Multiple removable non-volatile memory cards serially communicating with a host

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

0001This invention relates to electronic circuit cards and their use in a system having one or more card sockets wired to a host device, particularly to small encapsulated cards containing significant amounts of re-writeable non-volatile memory such as flash EEPROM (electrically erasable and programmable read-only memory) and the system in which they operate when removably inserted into multiple card sockets.

0002Small cards containing non-volatile semiconductor flash EEPROM systems have become popular for storing multiple megabytes of data from personal computers, notebook computers, personal electronic assistants, cellular telephones, cameras and other electronic devices requiring removable data storage. The applications of such memory cards are increasing rapidly, currently being used to store music downloaded from the Internet. Music data is normally transmitted over the Internet in a compressed form, such as by a well known MP-3 algorithm, and stored in the compressed form on a card for later decompression and reproduction on an analog playing device. Very small battery powered portable players with a memory card slot (socket) are beginning popular. The use of such cards to store and transfer video and other high capacity data is likely in the future as the bandwidth of the Internet and connections thereto increase, as the storage capacity of the memory cards increases and as the efficiency of data compression algorithms increases.

0003A card that is especially adapted for these and other applications is the MultiMediaCard ("MMC") that is only 32 millimeters long, 24 millimeters wide and 1.4 millimeters thick. The physical and electrical specifications for the MMC are given in "The MultiMediaCard System Specification" that is updated and published from time-to-time by the MultiMediaCard Association ("MMCA") of Cupertino, California. Versions 2.11 and 2.2 of that Specification, dated June 1999 and January 2000, respectively, are expressly incorporated herein by this reference. MMC products having varying storage capacity up to 64 megabytes in a single card are currently available from SanDisk Corporation of Sunnyvale, California, assignee of the present application. These products are described in a "MultiMediaCard Product Manual," Revision 2, dated April 2000, published by SanDisk corparation, which Marmal is expressly incorporated herein by this reference. Certain aspects of the electrical operation of the MMC products are also described in co-pending patent applications of <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="US09185649B"><text>Thomas N. Toombs and Micky Holtzman, Serial Nos. 09/185,649</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="US09186064B"><text>09/186,064, both filed November 4, 1998</text></patcit>, and assigned to SauDisk Corporation. The physical card structure and a method of manufacturing it are described in <patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="US6040622A"><text>U.S. patent no. 6,040,622</text></patcit>, assigned to SanDisk Corporation. Both of these applications and patent are also expressly incorporated herein by this reference.

0004MMC products have a serial interface that uses only six electrical contacts, one for transfer of data, one for receiving commands and sending responses (status indications), one to receive a clock signal and three to receive power. A spare contact has been included for future use. The few number contacts simplifies the cards' muse with host systems, particularly portable ones, and allows the size of the cards to be reduced. Of course, the rate at which data can be transferred into and out of the card is limited for a given clock frequency by use of a single data contact, as opposed to transferring data in parallel through multiple contacts as done in other larger memory cards having different formats. Host systems often provide two or more sockets for the simultaneous use of two or more MMC products. All the data contacts of multiple inserted memory cards are connected by a single line to the host processor, all the command/response contacts are similarly connected to the host processor by a single line, and all the clock contacts of the cards are connected together to a common clock source.

0005The host is required, as part of a system initialization routine, to assign a unique address to each card inserted in multiple system sockets. A unique card identification ("CID") number is stored in a register of each card by its manufacturer in a manner that it can be read by a host but this number has a very large binary size. Since a card's address either precedes each command, or is included in the argument of others, that is transmitted over a the single command/response line to all cards, for example, the use of a very large address can significantly slow down operation of the multiple card system. Transmission of the long manufacturer's identification is not necessary for addressing just a few cards used in a typical system. Only 1 bit is needed to address two cards, and two bits for up to 4 cards, for example. Therefore, on initialization, a small relative card address is written into an internal card register that is provided for this purpose, referenced as the relative card address register ("RCA").

0006In order for the host processor to initially be able to address each card in turn to assign such addresses, the host commands all cards of the system to simultaneously transmit their manufacturer identification codes bit-by-bit until a combination of bits from all the cards results in all but one of the cards becoming inactive. The relative address is then written by the host into the RCA of the one remaining card, and the process is thereafter repeated for the remaining cards until each of the cards is given a unique, small address. These addresses are then subsequently used by the host to individually access the cards in the system. This initialization technique is further disclosed in Patent Cooperation Treaty ("PCT") International Publication No. <patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="WO9738370PCT"><text>WO 97/38370</text></patcit> of Siemens Aktiengesellschaft, which publication is expressly incorporated herein by this reference.

0007It is expected that MMC products having a single card data storage capacity of 128 megabytes will be commercially available in the near future. This higher capacity and much more are currently commercially available in other flash EEPROM cards that are larger that the MMC products. With use of the current MP3 compression algorithm, over one hour of music can be stored on a single 128 megabyte card. And as the storage capacity of such cards increases further, and/or as compression algorithms further reduce the size of data files, music of even longer duration, and other types of digital data, can be stored on individual cards. Because of the many different ways that small non-volatile memory cards are contemplated to be used, it is desirable to maximize the flexibility and efficiency in their structure and use with the Internet, and their use in host systems that have a single card socket, as well as with hosts that have two or more sockets to utilize two or more memory cards at the same time.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

0008A new non-volatile memory card has been developed which, among other improvements, adds electrical contacts to increase the data transfer rate with the card and alters the way in which relative addresses are assigned to each of multiple cards of a system. This new product is called a Secure Digital ("SD") Memory Card, a specific example of a card that implements the various aspects of the present invention The size and shape of the SD Card are preferably made the same as the MMC in plan view but the thickness of the SD Card can be either the same 1.4 millimeters as the MMC, or may be made to be greater than that of the MMC, an example being 2.1 millimeters with the external contacts of the SD Card being slightly recessed. The SD Card contains additional external electrical contacts but the positions of the other contacts are the same as those of the MMC in order that sockets designed to accept the SD Card will also accept the MMC card. The electrical interface with the SD card is further made to be, for the most part, backward compatible with the MMC product described in version 2.11 of its specification referenced above, in order that few changes to the operation of the host need be made in order to accommodate both types of card.

0009According to one aspect of the present invention, the host system and cards are modified to cause relative addresses to be assigned to each of multiple SD Cards, or other electronic circuit cards with similar host interfaces, in less time than now required for the MMC products. Specifically, a separate command/response line is connected between the host and each of the card sockets of the system. The host then, during system initialization, controls the assignment of unique relative addresses to the cards by communication between the host and each card over the card's individual command/response lines. After this initialization, however, all of the socket command/response lines are then connected together so that the host communicates with all cards through a single command/response line in the same manner as the MMC. The MMC thus remains compatible with the SD Card in this aspect of its operation after initialization. The SD Card is simplified by eliminating the open drain circuits that are connected to the command/response contacts of the MMC products. This new technique temporality adapts a system having all card sockets wired to a single common command/response line into a point-to-point communications system for the limited purpose of initializing each card with a relative address that is thereafter used by the host to communicate with the individual cards over the common command/response line. Other techniques to individually address the cards, such as by adding a chip select line to each socket, would require further modifications to the SD Cards and the host interface with them so that the MMC products could thus not be used with the modified system.

0010According to another aspect of the present invention, the SD Card has two or more data contacts, instead of the single data contact used in the MMC products. Two or more data lines are then included between the host processor and each of the card sockets in order to simultaneously transfer two or more bits of data between the host and an addressed card. Information readable by the host is permanently stored in each card to indicate the number of data contacts of the card. The host then adapts to transfer data between it and that card through all of the available data lines which the card supports. The cards of a multiple card system need not all have the same number of data contacts since the host can transfer data between itself and different cards over different numbers of the common multiple data lines. The modified system can operate with existing MMC products by transferring data over only one of the multiple data lines. This aspect of the invention also has application in systems with a single card socket, since cards with different numbers of data contacts can be interchanged and the host will adapt to a new card by reading its characteristic and configuring the data transfer over all of the system data lines :to which the card is connected.

0011According to a further aspect of the present invention, a serial data stream, such as a one-bit wide stream, is transmitted in parallel through two or more data paths (lines) by alternately directing a fixed number of consecutive data bits at a time, such as one bit, through each of the multiple data lines in sequence, and then reconstructing the data stream from the multiple lines by performing an inverse combination of data bits from the multiple lines. This technique is useful when it is necessary to adapt to a variable number of data lines, particularly when data is being transmitted between a host and a specific memory card over a number of data lines equal to the number of data pins on the card, a number that can vary from one to some multiple such as four. In a specific embodiment, the host adapts to the number of data lines by reading that number from a register in an addressed card before transmission of data begin between the host and that card.

0012Each of the foregoing aspects may be utilized alone or they may be combined in an improved electronic card system. The present invention includes combining serial communication between the host and multiple memory cards with pomt-to-point communication between them in a manner that improves system performance and flexibility, all while maintaining compatibility with an existing system that uses only serial communication between them.

0013Additional features and advantages of the present invention are included in the following discussion of specific embodiments thereof, which discussion should be taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

0014<ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li><figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> shows and existing MMC card and a socket in which the card is inserted;</li><li><figref idref="f0001">Figure 2</figref> is a block schematic diagram of the existing MMC card of <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0002">Figure 3</figref> illustrates an existing memory system that utilizes multiple MMC cards and sockets shown <figref idref="f0001">Figures 1 and 2</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0002">Figure 4</figref> shows a memory system utilizing multiple memory card sockets with multiple command/response lines connected to them, according to a first aspect of the present invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0003">Figure 5A-D</figref> show operable conditions of a switching element of the system of <figref idref="f0002">Figure 4</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0004">Figure 6</figref> is a flow diagram illustrating operation of the memory system of <figref idref="f0002 f0003">Figures 4 and 5A-D</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0003">Figure 7</figref> shows a memory card and socket in which the card is inserted, according to a second aspect of the present invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0005">Figure 8</figref> illustrates a memory system utilizing multiple memory card sockets of the type shown in <figref idref="f0003">Figure 7</figref> and having multiple data lines connected to them;</li><li><figref idref="f0006">Figure 9</figref> shows a modification to one element of the MMC card schematic diagram of <figref idref="f0001">Figure 2</figref> that is used in the memory card illustrated in <figref idref="f0003">Figure 7</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0006">Figures 10A through 10E</figref> illustrates the flow of data through the memory system of <figref idref="f0005">Figure 8</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0007">Figure 11</figref> is a flow diagram illustrating one aspect of operation of the memory system of <figref idref="f0003 f0005 f0006">Figures 7-9</figref>; and</li><li><figref idref="f0007">Figure 12</figref> is a flow diagram illustrating another aspect of operation of the memory system of <figref idref="f0003 f0005 f0006">Figures 7-9</figref>.</li></ul>

DESCRIPTION OF THE MMC PRODUCT AND SYSTEM

0015With reference to <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>, an existing MMC card 10 of the type described in the Background above is insertable into a slot 19 of a socket 20. The card 10 includes a row of seven electrical contacts 11-17 in a surface of the card and extending along one of its short edges. The socket 20 includes seven mating contact pins 1-7 connected to respective lines 21-27. The card contact 12 serially receives command signals from a host and serially sends a response (status signals) to a host Mating socket pin 2 is thus connected with a command/response ("CMD") line 22. Serial data is received through the card contact 17 for storage in its non-volatile memory, and serial data is sent through the contact 17 when read from the memory. The line 27, connected to the socket pin 7 that mates with the card contact 17, is the socket's serial data ("DAT") line. These two lines 22 and 27, along with a clock signal input line 25, which is connected with the card contact 15 through the socket pin 5, provide an interface with a host computer or other device for operating the memory system within the card 10. Three card contacts 13, 14 and 16 receive an operating voltage from a host system or device, connected through respective socket pins 3, 4 and 6 to external lines 23 ("Vss"), 24 ("Vdd") and 26 ("Vss2"). Card contact 11, and this the socket pin 1 and line 21, are not used but were included for possible future use.

0016Pertinent portions of the memory and controller system within each MMC caxd10 are illustrated in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 2</figref>. An array 31 of flash EEPROMcells provides non-volatile storage of digital data. A controller 33 manages operation of the array 31 and interfaces with a host system through the card contacts 12-17. Data serially receives through the contact 17 are written to a register 35, transferred in parallel into a data storage buffer memory 3 6, from the buffer 36 to the controller 33 and then to the memory cell array 31 for storage therein. Conversely, data read from the memory cell array 31 are transferred in parallel by the controller 33 into the buffer 36 and from the buffer 36 in parallel into the register 35. The read data are then serially transferred out of the register 35 through the card contact 17.

0017Similarly, commands from a host are sent serially through the contact 12 and stored in a register 37, and then read in parallel by the controller 33. Status information is loaded by the controller 33 in parallel into the register 39, thereafter to be read serially through the card contact 12. The types of commands and responses that are transferred in this way are many. For example, if a host wants to write data into the array 31, it sends a write command through the CMD line 22, followed by the data to be written being sent through the DAT line 27. After the commanded write operation is completed, the controller 33 writes a status indication thereof in the register 39 and the host can then read that status to confirm that the commanded operation has been completed.

0018Several other registers are provided in the MMC card 10, three of them being shown in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 2</figref>. A memory card identification CID register 41 is not re-writeable by the user but rather is read-only to provide the host with an identification that is unique for each card. A relative card address register RCA 42 is written by the host in a multi-card system during initialization, and when the card is added or replaced in a system, with an address that is thereafter used by each card to determine whether a command on the common CMD line 22 is intended for that card or not. The relative address only needs to be a few bits in length, depending upon the number of cards within a system that need to have unique addresses. This is much shorter than the manufacturer's unique identification that is stored in the CID register 41, and thrus its use speeds up addressing the card. Each command from the host is accompanied by or includes the relative address previously written into the RCA register 42 of one card in the system, and that card then responds to cany out the command while the-other cards of the system, having other relative addresses written into their RCA registers 42, do not respond.

0019A card specific data register 43 ("CSD") includes information of the data format, data access characteristics, and similar information of the particular memory array 31 and controller 33. Most of this data are written by the manufacturer and so cannot be re-written by the user. The CSD register data is used by the host to set its parameters in communicating with the cards of a system, including the format of data being transferred, how that data is accessed, and similar matters.

0020Such a memory system is illustrated in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 3</figref>, wherein a host device 51, which can be a personal computer, hand-held organizer, digital camera, audio reproduction system, or similar type of device, is connected over lines 22-27 with a plurality of card sockets 53, 55 and 57 that receive respective MMC cards 59, 61 and 63. Such a multi-card system includes at least two such sockets and often many more. As mentioned above, commands and responses are communicated over a single CMD line 22 that is connected with the pin 2 of each of the sockets in the system. The unique relative address stored in the RCA register 42 (<figref idref="f0001">Figure 2</figref>) of one of the cards 59, 61 or 63 inserted into the sockets is sent by the host 51 with or as part of the command to address only one of those cards to receive and act upon the command. Similarly, data is transferred between the host and the cards over the single DAT line 21 that is connected with the pin 7 of each of the sockets. A constant frequency clock signal is also connected (not shown in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 3</figref>) from the host to pin 5 of each of the sockets over a single line 25. The MMC specification calls for the clock to be up to 20 Megahertz.

0021The technique presently used by a host to write a unique relative address into each card's RCA register 42 uses circuitry within each card to allow the host to address them one at a time before any relative address exists. The host commands each card to read one bit at a time of its manufacturer's identification number permanently written in its CID register 41 of each card. Each card tends to affect the voltage on the common command and response line 22 through an open drain circuit in accordance with a bit of its identification code. If that line voltage is different from what would be caused by the read bit value, the card then switches itself to an inactive state. When the host determines that only one of the cards remains connected, it writes a unique relative address in that card's RCA register 42 through the command and response line 22. This card then disconnects itself from the command and response line 22 and the process continues for the remaining cards until a unique relative address is written into the CID register of each of the cards in the system.

DESCRIPTION OF SD CARD AND SYSTEM

Use of Multiple command/Respone Lines

0022A modified system that makes it easier for individual addresses to be assigned to multiple cards, without having to change the cards' internal circuitry in any significant way, is illustrated in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 4</figref>, where elements common with those of <figref idref="f0001 f0002">Figures 1-3</figref> are given the same reference numbers. A host 51' is similar to the host 51 (<figref idref="f0002">Figure 3</figref>) but includes a controller 52 that interfaces differently with the memory cards' command/response lines. Instead of a common command and response line being connected to pin 2 of each of the sockets, separate lines 71, 73 and 75 are connected to pin 2 of respective sockets 53, 55 and 57. Each of the separate command/response lines 71, 73 and 75 is one output of switching logic 65 which operates to switch a single command/response line 67 of the controller 52 among the individual lines 71, 73 and 75 in response to a control signal from the host in a circuit 69. The permitted connections of the switching logic 65 are shown in <figref idref="f0003">Figures 5A-D</figref>. The switching logic 65 can select any one of the individual socket command/response lines 71, 73 or 75 for connection by itself to the line 67, as shown in <figref idref="f0003">Figures 5A-C</figref>, respectively. In any of these cases, signals pass in both directions through the logic 65 between line 67 and the selected one of the lines 71,73,75 etc. In another connection illustrated in <figref idref="f0003">Figure 5D</figref>, all of the lines 71, 73, 75 etc. are connected together to the line 67 to enable the host to simultaneously broadcast commands to all card sockets. The logic 65 preferably, however; allows only one card socket command/response line to be connected with the line 67 at a time when the host is receiving responses from a card. Of course, although three individual socket command/response lines are illustrated, two such lines will be used if the system contains only two card sockets. If the system contains more than three card sockets, more than three command/response lines are used, one for each socket.

0023The steps executed by the system to cause a unique relative address to be written into the RCA register of each card that is inserted into the sockets of the system of <figref idref="f0002">Figure 4</figref> are illustrated in <figref idref="f0004">Figure 6</figref>. This routine is performed when a system is being powered up or otherwise being initialized. It is also performed after initialization when new card is inserted into a socket, but only as to that card. A separate card detect circuit (not shown) is connected between the host 51' and each of the card sockets 53, 55 and 57 (<figref idref="f0002">Figure 4</figref>) to alert the host when a card is inserted or removed.

0024A first step 77 in the initialization process is to cause the switching logic 65 to connect one of the command/response lines 71, 73 or 75 to the line 67. In a next step 79, the host 51' then reads the CID register 41 of any card that is inserted into the socket to which the selected command/response line is connected. Although the purpose in this process is to determine whether a card exists in that socket, which occurs in a step 81, the CID is read by the host and stored since it typically contains information about the card that the host can utilize to communicate with it. If no card is detected in that socket, as indicated by a step 83, the logic 65 is switched to select a different one of the command/response lines 71,73 or 75, and the steps 79 and 81 are repeated to determine whether a card exists in the socket to which the newly selected command/response line is connected.

0025When a card is detected in the addressed socket, the host requests a relative address from the card, as indicated by a step 84. Prior to this, in a specific implementation, the addressed card has generated its own address and written it into its RCA register. The host then reads that address from the card in the addressed socket and checks a table it maintains of card addresses to see if the suggested address has been previously assigned to another card, as indicated by a step 85. If the suggested address is determined to be unique, it stays in that card's RCA register and the host, as indicated by a step 86, adds it to a table of card addresses that it maintains by socket number. In a specific example, the card generates a 32 bit address from a random number generator included on the card. With this many bits, it is unlikely that one card will suggest the same address as another, particularly in the usual system having only a few cards. But if a conflict with a prior address is determined in the step 85 to exist, the host causes the card to generate and store another address in it's RCA register and itself repeats the steps 84 and 85 with respect to the new address.

0026As an alternative to each card generating its own address, but not preferably, the host could assign a unique relative address to each card by addressing one card at a time and writing a unique one of many possible addresses into the RCA register of the addressed card.

0027After the address assigning process is completed for one card, a next step, as indicated by a step 87, the logic 65 is either incremented to connect with the next individual socket (step 83) or, if the process has been accomplished for all the sockets, the logic 65 is switched into the state shown in <figref idref="f0003">Figure 5D</figref>, as indicated by the step 89. After it is confirmed that each card in the sockets 53, 55 and 57 has had a unique relative address written into its RCA register, the system is reconfigured back into the state illustrated in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 3</figref> by connecting all the command/response lines 71, 73 and 75 together. The host then sends commands to all cards in the system at the same time over all the CMD1, CMD2, and CMDn lines, as in the case of the MMC system, but is connected to receive response signals from only one card at a time because of the nature of the switching logic 65.

0028An advantage of this system is that the SD Card can be simplified by eliminating the circuitry used in the MMC to cause each card to be addressed in turn during initialization. At the same time, existing MMC cards can also be used in the system of <figref idref="f0002">Figures 4</figref> and <figref idref="f0003">5</figref>. When this is desired, the host recognizes whether an SD Card or an MMC card is in each of its system's sockets, such as from the CID that is read from each card. The host then applies the communication protocols and routines to each socket that are appropriate for the card in that socket The address assigning routine and a card reset operation, for example, are different, as are other sequences. Since the clock rate of the SD Card can be made higher, up to 25 Megahertz, the host will pick the lower clock rate of the MMC card if one is used in the system. When the host is provided with the capability of operating with both types of cards, the user need not distinguish whether the memory card being inserted in one of the system sockets is a new SD Card or an existing MMC card.

0029The individual socket command/response lines of the system of <figref idref="f0002">Figures 4</figref> and <figref idref="f0003">5</figref> could alternatively be used to direct all commands to individual sockets, rather than including the relative addresses with or as part of the commands as now done in the MMC system, but the new system would then not be compatible with the MMC cards and require the host to communicate quite differently with each type of card.

0030Another advantage of the system of the new SD Card is that the host knows the socket in which a card of a given address is inserted. This is because the address is loaded into a card's RCA register while the CMD line to that socket is active. This makes it easier to handle the situation where one card is replaced or a new card is added. With the SD Card, only the new card needs to have an address assigned as part of its initialization In the MMC system, because only a single CMD line exists, the host cannot know the socket in which a particular card is inserted. The substitution or addition of a card to an MMC system makes it necessary to initialize the all the cards in the system, thus causing a delay before the system can continue to operate.

Selectable Data Bus Width

0031A second aspect of the present invention is shown in <figref idref="f0003 f0005 f0006 f0007">Figures 7-12</figref>, wherein the data transfer feature of the new SD Card is described. The rate at which data is transferred between the host and an individual card is increased by increasing the number of data lines connected to each card socket over which data are simultaneously transferred. In this example, four data lines are shown, which contribute to increase the rate of data transfer by up to four. Data is transferred over only one of the multiple data lines between a host and an MMC card. In the specific implementation of the SD Card, the number of data lines used at one time is either one or four.

0032The SD Card 90 and mating socket 100 are shown in <figref idref="f0003">Figure 7</figref>. Although the first aspect of the present invention, described above with respect to <figref idref="f0002 f0003 f0004">Figures 4-6</figref>, may be implemented with a card having the same number of contacts as the MMC card 10 of <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>, this aspect of the present invention causes the SD Card to have an increased number of electrical contacts. The SD Card 90 has the same contacts 11-17 as the MMC card 10 of <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>, and in the same relative positions, but also has two new contacts 91 and 92 added for the transmission of data. The spare contact 11 of the MMC card is now also used by the SD Card for data transfer. Thus, four contacts 11, 17, 91 and 92 are used by the SD Card for transferring data into and out of the memory within the card 90. A mating socket 100 (<figref idref="f0003">Figure 7</figref>) similarly has the same pins 1-7 as the socket 20 of <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>, plus two additional pins 8 and 9. The result is four data lines 27 (pin 7), 101 (pin 8), 102 (pin 9), and 21 (pin 1) connected to each card socket

0033The modified system is shown in <figref idref="f0005">Figure 8</figref>, where a host 51" has been modified to enable simultaneous transfer of data over more than one data line to each of multiple sockets 104, 106 and 108 that individually have the structure of the socket 100 (<figref idref="f0003">Figure 7</figref>). The four data lines 21, 27, 101 and 102 are commonly connected each of the sockets and to a multiplexer 105 through switching logic circuits 110, 111, 112 and 113. A single stream of data in a line 107 that is to be stored into a card inserted into one of the sockets 106-108 is alternately switched by the multiplexer, in response to a control signal from the host controller 52' in a line 109, among the four switching logic circuits 110-113 in time sequence. Similarly, when data are being read from a card, such a single data stream is assembled in the line 107 by the multiplexer 105 switching between the circuits 110-113.

0034One of the switching logic circuits 110-113 is provided for each of the multiple data lines that are connected to the card sockets, circuit 110 for data line DAT 0, circuit 111 for data, line DAT 1, circuit 112 for data line DAT 2 and circuit 113 for data line DAT 3. They are controlled by signals on the fines 114 to the host controller 52'. During a write operation to a card in any one of the multiple sockets 104,106 and 108, each of the switching logic circuits 110-113 has all four of its outputs connected to its input. Thus, data to be written is broadcasted to all of the sockets. When data are being read from one of the cards, however, each of the circuits 110-113 is switched to connect to the input line only the output line that is connected to the socket in which the memory card being read is inserted.

0035In order to accommodate the multiple data lines, the data register 35 of <figref idref="f0001">Figure 2</figref> and its operation, are modified in the SD Card, in a specific example, in a manner shown in <figref idref="f0006">Figures 9 and 10A-E</figref>. During writing, the host controller 52' (<figref idref="f0005">Figure 8</figref>) generates a single stream of data in the line 107. Such a stream is illustrated in <figref idref="f0006">Figure 10A</figref>, where the letters A, B, C etc. each represent one data bit. The multiplexer 105 connects the logic circuits 110-113 one at a time to the line 107 in sequence for the transfer of only one bit This is indicated in <figref idref="f0006">Figure 10B</figref> for the case of a memory card having four data contacts, and thus when all four of the data lines DAT 0, DAT 1, DAT 2 AND DAT 3 are being used. The multiplexer 105 sends the first bit A over data line DAT 0, the second bit B over data line DAT 1, the third bit C over data line DAT 2, the fourth bit D over DAT 3, and then starts over by sending the bit E to the data line DAT 0, and so forth. These four streams of data are received by the data register 35' and reassembled into the data sequence of <figref idref="f0006">Figure 10A</figref>, which is then transferred in parallel through circuits 38' to a data buffer like the buffer 36 of <figref idref="f0001">Figure 2</figref>. Each individual serial stream of data is preferably sent over its respective data line by accumulating its bits into blocks that each also include cyclic redundancy check ("CRC") bits calculated from the block's data. Each block includes a start bit, then the data, followed by the CRC and then a stop bit, in a specific example.

0036Although the data transfer rate of any one of the data lines is limited, the simultaneous transfer of data over multiple data lines increases that rate by approximately a multiple that is equal to the number of data lines. If two data lines are being used, for example, a data stream illustrated in <figref idref="f0006">Figure 10C</figref>, having one-half the rate as that of <figref idref="f0006">Figure 10A</figref>, is supplied in the line 107. The multiplexer 105 then switches this stream between data lines DAT 0 and DAT 1, resulting in data streams as illustrated in <figref idref="f0006">Figure 10D</figref>. The data register 35' in an addressed card then reassembles the two streams DAT 0 and DAT 1 into that of <figref idref="f0006">Figure 10C</figref> and transfers the data in parallel over lines 38'. If only one data line is being used, the multiplexer 105 remains connected with a singe data line, such as DAT 0, over which a data stream in line 107, having a reduced data rate, is directed, as shown in <figref idref="f0006">Figure 10E</figref>.

0037Conversely, when data are being read from the memory, the data are loaded in parallel into the register 35' and sent over the data lines with one of the formats indicated in <figref idref="f0006">Figures 10B, 10D or 10E</figref>, depending upon the number of data lines being used. If the data are being sent over more than one of the data lines, the multiplexer 105 switches back and form among the data lines being used, in order to result in a stream of data in the line 107 that corresponds to that of one of <figref idref="f0006">Figures 10A, 10C or 10E</figref>, depending upon the number of data lines that are being used.

0038It is desirable for the system of <figref idref="f0005">Figure 8</figref> to be able to accept cards having a varying number of data line contacts, one, two or any other number up to the number of data lines provided in the system (four such lines in this example), and to be able to freely intermix and interchange such cards in the system. For some applications, the high data transfer rate provided by the number of data lines of a system, four in this case, is not necessary. For those applications, a version of the SD Card is made with a lesser number of data pins. An accompanying reduction in the amount of interface circuitry in the card also occurs, and thus the card's cost is reduced. Cards with two active data pins are useful, as are those with only one.

0039In order to be able to use cards with different numbers of data lines in the same system, a read-only field is preferably provided in the individual cards that is read by the host to determine over how many data lines it can communicate with that card. In a specific implementation, this is included in an SD Card Configuration Register ("SCR") that is added to the registers shown in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 2</figref> for the MMC card Thehost 51" reads this field upon power-up, an initialization at some other time or whenever a new card is inserted into a socket, and thereafter transfers data addressed to each card over the number of data lines that the card can accommodate. But since there is some cost involved to provide additional circuitry necessary for each added data line, some cards are designed to work with a lesser number of data lines. Conversely, the host can be designed to operate with a lesser number of data lines than possible. If the added speed of data transfer is not necessary for a particular application, then the added complexity and cost to provide the higher data transfer rates can be avoided, both in cards and in host systems.

0040The ability to dynamically select the width of the data bus between a host and one or more memory cards results in the host being able to maximize the transfer rate of data between it and whatever memory cards are inserted into the system. Although other techniques of breaking up a data stream between the multiple data lines are certainly possible, the techniques described above and illustrated in <figref idref="f0006">Figures 10A-10E</figref> are preferred for the adapting the host to cards with different data bus widths, to do so dynamically as cards are substituted or added, and even communicate with each of a mixture of cards having different bus widths by using the maximum number of data lines of the individual cards. Another technique is to alternate sending packets of multiple sequential data bits along each data line. But this requires some overhead to keep track of the packets and the like. It is simpler to alternate sequential bits of a data stream through multiple parallel data paths one bit at a time, as described above, particularly when the system needs to adapt to cards having different numbers of data lines. Indeed, this data transfer technique has other applications than the memory system being described here.

0041The flow chart of <figref idref="f0007">Figure 11</figref> illustrates one aspect of a method of operating the memory system of <figref idref="f0003 f0004 f0005 f0006">Figures 7-10E</figref>, wherein the host 51" ascertains the number of data lines with which each card installed in the two or more sockets 104, 106 and 108 is designed to operate. In a first step 121, the host addresses one of the cards over the command/response line 22 by the card's relative address that has already been written in its RCA register 42 (<figref idref="f0001">Figure 2</figref>). Next, in a step 125, the number of data lines for the card is read by the host from its SCR register. This number is then stored by the host, as indicated by a step 125, preferably in a table form. If all the cards in the sockets of the system have been read, the process ends but if not, a step 129 addresses another of the cards of the system and the steps 123 and 125 are repeated for that other card.

0042<figref idref="f0007">Figure 12</figref> is a flow chart that illustrates how the host 51" uses the stored data of the number of data lines for the cards in the system. Whenever a particular card socket is addressed by the host, as indicated by a step 131 the host reads the number of data lines for that card from an internal table constructed by the process of <figref idref="f0007">Figure 11</figref>. This is indicated by a step 133. The host then, as indicated by a step 135, operates the multiplexer 105 to transfer data over the number of the four data lines DAT 0, DAT 1, DAT 2 and DAT3 that is read from that table. In a next step 137, data is transferred over that number of data lines, whether to or from the card. In the case of a card with only one data line, in a specific example, the host preferably transfers data with the card over the line 27 (DAT 0) since that utilizes the same card contact 17 as the MMC products, thus making the system compatible with MMC cards. MMC cards can be used in the system of <figref idref="f0005 f0006">Figures 8-10E</figref> as well as the SD Cards. The host preferably communicates with each card over only the DAT 0 line during initialization in order to determine whether the card is an MMC or SD card, and, if an SD Card, the number of data lines it uses and other information about the card that enables the system to operate efficiently.

0043The system of <figref idref="f0005">Figure 8</figref> can use either a single command/response line 22 (not shown) according to the MMC design or the multiple command/response line system described above with respect to <figref idref="f0002 f0003 f0004">Figures 4-6</figref>. This choice does not affect the structure or circuitry of the card.

0044Although the various aspects of the present invention have been described with respect to specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that the invention is entitled to protection within the full scope of the appended claims. Particularly, the invention is not limited to a system with any particular number of data lines or memory cards, the numbers used in the foregoing description being selected for the purpose of illustration only.

0045Further embodiments of the present invention are set out in the following clauses: <ol id="ol0001" ol-style=""><li>1. In a system including a host and a plurality of sockets in which electronic circuit cards are mechanically insertable and electrically connectable, a method of operating the system, comprising: <ul id="ul0002" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>transferring data between the host and a card addressed over a command circuit when connected to all of the plurality of sockets through a data circuit also connected to all of the plurality of sockets, and</li><li>normally transferring commands that control operation of the electronic circuit cards from the host to an individual card over the command circuit when connected to all of the plurality of sockets except when unique addresses of the individual cards are being defined by communication between the host and the cards one at a time over the command circuit that is alternatively connected to one of the plurality of sockets at a time.</li></ul></li><li>2. The method of clause 1, further comprising: <ul id="ul0003" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>storing within at least some of the electronic circuit cards a characteristic of a number of data contacts thereof through which data are transferable in parallel,</li><li>causing the host to read the stored characteristic from each of the cards inserted into the plurality of sockets, and</li><li>wherein transferring data between the host and an addressed card includes transferring data over one or more of a plurality of data lines connecting the host with each of the plurality of sockets according to the characteristic stored in the addressed card.</li></ul></li><li>3. The method of clause 2, wherein the host provides a clock signal to each of the plurality of sockets to operate electronic circuit cards inserted therein with a common clock frequency regardless of the number of lines over which data are simultaneously transferred with the individual cards that are inserted into the sockets.</li><li>4. The method of any one of clauses 1 to 3, wherein the electronic circuit cards include re-writeable non-volatile memory in which the transferred data are stored.</li><li>5. A memory system, comprising: <ol id="ol0002" compact="compact" ol-style=""><li>(A) a plurality of encapsulated memory cards that individually include: <ul id="ul0004" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a programmable non-volatile memory and a controller of the memory,</li><li>a plurality of electrical contacts on an outer surface of the card, at least one of the contacts carrying data to and from the memory, only one of the contacts receiving commands to control operation of the controller and memory and sending a response, and a contact to receive a clock signal that operates the controller and memory, and</li><li>a plurality of registers that are programmable by command signals received through the command/response pin and readable by response signals sent through the command/status pin, including a programmable address register,</li></ul></li><li>(B) a plurality of sockets which individually receive one of the plurality of cards, said sockets individually including: <ul id="ul0005" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>at least a first pin positioned to connect with said at least one data contact of a card inserted therein, the first pins of the individual plurality of sockets being connected together into a common at least one data line,</li><li>a second pin positioned to connect with said only one command/response contact of a card inserted therein, the second pins of the individual sockets being connected into individual command/response lines,</li><li>a third pin positioned to connect with said clock signal contact of a card inserted therein, the third pins of the plurality of sockets being connected together into a common clock signal line, and</li></ul></li><li>(C) a host device connected to send and receive data on said at least one common data line, to send a clock signal on the common clock signal line, and to normally simultaneously send operating commands to and receive response signals from an individual one of the cards over all of the individual command/response lines simultaneously by including an address of said individual card, except when distinct addresses in the address registers of the plurality of cards are being confirmed through one of the individual command/response lines at a time.</li></ol></li><li>6. The memory system of clause 5, wherein said at least one common data line includes two or more data lines, the memory cards individually provide a response of the number of contacts that carry data to and from the card memory, this response of cards inserted into the plurality of sockets being readable by the host over the command/response lines, said host being connected to transfer data with the individual memory cards inserted in each of the plurality of sockets over one or more of the two or more data lines determined by the response numbers read by the host from the respective cards.</li><li>7. The memory system of clause 6, the clock signal on the common clock signal line has a frequency that remains the same without regard for the number of the two or more data lines over which data are transferred with the individual memory cards.</li><li>8. A memory system, comprising: <ul id="ul0006" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a plurality of cards individually having a plurality of external contacts including at least one contact through which data are transferred into and out of a re-writeable non-volatile memory within the card, only one contact through which commands are received to operate the memory and response signals sent from the memory, and a contact to receive a clock signal to operate the memory,</li><li>a plurality of sockets into which said cards are individually insertable with their contacts electrically contacting a plurality of corresponding pins including at least one data pin, only one pin for command and response signals and a clock signal pin,</li><li>a host system having a single line carrying command and response signals that is selectively connectable by the host to the command and response signal pin of any one or all of the individual card sockets, said host system additionally having at least one line that is connected with said at least one data pin of each of the plurality of sockets to carry data to and from cards inserted therein, said host system also including a clock signal line connected with said clock signal pin of each of the plurality of sockets,</li><li>said plurality of cards individually including an address register into which an address of the card is confirmed to be unique by the host through the command and response line connected to a single card at a time through the command and response pin of the card socket in which the single card is inserted, and</li><li>said host sending additional commands to and receiving additional response signals from an individual one of the cards through said command and response line when connected to the command and response pins of all of the plurality of sockets by sending on the command and response line the address stored in the address register of said individual one of the cards.</li></ul></li><li>9. A memory system, comprising: <ul id="ul0007" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a plurality of cards individually having a plurality of external contacts including one or more contacts through which data are transferred into and out of a re-writeable non-volatile memory within the card, a contact through which commands are received to operate the memory and response signals sent from the memory, and a contact to receive a clock signal to operate the memory,</li><li>a plurality of sockets into which said cards are individually insertable with their contacts electrically contacting a plurality of corresponding pins including two or more data pins, a pin for command and response signals and a pin for the clock signal,</li><li>a host system having a line carrying card command and response signals between it and the command and response pin of the plurality of sockets, a line carrying a clock signal of constant frequency over a line connected with said clock signal pin of each of the plurality of sockets, and two or more data pins of each of the plurality of sockets,</li><li>said plurality of cards individually having stored an indication of the number of contacts through which data are simultaneously transferable, said stored indication being readable by the host over the command and response line, and</li><li>said host transferring data with the individual cards inserted into the plurality of sockets according to the indication stored in the individual cards.</li></ul></li><li>10. The memory system of clause 9, wherein the host system includes a single line carrying command and response signals that is selectively connectable by the host to the command and response signal pin of any one or all of the individual card sockets, said plurality of cards individually including an address register into which an address of the card is confirmed to be unique by the host through the command and response line to a single card at a time when connected to the command and response pin of the card socket in which the single card is inserted, and said host sending additional commands to and receiving additional response signals from an individual one of the cards through said command and response line when connected to the command and response pins of all of the plurality of sockets by sending on the command and response line the address stored in the address register of said individual one of the cards.</li><li>11. An encapsulated card including re-writeable non-volatile memory that has a plurality of contacts including a first group of one or more contacts through which data are simultaneously transferable between the memory and an external host, a second group of one or more contacts receiving commands from an external host to operate the memory and sending signals to an external host of the status of the operation of the memory, third group of one or more contacts receiving a clock signal from which the memory operates, a register field that stores an address of the card that is readable by the host through the first group of contacts, and a random number generator that writes the card address into said register field.</li><li>12. In a system including a host and at least one socket in which at least one of a plurality of electronic circuit cards is removably insertable at one time to form an electrical connection with contacts of the card, a method of operating the system, comprising: <ul id="ul0008" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>storing within the individual electronic circuit cards a characteristic of a number of data contacts thereof through which data are transferable in parallel,</li><li>causing the host to read the stored characteristic from said at least one card inserted into said at least one socket, and</li><li>transferring data between the host and said at least one inserted card over one or more of a plurality of lines connecting the host with said at least one socket according to the characteristic stored in the individual one inserted card.</li></ul></li><li>13. The method of clause 12, wherein the host provides a clock signal to said at least one plurality of sockets to operate one inserted card with a common clock frequency regardless of the number of lines over which data are simultaneously transferred therewith.</li><li>14. The method of either one of clauses 12 or 13, wherein the electronic circuit cards include re-writeable non-volatile memory in which the transferred data are stored.</li><li>15. The method of clause 14, wherein the host determines whether said one inserted card is a MMC type, and if so, transfers data over only one of the plurality of data lines to said at least one socket.</li><li>16. The method of clause 14, wherein transferring data between the host and said at least one inserted card includes directing individual bits of a serial data stream in sequence through a number of said data lines corresponding to the characteristic stored in said one inserted card.</li><li>17. An encapsulated card including re-writeable non-volatile memory that has a plurality of contacts including a first group of one or more contacts through which data are simultaneously transferable between the memory and an external host, a second group of one or more contacts receiving commands from an external host to operate the memory and sending signals to an external host of the status of the operation of the memory, third group of one or more contacts receiving a clock signal from which the memory operates, a register field that permanently stores an indication of the number of contacts within the first group, and an interface circuit connected to read data from and write data to the memory through the number of contacts of the first group according to the stored indication.</li><li>18. The card of clause 17, wherein the encapsulated card is 32 millimeters long, 24 millimetres wide and either 1.4 or 2.1 millimeters thick.</li><li>19. A plurality of cards, each according to clause 17, wherein the number of contacts in the first group and the corresponding stored indication include at least two different numbers.</li><li>20. The plurality of cards of clause 19, wherein said at least two different numbers include one and four.</li><li>21. A method of transmitting a serial stream of data bits between first and second devices, comprising: <ul id="ul0009" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>determining a first number of data lines between the first and second devices, from one to a plurality of lines, with which said devices can communicate data bits in parallel,</li><li>switching the data stream between said first number of lines at one of the first and second devices after each occurrence of a second number of one or more bits thereof having passed to another of said first and second devices, and</li><li>reassembling the serial data stream at said another of the first and second devices by switching between said first number of data lines after each occurrence of the second number of one or more bits having been received.</li></ul></li><li>22. The method of clause 21, wherein said first number is stored in one of the first and second devices, and further wherein the stored first number is read by the other of said first and second devices.</li><li>23. The method of either of clauses 21 or 22, wherein the second number is one data bit.</li></ol>