Multiple glazing unit including at least one anti-glare coating, and use of an anti-glare coating in a multiple glazing unit

0001The invention relates to a multiple glazing unit having, within the meaning of the invention, at least three substrates, of the glass substrate type, which are held together by a frame structure, in which at least two intermediate gas strips are each disposed between two substrates.

0002The invention more particularly relates to triple glazing comprising three substrates which are held together by a frame structure, wherein two intermediate gas strips are each disposed between two substrates.

0003The invention also relates to the use of substrates for manufacturing multiple glazing of thermal insulation and / or sun protection.

0004These multiple glazings can be intended both to equip buildings and vehicles, in particular to reduce the air conditioning effort and / or prevent excessive overheating (so-called "solar control" glazing) and / or reduce the amount energy dissipated to the outside (glazing so-called "low emissive") driven by the ever increasing importance of glazed surfaces in buildings and vehicle interiors.

0005These windows can also be integrated in glazing with special features, such as heated windows or electrochromic windows.

0006A type of layer stack known to give substrates such thermal insulation and / or sun protection properties consists of a functional metallic layer with infrared reflection properties and / or solar radiation, in particular a metallic functional layer based on silver or metal alloy containing silver.

0007In this type of stack, the functional layer is thus disposed between two dielectric coatings each generally comprising a plurality of layers each of which is a dielectric material of the nitride type, and in particular of silicon or aluminum nitride or of the oxide type. From an optical point of view, the purpose of these coatings which frame the functional metallic layer is to "antireflect" this metallic functional layer.

0008A blocking coating is however sometimes interposed between one or each dielectric coating and the functional metal layer, the blocking coating disposed under the functional layer towards the substrate protects it during a possible heat treatment at high temperature, the bending type and and / or quenching and the blocking coating disposed on the functional layer opposite the substrate protects this layer from possible degradation during the deposition of the upper dielectric coating and during a possible heat treatment at high temperature, such as bending and / or quenching.

0009Currently, there are stacks of low-emitting thin films with a single functional layer (hereinafter referred to as "functional monolayer stacking"), based on silver, having when mounted in a conventional double glazing consisting of two 4 mm glass sheets separated by a 90% argon and 10% 16 mm thick gas blade, one of whose sheets is coated with the functional monolayer stack : the most interior leaf of the building when one considers the incidental sense of solar light entering the building; on its face turned towards the gas blade (configuration: 4-16 (Ar-90%) - 4 in which the functional monolayer stack is on the inside face called "face 3"):<ul><li>a light transmission in the visible T_The from 75 to 80% or more;</li><li>a luminous reflection in the visible R_The on the order of 20 to 10%; even less;</li><li>a solar factor (also called "g-value" or "g-value" in English) of at least 0.6 and of the order of 0.63 to 0.68; see more ; and</li><li>a heat transfer coefficient (also called "U value" or "U-value in English) equal to or less than 1.5 and of the order of 1.2 to 1.1; even slightly less.</li></ul>

0010In a triple-glazed structure, the carrier substrate of the insulating coating may be face 2 and / or face 3 and / or face 5, when it is considered that the incident direction of sunlight passes through the faces in the ascending order of their number and beginning to note the outermost face by the number 1.

0011However, the integration of this (or these) coating (s) insulating (s), if it actually improves the thermal insulation by reducing the heat transfer coefficient, also causes a decrease in light transmission in the visible and a decrease in the solar factor.

0012Thus, the multiple glazing appears less transparent in the visible than the double glazing such as that presented above and the energy gain inside the housing by the solar radiation is less.

0013The object of the invention is to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art, by developing a new type of multiple glazing which has a high light transmission and a high solar factor, at least a light transmission and a factor similar to double glazing with reinforced thermal insulation.

0014The invention thus has, in its broadest sense, a multiple glazing unit according to claim 1.

0015"Antireflection coating" means any element or optical interference system having an exact refractive index or an average refractive index which is between that of glass (index n of about 1.5) and that of air (index n of about 1).

0016The optical indices (also referred to as "refractive indexes") shown herein are those measured at the wavelength of 550 nm, as usually.

0017A central substrate whose two faces are each in contact with an intermediate gas blade preferably comprises, on at least one face in contact with an intermediate gas blade, and preferably on both sides, an antireflection coating.

0018Preferably, vis-à-vis with respect to all the intermediate gas blades, one face of a substrate comprises an antireflection coating and the other side of the other substrate comprises an insulating coating with reflection properties in the infrared and / or in solar radiation.

0019Said insulating coating comprises a low-emissive thin film stack or solar control stack, this stack comprising a functional layer with reflective properties in the infrared and / or in the solar radiation, metallic, based on silver or alloy metallic containing silver.

0020Said thin-film stack comprises a silver-containing metal or silver-containing metal functional layer and two dielectric coatings, said coatings each comprising at least one dielectric layer, said functional layer being disposed between the two dielectric coatings, the functional layer being optionally deposited directly on a sub-blocking coating disposed between the functional layer and the dielectric coating underlying the functional layer.

0021The thin film stack comprises a single metallic functional layer based on silver or metal alloy containing silver. The ratio of the optical thickness of the underlying dielectric coating to the optical thickness of the overlying dielectric coating is preferably between 1.05 and 1.4 including these values, possibly between 1.08 and 1. , 3 including these values.

0022Said dielectric coating underlying the functional layer preferably comprises a highly refractive dielectric layer, this highly refractive layer having an optical index greater than 2.2, and preferably between 2.3 and 2.8 including these values, possibly between 2.4 and 2.7 including these values.

0023The present invention also relates to the use according to claim 7. An antireflection coating is thus used on at least one side of at least one substrate to produce a multiple glazing according to the invention comprising at least three substrates which are held together. by a frame structure and wherein at least two intermediate gas strips are each disposed between two substrates, said antireflection coating being in contact with an intermediate gas plate and facing said intermediate gas plate with an insulating coating with reflection properties in the infrared and / or in solar radiation.

0024In the context of this use, the face (s) comprising said antireflection coating is (or preferably) the face (s) of the central substrate of the multiple glazing, said faces each being contact with an intermediate gas blade.

0025Preferably, vis-à-vis with respect to all the intermediate gas plates, one face of a substrate comprises an antireflection coating and the other face of the other substrate comprises an insulating coating with reflection properties in the infrared and / or in solar radiation.

0026In use, said insulating coating comprises a low-emissive or solar control thin-film stack, this stack comprising a single functional layer with infrared reflection properties and / or solar radiation, metallic, based on silver or metal alloy containing silver.

0027The said thin film stack comprises a silver-containing metal or silver-containing metal functional layer and two dielectric coatings. Said coatings each comprising at least one dielectric layer, said functional layer being disposed between the two dielectric coatings, the functional layer being optionally deposited directly on a sub-blocking coating disposed between the functional layer and the dielectric coating underlying the layer functional.

0028This stack of monolayer functional layers when it is low-emissive, has a low resistance per square (and therefore a low emissivity), a high light transmission and a relatively neutral color, especially in reflection side layers (but also opposite side: "Substrate side"), and these properties are preferably kept in a restricted range whether the stack is undergoing or not, a (or) heat treatment (s) at high temperature of the bending and / or quenching type and / or or annealing.

0029The dielectric layer which is at least included in each dielectric coating, as defined above, has an optical index between 1.6 and 2.8 by including these values, or preferably between 1.9 and 2.2. including these values, unless it is a highly refractive dielectric layer.

0030The low-emissive stack according to the invention is such that the resistance per square R in ohms per square of the functional layer (which is directly related to the emissivity) is less than 10 ohms / square and of the order of about 5 to 3 ohms / square.

0031In a particular variant, at least one dielectric coating, the underlying dielectric coating and / or the overlying dielectric coating, comprises (s) at least one dielectric layer based on silicon nitride, optionally doped with the aid of at least one other element, such as aluminum.

0032In a particular variant, the last layer of the underlying dielectric coating, the furthest away from the substrate, is an oxide-based wetting layer, in particular based on zinc oxide, optionally doped with the aid of at least one other element, such as aluminum.

0033In a very particular variant, the underlying dielectric coating comprises at least one non-crystallized smoothing layer made of a mixed oxide, said smoothing layer being in contact with a crystallized overlying wetting layer and in particular a layer based on zinc oxide.

0034Preferably, the underblocking coating comprises a thin layer based on nickel or titanium having a geometric thickness e such that 0.2 nm ≤ e ≤ 1.8 nm.

0035In a particular version, at least one nickel-based thin layer, and in particular that of the overblocking coating, comprises chromium, preferably in mass quantities of 80% of Ni and 20% of Cr.

0036In another particular version, at least one nickel-based thin layer, and in particular that of the overblocking coating, comprises titanium, preferably in mass quantities of 50% of Ni and 50% of Ti.

0037The last layer of the overlying dielectric coating, that furthest away from the substrate, is preferably based on oxide, preferably deposited under stoichiometric, and in particular is based on titanium (TiO 2_x) or mixed zinc and tin oxide (SnZnO)_x), or based on zirconium oxide (ZrO 2)_x), optionally doped with another element at a maximum of 10% by mass.

0038The stack can thus include a last layer ("overcoat" in English), that is to say a protective layer, preferably deposited stoichiometric. This layer is essentially oxidized stoichiometrically in the stack after deposition.

0039This protective layer preferably has a thickness of between 0.5 and 10 nm.

0040In the glazing according to the invention, each substrate may be monolithic and may be clear, extra-clear or even colored.

0041In the glazing unit according to the invention, at least one substrate may have a laminated structure, in particular associating at least two rigid substrates of the glass type with at least one sheet of thermoplastic polymer, in order to present a structure of the glass / sheet (s) type. polymer / glass. The polymer may in particular be based on polyvinyl butyral PVB, ethylene vinyl acetate EVA, PET polyethylene terephthalate, PVC vinyl polyvinyl chloride.

0042The substrates of the glazing according to the invention are preferably capable of undergoing heat treatment without damage to the antireflective coating (s) and / or to the insulating coating (s).

0043These substrates are therefore optionally curved and / or tempered.

0044Advantageously, the present invention thus makes it possible to produce multiple glazing, and in particular triple glazing, having a favorable aesthetic very close to that of double glazing (T_Lvis ≥ 60%, R_Lvis ≤ 30%, neutral reflection colors), but with much better thermal insulation characteristics and a solar factor similar to comparable double glazing.

0045Advantageously also, the multiple glazing integrates at least on the one hand an antireflection coating and on the other hand an insulating coating with reflective properties in the infrared and / or in the solar radiation that are opposite one another. the other with respect to an intermediate gas blade and which are thus both protected from external aggression. It is therefore not necessary to provide that these coatings are mechanically and chemically resistant.

0046Moreover, the glazings according to the invention are easy to manufacture and allow to achieve interesting energy characteristics for a low development cost.

0047The details and advantageous characteristics of the invention emerge from the following nonlimiting examples, illustrated with the aid of the attached figures:<ul><li>the <figref idref="f0001">figure 1</figref> illustrates a cross-sectional view of a double glazing of the prior art according to Example 1;</li><li>the <figref idref="f0001">figure 2</figref> illustrates a cross-sectional view of triple glazing according to Example 2;</li><li>the <figref idref="f0002">figure 3</figref> illustrates a cross-sectional view of a triple glazing according to the invention, Example 3;</li><li>the <figref idref="f0002">figure 4</figref> illustrates a cross-sectional view of another triple glazing according to the invention, Example 4;</li><li>the <figref idref="f0003">figure 5</figref> illustrates a cross-sectional view of a quadruple glazing according to the invention; and</li><li>The <figref idref="f0003">figure 6</figref> illustrates an insulating coating according to the invention comprising a functional monolayer stack, the functional layer being provided with a sub-blocking coating and an over-blocking coating and the stack being further provided with a protective coating optional.</li></ul>

0048In these figures, the proportions between the different elements are not respected in order to facilitate their reading.

0049The <figref idref="f0001">figure 1</figref> illustrates the realization of a double glazing 80 (DGU) of the prior art having the configuration: 4-16 (Ar 90%) - 4, that is to say consisting of two sheets of transparent glass of 4 mm, each producing a substrate 10, 30, separated by an intermediate gas blade 15 at 90% argon and 10% air with a thickness of 16 mm, the whole being held together by a frame structure 90.

0050One of the glass sheets, the substrate 30, is coated on its inner face 29 facing the intermediate gas plate with an insulating coating 26 consisting of a functional monolayer stack described below: the innermost sheet of the building when we consider the incident sense of sunlight entering the building illustrated by the double arrow pointing on the figure from Left to right (the functional single-layer stack is thus on the inside face called "face 3") .

0051This embodiment constitutes Example 1 below.

0052The <figref idref="f0003">figure 6</figref> The structure of the functional monolayer stack deposited on the glass substrate, in which the single functional layer 140 is disposed between two dielectric coatings, the underlying dielectric coating 120 located below the functional layer 140 towards the substrate 30 is illustrated. and the overlying dielectric coating 160 disposed above the functional layer 140 away from the substrate 30.

0053These two dielectric coatings 120, 160 each comprise at least one dielectric layer 122, 124, 126; 162, 164, 166.

0054Optionally, on the one hand, the functional layer 140 may be deposited on a sub-blocking coating 130 placed between the underlying dielectric coating 120 and the functional layer 140, and on the other hand the functional layer 140 may be deposited directly under a sub-blocking coating 130. overlocking coating 150 disposed between the functional layer 140 and the overlying dielectric coating 160.

0055On the <figref idref="f0003">figure 6</figref> it can be seen that the lower dielectric coating 120 comprises three dielectric layers 122, 124 and 126, that the upper dielectric coating 160 comprises three dielectric layers 162, 164, 166 and that this dielectric coating 160 ends with an optional protective layer, in particular based on oxide, in particular under stoichiometric oxygen.

0056Table 1 below illustrates the geometrical thicknesses (and not the optical thicknesses) in nanometers of each of the layers of the insulating coating which has been used for all Examples 2 to 4 below:<tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="all"><title><u>Table 1</u></title><tgroup cols="3"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="17mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="22mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="10mm" /><thead><row><entry align="center" valign="top">Layer</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Material</entry><entry align="center" valign="top" /></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center">166</entry><entry align="center">SnZnO_xSb</entry><entry align="center">2</entry></row><row><entry align="center">164</entry><entry align="center">Yes₃NOT₄Al</entry><entry align="center">25</entry></row><row><entry align="center">162</entry><entry align="center">ZnO: Al</entry><entry align="center">5</entry></row><row><entry align="center">150</entry><entry align="center">Ti</entry><entry align="center">1</entry></row><row><entry align="center">140</entry><entry align="center">Ag</entry><entry align="center">10</entry></row><row><entry align="center">126</entry><entry align="center">ZnO: Al</entry><entry align="center">5</entry></row><row><entry align="center">124</entry><entry align="center">TiO₂</entry><entry align="center">15</entry></row><row><entry align="center">122</entry><entry align="center">SnO₂</entry><entry align="center">15</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0057The underlying dielectric coating 120 comprises a tin oxide dielectric layer 122 SnO₂ (of index n = 2.0) and at least one dielectric layer 124 highly refractive titanium dioxide TiO₂ (of index n = 2.4), said dielectric layer 124 being in contact with an overlying fading dielectric layer 126 which makes it possible to improve the crystallization of silver, which improves its conductivity.

0058In this stack, the wetting layer, as well as the dielectric layer 162, are zinc oxide doped with aluminum ZnO: Al (index n = 1.9) which has been deposited from a metal target consisting of zinc doped with 2% by weight of aluminum.

0059The dielectric layer 164 is of silicon nitride Si₃NOT₄ doped with 8% by weight of aluminum (of index n = 2.0).

0060The dielectric layer 166 is a terminating and protective layer and is here a mixed oxide of zinc and tin which is doped with antimony (of index n = 2.0), this layer having been deposited from a metal target consisting of mass ratios 65: 34: 1 respectively for Zn: Sn: Sb.

0061It is found that the optical thickness of the underlying dielectric coating 120 is: 15x2 + 15x2.4 + 5x1.9 = 75.5 nm and that the optical thickness of the overlying dielectric coating 160 is: 5x1.9 + 25x2 + 2x2 = 63.5; an optical thickness ratio e₁₂₀/ e₁₆₀ = 1.19.

0062On this basis, triple glazings (TGU) have been made.

0063An example 2 of multiple glazing 100 consisting of triple glazing was made. This glazing, illustrated in<figref idref="f0001">figure 2</figref>, has the configuration: 4-12 (Ar 90%) - 4-12 (Ar 90%) - 4, that is to say that it consists of three sheets of transparent glass of 4 mm, each making one 10, 20, 30, separated by two by two by an intermediate gas blade 15, 25 to 90% argon and 10% air each of a thickness of 12 mm, all being held together by a structure of chassis 90.

0064The two outer substrates 10, 30 of this triple glazing are each coated, on its inner face 11, 29 facing the intermediate gas plate 15, 25, with an insulating coating 14, 26 consisting of the functional single-layer stack described above: the functional monolayer stacks are thus in so-called "face 2" and "face 5" faces.

0065The central substrate 20 of this triple glazing, the one of which the two faces 19, 21 are in contact respectively with the intermediate gas blades 15 and 25, is coated with no coating on any of these faces.

0066This example 2 provides a better thermal insulation than the double glazing of Example 1, which results in a lower U-value, but the light transmittance of glazing is lower than that of the double glazing example 1 and its solar factor is also lower.

0067To remedy this problem, an example 3 of triple glazing, illustrated in <figref idref="f0002">figure 3</figref>was made according to the invention. This triple glazing has the same configuration of multiple glazing as Example 2: 4-12 (Ar 90%) - 4-12 (Ar 90%) - 4, that is to say it consists of three 4 mm transparent glass sheets, each providing a substrate 10, 20, 30, separated two by two by an intermediate gas plate 15, 25 to 90% argon and 10% air each of a thickness of 12 mm, all being held together by a frame structure 90.

0068As for Example 2, the two outer substrates 10, 30 of this triple glazing are each coated, on its inner face 11, 29 facing the intermediate gas plate 15, 25, with an insulating coating 14, 26 constituted by of the functional monolayer stack described above: the functional monolayer stacks are thus in so-called "face 2" and "face 5" faces).

0069However, in the context of Example 3, the two faces 19, 21 of the central substrate 20 of this triple glazing, which are respectively in contact with the intermediate gas plates 15 and 25, are each coated with an antireflection coating 18 , 22.

0070This example 3 provides a thermal insulation as good as that of Example 2, which results in an identical U coefficient, but the light transmission glazing is higher than that of the triple glazing of Example 2 and its solar factor is also higher: it is then possible to obtain a light transmission and a solar factor substantially identical to those of the double glazing of Example 1.

0071Another example of triple glazing, Example 4, illustrated in <figref idref="f0002">figure 4</figref>was made according to the invention. This triple glazing has the same configuration as Examples 2 and 3: 4-12 (Ar 90%) - 4-12 (Ar 90%) -4, that is to say it consists of three sheets of 4 mm transparent glass, each producing a substrate 10, 20, 30, separated two by two by an intermediate gas blade 15, 25 to 90% argon and 10% air each of a thickness of 12 mm, all being held together by a frame structure 90.

0072However, in the context of Example 4, the substrates 20, 30 of this triple glazing are each coated, on its inner face 19, 29 facing the intermediate gas blade 15, 25, with an insulating coating 16, 26 consisting of the functional monolayer stack described above: the functional monolayer stacks are thus face faces "face 3" and "face 5); Moreover, the two faces 11, 21 of the substrates 10, 20 of this triple glazing, which are respectively in contact with the intermediate gas blades 15 and 25, are each coated with an antireflection coating 12, 22.

0073This example 4 provides a thermal insulation as good as that of Example 3, which results in an identical U coefficient, and a light transmission as high as that of the triple glazing of Example 3, but a solar factor even higher than that of Example 3.

0074For the examples according to the invention, the antireflection coating 12, 18, 22 consists of a stack of four thin layers of structure: Substrate / Si₃NOT₄ / SiO₂ / Yes₃NOT₄ / SiO₂

0075This coating thus has, starting from the substrate, a succession: high index, low index, high index, low index.

0076It has been produced according to the teaching of the international patent application No. <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="WO2007104874A"><text>WO 2007/104874</text></patcit>.

0077However, such a deposit of thin layers can be replaced by any equivalent antireflection coating, especially any antireflection coating based on porous layer, such as those known to the teaching of the international patent application No. <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="WO2008059170A"><text>WO 2008/059170</text></patcit>.

0078Such a deposition of thin layers may also be replaced by any equivalent antireflection coating consisting of a treatment of the surface of the glass by etching, as known for example from US Pat. <patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="US2490662A"><text>US 2,490,662</text></patcit> ; it is thus possible to create a squeletized silicate structure having a refractive index between 1.0 and 1.3 on a thickness of the order of 50 to 200 nm, and preferably 60 to 150 nm, on the surface of the substrate .

0079Table 2 below summarizes the main characteristics of Examples 1 to 4:<tables id="tabl0002" num="0002"><table frame="all"><title><u>Table 2</u></title><tgroup cols="5"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="18mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="12mm" /><thead><row><entry align="center" valign="top">Layer</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Ex. 1</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Ex. 2</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Ex. 3</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Ex. 4</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center">T_Lvis (%)</entry><entry align="center">80</entry><entry align="center">74</entry><entry align="center">79</entry><entry align="center">79</entry></row><row><entry align="center">R_Lvis (%)</entry><entry align="center">12</entry><entry align="center">15</entry><entry align="center">10</entry><entry align="center">10</entry></row><row><entry align="center">g</entry><entry align="center">0.63</entry><entry align="center">0.6</entry><entry align="center">0.62</entry><entry align="center">0.66</entry></row><row><entry align="center">U</entry><entry align="center">1.1</entry><entry align="center">0.7</entry><entry align="center">0.7</entry><entry align="center">0.7</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0080In this table, the optical and energy characteristics presented consist of:<ul><li>T_Lvis, light transmission T_The in the visible in%, measured according to the illuminant D65,</li><li>R_Lvis, light reflection R_The in the visible in%, measured according to the illuminant D65,</li><li>the coefficient g, and</li><li>the coefficient U, in Wm^-2.K^-1.</li></ul>

0081In the usual way throughout this document:<ul><li>the coefficient g ("g-value" in English), refers to the solar factor, that is to say the ratio of the total energy entering the room through the glazing on the total incident solar energy. This ratio, calculated according to EN 410, is therefore between 0 and 1.</li><li>the coefficient U ("U-value" in English), also sometimes called "coefficient K" refers to the coefficient of heat transfer through the glazing. It designates the amount of heat passing through the wall, in stationary regime, per unit area and for a unit temperature difference between the ambiances located on either side of the glazing, without taking into account the edge effects of the frame structure . It is generally, as is the case here, calculated according to EN 673 and is expressed in Wm^-2.K^-1.</li></ul>

0082It should be noted that for Examples 2, 3 and 4, the substrates 10, 20, 30 are extra-clear glass sold by the company SAINT-GOBAIN under the name Diamond.

0083Similar examples, numbered 2 ', 3' and 4 'were made using standard glass substrates 10, 20, 30 sold by the company SAINT-GOBAIN under the name Planilux.

0084These substrates make it possible to obtain the characteristics summarized in Table 3 below:<tables id="tabl0003" num="0003"><table frame="all"><title><u>Table 3</u></title><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="18mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="14mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="14mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="14mm" /><thead><row><entry align="center" valign="top">Layer</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Ex. 2 '</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Ex. 3 '</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Ex. 4 '</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center">T_Lvis (%)</entry><entry align="center">70</entry><entry align="center">75</entry><entry align="center">75</entry></row><row><entry align="center">R_Lvis (%)</entry><entry align="center">14</entry><entry align="center">9</entry><entry align="center">9</entry></row><row><entry align="center">g</entry><entry align="center">0.55</entry><entry align="center">0.57</entry><entry align="center">0.60</entry></row><row><entry align="center">U</entry><entry align="center">0.7</entry><entry align="center">0.7</entry><entry align="center">0.7</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0085In addition, it was found that the solar factor and the light transmission could each be increased by at least 1% and generally about 2% by adding an antireflection coating on an outer face of the triple glazing, that is, ie face 1 or 6 face and that the solar factor and the light transmission could each be increased by at least 2% and generally about 4% by adding an antireflection coating on the two outer faces of the triple glazing , that is, face 1 and face 6.

0086Three other examples, numbered 5, 6, 7, were made on the basis of Examples 1 to 3, respectively, by producing the insulating coating 14 in the form of an electrochromic element, that is by substituting the substrate 10. monolithic by a laminated substrate incorporating an active system of the simple electrochromic system type (unlined), by following the teaching of patent applications No. <patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="EP867752A"><text>EP 867,752</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0005" dnum="EP831360A"><text>EP 831 360</text></patcit>.

0087Table 4 below illustrates the main characteristics of Examples 5 to 7 when the electrochrome is not active:<tables id="tabl0004" num="0004"><table frame="all"><title><u>Table 4</u></title><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="18mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="12mm" /><thead><row><entry align="center" valign="top">Layer</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Ex. 5</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Ex. 6</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Ex. 7</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center">T_Lvis (%)</entry><entry align="center">59</entry><entry align="center">52</entry><entry align="center">55</entry></row><row><entry align="center">R_Lvis (%)</entry><entry align="center">12</entry><entry align="center">14</entry><entry align="center">12</entry></row><row><entry align="center">g</entry><entry align="center">0.4</entry><entry align="center">0.4</entry><entry align="center">0.4</entry></row><row><entry align="center">U</entry><entry align="center">1.3</entry><entry align="center">1</entry><entry align="center">1</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0088In the context of this series of examples also, the triple glazing solution of Example 7, which is outside the invention, makes it possible to obtain thermal insulation that is as good as that of the triple glazing of Example 6 which is not not according to the invention, which results in a substantially identical U coefficient, but the light transmission of the triple glazing of Example 7 is higher than that of the triple glazing of Example 6 and its solar factor is also identical: it is then possible to obtain a light transmission and a solar factor substantially identical to those of the double glazing of Example 5.

0089The use of antireflection coating in a triple glazing incorporating an active system of the electrochromic system type thus makes it possible to maintain a high level of transparency (light transmission in the visible) in the bleached state, and to obtain a high coefficient g at L discolored state, which can be very useful for glazing facades of buildings.

0090The active systems are the electrochemical systems in general, and more particularly the electro-controllable systems of the systems type with energetic and / or optical variable properties.

0091The electrically controllable systems make it possible, in particular, to obtain glazing which can be modified at will obscuration / degree of vision or filtration of thermal / solar radiation. This is for example viologen windows, which adjust the transmission or light absorption, as described in US Patent No.<patcit id="pcit0006" dnum="US5239406A"><text>US 5239406</text></patcit>.

0092There are also systems called "optical valves": they are polymer-based films in which are arranged microdroplets containing particles able to be placed in a preferred direction under the action of an electric field. An example is described in International Patent Application No.<patcit id="pcit0007" dnum="WO9309460A"><text>WO 93/09460</text></patcit>.

0093There are also liquid crystal systems, a mode of operation similar to the previous ones: they use a polymer film placed between two conductive layers and in which are dispersed liquid crystal droplets, including nematic with positive dielectric anisotropy. When the film is energized, the liquid crystals are oriented along a preferred axis, which allows vision. Off, the movie becomes broadcast. Examples are described in the patents<patcit id="pcit0008" dnum="EP88126A"><text>EP-88 126</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0009" dnum="EP268877A"><text>EP-268,877</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0010" dnum="EP238164A"><text>EP-238,164</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0011" dnum="EP357234A"><text>EP-357,234</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0012" dnum="EP409442A"><text>EP-409,442</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0013" dnum="EP964288A"><text>EP-964,288</text></patcit>. Mention may also be made of cholesteric liquid crystal polymers, such as those described in the patent<patcit id="pcit0014" dnum="WO9219695A"><text>WO 92/19695</text></patcit> and liquid crystal systems that switch with TL light transmission variation.

0094There are also electrochromic glazings, which can modulate the light and heat transmission. They are described, in particular, in patents<patcit id="pcit0015" dnum="EP253713A"><text>EP-253,713</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0016" dnum="EP670346A"><text>EP-670,346</text></patcit>the electrolyte being in the form of a polymer or a gel and the other layers being of mineral type. Another type is described in the patent applications<patcit id="pcit0017" dnum="EP867752A"><text>EP-867,752</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0018" dnum="EP831360A"><text>EP-831 360</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0019" dnum="WO0057243A"><text>WO 00/57243</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0020" dnum="WO0003289A"><text>WO 00/03289</text></patcit>the electrolyte being this time in the form of an essentially mineral layer, all the layers of the system then being essentially mineral: this type of electrochromic system is commonly referred to as "all-solid" electrochromic. There are also electrochromic systems where all the layers are of the polymer type, so-called electrochromic "all-polymer".

0095In general, the electrochromic systems comprise two layers of electrochromic material separated by an electrolyte layer and framed by two electroconductive layers.

0096Any active system is carried by a substrate which may be a substrate 10, 20, 30. It may also be associated, without an intermediate gas strip, with at least one other substrate, or even several other substrates, that it (s) itself (in) t mineral (to) or synthetic (s); in this case, in the absence of intermediate gas blade, the entire system is considered to form an insulating coating.

0097In the context of the present invention and throughout the present text, it is necessary to take the term "layer" in its broadest sense: it can be both mineral materials and organic-type materials, particularly polymers. which may be in the form of polymer films or even gel films. It may be said hybrid active system namely combining inorganic materials, inorganic materials with organic, polymeric.

0098It is also possible to envisage triple-glazing structures of the substrate 10 / SA1 / blade 15 / substrate 20 / blade 25 / SA2 / substrate 30 type, where SA1 and SA 2 designate two identical active systems or two different active systems, or two active systems coupled together.

0099Examples of suitable active systems can also be found in Patent Application No. <patcit id="pcit0021" dnum="EP240226A"><text>EP240226</text></patcit>, or N ° <patcit id="pcit0022" dnum="EP1775625A"><text>EP 1 775 625</text></patcit>.

0100The <figref idref="f0003">figure 5</figref> illustrates an example of quadruple glazing according to the invention. This quadruple glazing has the following configuration: 4-12 (Ar 90%) - 4-12 (Ar 90%) - 4-12 (Ar 90%) - 4, that is to say it consists of four sheets of 4 mm transparent glass, each providing a substrate 10, 20, 30, 40 separated two by two by an intermediate gas blade 15, 25, 35 at 90% argon and 10% air of a each 12 mm thick, all being held together by a frame structure 90.

0101As for example 2, the two substrates 10, 40 outside this quadruple glazing are each coated, on its inner face 11, 39 facing the intermediate gas blade 15, 35, with an insulating coating 14, 36 constituted of the functional monolayer stack described above: The functional monolayer stacks are thus in so-called "face 2" and "face 7" faces).

0102In the context of this quadruple glazing, the four faces 19, 21, 29, 31 of the two central substrates 20, 30, which are respectively in contact with the intermediate gas plates 15, 25 and 35, are each coated with a coating antireflection 18, 22, 28, 32.

0103This quadruple glazing makes it possible to obtain an even better thermal insulation than that of example 3 and even of example 4, with a light transmission and a solar factor that are substantially identical to those of these examples 3 and 4.

0104It is understood that the skilled person is able to achieve different variants of the invention without departing from the scope defined by the claims.