the document opened on client 102, but not saved, have paragraph identifiers in the paragraph range indicated by the second metadata, the example metadata merge module 206 changes these paragraph identifiers so that they are unique in the document.

0055<figref idref="f0005">Figure 5</figref> shows an example flowchart of a method 418 for determining whether metadata should be merged at a client computer. The method is implemented when an author at a client computer, for example client computer 102, edits a document that includes a first metadata seed and the client computer receives a second metadata seed from a server computer. The second metadata seed represents metadata from a second author that has opened the document. The second metadata seed represents the first metadata seed received at the server computer from one or more authors that have opened and are authoring the document. The metadata seeds include a document identifier, a next page identifier and a revision identifier.

0056At operation 502, a determination is made whether the revision identifier from the first metadata seed matches the revision identifier from the second metadata seed. The revision identifier indicates the version of the document. In order to merge metadata, the documents must be at the same revision level. This is because when each author initially opens the document, the content of both documents must be the same. When it is determined that the revision identifier from the first metadata seed does not match the revision identifier from the second metadata seed, at operation 504 metadata is not merged and the author at client 102 continues editing.

0057When it is determined that the revision identifier from the first metadata seed matches the revision identifier from the second metadata seed, at operation 506 a determination is made whether the document identifier from the first metadata seed matches the document identifier from the second metadata seed. When the document identifiers match, it indicates that documents have already been synchronized and that a metadata merge is not necessary. In this case, at operation 508 metadata is not merged and the author at client 102 continues editing.

0058When it is determined that the document identifier from the first metadata seed does not match the revision identifier from the second metadata seed, at operation 510, a determination is made whether the size of the paragraph range as determined from the first metadata seed matches the size of the paragraph range as determined from the second metadata seed. When it is determined that the paragraph ranges are not the same, at operation 512 metadata is not merged and the author at client 102 continues editing.

0059When it is determined that the paragraph range as determined that the paragraph ranges are the same, at operation 514 the first metadata seed and the second metadata seed are merged. The merging of the first metadata seed and the second metadata seed comprises adjusting paragraph identifiers in the document opened on client 102 per operation 422, as discussed.

0060With reference to <figref idref="f0006">Figure 6</figref>, example components of client 102 are shown. In example embodiments, the client 102is a computing device, such as a desktop computer, laptop computer, personal data assistant, or cellular device. The client 102 can include input/output devices, a central processing unit ("CPU"), a data storage device, and a network device.

0061In a basic configuration, the computing device 102 typically includes at least one processing unit 602 and system memory 604. Depending on the exact configuration and type of computing device, the system memory 604 may be volatile (such as RAM), nonvolatile (such as ROM, flash memory, etc.) or some combination of the two. System memory 704 typically includes an operating system 606 suitable for controlling the operation of a networked personal computer, such as the WINDOWS^® operating systems from MICROSOFT CORPORATION of Redmond, Washington or a server, such as Windows SharePoint Server 2007, also from MICROSOFT CORPORATION of Redmond, Washington. The system memory 604 may also include one or more software applications 608 and may include program data.

0062The computing device 102 may have additional features or functionality. For example, the computing device 102 may also include additional data storage devices (removable and/or non-removable) such as, for example, magnetic disks, optical disks, or tape. Such additional storage is illustrated in <figref idref="f0006">Figure 6</figref> by removable storage 610 and non-removable storage 612. Computer storage media may include volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information, such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. System memory 604, removable storage 610 and non-removable storage 612 are all examples of computer storage media. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by computing device 102. Any such computer storage media may be part of device 102. Computing device 102 may also have input device(s) 614 such as keyboard, mouse, pen, voice input device, touch input device, etc. Output device(s) 616 such as a display, speakers, printer, etc., may also be included. These devices are well known in the art and need not be discussed at length here.

0063The computing device 102 may also contain communication connections 618 that allow the device to communicate with other computing devices 620, such as over a network in a distributed computing environment, for example, an intranet or the Internet. Communication connection 618 is one example of communication media. Communication media may typically be embodied by computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in a modulated data signal, such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and includes any information delivery media. The term "modulated data signal" means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. The term computer readable media as used herein includes both storage media and communication media.

0064The various embodiments described above are provided by way of illustration only and should not be construed to limiting. Various modifications and changes that may be made to the embodiments described above without departing from the scope of the disclosure.