Ultraviolet light treatment chamber

Description of equivalent WO 2010117809 A2

ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT TREATMENT CHAMBER

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

0003[0001] This application is a continuation of United States Patent Application

0004No. 12/416,075 filed March 31, 2009 entitled "Ultraviolet Light Treatment Chamber" which is incorporated herein by this reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

0006[0002] The present invention technically relates to the treatment of fluids using ultraviolet light. More specifically, the present invention technically relates to the treatment of fluids using ultraviolet light. Even more specifically, the present invention technically relates to the treatment of fluids using ultraviolet light for deactivating microorganisms,

BACKGROUND ART

0008[0003] Various approaches are used to reduce contamination in liquids and gases, such as in municipal drinking water supplies, ultrapure water systems for industrial processing and pharmaceutical manufacture, water and reagents for use in experimentation, gases used in sterile rooms, and the like. Such approaches are often used to reduce or eliminate the need for chemical aerosols, chemical preservatives, microfiltration, and like materials as well as processes for the treatment of liquids and/or gases.

0009[0004] An apparatus for irradiating media by means of a UV light that is external to a tubular body has been described, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 4,948,980, which is herein incorporated by reference. U.S. Patent No. 4,948,980 provides an apparatus having a tubular body through which medium to be irradiated flows, and at least two UV light sources with reflectors arranged externally in relation to the tubular body and having parallel axes. The apparatus described in U.S. Patent No. 4,948,980 relies on specular reflectors to control the uniformity of the light pattern delivered by me lamps. The lamp sources are relatively flat and aligned on their edges within the specular reflector in order to minimiTe the optical effects in the reflector. Unfortunately, U.S. Patent No. 4,948,980 describes approaches that significantly limit the amount of dosage that can be provided to effectively treat a liquid or gas. For instance, U.S. Patent 4,948,980 does not appreciate the use of a high reflectivity diffuse reflector to treat a liquid or gas with a low absorption cross-section nor does the patent anticipate a large increase in dose delivered to a target as the net reflectivity of the entire chamber approaches 100 percent

0010[0005] U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0166018, herein incorporated by reference, describes a UV air sterilization chamber comprising inner surfaces having a diffuse reflective behavior. The sterilization chamber includes an inlet aperture and an outlet aperture for air to flow through the chamber and a light source emitting a UV light Unfortunately, the approaches described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0166018 suffer from several problems. For example, since these approaches do not attempt to increase the transparent or translucent containment volume compared to total chamber volume, the performance of the apparatus is not maximized. In addition, the reflector used is not isolated from the medium being treated; and no option exists for replacing lamps without opening the chamber, thereby increasing the difficulty in using and maintaining the system.

0011[0006] In U.S. Patent No. 6,228,332, herein incorporated by reference, discloses a short- duration, high-intensity pulsed broad-spectrum polychromatic light being used to treat water for the deactivation of microorganisms. As described in U.S. Patent No. 6,228,332, deactivation of microorganisms in water involves illuminating the water with at least one short-duration, high- intensity pulse of broad-spectrum polychromatic light The system includes a watertight housing having an inlet port and an outlet port for the flow water. A tubular light source for deactivating microorganisms and a tubular baffle for directing the water flow are positioned within the watertight housing. Water enters the inlet port and flows between the watertight housing and the tubular baffle in one direction, around the end of the tubular baffle and back through the center of the tobular baffle in a second direction exiting the outlet port. Ia this case, water flows around the tubular light source which provides at least one short-duration, high-intensity pulse of broad- spectrum polychromatic light. However, the approaches described in this patent also suffer from several problems. For example, the efficiency of the approaches described in U.S. Patent No. 6,228,332 are limited, because these approaches do not use a reflective surface or substantially enclose the treatment chamber in order to treat the liquid or gas target

0012SUMMARY OF THE INVlNHON

0013Ϊ§U7J The present invention addresses the foregoing needs and other problems in the related art. The present invention, in various embodiments, relates generally to methods and apparatuses for the treatment of liquids and gases using ultraviolet light Approaches are described herein that advantageously allow for treating and/or reducing contamination in fluids, e.g., liquids and gases, such as in municipal drinking water supplies, ultrapure water systems for industrial processing and pharmaceutical manufacture, water and reagents for use in experimentation, gases used in sterile rooms, and the like. The present invention approaches provide easy economical implementation and provide higher effective treatment doses for the target liquid or gas for a given power input as compared with previous approaches. The approaches may be used to reduce or eliminate biological agents. Additionally, these approaches may be used to remove or eliminate or activate chemicals.

0014[0008] In one embodiment of the present invention, an apparatus for the treatment of a liquid includes a chamber having at least one inner surface. The chamber is at least 80 percent enclosed. The apparatus also includes an ultraviolet- (UV-) transmissive tube which is disposed within the chamber and is adapted for the passage of the liquid (or gas) therethrough. The apparatus further includes a UV lamp; and the UV lamp is disposed within the UV-transmϊssive tube. A reflective material is interposed between the chamber and the transmissive tube, and the reflective material is adapted so as to reflect at least a portion of light emitted by the UV lamp. In one example, the reflective material is at least 80 percent reflective. The fluid, e.g., the liquid, may, alternatively, travel between two UV-transmissive tubes, wherein one UV-transmissive tube is concentrically disposed within the other UV-transmissive tube. [0009] In many of these embodiments, the confluence of a first light from the UV lamp and a second light (and subsequent light) reflected from the reflective material produces an unexpectedly, generally, uniform light distribution to occur within a volume of the liquid. In other words, the light distribution using the present invention approaches is generally more uniform than expected than that of related art systems.

0015[0010] In others of these embodiments, increased fluence is achieved due to a better reflector or reflective surface when using highly transmissive liquids or gases. In this case, a substantial of the surface area, e.g., greater than 80%, surrounding the liquid is highly reflective.

0016[0011] In still other embodiments, increased uniformity and increased fluence are achieved. If the transmissivity of the liquid is substantially high, the increase in uniformity may occur, but it does impact performance as much as the increased fluence.

0017[0012] The reflective material may be disposed in a variety of different ways. In one example, the reflective material is disposed so as to line the inner surface of the chamber. In another example, the reflective material is disposed on the outer surface of the transmissive tube. In another example, the reflective material is disposed by coating the reflective material onto the inner surface of the chamber. Yet in another example, the reflective material is disposed on the outer surface of the transmissive tube, wherein a fluid flows between the UV lamp and the transmissive tube, and wherein the UV lamp may be concentrically disposed within the transmissive tube.

0018[0013] The UV lamp may also be disposed in a number of different configurations and positions. In one example, the UV lamp is disposed within a transmissive protective sleeve, the transmissive protective sleeve being optionally concentrically disposed within the UV transmissive tube. Other configurations and placements of the UV lamp are possible in the present invention; e.g., off-center dispositions, by example only. [0014] Additionally, the reflective material may be composed according to a number of different formulations. For example, the reflective material may comprise at least one material, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE). coated aluminum, anodized aluminum, and polished aluminum. In addition, the reflective material may comprise a mixture of a binder and a reflective additive. The reflective additive may comprise at least one material, such as barium sulfate, magnesium fluoride, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, holmium oxide, calcium oxide, lanthanum oxide, germanium oxide, tellurium oxide, europium oxide, erbium oxide, neodymium oxide, samarium oxide, ytterbium oxide, and zirconium oxide.

0019[0015] The apparatus may also include an input and output port for accommodating the UV- transmissive tube, e.g., where the UV-transmissive tube enters and exits the chamber. Each of the ports may assume a number of different configurations.

0020[§§16] Additionally, the ultraviolet irradiance provided by the present invention approaches may fall into a variety of different ranges. In one example, the ultraviolet irradiance impinging on the liquid is in the range of approximately 0.01 Wf cm.² to approximately 20 W/cm². Other examples of ranges are also possible and fall within the present invention.

BMIEF BESCMIPTION OF THE DRAWING

0022[0017] For a better understanding of the present invention, reference is made to the below- referenced accompanying Drawing(s). Reference numbers refer to the same or equivalent parts of the present invention throughout the several figures of the Drawing(s).

0023[§§18] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an ultraviolet light treatment system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

0024[0019] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an ultraviolet treatment system, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. [0020] FIG. 3 is longitudinal cross-section of the ultraviolet treatment system of FIG. 2.

0025[0021] FIG. 4 is an exterior perspective view of the treatment system of FIG. 2.

0026[©022] FIG. 5 is a side view of the ultraviolet treatment system of FIG. 2.

0027[0023] FIGs. 6-8 are charts showing light absorption properties of an ultraviolet light treatment system in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention.

0028[0024] FIG. 9 is the schematic diagram, showing a treatment system having the reflective material disposed on an inner surface of a chamber, in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention.

0029[0025] FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram, showing the fluid being disposed between two UV- transmissive tubes in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention.

0030MODE(S) FOR €ARIt.YMG-€MJT THE INVENTION

0031[W26J The following is a description that includes the best modes presently contemplated for practicing the invention. This description is not to be taken in a limiting sense, but is made merely for the purpose of describing the general principles of the invention and providing examples thereof. The scope of the present invention should be ascertained with reference to the issued claims.

0032t§§27] The present apparatus provides for a large reduction in the total UV power required to treat a target liquid or gas to a specified dose level. This is accomplished by enclosing the target and the UV light source within a chamber which has walls with an extremely high-reflectivity lining or coating and by minimizing the size and number of openings in the chamber wall and absorbing surfaces within the chamber. The chamber design allows for increased photon deposition resulting in enhanced UV irradiation efficiency. Synergy is achieved by combining both of these criteria, because the dose delivered to the target increases exponentially as the chamber wall reflectivity and the percentage of the chamber enclosure approach 100 percent The resulting synergistic effect is more efficient than the summation of the individual effect of each criteria. For example, a fully enclosed chamber, with 99%-refleetive walls, will deliver 10 times the dose to the target than will an identical chamber with 90% reflective walls.

0033[0028] Treatment of a fluid, e.g., a liquid or a gas, within a UV-transmissive tube to separate the fluid from the chamber walls has advantages. Such a tube could be introduced into the above- described chamber. In order to maximize the dose delivered to the target within the UV- transmissive tube and the transmissive media carrying the target inside the tube, the UV- transmissive tube should enclose as much of the chamber volume as possible. This minimizes the amount of light which would otherwise be reflected between the walls without passing through the UV-transmissive tube and into the target area.

0034[0029] Ultraviolet light, which has shorter wavelengths than visible light, is considered to include wavelengths measuring approximately between 10 nm and approximately 400 nm, generally corresponding to frequencies between approximately 7.5 x 10^!4 Hz to approximately 3 x 10¹⁶ Hz. On the electromagnetic spectrum, ultraviolet light has wavelengths less than violet light in the visible spectrum and wavelengths greater than X-rays. Ultraviolet light is divided into three categories: near ultraviolet (NUV), which is closest to visible light, comprising wavelengths from approximately 300 nm to approximately 400 nm; far ultraviolet (FUV), located after NUV₉ comprising wavelengths from approximately 200 nm to approximately 300 nm; and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) located after FUV and before X-ray wavelengths, comprising wavelengths from approximately 100 nm to approximately 200 nm. Ultraviolet light is also divided, based on biological effects, into UV-A (approximately 320 nm to approximately 400 nm), UV-B (approximately 280 nm to approximately 320 nm), and UV-C (approximately 100 nm to approximately 280 nm) bands which do not directly correspond to the aforementioned designations.

0035[0030] While most UV irradiation processes can occur when stimulated by UV photons with wavelengths longer than 200 nm, many applications use sub-200 nm light to increase the process rates. In this regime, the efficiency of most light sources is relatively low in the related art. This low efficiency further drives the long-felt need in the related art for an efficient system to deliver the UV photons to their desired target

0036[0031] Generally, the present invention methods and apparatuses for the treatment of fluids; e.g., liquids and gases, using ultraviolet light are described, infra. Although the foEowing description is particularly directed to the treatment of fluids, understood is that the apparatus of the present embodiment may be easily adapted for the treatment of solid materials as well, such as particles in suspensions or emulsions, foodstuffs, surgical instruments, and the like. For example, the treatment chamber may be adapted to remove the tubing material and input and output ports and replaced with a cavity for the placement of a solid material. This arrangement may render the treatment chamber fully or nearly fully enclosed. Besides solid materials, fluids enclosed in a container, such as vials of reagents, pouches of blood and blood components, and other prepackaged fluids may be treated using a slightly modified apparatus of the present invention.

0037[0032] Ultraviolet light is useful for deactivating or killing microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, mold spores, protozoa, and like biological materials. Deactivation is caused when ultraviolet radiation alters or mutates biomolecules, such as nucleic acids, i.e., deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and/or ribonucleic acid (RNA), and proteins, e.g., enzymes. When native DNA is exposed to a sufficient level of ultraviolet radiation, mutations are formed in the genetic material. The most common mutations are the 5,6-cyclobutyl dlpyrimidines, pyrimidine dimers, pyrimidine adducts, pyrimidine hydrates, and DNA-protein crosslinks. Direct protein damage is less common, but indirect damage of other biomolecules resulting from proteins absorbing wavelengths greater than 290 tun, is particularly relevant. Proteins absorbent at these wavelengths generally contain tryptophan and tyrosine. In the presence of oxygen, energy transfer from the excited triplet state of tryptophan occurs, thereby producing a singlet oxygen. Thus, tryptophan in protein acts as an endogenous photosensitizer in the UVB wavelength range by producing free-radical oxygen which reacts with proteins, unsaturated lipids, and bases in nucleic acids. In any case, ultraviolet radiation promotes the generation of singlet oxygen and hydroxyl-free radicals which can damage cellular proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. [§§33] Membranous microorganisms are deactivated or killed when ultraviolet radiation penetrates the organism's membrane and alters its genetic material and, to a lesser extent, proteins, e.g., enzymes. In cases where an organism has sustained significant biomolecular damage, the microorganism may die. In cases where the genetic and/or proteinaceous material has been altered, but perhaps not completely destroyed, the microorganism may no longer be able to reproduce. Without the ability to reproduce, coupled with the short lifespan of most microorganisms, population size will diminish rapidly in material treated with ultraviolet radiation.

0038[0034] In the case of viruses, ultraviolet radiation mutates the genetic material such that the viruses are no longer capable of infecting host ceils and/or multiplying within a host organism using the host's cellular machinery. The UV dose for deactivating 99.99% of typical bacteria, such as Enterobacteria cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium A₃ Vibrio cholerae, and Escherichia coli, in a range of approximately 20 mJ/cm² to 30 raJ/cm². For spore forming bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis in the sporulated state, the dose is higher, e.g., usually at least approximately 60 mJ/cm². Deactivation of viruses, such as polio and rotavirus, requires a dose in a range of approximately 30 mJ/cm² to approximately 40 mJ/cm², but other viruses can require higher doses. Protozoa, such as Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia muris, have been killed with doses as low as approximately 10 mJ/cm (Ultraviolet Applications Handbook, 2^nd Ed., James R. Bolton, Bolton Photosciences, Inc., 2001, p. 37).

0039[0035] Ultraviolet light is also used to decompose chemicals, particularly organic chemicals, into components which are safer or which can be more easily removed by activated carbon filtration, resin beds, or reverse osmosis, any of which are features which may be used in conjunction with the present apparatus and methods. This decomposition results from both direct photon absorption or by decomposition by OH- radicals which are produced in the proximity of the chemical molecule by the interaction of the ultraviolet light with water molecules or possibly other sources of OH- radicals. The decomposition may be also be achieved by using advanced oxidation methods, such as adding ozone or hydrogen peroxide in combination with using ultraviolet light. [0036] A table of dissociation wavelengths and the maximum wavelength which can cause this dissociation for common chemical bonds in organic substances follows: The application of UV technology to pharmaceutical water treatment," Bakthisaran, S., Europeanjournal of Parenteral

0040Sciences, 3(4), pp. 97-102, 1998.

0041<img file="WO2010117809A2_D0001.tif" /><img file="WO2010117809A2_D0002.tif" />

0042{§§37J Turning to FIG. 1, a schematic diagram of a treatment chamber is depicted, in accordance with the present invention. Shown are a chamber 100, an ultraviolet lamp 102, an ultraviolet transmissive tube 114, a fluid, e.g., a liquid, 106, a light reflective material 108, and an optional UV-transmissive tube (or lamp sleeve) 110. Alternatively, the ultraviolet lamp may be enclosed witMn the ultraviolet transmissive tube 104. The chamber ISi contains an ultraviolet lamp 102 and an ultraviolet transmissϊve tube 104. The ultraviolet lamp 102 may be enclosed by the optional transmissive tube 110. The chamber 1IW may be coated or covered or lined witia a light reflective material IW, as shown in FIG. 1. The ultraviolet lamp 112 may be located ia a physically separate position, as shown in FIG. 1, from the ultraviolet transmissive tube 104. The light transmissive tube 104 runs through the chamber lϋ where it is exposed to ultraviolet light provided by the ultraviolet lamp 102. The tube 104 may carry any type of fluid, e.g., a liquid 106 or a gas, including for example, water, air, experimental reagents, blood components, e.g., red blood cells, white blood cells, and plasma, beverages for consumption, and the like. Therefore, as the liquid 106 passes through the ultraviolet tansmissive tube 104, the liquid 106 is exposed to ultraviolet photons useful for the treatment of the liquid 106.

0043[β§38] The chamber lii of FIG. 1 has an input and output port (not shown) for an ultraviolet transmissive tube 104 to run through chamber 100. However, the input and output ports are fashioned as such to render the chamber lϋ as substantially enclosed as possible. For example, the input and/or output ports may utilize elbow, coiled, or other serpentine paths for gas and/or liquid flow to increase enclosure of the chamber 100. To further enhance enclosure, the flow path may be constricted to a smaller diameter and/or the reflector may be extended to a distance beyond the zone in which light is introduced. Additionally, certain features such as baffles may also be incorporated into the apparatus to optimize light containment within the chamber 100. In any case, any number and combination of the aforementioned techniques and devices may be used to increase chamber enclosure. As is further described herein below, the apparatus reaches maximum efficiency when the chamber 100 approaches IW percent enclosure and the reflective material 108 approaches 100 percent reflectivity.

0044[0©39J Although the chamber IW, depicted in FIG. 1, is coated with a reflective material 108, understood is that any type of reflective material 108 or apparatus may be used. For example, the reflective material 108 which may be coated on the inside of the chamber 100 may comprise at least one material, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), expanded polytetrafluoroethyiene (ePTFE), and other similar plastic. The reflective material 108 may be coated, anodized, or polished aluminum. In another embodiment, the reflective material 108 may be a reflector such as a diffuse or specular reflector, near, but not necessarily attached, to the chamber wall. Any type of specular reflector, in any type of shape, may be used with the present embodiment. In any form, the reflective material IiS should have a high level of reflectivity. In one embodiment, the reflectivity level of the reflective material IiS is in the range of 80 percent to 10© percent, and more preferably, 90 percent to 100 percent.

0045[004Θ] Although the exact percent reflectivity may change depending on the particular needs of an apparatus, understood is that the higher the reflectivity, the higher the efficiency of the treatment chamber. For example, a fully enclosed chamber comprising a material with a 90 percent reflectivity will have a lower dose on the target in comparison to a folly enclosed chamber comprising a reflective material with a 99 percent reflectivity. Assuming that the exemplary target and walls are the only absorbers in the chamber, on average a photon will be reflected back and forth 10 times more in the 99 percent reflective chamber than the 90 percent reflective chamber before being absorbed by the reflective material. Thus, the photons are 10 times more likely to be absorbed by the target in a 99 percent reflective chamber than the 90 percent reflective chamber when the chamber is entirely enclosed. Therefore, the 99 percent reflective chamber delivers 10 times the ultraviolet light dose on the target as the 90 percent reflective chamber.

0046[0041] Similarly, a 99 percent enclosed chamber will deliver a higher ultraviolet light dose on a target than a 90 percent enclosed chamber. In a less enclosed chamber, photons are more likely to be reflected out of the chamber, thus reducing the likelihood of the photons being absorbed by the target. As such, the dosage of ultraviolet light treatment ultimately delivered to a target material is inversely related to absorbance where reflectivity of the apparatus components and enelosabiϋty of the chamber affects absorbance.

0047{§§421 The ultraviolet lamp 102 may be of any type useful for providing ultraviolet radiation, such as low pressure mercury lamps, medium pressure mercury lamps, excimer lamps, flashlamps with xenon and other fill mixtures, and microwave-driven lamps. The ultraviolet lamp provides at least one wavelength less than approximately 400 nm to a target for the deactivation or killing of biological materials, the direct destruction, of chemicals, and the indirect destruction of chemicals through advanced oxidation by therein using oxidizing agents, such as H₂O₂ and O₃. The ultraviolet lamp 102 may be enclosed by the optional transmlssϊve tube Hi thereby allowing a technician to safely change the lamp 1§2 without opening the main chamber. Such a tube Hi is optional and may be applied to the present embodiment for ease of operation; however, the present embodiment will function without the tube Hi.

0048[0043] The ultraviolet transmissive tube 104 comprises any material that is substantially transmissive to ultraviolet light. To achieve maximum efficiency of the treatment chamber, an ultraviolet transmissive tube material, having near 100 percent transmissivity as possible, is preferred. In cases where 100 percent transmissivity is not possible, materials such as fused silica (Heraeus Heralux, Momentive 214). synthetic quartz (Heraeus Suprasil. Momentive 021 and 022), fluorine doped silica (Asahi Glass AQX), and sapphire (Saphlkon EFG sapphire), being generally higher than 80 percent transmissive in the wavelengths below 300 nm, are useful.

0049[§§44] Other examples of configurations for systems of treating liquids are shown in co-pending U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 11/217,772 entitled "ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT TREATMENT CHAMBER" and which has been herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

0050[0045] Referring now to FΪGs. 2-5, another example of a system for the ultraviolet (UV) treatment of liquids or gases is described. The system includes a lamp 202, which is encased within an inner sleeve 2©4. The inner sleeve 2§4 is itself enclosed in a transmissive tube 206 (or a protective layer); and the transmissive tube 2©δ is disposed within a treatment chamber 208. The treatment chamber 208 has a reflective material 210 interposed between the transmissive tube 206 and the treatment chamber 208. In this example, the reflective material 210 is disposed on its inner surface forming a reflective surface. In a variation, reflective material 210 may be disposed on the outer surface of the transmissive tube 2§6 forming a reflective surface. Alternatively, the reflective material 210 may be attached to the transmissive tube 206 forming a reflective surface or the reflective material 210 may be a freestanding structure having a reflective surface. Other placements and configurations for the reflective material 210 are possible forming a reflective surface enveloping by, for example, eighty percent, the lamp 2§2. A liquid or gas 212 passes through the transmissive tube 206. In one example, the treatment chamber 208 is at least 80 percent enclosed.

0051[§§46] The transmissive tube 2§δ runs through the chamber 2§8 where it is exposed to ultraviolet light provided by the ultraviolet lamp 2§2. The tube 206 may carry any type of liquid or gas 212, including for example, water, air, experimental reagents, blood components, e.g., red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, beverages for consumption, and the like. Therefore, as the liquid or gas 212 passes through the ultraviolet transmissive tube 2§6, the liquid 212 (or gas) is exposed to ultraviolet photons useful for treating the liquid or gas 212 (and/or items within the liquid or gas 212). A UV monitor 22i monitors the level of UV radiation in the treatment chamber 208.

0052[0047] The treatment chamber 2β8 has an input port 214 and an output port 216 that allow for the ultraviolet transmissive tube 2§6 to run through the chamber 208. In other examples, the roles of the input port 214 and output port 216 are reversed. The input port 214 and the output port 216 are fashioned as such to render the chamber 208 as substantially enclosed as possible. For example, the input port 214 and/or output port 216 may utilize elbow, coiled, or other serpentine paths for gas and/or liquid flow to increase enclosure of the chamber 2#8. To further enhance enclosure, the flow path may be constricted to a smaller diameter and/or the reflective material 210 may be extended to a distance beyond the zone in which light is introduced. Additionally, additional structures such as baffles may also be incorporated into the apparatus to optimize chamber concealment. In any case, any number and combination of the aforementioned techniques, structures, and devices may be used to increase chamber enclosure.

0053[0048] Although the chamber 208 depicted in FIGs. 2-5 is coated with a reflective material 210, understood is that any type of reflective material 210 or reflective structure may be used. For example, the reflective material 210 which may be coated or lined on the inside of the chamber 208 may comprise at least one material, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE), or other similar plastics, and may be coated, anodized, or polished aluminum. In another example, the reflective material 210 may be a reflector such as a diffuse or specular reflector. Any type of specular reflector, in any type of shape, may be used with the present example, In many examples, the reflective material 210 has a high level of reflectivity. For instance, the reflectivity level of the reflective material 210 may be in the range of 80 percent to 100 percent, and some approaches are 90 percent to 100 percent.

0054[0049] Although the exact percent reflectivity of the reflective material 210 may change depending on the particular needs of an apparatus, it should be understood that the higher the reflectivity, the higher the efficiency of the treatment chamber 208. For example, a fully enclosed chamber comprising a material with a 90 percent reflectivity in comparison to a fully enclosed chamber comprising a reflective material with a 99 percent reflectivity will have a lower dose on the target. Assuming that the exemplary target and walls are the only absorbers in the chamber, on average a photon will be reflected back and forth 10 times more in the 99 percent reflective chamber than the 90 percent reflective chamber before being absorbed by the reflective material. Thus, the photons are 10 times more likely to be absorbed by the target in a 99 percent reflective chamber than the 90 percent reflective chamber when the chamber is entirely enclosed. Therefore, the 99 percent reflective chamber delivers 10 times the ultraviolet light dose on the target as the 90 percent reflective chamber.

0055fϋSOJ Similarly, a 99 percent enclosed chamber will deliver a higher ultraviolet light dose on a target than a 90 percent enclosed chamber. In a less enclosed chamber, photons are more likely to be reflected out of the chamber, thus reducing the likelihood of the photons being absorbed by the target. As such, the dosage of ultraviolet light treatment ultimately delivered to a target material is inversely related to absorbance where reflectivity of the apparatus components and enclosability of the chamber affects absorbance.

0056[0051] The ultraviolet lamp 202 may be of any type useful for providing ultraviolet radiation. For example, low pressure mercury lamps, medium pressure mercury lamps, excimer lamps, flashlamps with xenon and other fill mixtures, and microwave-driven lamps may be used. Other examples of lamps are possible. In one example, the ultraviolet lamp 282 provides at least one wavelength less than 400 run to a target for the deactivation or killing of biological materials therein. In another example, the ultraviolet lamp 2§2 provides at least one wavelength less than 400 nm to a target for the destruction of chemical compounds. The ultraviolet lamp 2§2 is connected to a power cable 224 in order to receive power. Additionally, end caps 22 may cover the ends of the lamp 2§2 to provide protection for the lamp 2§2. Furthermore, a lamp ballast 2§8 is also provided to, for example, limit current for the lamp 202.

0057[0052] Furthermore, an additional structure or layer exterior to the reflective material 210 may be provided to protect the reflective material 210, contain pressure, or both. Additionally, the transmissive tube 2§6 (or a protective layer) may contain system pressure.

0058[0053] As mentioned, the ultraviolet lamp 202 is enclosed by the inner sleeve 204, which allows a technician to change out the lamp 2§2 without opening the chamber 2§S. The inner sleeve 2IM and the ultraviolet transmissive tube 206 may be of any material that is substantially transmissive to ultraviolet light. To achieve maximum efficiency of the treatment chamber 208, in some approaches, the material used for the inner sleeve 204 and the transmissive tube 2®δ is near 100 percent transmissivity as possible. In cases where 100 percent transmissivity is not possible, materials, such as fused silica (Heraeus Heralux, Momentive 214), synthetic quartz (Heraeus Suprasil, Momentive 021 and 022), fluorine doped silica (Asahi Glass AQX), and sapphire (Saphikon EFG sapphire), being generally higher than 80 percent transmissive in the wavelengths below 300 nm, are useful.

0059[0§54] Due to the high reflectivity of the reflective material 210 in the present example, the vast majority of the ultraviolet photons are deposited into the liquid or gas (and/or to items within the liquid or gas 212) instead of the walls of the chamber 208. Consequently, the liquid or gas 212 (and/or items in the liquid or gas 212) receive a higher effective dose of radiation for a given input power.

0060[©§55] Due to the lack of losses in other parts of the system, the upper limit to the number of photons that are absorbed by the liquid or gas 212 (and/or items within the liquid or gas 212) is multiplied by a factor roughly equal to the ratio of losses of the wall material of the chamber 208, e.g., as low as 1 percent, to that of stainless steel, e.g., 40 percent. The exact increase in UV dosage is affected by a variety of factors such as the number and size of penetrations into the volume containing the ultraviolet lamp 282 and liquid or gas 212, and any other disruptions in the surface of the reflective material 210. The overall increase in dosage over previous semi- reflective chambers, e.g., stainless steel chambers, is significant.

0061[0056] As mentioned, increased fluence may also be achieved due to a better reflector or reflective surface when using highly transmissive liquids. In this case, a substantial of the surface area, e.g., greater than 80%, surrounding the liquid is highly reflective.

0062[β©57] In still other examples, increased uniformity and increased fluence are achieved. If the trønsmϊssivify of the liquid is substantially high, the increase in uniformity may occur but does impact performance as much as the increased fluence.

0063[0058] The increased dosage described above is accompanied by an unexpected increase in uniformity of the dose throughout the chamber, when compared to a system with a semi- reflective chamber wall. Normally, with higher fluence, a decrease in uniformity is expected, but the effect of minimizing the photon losses other than within the target gas or liquid produces a more uniform deposition of those photons within the target. This effect is essentially independent of geometry and primarily depends on the total reflectivity of the chamber walls or enclosure and on the transmissivity of the components involved.

0064[0059] A separate uniformity-enhancing effect which occurs for a different reason than the one above arises under certain conditions in this chamber. This effect is dependent upon the geometry of the chamber. It is also important only over a range of transmissivities of the liquid or gas 212.^' If the transmissivity of the liquid or gas 212 exceeds 90-95% (attenuation of 5-10%) over the distance from the light source to the chamber wall, then the effect described above does much more to create an unexpected uniformity of fluence in the chamber, and the effect described below is negligible. If the transmissivity is less than 5-10% (attenuation of 90-95%) over the distance from the light source to the chamber wall, then a very small amount of light reaches the chamber wall and once again the effect described below is negligible. For the range of transmissivities in the liquid or gas 212 such that the attenuation falls between nominally 5% and 95%, the effect described below is important in providing more uniform fluence to the target.

0065[0060] Further, the ultraviolet irradiance provided by the present approaches may fall into a variety of different ranges. In one example, the ultraviolet irradiance impinging on the liquid is in a range of approximately 0.01 W/cm² to approximately 20 W/crn². Other examples of ranges are possible.

0066[0061] Referring now to FIGs. 6-8, the light absorption properties of the some present are herein described. The intensity of light which is transmitted through an absorbing medium is governed by Beer's Law:

0067I = T I_oe -αx

0068where I₀ is the initial intensity, x is the distance traveled through the absorbing medium, e is the base of natural logarithms (e = 2.718282), and α is an attenuation constant determined by the characteristics of the medium. If the medium and its dimensions are such that only a significant fraction of the light is absorbed after a single pass through the medium, then the effect shown in Figures 6-8 occurs.

0069[§§62J FIG. 6 plots the intensity of light that enters the medium (Distance = 0) to a particular distance x into the medium (Distance = 1, with arbitrary units) at which the intensity is 1/e, e.g., approximately 1/3, of the incident intensity. If there is a non-reflecting surface at x, then the remaining light is absorbed and the difference in intensity (and therefore, the dose) between Distance = 0 and Distance = wherein x = 0.72.

0070[#§63] FIG. 7 shows the same situation, but with a 100% reflector replacing the non-reflective surface at Distance = x. The reflected light is attenuated at the same rate as the incident light as it travels back through the medium. The intensity of light at a given distance is approximately the sum of the incident and the reflected light. For simplicity, any reflected light from the surface at Distance = 0 is neglected. In many applications, that light would be reabsorbed or transmitted away, so neglecting it is a good approximation in many circumstances. 1§§64J The intensity due to the sum of these two curves is shown in FIG 8. In this case, the peak intensity is higher (1.14 vs. 1.00); and, in addition, the difference in intensity between Distance =

00710 and Distance = x is 1.54. This example shows that the intensity is much more uniform throughout the medium due to the presence of the reflective material. The improvement in uniformity of intensity; therefore, the dose is more than 70% in this example. The improvement in uniformity in intensity results in higher treatment efficiency and a lower peak intensity (less overdosing) to achieve a given dose in the media, both of which are significant improvements over prior reflectorless systems. In other words, FIG. 8 shows the generally uniform light distribution properties of the present approaches described herein.

0072[0065] FIG. 9 illustrates, in a schematic diagram, showing a treatment system having a reflective material 210 disposed on an inner surface of a chamber 208, in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 9 and referring back to like elements shown in FIGS. 2-5, another example of a system for the ultraviolet (UV) treatment of liquids or gases is described. The system includes a lamp 2§2, which is encased within an inner sleeve 204. The inner sleeve 204 is itself enclosed in a transmissive tube 206 (or a protective layer); and the transmissive tube 2§δ is disposed within the treatment chamber 2©8 having a reflective material 210 interposed between the inner sleeve 2§4 and the treatment chamber 2§8. In this example, the reflective material 210 is disposed on an inner surface of the chamber 208 forming a reflective surface. A fluid, e.g., a liquid or gas 212_S passes through the treatment chamber 208. In one example, the treatment chamber 2§8 is at least 80 percent enclosed.

0073[OOfslsJ The chamber 208 may carry any type of liquid or gas 212, including for example, water, air, experimental reagents, blood components, e.g., red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, beverages for consumption, and the like. Therefore, as the liquid or gas 212 passes through the chamber 2§S, the liquid 2Ϊ2 (or gas) is exposed to ultraviolet photons useful for treating the liquid or gas 212 (and/or items within the liquid or gas 212). A UV monitor 22§ monitors the level of UV radiation in the treatment chamber 2§8. [0067] The treatment chamber 2§§ has an input port 214 and aa output port 216 that allow for the liquid or gas 212 to flow through the chamber 2βS. In other examples, the roles of the input port 214 and output port 216 are reversed. The input port 214 and the output port 216 are fashioned as such to render the chamber 2§8 as substantially enclosed as possible. For example, the input port 214 and/or output port 216 may utilize elbow, coiled, or other serpentine paths for gas and/or liquid flow to increase enclosure of the chamber 208. To further enhance enclosure, the flow path may be constricted to a smaller diameter and/or the reflective material 210 may be extended to a distance beyond the zone in which light is introduced. Additionally, additional structures such as baffles may also be incorporated into the apparatus to optimize chamber concealment In any case, any number and combination of the aforementioned techniques, structures, and devices may be used to increase chamber enclosure.

0074[0068] Although the chamber 208, depicted in FIG. 9 and FIGs. 2-5, is coated with a reflective material 210, understood is that any type of reflective material 210 or reflective structure may be used. For example, the reflective material 210 which may be coated or lined on the inside of the chamber 2§8 may comprise at least one material, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE), or other similar plastics, and may be coated, anodized, or polished aluminum. In another example, the reflective material 210 may be a reflector such as a diffuse or specular reflector. Any type of specular reflector, in any type of shape, may be used with the present example. In many examples, the reflective material 210 has a high level of reflectivity. For instance, the reflectivity level of the reflective material 210 may be in the range of 80 percent to 100 percent, and some approaches are 90 percent to 100 percent.

0075[§§69] Although the exact percent reflectivity of the reflective material 210 may change depending on the particular needs of an apparatus, understood is that the higher the reflectivity, the higher the efficiency of the treatment chamber 2§8. For example, a fully enclosed chamber comprising a material with a 90 percent reflectivity in comparison to a fully enclosed chamber comprising a reflective material with a 99 percent reflectivity will have a lower dose on the target. Assuming that the exemplary target and walls are the only absorbers in the chamber, on average a photon will be reflected back and forth 10 times more in the 99 percent reflective chamber than the 90 percent reflective chamber before being absorbed by the reflective material. Thus, the photons are 10 times more likely to be absorbed by the target in a 99 percent reflective chamber than the 90 percent reflective chamber when the chamber is entirely enclosed. Therefore, the 99 percent reflective chamber delivers 10 times the ultraviolet light dose on the target as the 90 percent reflective chamber.

0076[β§7§] Similarly, a 99 percent enclosed chamber will deliver a higher ultraviolet light dose on a target than a 90 percent enclosed chamber. In a less enclosed chamber, photons are more likely to be reflected out of the chamber, thus reducing the likelihood of the photons being absorbed by the target. As such, the dosage of ultraviolet light treatment ultimately delivered to a target material is inversely related to absorbance where reflectivity of the apparatus components and enclosability of the chamber affects absorbance.

0077[0071] The ultraviolet lamp 2§2 may be of any type useful for providing ultraviolet radiation. For example, low pressure mercury lamps, medium pressure mercury lamps, excimer lamps, flashlamps with xenon and other fill mixtures, and microwave-driven lamps may be used. Other examples of lamps are possible. In one example, the ultraviolet lamp 2§2 provides at least one wavelength less than 400 nm to a target for the deactivation or killing of biological materials therein. In another example, the ultraviolet lamp 2©2 provides at least one wavelength less than 400 nm to a target for the destruction of chemical compounds. The ultraviolet lamp 2§2 is connected to a power cable 224 in order to receive power. Additionally, end caps 22 may cover the ends of the lamp 2§2 to provide protection for the lamp 2§2. Furthermore, a lamp ballast 2§8 is also provided to, for example, limit current for the lamp 202.

007810(172} Furthermore, an additional structure or layer exterior to the reflective material 210 may be provided to protect the reflective material 210, contain pressure, or both. Additionally, the transmissive tube 206 (or a protective layer) may contain system pressure.

0079[0073] As mentioned, the ultraviolet lamp 2©2 is enclosed by the inner sleeve 2§4, which allows a technician to change out the lamp 2§2 without opening the chamber 208. The inner sleeve 204 may be of any material that is substantially transmissive to ultraviolet light. To achieve maximum efficiency of the treatment chamber 208, in some approaches, the material used for the inner sleeve 204 is near 100 percent transmϊssivity as possible. In cases where 100 percent transmissivϊty is not possible, materials, such as fused silica (Heraeus Heralux, Momentive 214), synthetic quartz (Heraeus Suprasii, Momentive 021 and 022), fluorine doped silica (AsaM Glass AQX), and sapphire (Saphikon EFG sapphire), being generally higher than 80 percent transmissive in the wavelengths below 300 nm, are useful.

0080[0074] Due to the high reflectivity of the reflective material 210 in the present example, the vast majority of the ultraviolet photons are deposited into the liquid or gas (and/or to items within the liquid or gas 212) instead of the walls of the chamber 208. Consequently, the liquid or gas 212 (and/or items in the liquid or gas 212) receive a higher effective dose of radiation for a given input power,

0081[0075] Due to the lack of losses in other parts of the system, the upper limit to the number of photons that are absorbed by the liquid or gas 212 (and/or items within the liquid or gas 212) is multiplied by a factor roughly equal to the ratio of losses of the wall material of the chamber 2§S, e.g., as low as 1 percent, to that of stainless steel, e.g., 40 percent. The exact increase in UV dosage is affected by a variety of factors such as the number and size of penetrations into the volume containing the ultraviolet lamp 2β2 and liquid or gas 212, and any other disruptions in the surface of the reflective material 210. The overall increase in dosage over previous semi- reflective chambers, e.g., stainless steel chambers, is significant.

0082[0§76] As mentioned, increased fiuence may also be achieved due to a better reflector or reflective surface when using highly transmissive liquids. In this case, a substantial of the surface area, e.g., greater than 80%, surrounding the liquid is highly reflective.

0083[ΘO77| In still other examples, increased uniformity and increased fiuence are achieved. If the transmissivity of the liquid is substantially high, the increase in uniformity may occur but does impact performance as much as the increased fiuence.

0084{©§78] The increased dosage described above is accompanied by an unexpected increase in uniformity of the dose throughout the chamber, when compared to a system with a semi- reflective chamber wall. Normally, with higher fluence, a decrease in uniformity is expected, but the effect of minimizing the photon losses other than within the target gas or liquid produces a more uniform deposition of those photons within the target. This effect is essentially independent of geometry and primarily depends on the total reflectivity of the chamber walls or enclosure and on the transmissivϊty of the components involved.

0085[0079] A separate uniformity-enhancing effect which occurs for a different reason than the one above arises under certain conditions in this chamber. This effect is dependent upon the geometry of the chamber. It is also important only over a range of transmissivitϊes of the liquid or gas 212. If the transmissivity of the liquid or gas 212 exceeds 90-95% (attenuation of 5-10%) over the distance from the light source to the chamber wall, then the effect described above does much more to create an unexpected uniformity of fluence in the chamber, and the effect described below is negligible. If the transmissivity is less than 5-10% (attenuation of 90-95%) over the distance from the light source to the chamber wall, then a very small amount of light reaches the chamber wall and once again the effect described below is negligible. For the range of transmissivities in the liquid or gas 212 such that the attenuation falls between nominally 5% and 95%, the effect described below is important in providing more uniform fluence to the target.

0086[0080] Further, the ultraviolet irradiance provided by the present approaches may fall into a variety of different ranges. In one example, the ultraviolet irradiance impinging on the liquid is in a range of approximately 0.01 W/cm² to approximately 20 W/cm². Other examples of ranges are possible.

0087[OiSl] Referring back to FIGs. 6-8 in relation to FIG. 9, the light absorption properties of the some present are herein described. The intensity of light which Is transmitted through an absorbing medium is governed by Beer's Law:

0088I = I_oe-^αx

0089where I₀ is the initial intensity, x is the distance traveled through the absorbing medium, e is the base of natural logarithms (e = 2.718282), and α is an attenuation constant determined by the characteristics of the medium. If the medium and its dimensions are such that only a significant fraction of the light is absorbed after a single pass through the medium, then the effect shown in Figures 6-8 occurs.

0090[0082] FIG. 10 illustrates, in a schematic diagram, showing a treatment system having a reflective material 210 disposed on an outer surface of a UV-transmissive tube 206, in accordance with another alternative embodiment of the present inventors. In FIG. 10 and referring back to like elements shown in FIGS. 2-5, another alternate example of a system for the ultraviolet (UV) treatment of liquids or gases is described. The system includes a lamp 2β2, which is encased within an inner sleeve 204. The inner sleeve 2§4 is itself enclosed in a transmissive tube 206 (or a protective layer); and the transmissive tube 2§6 is disposed within a treatment chamber 2§8. The treatment chamber 2OS has a reflective material 210 interposed between the transmissive tube 206 and the treatment chamber 208. hi this example, the reflective material 210 is disposed on the outer surface of the transmissive tube 206 forming a reflective surface. Alternatively, the reflective material 210 may be attached to the transmissive tube 206 or the reflective material 210 may be a freestanding structure. Other placements and configurations for the reflective material 210 are possible. A liquid or gas 212 passes through the transmissive tube 206. In one example, the treatment chamber 208 is at least 80 percent enclosed.

0091[0O83J The transmissive tube 206 runs through the chamber 2#8 where it is exposed to ultraviolet light provided by the ultraviolet lamp 202. The tube 206 may carry any type of liquid or gas 212, including for example, water, air, experimental reagents, blood components, e.g., red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, beverages for consumption, and the like. Therefore, as the liquid or gas 212 passes through the ultraviolet transmissive tube 206, the liquid 212 (or gas) is exposed to ultraviolet photons useful for treating the liquid or gas 212 (and/or items within the liquid or gas 212). A UV monitor 22§ monitors the level of UV radiation in the treatment chamber 208.

0092[0084] The treatment chamber 208 has an input port 214 and an output port 216 that allow for the ultraviolet transmissive tube 206 to run through the chamber 208. In other examples, the roles of the input port 214 and output port 216 are reversed. The input port 214 and the output port 216 are fashioned as such to render the chamber 2§8 as substantially enclosed as possible. For example, the input port 214 and/or output port 216 may utilize elbow, coiled, or other serpentine paths for gas and/or liquid flow to increase enclosure of the chamber 2§8. To further enhance enclosure, the flow path may be constricted to a smaller diameter and/or the reflective material 210 may be extended to a distance beyond the zone in which light is introduced. Additionally, additional structures such as baffles may also be incorporated into the apparatus to optimize chamber concealment. In any case, any number and combination of the aforementioned techniques, structures, and devices may be used to increase chamber enclosure.

0093[008S] Although the chamber 2§8 depicted in FIGs. 2-5 is coated with a reflective material 210, understood is that any type of reflective material 210 or reflective structure may be used. For example, the reflective material 210 which may be coated or lined on the inside of the chamber 2§8 may comprise at least one material, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE), or other similar plastics, and may be coated, anodized, or polished aluminum. In another example, the reflective material 210 may be a reflector such as a diffuse or specular reflector. Any type of specular reflector, in any type of shape, may be used with the present example. In many examples, the reflective material 210 has a high level of reflectivity. For instance, the reflectivity level of the reflective material 210 may be in the range of 80 percent to 100 percent, and some approaches are 90 percent to 100 percent.

0094[0086] Although the exact percent reflectivity of the reflective material 210 may change depending on the particular needs of an apparatus, it should be understood that the higher the reflectivity, the higher the efficiency of the treatment chamber 208. For example, a fully enclosed chamber comprising a material with a 90 percent reflectivity in comparison to a MIy enclosed chamber comprising a reflective material with a 99 percent reflectivity will have a lower dose on the target. Assuming that the exemplary target and walls are the only absorbers in the chamber, on average a photon will be reflected back and forth 10 times more in the 99 percent reflective chamber than the 90 percent reflective chamber before being absorbed by the reflective material. Thus, the photons are 10 times more likely to be absorbed by the target in a 99 percent reflective chamber than the 90 percent reflective chamber when the chamber is entirely enclosed. Therefore, the 99 percent reflective chamber delivers 10 times the ultraviolet light dose on the target as the 90 percent reflective chamber.

0095[§§871 Similarly, a 99 percent enclosed chamber will deliver a higher ultraviolet light dose on a target than a 90 percent enclosed chamber. In a less enclosed chamber, photons are more likely to be reflected out of the chamber, thus reducing the likelihood of the photons being absorbed by the target As such, the dosage of ultraviolet light treatment ultimately delivered to a target material is inversely related to absorbance where reflectivity of the apparatus components and enciosabϊlity of the chamber affects absorbance.

0096[§§88J The ultraviolet lamp 202 may be of any type useful for providing ultraviolet radiation. For example, low pressure mercury lamps, medium pressure mercury lamps, exclmer lamps, flasMamps with xenon and other fill mixtures, and microwave-driven lamps may be used. Other examples of lamps are possible. In one example, the ultraviolet lamp 202 provides at least one wavelength less than 400 run to a target for the deactivation or killing of biological materials therein. In another example, the ultraviolet lamp 2©2 provides at least one wavelength less than 400 nm to a target for the destruction of chemical compounds. The ultraviolet lamp 282 is connected to a power cable 224 in order to receive power. Additionally, end caps 22 may cover the ends of the lamp 202 to provide protection for the lamp 202. Furthermore, a lamp ballast 208 is also provided to, for example, limit current for the lamp 202.

0097[§§89] Furthermore, an additional structure or layer exterior to the reflective material 210 may be provided to protect the reflective material 210, contain pressure, or both. Additionally, the transmlsslve tube 2©6 (or a protective layer) may contain system pressure.

0098[0090] As mentioned, the ultraviolet lamp 202 is enclosed by the Inner sleeve 204, which allows a technician to change out the lamp 2§2 without opening the chamber 208. The inner sleeve 204 and the ultraviolet transmissive tube 206 may be of any material that is substantially transmissive to ultraviolet light. To achieve maximum efficiency of the treatment chamber 2§8, in some approaches, the material used for the inner sleeve 204 and the transmissive tube 206 is near 100 percent transmlssivity as possible. In cases where 100 percent transmisslvity is not possible, materials, such as fused silica (Heraeus Heralux, Moment! ve 214), synthetic quartz (Heraeus Suprasil, Momentive 021 and 022), fluorine doped silica (Asahϊ Glass AQX), and sapphire (Saphikoii EFG sapphire), being generally higher than 80 percent transmissive in the wavelengths below 300 nm, are useful.

0099[0091] Due to the high reflectivity of the reflective material 210 in the present example, the vast majority of the ultraviolet photons are deposited into the liquid or gas (and/or to items within the liquid or gas 212) instead of the walls of the chamber 208. Consequently, the liquid or gas 212 (and/or items in the liquid or gas 212) receive a higher effective dose of radiation for a given input power.

0100[0092] Due to the lack of losses in other parts of the system, the upper limit to the number of photons that are absorbed by the liquid or gas 212 (and/or items within the liquid or gas 212) is multiplied by a factor roughly equal to the ratio of losses of the wall material of the chamber 2β8, e.g., as low as 1 percent, to that of stainless steel, e.g., 40 percent. The exact increase in UV dosage is affected by a variety of factors such as the number and size of penetrations into the volume containing the ultraviolet lamp 2©2 and liquid or gas 212, and any other disruptions in the surface of the reflective material 210. The overall increase in dosage over previous semi- reflective chambers, e.g., stainless steel chambers, is significant

0101[0093] As mentioned, increased fluence may also be achieved due to a better reflector or reflective surface when using highly transmissive liquids. In this case, a substantial of the surface area, e.g., greater than 80%, surrounding the liquid is highly reflective.

0102{#094J I^fl still other examples, increased uniformity and increased fluence are achieved. If the transmissivity of the liquid is substantially high, the increase in uniformity may occur but does impact performance as much as the increased fluence.

0103[0095] The increased dosage described above is accompanied by an unexpected increase in uniformity of the dose throughout the chamber, when compared to a system with a semi- reflective chamber wall. Normally, with higher fluence, a decrease in uniformity is expected, but the effect of minimizing the photon losses other than within the target gas or liquid produces a more uniform deposition of those photons within the target. This effect is essentially independent of geometry and primarily depends on the total reflectivity of the chamber walls or enclosure and on the transmissivity of the components involved.

0104[§β96| A separate uniformity-enhancing effect which occurs for a different reason than the one above arises under certain conditions in this chamber. This effect is dependent upon the geometry of the chamber. It is also important only over a range of transmissivities of the liquid or gas 212. If the transmissivity of the liquid or gas 212 exceeds 90-95% (attenuation of 5-10%) over the distance from the light source to the chamber wall, then the effect described above does much more to create an unexpected uniformity of fluence in the chamber, and the effect described below is negligible. If the transmissivity is less than 5-10% (attenuation of 90-95%) over the distance from the light source to the chamber wall, then a very small amount of light reaches the chamber wall and once again the effect described below is negligible. For the range of transmissivities in the liquid or gas 212 such that the attenuation falls between nominally 5% and 95%, the effect described below is important in providing more uniform fluence to the target.

0105[0097] Further, the ultraviolet irradiance provided by the present approaches may fall into a variety of different ranges. In one example, the ultraviolet irradiance impinging on the liquid is in a range of approximately 0.01 W/cm² to approximately 20 W/cm². Other examples of ranges are possible.

0106[0098] Referring back to FIGs. 6-8 in relation to FIG. 10, the light absorption properties of the some present are herein described. The intensity of light which is transmitted through an absorbing medium is governed by Beer's Law:

0107I = I_oe^"ax

0108where I₀ is the initial intensity, x is the distance traveled through the absorbing medium, e is the base of natural logarithms (e = 2.718282), and α is an attenuation constant determined by the characteristics of the medium. If the medium and its dimensions are such that only a significant fraction of the light is absorbed after a single pass through the medium, then the effect shown in Figures 6-8 occurs.

0109[0099] Information, as herein shown and described in detail is folly capable of attaining the above-described object of the invention, the presently preferred embodiment of the invention, and is, thus, representative of the subject matter which is broadly contemplated by the present invention. The scope of the present invention folly encompasses other embodiments which may become obvious to those skilled in the art, and is to be limited, accordingly, by nothing other than the appended claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean "one and only one" unless explicitly so stated, but rather "one or more." All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the above-described preferred embodiment and additional embodiments that are known to those of ordinary skill in the art are hereby expressly incorporated by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the present claims.

0110[0100] Moreover, no requirement exists for a device or method to address each and every problem sought to be resolved by the present invention, for such to be encompassed by the present claims. Furthermore, no element, component, or method step in the present disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether the element, component, or method step is explicitly recited in the claims. However, that various changes and modifications in form, material, and fabrication material detail may be made, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims, should be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. No claim herein is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. § 112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase "means for."

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

0112[0101] The present invention industrially applies to the treatment of fluids using ultraviolet light. More specifically, the present invention industrially applies to the treatment of fluids using ultraviolet light. Even more specifically, the present invention industrially applies to the treatment of fluids using ultraviolet light for deactivating microorganisms.