Small gamma shielded shorted patch rfid tag

<u>BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION</u>

0001<b>1. Field of the Invention</b>

0002The present invention relates to RFID tags, and, more particularly, to RFID tags used for identification, inventory and tracking applications.

2. Description of the Related Art

0003Radio frequency identification (RFID) tags are well known throughout industry, and are being increasingly utilized for supply chain management, inventory management, and logistic control. These tags can be written to and read from a handheld transceiver or fixed portal. Small glass encapsulated low frequency tags are currently being utilized on surgical tools, storage cases and implantable devices (see, e.g., <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref>). These small "capsules" contain their own "onboard" antenna, which suffer extreme radio frequency degradation and detuning due to interference created by the proximity of the metals utilized in surgical tools, storage cases and implantable devices. As a result of this proximity, virtual contact (actual physical contact or very short distances) must be maintained between the reader antenna and the RFID tag. This "virtual" contact requirement makes communication with a surgically implanted device impossible, and reliable communication with a storage case or set of surgical tools impractical.

0004Medical implants are typically packaged in encapsulated sterile containers that have been sterilized using medical dose gamma ray sterilization. The silicon material used in many RFID chips suffers extreme degradation and failure when exposed to medical sterilization gamma dose rates rendering them useless. <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="EP1630730A1"><text>EP 1 630 730 A1</text></patcit> discloses a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag comprising the features of the preamble of claim 1. The disadvantage is that there might be undesired gamma radiation present. <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="US2006145872A1"><text>US 2006/145872 A1</text></patcit> discloses an RFID tag wherein an RFID circuit Is connected to a first plate and to a second plate formed on opposite sides of a dielectric body, The said tag has the same disadvantages.

0005What is needed in the art is a small RFID tag that can be used In a medical environment (implanted or not implanted), with good read distances, and capable of withstanding repeated gamma radiation sterilization procedures.

<u>SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION</u>

0006A small passive wireless transponder of the present Invention has the unique ability to withstand medical gamma ray sterilization and function in the presence of an implanted (in the human body) metal device, or a non-implanted metal surgical tool, or a non-metallic implant or surgical tool for the purpose of remote 0.3-4.57 m (1-15 feet) electronic digital identification. The transponder is a small (less than 25.4 mm (1 inch) long 12.7 mm (1/2 in) wide, and 3.17 mm (1/8 in. inch) thick) medical grade plastic, silicon, or epoxy encapsulated tag that is capable of mounting onto an implanted metal orthopedic appliance, or metal shafted surgical tool. The electrically insulating substrate material is comprised of a high dielectric and low loss tangent material that facilitates the drastic miniaturization and high efficiency operation of the device. Additionally, the RFID tag of the present invention utilizes a shorted folded antenna structure that allows the antenna to resonate at ¼ the wavelength of the frequency used for communicating with the RFID device, thus minimizing the size of the device. The unique design/construction of the RFID tag forms a heavily gamma shielded enclosure utilizing a two piece ground plane that is conductively bonded together to ensure complete enclosure of the RFID chip by a gamma absorbing metallic material. The incrementally lower impedance of the ground plane created by the overall thicker backplane, produces negligible performance difference as currents flow near the surface of the conductors at high operating frequencies ("skin effect").

0007The invention in one form is directed to an RFID tag, including a substrate made of a material with a high dielectric constant of greater than approximately 4 and having a first side and a second side. A patch antenna is mounted to the first side of the substrate. A metallic ground plane is mounted to the second side of the substrate, and includes a feed through hole. A metallic backplane is coupled with the ground plane, on a side of the ground plane opposite the substrate. The backplane and/or the ground plane includes a recess. An RFID circuit is positioned within the recess. A shorting wall includes a plurality of through holes extending through the substrate and interconnecting the antenna with the ground plane. The plurality of through holes are generally linearly arranged relative to each other along an edge of the ground plane. An electrically conductive via extends through the substrate and the feed through hole of the ground plane. The via has a diameter which is slightly less than the feed through hole. The via interconnects the antenna with the RFID circuit. The via is at a distance from the shorting wall whereby an impedance of the RFID circuit approximately matches an impedance of the antenna.

<u>BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS</u>

0008The above-mentioned and other features and advantages of this invention, and the manner of attaining them, will become more apparent and the invention will be better understood by reference to the following description of embodiments of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

0009<figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref> is an illustration of one embodiment of an existing RFID tag (capsule);

0010<figref idref="f0002">Figs. 2A and 2B</figref> illustrate an embodiment of a sub ¼ wave side loaded shorted-patch antenna used in an embodiment of the RFID tag of the present invention;

0011<figref idref="f0003">Figs. 3A and 3B</figref> illustrate one embodiment of an RFID tag incorporating the antenna shown in <figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref>;

0012<figref idref="f0004">Fig. 4</figref> is a perspective view of the circuit board assembly in <figref idref="f0002">Figs. 2</figref> and <figref idref="f0003">3</figref>;

0013<figref idref="f0004">Fig. 5</figref> is another perspective view of the circuit board assembly in <figref idref="f0002 f0003 f0004">Figs. 2-4</figref>;

0014<figref idref="f0005">Fig. 6</figref> is a bottom view of the circuit board assembly in <figref idref="f0002 f0003 f0004">Figs. 2-5</figref>;

0015<figref idref="f0005">Fig. 7</figref> is a side view of the circuit board assembly in <figref idref="f0002 f0003 f0004 f0005">Figs. 2-6</figref>;

0016<figref idref="f0005">Fig. 8</figref> is a top view of the circuit board assembly in <figref idref="f0002 f0003 f0004 f0005">Figs. 2-7</figref>;

0017<figref idref="f0006">Fig. 9</figref> is an end, sectional view of a slightly different embodiment of an RFID tag of the present invention, with a stamped metal backplane;

0018<figref idref="f0006">Fig. 10</figref> is a side, sectional view of the RFID tag of <figref idref="f0003">Fig. 3</figref>, taken along line 10-10 in <figref idref="f0006">Fig. 9</figref>; and

0019<figref idref="f0007">Fig. 11</figref> is an exploded, perspective view of the RFID tag of <figref idref="f0006">Figs. 9 and 10</figref>.

0020Corresponding reference characters Indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views. The exemplifications set out herein illustrate embodiments of the invention, and such exemplifications are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any manner.

<u>DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION</u>

0021Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly to <figref idref="f0002 f0003 f0004 f0005 f0006 f0007">Figs. 2-11</figref>, there is shown an embodiment of an RFID tag (transponder) 10 of the present invention, which generally includes a circuit board assembly 12, backplane 14 and overmolded housing 16.

0022Circuit board assembly 12 includes a circuit board 18, an RFID circuit 20, an antenna 22, and a metallic ground plane 24. Circuit board or substrate 18 has a first side 28 and a second side 28. Circuit board 18 carries antenna 22 on first side 26. Circuit board 18 carries RFID circuit 20 and ground plane 24 on second side 28.

0023Circuit board or substrate 18 may be constructed from a material with a high dielectric constant of greater than approximately 4. A substrate material that has a high dielectric constant such as a ceramic filled polytetraflouroethylene (PTFE) or metal oxide ceramic provides good strength, easy processing and a low thermal coefficient of expansion. The high dielectric material permits further miniaturization of the antenna, due to the slower velocity of propagation in the medium, hence, reducing the size of the radiating elements.

0024RFID circuit 20 is preferably constructed as an integrated circuit (IC) which is surface mounted to circuit board 18. RFID circuit 20 could also be mounted to circuit board 18 using leaded or other suitable connections. It is also possible that RFID circuit 20 could be further reduced in size, such as by being configured as an application specific IC (ASIC). It will thus be appreciated that the particular configuration of RFID circuit 20 can vary, depending on the application.

0025RFID circuit 20 may be mounted adjacent to circuit board or substrate 18, or may be positioned within a recess in order to reduce the package size of RFID tag 10. For example, RFID circuit 20 may be positioned within a recess formed in substrate 18 (<figref idref="f0003">Fig. 3A</figref>) or may be positioned within a recess formed In a stamped metal backplane 14 (<figref idref="f0006 f0007">Figs. 9-11</figref>).

0026RFID circuit 20 includes a plurality of components with similar coefficients of thermal expansion so as not to fail from thermal expansion and contraction during repeated autoclave cycles. For example, besides including an IC as described above, RFID circuit 20 may include other integral electronic components with SMT or leaded connections which are formed so as to withstand multiple autoclaving cycles, e.g., greater than 500 cycles, preferably greater than 1000 cycles.

0027Antenna 22 is mounted flat on circuit board 18 and coupled with IC 20 via a trace or other suitable connection. Antenna 22 is a patch type antenna, preferably with a folded configuration to again reduce size while maintaining good efficiency. To that end, antenna 22 includes a central portion 30 extending from 10 20 toward one end of circuit board 18, and a pair of folded back arms 32 extending much of the length of circuit board 18 in an opposite direction.

0028Ground plane 24 is made a part of circuit board assembly 12, and functions to couple circuit board assembly 12 with backplane 14. In theory it might be possible to not use ground plane 24 and instead only use backplane 14, but ground plane 24 offers a less expensive way of coupling circuit board assembly 12 with backplane 14. In the embodiment shown, ground plane 24 is a copper ground plane which Is coupled with RFID circuit 20 and provides a reference ground. Ground plane 24 is a shield against gamma radiation that may exist during a sterilization procedure of an item to which RFID tag 10 may be attached. Ground plane 24 is also a shield in the sense that radio frequency (RF) signals radiate in a direction away from ground plane 28, thus shielding the part to which RFID tag 10 is attached from the RF signals. Ground plane 24 has a large enough surface area that it effectively couples with backplane 14. It is possible to use an intervening adhesive between ground plane 24 and backplane 14 which does not affect the coupling therebetween.

0029Shorting wall 34 includes a plurality of through holes 34A extending through substrate 18 and interconnecting antenna 22 with ground plane 24. For purposes of simplicity and illustration, shorting wall 34 is shown as including only three (3) through holes 34A in <figref idref="f0002">Figs. 2A and 2B</figref>. However, It will be appreciated that shorting wall 34 may likely include a greater number of through holes 34A to form a more effective "wall". For example, in one embodiment, shorting wall 34 may include twelve (12) through holes 34A to form a more effective shorting "wall". The particular number of through holes 34A making up shorting wall 34 can vary, depending on the application. The plurality of through holes 34A are generally linearly arranged relative to each other along an edge of ground plane 24. The use of shorting wall 34 transforms RFID tag 10 from a half wavelength to a quarter wavelength, and thereby allows a one-half reduction in the length of antenna 22.

0030An electrically conductive via 35 extends through substrate 18 and interconnects antenna 22 with RFID circuit 20. Via 35 is located at a distance from shorting wall 34 whereby an impedance of RFID circuit 20 approximately matches an impedance of antenna 22. Positioning via 35 at the correct "impedance matching" distance from shorting wall 34 means that it is not necessary to use an impedance matching stub at the beginning of the connection point with antenna 22, thereby further reducing the length of antenna 22. Via 35 terminates at the side of substrate 18 adjacent ground plane 24 with an insulated electrical terminal 35A. Terminal 35A is coupled with a lead from RFID circuit 20.

0031Backplane 14 extends past ground plane 24 of circuit board assembly 12. In this manner, backplane 14 forms a larger effective ground plane and also self resonates when RFID tag 10 is attached to a non-metal object. The extent to which backplane 14 extends past ground plane 24 is sufficient to accomplish this self resonating function. Backplane 14 includes at least one mounting feature 36 in an area outside of ground plane 24. In the embodiments shown, backplane 14 includes a pair of mounting features in the form of mounting holes 36 in the area outside of ground plane 24. Backplane 14 is preferably made from stainless steel, but could be made from a different type of suitable metal. Backplane 14 may be a flat piece of metal (e.g., <figref idref="f0003">Figs. 3A and 3B</figref>) or may be a stamped metal part (<figref idref="f0006 f0007">Figs. 9-11</figref>).

0032Housing 16 is an overmolded housing which surrounds and hermetically seals circuit board assembly 12. In the case of the embodiment shown in <figref idref="f0003">Figs. 3A and 3B</figref>, housing 16 completely surrounds RFID tag 10, whereas in the case of the embodiment shown in <figref idref="f0006 f0007">Figs. 9-11</figref>, housing 16 seals against a stamped metal backplane 14. Housing 16 is constructed from a material which is both autoclavable and has a low dielectric constant of between approximately 1 to 5. Housing 16 is constructed from an autoclavable material which can withstand multiple autoclave cycles at a temperature of greater than approximately 121°C (250°F) and can withstand greater than 500 autoclave cycles, preferably greater than 1000 cycles. For example, housing 16 may be constructed from a medical grade, sterilizable material, such as a medical grade plastic, silicone or epoxy. Housing 16 can also be constructed from a biocompatible material if intended to be implanted within an animal. As specific examples, housing 16 may be constructed from polyphenylsulfone, polysulfone, polythemide, or insert silicone rubber which provide an adequate barrier (hermetic seal) to moisture and contaminants, as well as providing a low dielectric (dielectric constant less than 5) buffer to the lower dielectric constant of air (approx 1.1) or higher dielectric constant of body tissue (25-60). For further details of autoclave operating parameters to which RFID tag 10 may be subjected, reference Is made to the sterilization standards from the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI), Arlington, Virginia, USA.

0033In summary, the present invention is directed to an RFID transponder 10 which is able to be reused, presents a hermetic barrier to contamination from biological agents, and is capable of surviving repeated autoclave and sanitizing cycles.

0034RFID tag 10 is capable of self resonance when attached to a non-metallic implant or surgical device. RFID tag 10 has its own ground plane (see, e.g., <figref idref="f0003">Figs. 3A and 3B</figref>) which facilitates balanced current flow through the elements of the tag and through the ground plane allowing self-resonance independent of mounting to a metallic surface. This capability allows the RFID tag 10 of the present invention to operate in a wide variety of metallic and non-metallic environments.

0035RFID tag 10 has the unique ability to function in the presence of or mounted to a metal device, or a metal surgical tool, or metal storage case or a non-metallic device, surgical tool or storage case for the purpose of remote (up to 15 feet) electronic digital identification. RFID tag 10 is made from a small (less then 19.05 mm [¾ Inch] long 12.7 mm [1/2 in.] wide, and 3.175 mm [1/8 in. inch] thick) medical grade plastic, silicone, or epoxy encapsulated printed circuit board that is capable of mounting onto an implanted metal orthopedic appliance, or metal shafted surgical tool. The electrically insulating substrate material (Interior of printed circuit board or PCB) is formed from a high dielectric and low loss tangent material that facilitates the drastic miniaturization (approximately 1/3 the size) and high efficiency operation of the device. Additionally, RFID tag 10 utilizes a side loaded shorted folded antenna structure (PCB) that allows the antenna to resonate at less than 1/4 the wavelength in the medium (high dielectric) of the frequency used for communicating with RFID tag 10, thus drastically minimizing the size of the device. The overall length of RFID tag 10 is approximately 1/16^th the normal free space resonant length. The unique design/construction of RFID tag 10 allows recess of RFID circuit 20 from the rear backplane side of the substrate.

0036According to one aspect of the present invention, the small passive wireless RFID tag 10 is affixed to or mounted on an implantable orthopedic device, storage case or surgical tool that has a small recess, clearance or opening in the device to aid attachment to an area that does not interfere with the normal use of the device. RFID tag 10 can be attached to any conductive metallic device regardless of composition (i.e. aluminum, titanium, lead, tin, steel, iron, brass, bronze, nickel, etc.) due to the relatively low I²R loss of the material and the larger effective ground plane produced by attachment between RFID tag 10 and the metallic device to which it is attached.

0037According to another aspect of the present invention, ground plane 24 and backplane 14 are each formed from a metallic material and are constructed so as to substantially surround and form a gamma shield for RFID circuit 20. In the variant shown in <figref idref="f0003">Fig. 3A</figref>, backplane 14 has a machined or milled recess formed therein in which RFID circuit 20 is located. In the variant shown in <figref idref="f0006 f0007">Figs. 9-11</figref>, backplane 14 is a stamped metal backplane with a stamped recess formed therein in which RFID circuit 20 is located. In either event, RFID circuit 20 is substantially surrounded by ground plane 24 and backplane 14 and is thereby capable of withstanding multiple sterilization procedures, such as may be typical with gamma radiation. The small through hole formed in ground plane 24 through which the electrically conductive via 35 extends does not allow any appreciable gamma radiation to pass therethrough which could damage RFID circuit 20.

0038Although backplane 14 is shown as including a recess for receiving RFID circuit 20, it is also possible to construct ground plane 24 with a recess for receiving RFID circuit 20. As a further option, both ground plane 24 and backplane 14 can be constructed With a recess for receiving RFID circuit 20. As yet a further option, ground plane 24 and/or backplane 14 can be constructed as an open ended box with upstanding peripheral sidewalls to define an interior recess for receiving RFID circuit 20. It will be appreciated that regardless of the specific configuration, RFID circuit 20 is substantially surrounded with a metallic enclosure to create a substantially gamma hard electronic circuit.

0039An advantage of the present invention over other self contained antenna RFID tags is the extremely small size and the ability to read and write relatively large distances between the reader and the tag when in the proximity of metal. Most labelbased RFID tags are "tuned" to work on plastic, cardboard, glass and other non-metallic materials and are typically relatively large (surface areas of more than 4 square inches). The shorted-patch design of the present invention incorporates a ground or backplane that completes the current path for the incoming electromagnetic wave. This ground plane when in proximity of or mounted against a still larger metal surface increases the effective size of the ground plane which produces a functionally insignificant alteration of the antenna pattern and resonant frequency (which can sometimes also increase the read distance). The RFID tag of the present invention suffers minimal detuning from the increase of the effective size of the ground plane and thus is capable of being utilized in proximity of a large range of size variation. Additionally the RFID tag of the present invention withstands medical sterilization gamma ray doses that are highly prevalent with sterile packaged implant devices.

0040While this invention has been described with respect to at least one embodiment, the present invention can be further modified within the scope of this disclosure. This application is therefore intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention using its general principles. Further, this application is intended to cover such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice in the art to which this invention pertains and which fall within the limits of the appended claims.