Functional laminate

0001The invention refers to a functional laminate. Functional laminates are are documents resulting from the lamination of a plurality of layers. In particular they are used as security documents such as smart cards, ID cards, credit cards and the like.

0002Functional laminates also refer to semi-finished products like prelaminates or inlays, which are used for example for the manufacturing of smart cards equipped with chips or chip modules, RFID antennae and the like. They usually consist of a number of core layers and two or more cover layers covering the core layers, wherein the chip module is embedded in the layers. The layers usually consist of a plastic material such as polycarbonate or polyethylene terephthalate.

0003In <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="DE19710656A1"><text>DE 197 10 656 A1</text></patcit> a smart card is disclosed, wherein layers have recesses to accommodate components such as an antenna coil or a chip module or another semiconductor. The component is embedded with a filler in the stamped-out region. Te filler is initially in fluid form. Excess filler is removed and the layers are laminated under heat and pressure.

0004In <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="WO2007089140A1"><text>WO2007/089140 A1</text></patcit> an identity document is disclosed, consisting of a support and a chip accommodated therein. The support may be produced by laminating different layers, one or more of these layers being provided with an opening for accommodating the chip. Laminating or applying the plastic in another way takes place at a relatively high temperature. During cooling, the support and the chip exhibit different shrinking properties, resulting in stresses which may lead to cracks. It is proposed to provide an auxiliary layer between the layer directly adjoining the chip and the subsequent layer. This auxiliary layer consists of a rubberlike material having a thermal coefficient of expansion which is greater than that of the adjoining two layers.

0005In <patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="EP1502765A1"><text>EP 1 502 765 A1</text></patcit> a method for producing a booklet, in particular an identity booklet is disclosed. The booklet comprises a cover, several leaves and at least one data page with a flexible layer. The layer is provided with means which further strengthen its joint with a data carrier. Such means may be recesses, in particular. <patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="US2004182939A"><text>US-A-2004182939</text></patcit> relates to a security document in which a chip is incorporated and is interested in reducing stresses caused by the chip during lamination.

0006When the layers are laminated using heat and/or pressure the macromolecules of the plastic material tend to shorten thus causing the plastic material to shrink. Since the chip module itself does not shrink the material is subjected to mechanical stress eventually leading to deforming, cracking or delaminating the material thus limiting the service life of the smart card.

0007It is accordingly an object of the invention to provide a functional laminate able to absorb mechanical stress caused by shrinkage of the cover layer in the laminating process. It is also an object of the invention to provide a method for producing such a functional laminate.

0008The object is achieved by a method for manufacturing a functional laminate according to claim 1 and its dependent claims, as well as claims 9 and 10.

0009Preferred embodiments of the invention are given in the dependent claims.

0010Further scope of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description given hereinafter. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.

0011The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description given herein below and the accompanying drawings which are given by way of illustration only, and thus, are not limitative of the present invention, and wherein: <dl id="dl0001"><dt>Fig. 1</dt><dd>shows a longitudinal section of a functional laminate with three layers, one of them a patchwork layer situated between the other layers,</dd><dt>Fig. 2</dt><dd>shows a longitudinal section of another embodiment of the functional laminate with four layers, two of them being patchwork layers adjacent to each other and situated between the other layers,</dd><dt>Fig. 3</dt><dd>shows a longitudinal section of another embodiment of the functional laminate with four layers, two of them being patchwork layers at a face of the functional laminate, enclosing the other layers,</dd><dt>Fig. 4a</dt><dd>shows a longitudinal section of a functional laminate with three layers, one of them a patchwork layer situated between the other layers, the patchwork layer exhibiting patches arranged for forming a security pattern and having en embedded chip module,</dd><dt>Fig. 4b</dt><dd>shows a top view of the patchwork layer from <figref idref="f0002">figure 4a</figref>,</dd><dt>Fig. 5</dt><dd>shows a top view of a patchwork layer exhibiting patches arranged for forming a security pattern, having en embedded chip module and an antenna coil connected to the chip module,</dd><dt>Fig. 6</dt><dd>shows a longitudinal section of a layer with patches supported by an auxiliary material, and</dd><dt>Fig. 7</dt><dd>shows a longitudinal section of a functional laminate with an embedded chip module.</dd></dl>

0012<figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> shows a longitudinal section of a functional laminate 1 before lamination with three layers 2, 3, 3'. The layer 2 situated between the other layers 3, 3' is a patchwork layer. The patchwork layer 2 consists of two different types of zones 2.1 to 2.5. The zones 2.2 and 2.4 of a first type consist of a first material while the zones 2.1, 2.3 and 2.4 of a second type consist of a second material. The other layers 3, 3' adjacent to the patchwork layer 2 consist of the first material. Uninterrupted bridges of the first material are formed by the zones 2.2, 2.4 between the layers 3, 3'.

0013In a concrete example, the layers 3 and 3' are made of polycarbonate, while the layer 2 essentially consists of a sheet of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) or a pure polyurethane (PU), with inserted patches of polycarbonate (represented by the zones 2.2 and 2.4 on the figure). After lamination this results in a functional laminate (for example a card) having external surfaces of polycarbonate and two internally uninterrupted bridges of polycarbonate, in order to reinforce the mechanical structure of the laminated body, in particular against de-lamination. The mechanical stress is absorbed by the zones of TPU or PU, being smoother than the polycarbonate, so crack formation is avoided.

0014<figref idref="f0001">Figure 2</figref> shows a longitudinal section of another embodiment of the functional laminate 1 with four layers 2, 2', 3, 3'. The layers 2 and 2' are designed as patchwork layers. The patchwork layers 2, 2' consist of two different types of zones 2.1 to 2.5, 2'.1 to 2'.5. The zones 2.1, 2.3, 2.5, 2'.1, 2'.3, 2'.5 consist of the first material while the zones 2.2, 2.4, 2'.2, 2'.4 consist of the second material. The other layers 3, 3' adjacent to the patchwork layers 2, 2' and enclosing them also consist of the first material. Uninterrupted bridges of the first material are formed by the zones 2.1, 2.3, 2.5, 2'.1, 2'.3, 2'.5 between the layers 3, 3'.

0015In a concrete example, all layers 2, 2', 3 and 3'are essentially made of polycarbonate. Layers 2 and 2' have inserted patches of TPU or PU (represented by the zones 2.2, 2'.2, 2.4 and 2'.4 on the figure). The functional laminate resulting from the lamination is apparently a mono bloc of polycarbonate having some discrete inner zones of TPU or PU. These zones of smoother material can be used to embed elements such as a chip module inside of the polycarbonate body without generating mechanical stress.

0016While the patch 2.2 entirely fills a recess in the surrounding first material of the layer 2, the patch 2'.2 only partially fills its recess. Furthermore it shows a smaller empty recess in its middle which may be used for accepting a chip or chip module, for example. The patch 2.4 only partially fills its recess by being thinner than the layer 2. This is compensated by the adjacent patch 2'.4 which is thicker than the layer 2'.

0017<figref idref="f0001">Figure 3</figref> shows a longitudinal section of yet another embodiment of the functional laminate 1 with four layers 2, 2', 3, 3'. By contrast to <figref idref="f0001">Figure 2</figref>, the cover layers 3 and 3' are designed as patchwork layers. The patchwork layers 3, 3' consist of two different types of zones 3.1 to 3.5, 3'.1 to 3'.5. The zones 3.1, 3.3, 3.5, 3'.1, 3'.3, 3'.5 of the first type consist of the first material while the zones 3.2, 3.4, 3'.2, 3'.4 of the second type consist of the second material. The other layers 2, 2' adjacent to each other and enclosed by the patchwork layers 3, 3' consist of the second material. Uninterrupted bridges of the second material are formed by the zones 3.2, 3.2', 3.4, 3.4' through the layers 2, 2'. By contrast to the <figref idref="f0001">figures 1 and 2</figref>, where the uninterrupted bridges form vertical columns with respect to a normal an a surface of the functional laminate 1, the bridges in <figref idref="f0001">figure 3</figref> are formed by the zones 3.2, 3.2', 3.4, 3.4', which are staggered with respect to that normal. The zone 3.4 only partially fills its recess by being thinner than the surrounding first material of the zones 3.3, 3.5. This is compensated by the zone 3'.4 of layer 3', which is thicker than the surrounding first material of the zones 3'.3, 3'.5. When laminating the stacked layers 2, 2', 3, 3' the excess material of zone 3'.4 will force the second material of the layers 2, 2' to fill the space left out by zone 3.4.

0018<figref idref="f0002">Figure 4a</figref> shows a longitudinal section of another functional laminate 1 before lamination with three layers 2, 3, 3'. The layer 2 situated between the other layers 3, 3' is a patchwork layer. The patchwork layer 2 essentially consists of the first material with inserted patches 2.2 and 2.4 of the second material. The other layers 3, 3' enclosing the patchwork layer 2 consist of the first material. Uninterrupted bridges of the first material are formed everywhere but in the locations of the patches 2.2 and 2.4.

0019In the alternative embodiment shown in this <figref idref="f0002">Figure 4</figref>, a chip module 4, eventually connected to an antenna (not shown) to form a transponder, is also introduced in the stack of layers to be laminated. Preferably (but not necessary), the zone 2.4 comprises a recess in which the module 4 can be at least partially placed/hold before the lamination process. During the lamination, the module is pressed into the material of the patch 2.4, which is then flowing around it. The ideal result is shown in <figref idref="f0003">Fig. 7</figref>, where the module is entirely surrounded by the material of the patch 2.4. The antenna connected to the module (not shown) is simply laminated and embedded between the layers 2 and 3. The first material can be for example polycarbonate while the second material is a TPU or PU. During and after the lamination, the mechanical stress due to the shrinking difference between the polycarbonate and the chip module will be absorbed by the smoother TPU or PU.

0020<figref idref="f0002">Figure 4b</figref> shows a top view of the patchwork layer 2 from <figref idref="f0002">figure 4a</figref>. It can be seen that the layer 2 comprises three more inserted patches 2.6, 2.7 and 2.8 of the second material. Additionally, the patch 2.6 of the second material comprises also two inserted patches 2.9 and 2.10 of the first material. The overall arrangement of the patches 2.2 to 2.10 in the layer 2 forms a security pattern helping to make the functional laminate 1 tamper-proof.

0021<figref idref="f0002">Figure 5</figref> shows an alternative configuration of the patchwork layer 2. By contrast to <figref idref="f0002">figures 4a and 4b</figref>, the patchwork layer 2 essentially consists of the second material. The patches 2.2, 2.6, 2.7 and 2.8 of the first material have been poured into recesses of the layer 2. The patch 2.6 itself shows 2 recesses filled with two patches 2.9 and 2.10 of the second material. A transponder, comprising the chip module 4 connected to a wire antenna 5 by the wire ends 5.1 and 5.2, is placed over a homogenous patch-less zone of the layer 2 (this zone may optionally exhibit an empty recess to accept the chip module 4). After lamination, the chip module 4 and the antenna 5 are both embedded into the material of the layer 2.

0022<figref idref="f0003">Figure 6</figref> shows a longitudinal section of the patchwork layer 2 with examples of patches 2.2, 2.4, 2.6 of the second material inserted into recesses formed in the first material the layer 2 (illustrated by zones 2.1, 2.3, 2.5 and 2.7) is essentially formed of. In this embodiment, the patches are held in the recesses by different auxiliary sheets 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3. In the case of the auxiliary sheets 6.1 and 6.2 a non-woven fabric is used for easing/securing the placement of the patches 2.2 and 2.4. In the case of the auxiliary sheet 6.3 a thin layer of the first material is used. The auxiliary sheets 6.1 to 6.3 may be soaked and embedded by the surrounding material in the lamination process.

0023<figref idref="f0003">Figure 7</figref> shows a longitudinal section of another functional laminate 1 with an embedded chip module 4 in laminated state. The chip module 4 was arranged in a zone 2.4 of the second material in a patchwork layer essentially consisting of the first material and enclosed by layers having the same first material at least in the region shown in <figref idref="f0003">figure 7</figref>.

0024The functional laminate 1 in all figures may be manufactured using a method comprising the steps of: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="dash" compact="compact"><li>providing at least one patchwork layer 2, 2', 3, 3';</li><li>stacking the patchwork layer 2, 2', 3, 3' with at least one other layer 2, 2', 3, 3' in order to obtain a stack of layers 2, 2', 3, 3', wherein at least one proximate layer 2, 2'. 3, 3' directly adjacent to the patchwork layer 2, 2', 3, 3' comprises at least one zone 2.1 to 2.n, 2'.1 to 2'.n, 3.1 to 3.n, 3'.1 to 3'.n comprising the first material or the second material;</li><li>laminating the stack of layers 2, 2', 3, 3' together by heat and/or pressure and/or gluing.</li></ul>

0025The patchwork layer 2, 2', 3, 3' may be produced by: <ul id="ul0002" list-style="dash" compact="compact"><li>creating at least one recess in one layer 2, 2', 3, 3' essentially consisting of one of the first or second material;</li><li>at least partially filling at least one of said recesses with a patch at least comprising the other of the first or second material.</li></ul>

0026The first material may be harder than the second material. For example the first material may be PC, PET or PET-G and the second material may be an elastomer, as for example PU, or even preferably a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) like TPU. In the present document the designation of first and second material may always be exchanged. The single limitation is that the smoother material should be in principle used to embed chip modules or similar elements inserted in the laminated body.

0027There may be more or less layers 2, 2', 3, 3' than shown in the figures, the number of patchwork layers and the number of non patchwork layers being variable, as their ordering in the stack of layers. The single restriction it that it should result in a localized uninterrupted bridge of one material between the two faces of the functional laminate 1.

0028The functional laminate 1 may be used as an inlay or a prelaminate for manufacturing a security document, such as a passport, an ID or a card.

<u>LIST OF REFERENCES</u>

0029<ul id="ul0003" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>1 functional laminate</li><li>2, 2' layer</li><li>2.1 to 2.n zone, patch</li><li>3, 3' layer</li><li>3.1 to 3.n zone, patch</li><li>4 chip module</li><li>5 antenna coil</li><li>6.1 to 6.n auxiliary material</li></ul>