Method and apparatus for reducing code phase search space

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

<i>1. Field of the Invention</i>

The present invention relates to reducing code phase search space for a receiver in a distributed system.

<i>2. Description of Related Art</i>

A satellite positioning system comprises a set of orbiting satellites (also called space vehicles or 'SVs') that broadcast signals from which a receiver may determine its position. Two such systems are the NAVSTAR GPS system referenced herein (as described in <nplcit id="ncit0001" npl-type="b"><text>Global Positioning System, Standard Positioning Service Signal Specification, second edition, June 2, 1995</text></nplcit>, U.S. Coast Guard Navigation Center, Alexandria, VA) and the Global Orbiting Navigational System (GLONASS) maintained by the Russian Republic. In order to determine its three-dimensional position within such a positioning system, a receiver must first acquire the signals of four SVs. The initial acquisition of each SV signal is typically computation-intensive and may take up to several minutes.

To acquire a GPS signal, a receiver must lock onto both the frequency of the carrier signal and the phase of the code modulated onto the carrier. Because of the motion of the SV relative to the receiver and the resulting Doppler shift, the frequency of the received carrier may change. Inaccuracies in the receiver's local oscillator may cause an additional frequency error. Therefore, locking onto the carrier may require the receiver to search for the signal across a range of frequencies.

Each SV transmits a signal that is spread by direct-sequence spread spectrum modulation. Specifically, each SV transmits a signal that is spread by a known digital pseudorandom (or 'pseudonoise') code called a coarse acquisition (CA) code. This periodic code has a chip rate of 1.023 MHz and repeats every 1,023 symbols (i.e. once per millisecond). A signal received at a receiver may be a composite of signals transmitted by several SVs.

The code phase of a received SV signal is established by the location in time of a predetermined position within the signal's CA code. As the CA codes are periodic, the possible locations of the predetermined position (i.e. the possible code phases) may be represented as points along the circumference of a circle, as shown in <figref idref="f0001">FIGURE 1</figref>. Determining the code phase of a received signal requires searching for a correlation (e.g. between the receiver output and a code sequence based on the particular CA code) at each position on the circle until the code is located in the received signal (e.g. as indicated by the occurrence of a correlation peak).

Because the nominal carrier frequency of a GPS signal is 1.575 GHz, it may be difficult to maintain a signal lock in areas such as indoors, inside vehicles, and/or beneath tree canopies. When a portable GPS receiver loses a signal lock, an inconvenient suspension of positioning ability and a drain on computational resources may be sustained while the receiver attempts to reacquire the signal. As the frequency offset changes rather slowly, reestablishing a frequency lock after a short break may require only a limited effort. The code phase of a received signal changes more quickly, however, and it may be necessary to search for the lost signal across the entire 1,023-symbol code phase circle. For applications in which accurate position information must be available on demand, such a delay may be unacceptable. Of course, it may be beneficial to avoid long delays during initial acquisition as well.

It is desirable to augment certain wireless systems for mobile communications by adding the capability to locate the position of a particular mobile unit One reason is a regulation promulgated by the Federal Communications Commission (Docket No. 94-102, third report and order adopted September 15, 1999, released October 6, 1999). This regulation requires all cellular carriers in the United States to be able to locate the position of a cellular telephone making a 911 call to within 50 meters for 67% of calls (and to within 150 meters for 95% of calls) by October 2001. Other uses for positional location capability in wireless communication systems include value-added consumer features such as navigation and vehicle fleet management support.

One option for adding position location to such a communications system is to add GPS receiving capability to the mobile units. However, such an approach suffers from the difficulty of maintaining reliable reception of GPS signals in many areas where mobile units are commonly used, such as indoors and within vehicles. On the other hand, the base stations in such a system are typically well-situated in terms of satellite visibility, and it may be feasible for the base stations to assist the mobile stations by collecting information on SV signals (including code phase) and forwarding it to the mobile stations.

In a code-division multiple-access CDMA system for wireless communications, operations by the mobile and base stations are synchronized to a common time base (see <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>). Because of this feature, a base station can send code phase information relative to the time base that will be meaningful to a mobile station. Because of differences in the positions of the base and mobile stations, and because of inaccuracies in the mobile units' local oscillators, the code phase information sent by a base station may not coincide precisely with the code phase of the GPS signal received by a mobile unit. Nevertheless, such a procedure may substantially reduce the size of the code phase search base (for example, from 1,023 symbols to only 30).

In an analog system for wireless communications such as the advanced mobile phone service (AMPS) system widely used in the United States, however, no such time base exists between the mobile stations and the base station. Indeed, the operations of the stations may not be synchronized to within even one millisecond (i.e. the time to traverse an entire code phase circle). Therefore, no system reference point exists in relation to which the base stations may transmit meaningful code phase information (see <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref>). Therefore, in an AMPS system which supports GPS location ability by the mobile stations, any acquisition and reacquisition of a satellite lock may require searching the entire code phase circle. It is desirable to reduce the code phase search space in such distributed GPS systems.

SUMMARY

A system, method, and apparatus for reducing code phase search space in a code division multiple access receiver, such as a GPS receiver. The reduction is obtained by applying information pertaining to a time relation between the code phases of two received signals. The time relationship provides the ability to know the code phase of the second signal if the code phase of the first signal is known. Knowing the code phase of the second signal reduces the search space, since the searcher can go directly to the anticipated code phase.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate an embodiment of the invention and, together with the description, explain the advantages and principles of the invention. In the drawings: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none"><li><figref idref="f0001">FIGURE 1</figref> shows a CDMA system that has a system reference time;</li><li><figref idref="f0002">FIGURE 2</figref> shows an AMPS system that lacks a system reference time;</li><li><figref idref="f0003">FIGURE 3</figref> shows how a code phase of a signal may be determined from (1) a code phase of another signal and (2) a time difference between the code phases;</li><li><figref idref="f0004">FIGURE 4</figref> shows one approach to representing time differences between code phases for more than two signals;</li><li><figref idref="f0005">FIGURE 5</figref> shows another approach to representing time differences between code phases for more than two signals;</li><li><figref idref="f0006">FIGURE 6</figref> shows a system according to an embodiment of the invention and a plurality of SVs 100;</li><li><figref idref="f0007">FIGURE 7</figref> shows a block diagram for an apparatus 120 according to an embodiment of the invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0008">FIGURE 8</figref> shows a flow chart for a method according to an embodiment of the invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0009">FIGURE 9</figref> shows a flow chart for a method according to another embodiment of the invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0010">FIGURE 10</figref> shows a flow chart for a method according to a further embodiment of the invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0011">FIGURE 11</figref> shows a block diagram for an exemplary implementation of an apparatus 120 according to an embodiment of the invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0012">FIGURE 12</figref> shows a block diagram for an apparatus 110 according to an embodiment of the invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0013">FIGURE 13</figref> shows a block diagram for an exemplary implementation of an apparatus 110 according to an embodiment of the invention; and</li><li><figref idref="f0014">FIGURE 14</figref> shows a block diagram for another exemplary implementation of an apparatus 110 according to an embodiment of the invention.</li></ul>

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings that illustrate the embodiments of the present invention. Other embodiments are possible and modifications may be made to the embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore, the following detailed description is not meant to limit the invention. Rather the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims.

In a system, method, and apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention, the code phase of a second received signal is localized by using the following items of time information: (1) the code phase of a first received signal and (2) a time relation between the code phases of the two received signals (for example, a time difference as shown in <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref>). This approach may be extended to allow localization of additional received signals by providing incremental time differences (i.e. with respect to another received signal, as shown in <figref idref="f0004">FIGURE 4</figref>) and/or accumulated time differences (i.e. with respect to the first received signal, as in <figref idref="f0005">FIGURE 5</figref>).

<figref idref="f0006">FIGURE 6</figref> shows a block diagram for a system according to an embodiment of the invention that includes a field receiver 110 and a reference receiver 120. Reference receiver 120 receives signals from at least a first and a second SV 100 and determines the code phases of these received signals (e.g. by correlation with a local copy of the known CA code). Information pertaining to a time relation between the code phases of the received signals is then transmitted to field receiver 110. Upon determining the code phase of a signal from the first SV 100, field receiver 110 uses the time relation information to reduce the size of the space it must search in determining the code phase of the signal from the second SV 100.

<figref idref="f0007">FIGURE 7</figref> shows a block diagram for a reference receiver 120 according to an embodiment of the invention. Within reference receiver 120, radio-frequency (RF) receiver 210 receives modulated carrier signals from at least two SVs and outputs the corresponding demodulated signals to correlator 220. Correlator 220 determines the code phases of the received signals and outputs information relating to a difference among those code phases to transmitter 230 (e.g. as shown in tasks P110 and P120 of <figref idref="f0008">FIGURE 8</figref>).

Transmitter 230 transmits the information outputted by correlator 220, as shown in task P140 of <figref idref="f0008">FIGURE 8</figref>. In one example, correlator 220 determines the difference between the code phases, and transmitter 230 transmits this difference (e.g. as shown in tasks P130 and P145 of <figref idref="f0009">FIGURE 9</figref>). In the alternative example of <figref idref="f0010">FIGURE 10</figref>, transmitter 230 transmits information relating to the code phases of the received signals (task P 142), and the receiver of this information (e.g. field receiver 110) performs the task of determining the time difference between the code phases.

<figref idref="f0011">FIGURE 11</figref> shows an exemplary implementation of reference receiver 120. In this example, RF receiver 210 receives signals from SVs 100 via GPS antenna 240. The code phase information as discussed above is then transmitted by transmitter 230 (e.g. to one or more field receivers 110) via communications antenna 250.

Reference receiver 120 may be collocated with and/or integrated into a base station of a system for wireless communications. In this case, the location of reference receiver 120 may typically be known to a high degree of accuracy.

As shown in <figref idref="f0012">FIGURE 12</figref>, a field receiver 110 according to an embodiment of the invention includes a receiver 310 that receives signals from at least two SVs. Radio-frequency receiver 310 also receives a reference signal, from which it derives a time relation (e.g. a difference) between the code phases of the signals of the SVs as received at a reference receiver.

For the signal received from a first SV, correlator 320 determines the code phase. Correlator 320 combines this code phase information with a time relation between the signal of the first SV and the signal of a second SV in order to reduce the code phase search space for the signal of the second SV.

In an exemplary implementation of field receiver 110 as shown in <figref idref="f0013">FIGURE 13</figref>, RF receiver receives the signals from the SVs via GPS antenna 340 and the reference signal (e.g. from reference receiver 120) via communications antenna 350. RF receiver 310 may be an integrated unit, or RF receiver 310 may comprise two discrete units (GPS receiver 310-1 and communications receiver 310-2) as shown in <figref idref="f0014">FIGURE 14</figref>.

In the client-server architecture of the invention as shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref>, the central server has its own GPS receiver that knows exactly where the satellites are in the sky, the frequencies of those satellites and the timing differences between the satellites and the server, among other information. The server may send information to the client identifying the satellites in view so that the client does not have to search for every satellite but rather only for the satellites for which the client has a reasonable chance of receiving signals. For example, the server may forward information relating to the code sequences corresponding to the SVs in view (e.g. the sequences themselves, or one or more indices into a predetermined table of code sequences). The server may also send the Doppler frequency information of the satellites to the client. Additionally, the server may send the timing of the satellites (e.g. one or more time differences between code phases) to the client. It may be desirable for the server to transmit these three kinds of information in the order in which they are presented above.

Accordingly, the acquisition search space or time for a GPS receiver in a client is significantly reduced in the invention. In a wireless GPS client-server architecture according to an embodiment of the invention, transmission of the relative timing of the satellites by the server may reduce the search space for the client even in cases where no timing reference is available at the client or where no common time reference is available between the client and the server.

The foregoing presentation of the described embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments are possible, and the generic principles presented herein may be applied to other embodiments as well. For example, the invention may be implemented in part or in whole as a hard-wired circuit, as a circuit configuration fabricated into an application-specific integrated circuit, or as a firmware program loaded into non-volatile storage or a software program loaded from or into a data storage medium as machine-readable code, such code being instructions executable by an array of logic elements such as a microprocessor or other digital signal processing unit. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown above but rather is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed in any fashion herein.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

<ol id="ol0001" ol-style=""><li>1. A method comprising: <ul id="ul0002" list-style="none"><li>determining a code phase of each among a plurality of received signals; and</li><li>transmitting information pertaining to a time relation between the code phases of at least one pair among the plurality of received signals.</li></ul></li><li>2. The method according to 1, wherein the information comprises a time difference between the code phases.</li><li>3. The method according to 1, wherein each among the plurality of received signals has a corresponding periodic code, and wherein each among the code phases relates to a predetermined position within the corresponding periodic code.</li><li>4. The method according to 1, wherein each among the plurality of received signals is based at least in part on a corresponding direct-sequence spread spectrum modulated signal.</li><li>5. The method according to 1, wherein each among the plurality of received signals is based at least in part on a corresponding direct-sequence pseudonoise modulated signal.</li><li>6. The method according to 1, the method further comprising receiving a composite signal, wherein each among the plurality of received signals is based at least in part on at least a portion of the composite signal.</li><li>7. The method according to 6, wherein the determining a code phase of each among a plurality of received signals comprises calculating a correlation, for each among the plurality of received signals, between a corresponding code sequence and a signal based at least in part on the composite signal, wherein each among the plurality of received signals has a corresponding periodic code, and wherein each among the code phases relates to a corresponding predetermined position within the corresponding periodic code, and wherein the code sequence relates at least in part to the corresponding periodic code.</li><li>8. A method comprising: <ul id="ul0003" list-style="none"><li>determining a code phase of a first received signal; and determining a code phase of a second received signal,</li><li>wherein the determining a code phase of a second received signal is based at least in part on information pertaining to a time relation between the code phase of the first received signal and the code phase of the second received signal.</li></ul></li><li>9. The method according to 8, wherein the information comprises a time difference between the code phase of the first received signal and the code phase of the second received signal.</li><li>10. The method according to 8, wherein the first received signal has a corresponding periodic code and the second received signal has a corresponding periodic code, and wherein each among the code phase of the first received signal and the code phase of the second received signal relates to a corresponding predetermined position within the corresponding periodic code.</li><li>11. The method according to 8, wherein each among the first received signal and the second received signal is based at least in part on a corresponding direct-sequence spread spectrum modulated signal.</li><li>12. The method according to 8, wherein each among the first received signal and the second received signal is based at least in part on a corresponding direct-sequence pseudonoise modulated signal.</li><li>13. The method according to 8, the method further comprising receiving a composite signal, wherein each among the first received signal and the second received signal is based at least in part on at least a portion of the composite signal.</li><li>14. The method according to 13, wherein the determining a code phase of a first received signal comprises calculating a correlation between a code sequence and a signal based at least in part on the composite signal, wherein the first received signal has a corresponding periodic code and the second received signal has a corresponding periodic code, and wherein each among the code phase of the first received signal and the code phase of the second received signal relates to a corresponding predetermined position within the corresponding periodic code, and wherein the code sequence relates at least in part to the periodic code corresponding to the first received signal.</li><li>15. An apparatus comprising: <ul id="ul0004" list-style="none"><li>a receiver configured to receive a plurality of signals;</li><li>a correlator configured to determine a code phase for each among the plurality of received signals; and</li><li> a transmitter configured to transmit information pertaining to a time relation between the code phases of at least one pair among the plurality of received signals.</li></ul></li><li>16. The apparatus according to 15, wherein the information comprises a time difference between the code phases.</li><li>17. The apparatus according to 15, wherein each among the plurality of received signals has a corresponding periodic code, and wherein each among the code phases relates to a predetermined position within the corresponding periodic code.</li><li>18. The apparatus according to 15, wherein each among the plurality of received signals is based at least in part on a corresponding direct-sequence spread spectrum modulated signal.</li><li>19. The apparatus according to 15, wherein each among the plurality of received signals is based at least in part on a corresponding direct-sequence pseudonoise modulated signal.</li><li>20. The apparatus according to 15, wherein the correlator is further configured to determine a code phase for each among the plurality of received signals at least in part by calculating a correlation, for each among the plurality of received signals, between a corresponding code sequence and the plurality of received signals, wherein each among the plurality of received signals has a corresponding periodic code; wherein each among the code phases relates to a corresponding predetermined position within the corresponding periodic code, and wherein the corresponding code sequence relates at least in part to the corresponding periodic code.</li><li>21. An apparatus comprising: <ul id="ul0005" list-style="none"><li>a receiver configured to receive a first and second signal and to receive a signal comprising information pertaining to a time relation between the code phase of the first received signal and the code phase of the second received signal, and</li><li>a correlator configured to determine a code phase of at least one of the first and second received signals with respect to a predetermined code and to correlate the other of the first and second received signals to the predetermined code based upon the time relationship between the first and second received signals.</li></ul></li><li>22. The apparatus according to 21, wherein the information comprises a time difference between the code phase of the first received signal and the code phase of the second received signal.</li><li>23. The apparatus according to 21, wherein the correlator is further configured to determine a code phase for the second received signal at least in part from the information.</li><li>24. A system comprising: <ul id="ul0006" list-style="none"><li>a reference receiver configured to receive signals from a plurality of space vehicles and to transmit information; and</li><li>a field receiver configured to receive signals from a plurality of space vehicles and to receive the information,</li><li>wherein the reference receiver determines a reference code phase for each among at least a first one and a second one of the signals, and</li><li>wherein the information pertains at least to a time relation between the reference code phases for the first one and the second one of the signals, and</li><li>wherein the field receiver determines a field code phase for the first one of the signals, and</li><li>wherein the field receiver determines a field code phase for the second one of the signals at least in part from the information.</li></ul></li><li>25. The system of 24, wherein the information comprises a time difference between the reference code phases for the first one and the second one of the signals.</li></ol>