Method of removing adhesive residues

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

0001The present disclosure includes a process using environmentally friendly materials for the removal of adhesive residues from the exterior surface of aerospace vehicles including airplanes. The process uses a novel adhesive remover composition comprising one or more non-halogenated organic solvents, a non-abrasive thickening agent, a surfactant, and a vapor-pressure modulating agent. The total Hansen Solubility Parameter ("δt" or "HSP") at 25°C for each of the non-halogenated organic solvents is from 14 MPa^½ to 24 MPa^½. The disclosure provides a cost effective, safe, environmentally friendly adhesive remover composition specifically formulated for removal of, e.g., pressure sensitive adhesive residues from large areas of aircraft composite and aluminum surfaces, as well as others.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

0002Conventional methods for removing adhesive residues, e.g., associated with the removal of vinyl decals from hard surfaces, e.g., auto, truck, bus, railroad, marine, aircraft bodies, and the like, are often time consuming, expensive, inefficient, and require the use of environmentally hazardous materials. For example, using art-recognized techniques, vinyl decals are often removed by careful application of heat <i>via</i> a heat gun and scraping to remove most of the decal and adhesive. A typical method of removing remaining adhesive residue is to wipe it away with a solvent-soaked rag. This method may be acceptable for cleaning small areas, but it is impractical for cleaning large areas, such as an airplane wing.

0003Furthermore, many commercially available adhesive remover compositions contain chlorinated organic solvents such as methylene chloride or carbon tetrachloride (a CFC known to damage stratospheric ozone), or they are alkaline, containing high quantities of potassium or sodium hydroxide. Several commercial products exist that purport to be useful for removing labels, gum, masking tape, and the like from nonabsorbent surfaces. While such products may be free of halogenated organic solvents, they are nevertheless liquids, and therefore their use is limited to small-scale applications in which the liquid can be contained. Such adhesive remover compositions are undesirable for large-scale industrial use.

0004<patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="WO2005037972A1"><text>WO 2005/037972 A1</text></patcit> discloses denture adhesive solvent compositions comprising at least one oil based solvent, a thickener and a surfactant suitable for removing denture adhesive and adhesive residue from the denture and hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity. This document furthermore discloses denture adhesive removal systems comprising a wipe comprising a flexible substrate premoistened with a denture adhesive solvent composition.

0005<patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="GB2058122A"><text>GB 2 058 122</text></patcit> discloses wallpaper stripping compositions comprising an organic solvent such as a water-miscible liquid ester, a water-miscible glycol ether or ester thereof or a water-immiscible aromatic compound, a wetting agent and a thicking agent whereby the thicking agent is present in an amount such that a film of the composition applied to a vertical surface will not flow significantly from the area of application.

0006<patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="US4370174A"><text>US 4,370,174</text></patcit> discloses a cleaning composition comprising an organic solvent having a flash point above about 60° C (140° F), an inorganic solid absorbent powder, a water-in-oil surfactant in an amount sufficient to form an oil external phase emulsion and an oil-in-water surfactant in an amount sufficient to reverse the emulsion to a water external phase upon the addition of water thereto. This document further discloses a method for the use of such a composition in the removal of asphaltic polyvinyl acetate and rubber base adhesive coating from floors.

0007The removal of adhesive residue from the exterior surfaces of airplanes, which may be made of composite materials, present special technical problems. For example, it would be impractical to apply liquids to the underside of an airplane wing (having surface areas of up to 2000 ft² or greater) because dripping liquid would contaminate the work area. Large volumes of free-flowing (<i>i.e</i>., liquid) organic solvents are undesirable because of the risk of fire or environmental contamination, protection of personnel, and the need for hazardous waste disposal. Adhesive residue removing compositions for use on the exterior surfaces of airplanes should not cause mechanical damage to adjacent or underlying structures and finishes. In addition, chemical attack or degradation of adjacent or underlying substrates and finishes including primer coatings should not occur. In order to be practical, any method of removing adhesive residues should ideally conclude with a water-based wash step, such as washing with soap and water. Furthermore, an adhesive removal method should be applicable and practical for horizontal, vertical, and overhead surfaces. The extensive use of carbon composite materials on new airplanes imposes heretofore unknown restrictions on chemical cleaning materials. Most of the cleaners, strippers, and other materials used on conventional aluminum aircraft surfaces are not compatible with composite materials.

0008There is no known, cost effective, environmentally compatible, or practical method or material for accomplishing removal of adhesive residues from large composite aircraft surfaces on the scale now required. There exists a need for a fast, safe, and effective process for removing adhesive residue remaining after removal a decal, appliqué and tape.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

0009The present disclosure invention includes a process using environmentally, friendly materials for the removal of adhesive residues from the exterior surface of aerospace vehicles including airplanes. The process uses a novel adhesive remover composition comprising one or more non-halogenated organic solvents, a non-abrasive thickening agent, a surfactant, and a vapor-pressure modulating agent. The total Hansen Solubility Parameter ("δt" or "HSP") at 25°C for each of the non-halogenated organic solvents is from 14 MPa^½ to 24 MPa^½. The invention provides a cost effective, safe, environmentally friendly adhesive remover composition specifically formulated for removal of, e.g., pressure sensitive adhesive residues from large areas of aircraft composite and aluminum surfaces, as well as others.

0010The embodiments described herein overcome the above-noted deficiencies of known methods and materials, and it provides for the reduced use of large volumes of organic solvents; limited mechanical damage to adjacent or underlying structures and finishes, especially when used to remove adhesive residues from airplane surfaces; limited chemical attack or degradation of adjacent or underlying substrates and finishes including primers; compatibility with a final optional water-based wash step (e.g., with soap and water) or washing with any other acceptable cleaning solution; and suitability for use on horizontal, vertical, and overhead surfaces.

0011In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides a method for removing adhesive residue from the exterior surface of an aerospace vehicle, including the steps of providing an adhesive remover composition comprising one or more non-halogenated organic solvents, each of which has a total Hansen Solubility Parameter at 25°C of 14 MPa^½ to 24 MPa^½. The adhesive remover composition further includes a non-abrasive thickening agent, a surfactant, and a vapor-pressure modulating agent. An adhesive remover composition may also include an absorbable indicator dye. According to a method of the invention, an adhesive remover composition is applied to the exterior surface of an aerospace vehicle that has an adhesive residue adhering thereto; followed by a step of waiting for a sufficient amount of time to lapse during which the adhesive residue becomes incorporated into the adhesive remover composition; followed by removing the adhesive remover composition to produce a cleaned substrate; and inspecting the cleaned substrate.

0012The amount of time during which the adhesive remover composition is in contact with the substrate depends on the nature of the adhesive residue, the relative amount and identity of the solvent, and the like. The length of time should be sufficient to permit the solvent to soften the adhesive residue. Suitable times include but are not limited to 10 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes, or longer, but not so long that the adhesive remover composition becomes substantially dry. Generally, the greater the amount of the vapor-pressure modulating agent in an adhesive remover composition of the invention, the lower the effective vapor pressure of the solvent. Greater amounts of vapor-pressure modulating agent, e.g., glycerine, therefore permit longer incubation periods.

0013The disclosure also relates to a novel adhesive remover composition. An adhesive remover composition of the invention may have viscosity and handling characteristics adapted for mechanized application to horizontal, vertical, and overhead surfaces, such as are encountered in major aircraft maintenance. In preferred embodiments of the invention, an adhesive remover composition effectively removes adhesive residue with minimal substrate damage or complications to nearby surfaces or equipment. In an embodiment, an absorbable indicator (tracer) dye within the adhesive remover composition permits rapid visual evaluation of process effectiveness. Other features of the invention include an adhesive remover composition having improved flammability, explosion, and health characteristics. In another aspect, an adhesive remover composition of the invention may be compatible with common waste treatment and disposal methods.

0014The methods and adhesive remover compositions of the present invention overcome prior art deficiencies. Other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following more detailed description of preferred embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0015<ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li><figref idref="f0001 f0002 f0003 f0004">Figs. 1-4</figref> depict steps of an example method of removing adhesive residue according to the invention.</li></ul>

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

0016Referring to the accompanying drawings, in <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref> a sample substrate having an adhesive residue adhering thereto is fixed to a workbench (10) by tape (18) and then a thin coat (about 1 cm thickness) of adhesive remover composition (16) is applied by hand (12) using an applicator tool (14). For example, the substrate, which may be aluminum or graphite epoxy composite, may previously have had a decal that was removed by scoring it into strips, heating it with heat gun, and then peel strips away from the substrate.

0017<figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref> depicts a subsequent step, in which an optional drop cloth (20) is laid down over the coated sample substrate, and approximately twenty minutes is permitted to lapse to facilitate infiltration of the adhesive remover composition (16) into the adhesive residue. The optional drop cloth (20) may prevent excessive or premature drying of the adhesive remover composition (16).

0018<figref idref="f0003">Fig. 3</figref> depicts an additional step, in which the adhesive remover composition (16) is scraped off the substrate by hand (12) using a scraping tool (23) to reveal a cleaned substrate (26), which is substantially free of adhesive residue.

0019<figref idref="f0004">Fig. 4</figref> depicts a final step of removing adhesive residue according to the invention, in which a cleaned substrate (26) is cleaned with a non-abrasive (e.g., nylon) scrubbing pad (28) using an aqueous solution of liquid (hand) dish washing detergent and tap water.

0020An adhesive is any substance that is capable of bonding other substances or components together by surface attachment. Adhesives typically comprise low molecular mass plasticizers, glues, binding agents, and other such materials, which may include a polymer, copolymer, or a combination thereof, which are essentially responsible for the mechanical, adhesive, and cohesive properties. When such adhesives are removed from various surfaces, especially after long-term use, they often leave behind marks, discolorations, and debris (e.g., adhesive residue). Although many adhesives do not cause mechanical destruction of the substrate at the time of fastening or of detachment, they nevertheless leave the fastening site in an unsightly or unusable state.

0021Several types of adhesives exist, including drying adhesives, contact adhesives, hot adhesives, reactive adhesives, and pressure sensitive adhesives. Drying adhesives, e.g., glues such as white glue and rubber cements, are typically a mixture of ingredients, usually polymers, dissolved in a solvent; as the solvent evaporates, the adhesive hardens. Contact adhesives must be applied to both surfaces and allowed to dry before the two surfaces are pushed together; but once the surfaces are pushed together the adhesive bond forms very quickly, and it is usually not necessary to apply pressure. Hot adhesives, also known as thermoplastic adhesives or hot melt adhesives, are thermoplastics that are applied hot, e.g., with a glue gun, and simply allowed to harden as they cool. Reactive adhesives work by chemical bonding with the surface material, and they are applied in thin films, which are less effective when there is a secondary goal of filling gaps between the surfaces. Reactive adhesives include two-part epoxy and isocyanate adhesives.

0022Pressure sensitive adhesives, e.g., acrylic, silicone, and natural and synthetic rubber, as well as combinations thereof, form a bond by the application of light pressure to join components. The bond forms because the adhesive is soft enough to conform to the microscopic surface features of the substrate. The bond has strength because the adhesive is hard enough to resist flow when stress is applied to the bond. Once the adhesive and the joined components are in close proximity, molecular interactions such as van der Waals forces produce a strong union. Pressure sensitive adhesives may be used for permanent and removable applications. Some high performance permanent pressure sensitive adhesives exhibit high adhesion values and can bond kilograms of weight per square centimeter of contact area, even at elevated temperature. Permanent pressure sensitive adhesives may be initially removable and build adhesion to a permanent bond after several hours or days. Some removable adhesives are designed to repeatedly stick and unstuck, and they have low adhesion and generally can not support much weight. Pressure sensitive adhesives may be low viscosity polymers that are coated and then reacted with radiation to increase molecular weight and form the adhesive; or they may be high viscosity materials that are heated to reduce viscosity enough to allow coating, and then cooled to their final state.

0023An example embodiment of the invention includes a multi-step process for removing an adhesive residue, especially a pressure sensitive adhesive residue, from a substrate comprising the steps of providing an adhesive remover composition comprising one or more non-halogenated organic solvents, a non-abrasive thickening agent, a surfactant, and a vapor-pressure modulating agent, wherein the total Hansen Solubility Parameter at 25°C for each of the non-halogenated organic solvents is from 14 MPa^½ to 24 MPa^½. The method also includes a step of applying the adhesive remover composition to a substrate that has an adhesive residue adhering thereto. A sufficient amount of time is permitted to lapse during which the adhesive residue softens and becomes incorporated into the adhesive remover composition. The adhesive remover composition is removed to produce a cleaned substrate. The method may also include the step of washing the cleaned substrate with an aqueous solution, such as tap water and liquid dish washing detergent or any other solvent or cleaning solution. In, e.g., arid regions of the world where use of an aqueous solution is not practical, a non-aqueous solution such as a non-halogenated organic solvent may be used. Adhesive residues incorporated into the adhesive remover composition may not flush with water, and therefore after application they should be scraped off, along with incorporated residue, and then disposed of as solvent-containing waste.

0024Embodiments of the invention also relate to an adhesive remover composition comprising one or more non-halogenated organic solvents, a non-abrasive thickening agent, a surfactant, and a vapor-pressure modulating agent, wherein the total Hansen Solubility Parameter at 25°C for each of the non-halogenated organic solvents is from 14 MPa^½ to 24 MPa^½. In another embodiment of the invention, the total Hansen Solubility Parameter at 25°C for each of the one or more non-halogenated organic solvents is from 18 MPa^½ to 20 MPa^½. In yet another embodiment, the total Hansen Solubility Parameter at 25°C for each of the one or more non-halogenated organic solvents is from 14 MPa^½ to 19 MPa^½. In another embodiment, the invention includes an adhesive remover composition comprising two or more non-halogenated organic solvents. In some cases, a binary solvent system may be preferred; that is, the adhesive remover composition comprises two non-halogenated organic solvents, which may have non-identical HSP values. When a binary solvent system is used, the difference in HSP values of the solvents may be in the following range: 0&lt;(HSP_solvent1-HSP_solvent2)≤6, among others. Some narrower subranges include 0&lt;(HSP_solvent1-HSP_solvent2)≤2 and 4&lt;(HSP_solvent1-HSP_solvent2)≤6. When such an adhesive remover composition is provided in a solvent-free or concentrated form, it may be reconstituted with non-halogenated organic solvents prior to use.

0025The non-halogenated organic solvents used in the adhesive remover composition may be described in terms of their Hansen Solubility Parameters which are known to those skilled in the art. Hansen Solubility Parameters were developed to characterize solvents for the purpose of comparison. Each of three parameters - dispersion (δd), polar (δp), and hydrogen bonding (δh) - represents a different characteristic of a given solvent. The total Hansen Solubility Parameter (δt), which is the square root of the sum of the squares of the three parameters, provides a description of the solvency of particular organic solvents. See, "<nplcit id="ncit0001" npl-type="b"><text>Hansen Solubility Parameters - A Users Handbook," Charles M. Hansen, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida (2000</text></nplcit>). The inventors have discovered that adhesive remover compositions containing non-halogenated organic solvents having a total Hansen Solubility Parameter between 14 MPa^½ and 24 MPa^½ (e.g., between 18 MPa^½ and 20 MPa^½ or between 14 MPa^½ and 19 MPa^½) are preferred for removing pressure sensitive adhesive residues.

0026The non-halogenated organic solvents are believed to decrease the viscosity of the adhesive remover composition and to dissolve into the adhesive residue and thereby soften it and enable its subsequent removal. The non-halogenated organic solvents may be any suitable non-halogenated solvent including the following (total Hansen Solubility Parameter, δt/MPa^½, in parentheses): n-butane (14.1), isooctane (14.3), n-pentane (14.5), n-hexane (14.9), n-heptane (15.3), n-octane (15.5), oleic acid (15.6), diethyl ether (15.8), n-dodecane (16.0), methylcyclohexane (16.0), isobutyl isobutyrate (16.5), cyclohexane (16.8), isobutyl acetate (16.8), diisobutyl ketone (16.9), methyl isobutyl ketone (17.0), isoamyl acetate (17.1), methyl isoamyl ketone (17.4), <i>N</i>-butyl acetate (17.4), stearic acid (17.6), ethyl benzene (17.8), diethyl carbonate (17.9), o-xylene (18.0), p-diethyl benzene (18.0), diethyl ketone (18.1), ethyl acetate (18.1), toluene (18.2), benzene (18.6), methyl acetate (18.7), ethyl formate (18.7), cyclohexylamine (18.9), styrene (19.0), methyl ethyl ketone (19.0), dibenzyl ether (19.3), tetrahydrofuran (19.4), cyclohexanone (19.6), isophorone (19.9), acetone (20.0), 2-ethoxyethyl acetate (20.0), naphthalene (20.3), diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (20.4), 1-decanol (20.4), 1,4-dioxane (20.5), 2-nitropropane (20.6), diacetone alcohol (20.8), ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (20.8), acetic acid (21.4), morpholine (21.5), methyl salicylate (21.7), acetophenone (21.8), pyridine (21.8), benzoic acid (21.8), quinoline (22.0), diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (22.0), nitrobenzene (22.2), 2-butanol (22.2), diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (22.3), cyclohexanol (22.4), analine (22.6), nitroethane (22.7), isobutanol (22.7), m-cresol (22.7), diethyl sulfate (22.8), <i>N</i>-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (22.9), 1-butanol (23.1), 2-propanol (23.5), ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (23.5), and benzyl alcohol (23.8).

0027In preferred embodiments, the adhesive remover composition is essentially free (<i>e.g</i>., less than 1% by weight, or less than 0.1% by weight, or even 0% by weight) of halogenated organic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride (or other chlorinated hydrocarbons); and the adhesive remover composition is readily dispersible in water.

0028The thickening agent of an adhesive remover composition of the invention may be any inert colloidal solid material that disperses completely in water, such as fumed silica, cellulose, or a cellulose derivative, e.g., cellulose ethers, such as hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl ether cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, or a combination thereof. Preferred thickening agents are non-abrasive, <i>i.e.,</i> adhesive remover compositions of the invention preferably do not cause the substrate to be scratched or marred when used according to the methods described herein. An example thickening agent is CARBOSIL®, which is a trademark of Polymer Technology Group, Inc. (Berkeley, California) for fumed silica.

0029The surfactant of an adhesive remover composition of the invention may be a combination of anionic surfactants (e.g., sodium dodecyl sulfate, ammonium lauryl sulfate, and sodium laureth sulfate) and nonionic surfactants (e.g., octyl glucoside, decyl maltoside, cetyl alcohol, and oleyl alcohol), such as those commonly found in liquid (hand) dish washing detergent. <i>See, e.g.,</i><patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="US4556509A"><text>U.S. Patent Nos. 4,556,509</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0005" dnum="US5990065A"><text>5,990,065</text></patcit>, and <patcit id="pcit0006" dnum="US6069122A"><text>6,069,122</text></patcit>. An example surfactant is JOY® liquid dish washing detergent, which is a trademark of The Procter &amp; Gamble Company (Cincinnati, Ohio).

0030For example, suitable anionic detergents include C₈-C₁₈ alkyl sulfates, sulfonates, and carboxylates, especially alkyl sulfates containing 10-16 carbons in the alkyl group; C₉-C₁₅ alkylbenzene sulfonates wherein the alkyl group is either a straight chain or a branched chain, such as sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate; C₈-C₂₂ olefin sulfonates, especially olefin sulfonates containing from 12-22 carbon atoms in the alkenyl group such as C_14-17 olefin sulfonate; C₈-C₁₈ alkyl ether ethylenoxy sulfates of the formula R(OC₂H₄)_nOSO₃M, wherein n is 1-12 and preferably 1-6, R is an alkyl group containing 8-18 carbon atoms and preferably 10-16 carbons, and M is a cation, preferably sodium or ammonium, such as ammonium lauryl triethenoxy ether sulfate; C₁₀-C₂₀ paraffin sulfonates especially alkane sulfonates containing 14-17 carbon atoms in the alkyl group, such as sodium C_14-17 paraffin sulfonate; C₆-C₁₂ phenyl ether polyethylenoxy sulfates, especially sulfonates having 8-12 carbons in the alkyl group, such as ammonium nonylphenyl tetraethenoxy ether sulfate; C₈-C₁₂ alkyl sulfonacetates corresponding to the formula RO₂CH₂SO₃M, wherein R is a C₈-C₁₈ alkyl especially sulfoacetates containing 12-16 carbon atoms in the alkyl group; <i>N</i>-mono-C₈-C₂₂ alkyl or alkenyl, including alkyl or alkenyl groups interrupted by an ether or amido group, sulfosuccinates, including disodium <i>N</i>-mono-C₈-C₁₈ acylisopropanolamidnosulfosuccinate, disodium lauryl sulfosuccinate, and <i>N</i>-monooleylisopropanolamidosulfosuccinate; <i>N-</i>C₈-C₁₈ acyl taurines, especially taurates containing 12-14 carbon atoms in an acyl group; and <i>O</i>-C₈-C₁₈ acyl isethionates, especially isethionates containing 12-14 carbon atoms in an acyl group.

0031Example nonionic surfactants include the ethoxylated fatty alcohols having 8-18 carbon atoms; ethoxylated alkylphenols having 6-12 carbons in the alkyl group; ethoxylated fatty alkanolamides having the structure R¹CONR²R³(EtO)_x, wherein R¹CO is an acyl group containing 6-18 carbon atoms, R² is an H, CH₃, or CH₂CH₂OH group, R³ is a CH₃, CH₂CH₂OH, or a CH₂CHOHCH₃ group, and x is an integer from 0-20; and ethoxylated lanolin derivatives and ethoxylated sorbitans, including fatty acid esters of sorbitol having 10-18 carbon atoms in the fatty acid group. Other suitable nonionic detergents are the trialkyl polar amine oxides having the formula R¹R²R³N→O wherein R¹ is a C₈-C₁₈ alkyl, alkenyl, or hydroxy alkyl group and R² and R³ are each methyl, ethyl, propyl, ethanol, or propanol or R² and R³ are joined together with the nitrogen atom to form a morpholino group, such as lauric-myristic monoethanolamide, lauric-myristic diethanolamide, and lauryl dimethyl amine oxide.

0032The addition of vapor-pressure modulating agent to an adhesive remover composition is believed to reduce the vapor pressure of the non-halogenated organic solvent(s) and therefore to increase the drying time so that sufficient time may lapse during which the solvent(s) soften the adhesive residue. The vapor-pressure modulating agent is soluble in the non-haloganated organic solvents, non-reactive, and causes a reduction in the vapor pressure of the non-halogenated organic solvents. In an embodiment, the vapor-pressure modulating agent is a non-ionic liquid that has a boiling point of greater than 100°C at 27 mbar (20 torr), such as glycerine (HSP=36.1), which has a boiling point of 182°C at 27 mbar (20 torr). Further examples include non-ionic liquids that have a boiling point of greater than 100°C at ambient pressure 1013 mbar (760 torr) and an HSP of greater than 30, such as ethylene glycol (b.p.=192°C at ambient pressure, HSP=32.9), propylene glycol (b.p.=189°C at ambient pressure, HSP=30.2), and water (b.p.=100°C at ambient pressure, HSP=47.8).

0033An adhesive remover composition of the invention may further comprise an absorbable indicator dye, which absorbs into, or adsorbs onto (which is used interchangeably herein), the adhesive residue upon application. When an adhesive remover composition of the invention comprises an absorbable indicator dye the cleaned substrate may be inspected for the presence of the retained absorbable indicator dye, which indicates the presence of remaining adhesive residue. Generally, only a small quantity of absorbable indicator dye is necessary, e.g., less than 1% by weight, or even less than 0.1% by weight.

0034The absorbable indicator dye of an adhesive remover composition, examples of which include methylene blue and food coloring, is absorbed into an adhesive residue when used in a method of the invention. An absorbable indicator dye should be soluble in the solvent components of the adhesive remover composition, and the dye should be absorbed into (or adsorbed onto) the adhesive residue that is being removed so that it can function as an indicator for completeness of residue removal. When an adhesive remover composition is removed from a substrate in accordance with the methods described herein, the presence of any dye on the substrate indicates that all adhesive residues have not been completely removed, and therefore the method should be repeated.

0035Many absorbable organic and organometallic indicator dyes, especially blue-colored dyes, are useful for general applications, <i>i.e.,</i> where the substrate is not blue. The dye is observable indicator of remaining adhesive residue when there exists a color contrast between the substrate and the absorbed dye. In a typical embodiment, the other components of an adhesive remover composition are white or colorless. The indicator dye may therefore be customized for the unique requirements of specific applications. Several useful dyes of various colors are commercially available from Eager Plastics, Inc. (Chicago, Illinois), including "Hi-Bright Red," "Ruby Red," "Old Rose," "Scarlet Red," "Shocking Pink," "Magenta," "Violet," "Bright Purple," "Bright Orange," "Honey Brown," "Light Brown," "Brilliant Blue," "Royal Blue," "Turquoise," "Kelly Green," "Lime Green," "Fluorescent Yellow," "Lemon Yellow," "Fluorescent Lime," "Avocado Green," and "Aztec Gold." Further example absorbable indicator dyes include food coloring, such as brilliant blue FCF (FD&amp;C Blue No. 1), indigotine (FD&amp;C Blue No. 2), fast green FCF (FD&amp;C Green No. 3), allura red AC (FD&amp;C Red No. 40), erythrosine (FD&amp;C Red No. 3), tartrazine (FD&amp;C Yellow No. 5), and sunset yellow FCF (FD&amp;C Yellow No. 6). Other examples of absorbable indicator dyes may be found in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's list of substances Generally Recognized As Safe ("GRAS"), the Food Additive Status List, and the Color Additive Status List.

0036The relative quantities of the components of an adhesive remover composition of the invention are selected so that the composition is efficacious in the methods described herein. An example adhesive remover composition comprises less than 75% by weight one or more non-halogenated organic solvents, 5% to 10% by weight non-abrasive thickening agent, less than 10% by weight vapor-pressure modulating agent, less than 1% by weight absorbable indicator dye, and less than 5% by weight other ingredients, including surfactant, etc. For use in large-scale industrial applications, the relative amounts of the components may be selected in order to produce a composition having a viscosity of 50 to 100 Pa·s (500 to 1000 poise) (e.g., 60 or 70 Pa·s (600 or 700 poise)), in which case it may be readily applied to a large substrate such as the underside of an airplane wing using an airless paint gun. In such applications, the adhesive remover composition should have sufficiently high viscosity to cling to overhead or vertical surfaces but thin enough for spray application with an airless pump. The amount of vapor-pressure modulating agent, e.g., glycerine, is present in sufficient quantity to reduce the vapor pressure of the composition so that it does not dry before adhesive residues have been softened.

0037Further components of an adhesive remover composition of the invention may include additives, such as pH modulating (i.e., buffering) agents; metal complexing (<i>i.e</i>., chelating) agents, such as EDTA or DTPA; emulsifiers; and perfumes.

0038In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, a 5% by weight suspension of an adhesive remover composition in water has a pH of 6 to 8, or between 6 and 7. In preferred embodiments, a 5% by weight suspension of an adhesive remover composition in water has a pH essentially the same as the pH of tap water.

0039In the methods of the invention the substrat to which an adhesive remover composition is applied is the exterior surface of an aerospace vehicle including airplanes.

0040In an advantageous embodiment, the exterior surface of an aerospace vehicle is an epoxy graphite composite material. Such aerospace applications also include the maintenance and service of appliqué systems, including an airplane appliqué lightning protection system that uses layers of flexible fluorocarbon sheet material applied to critical wing areas with pressure sensitive adhesives. Whereas tape is usually intended for short-term use where a medium adhesive bond is complimentary with ease of removal. But an appliqué is often intended as a permanent part of an aircraft, and it must have very strong adhesive bonds, with ease of removal being a secondary concern. During the operational life of the aircraft, an appliqué system may have to be partially or totally removed and re-installed. Removal of appliqué sheets leaves large quantities of adhesive residues over large surface areas of the primed composite surface. These residues must be removed, prior to re-installation of an appliqué system by an efficient, ergonomic, environmentally friendly, and cost effective process that does not damage the aircraft. The present invention provides a gel or paste adhesive remover composition that does not damage, attack, or degrade primers, paints, sealants, aluminum, or other materials of an airplane.

EXAMPLES

Example 1- Appliqué Adhesive Residue

0041A Hansen Profile was generated by determining the "Softening Index" (S.I.) for an array of solvents. The S.I. is a relative measure of the response of an adhesive residue to a set of standard solvents selected to represent a range of total Hansen Solubility Parameters (δt). Although certain chlorinated test solvents were used in this analysis, they are not preferred for use in the adhesive remover compositions of the invention because they present undesirable waste-disposal and safety issues. An adaptation of ASTM Standard Test Method D 4752-03 was used to determine the Softening Index for softening the residue from an appliqué system.

0042Briefly, an acrylic-based pressure sensitive adhesive residue was applied to a substrate made of a carbon-composite material, and then a predetermined quantity of several test solvents were applied to portions of the adhesive residue. A scraping tool, such as a metal spatula or knife, was used to scrape the adhesive residue while applying constant and reproducible amounts of pressure. The relative number of strokes or scraping motions required remove the adhesive residue and expose the cleaned substrate was measured, and the relative Softening Index (<i>i.e</i>., the number of strokes for the solvent being tested) was recorded. See Table, below, particularly the "Appliqué" column. A solvent that has an S.I. of 300 has essentially no effect on the adhesive residue, and lower S.I. values are associated with solvents that are more able to soften the adhesive residue. <tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="all"><title>Table. Softening Index <i>vs.</i> Standard Solvents for Appliqué Adhesive Residue</title><tgroup cols="7"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="74mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="21mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="21mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="21mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="21mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="23mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="21mm" /><thead><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">TEST SOLVENT</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">δd</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">δp</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">δh</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">δt</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">S.I. Appliqué</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">S.I Tape</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry>tetraethylorthosilicate</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="26">13.9</entry><entry align="center">4.3</entry><entry align="center">0.6</entry><entry align="center">14.6</entry><entry align="center">300</entry><entry align="center">128</entry></row><row><entry>1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="26">14.7</entry><entry align="center">1.6</entry><entry align="center">0.0</entry><entry align="center">14.8</entry><entry align="center">125</entry><entry align="center">175</entry></row><row><entry>hexane</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="26">14.9</entry><entry align="center">0.0</entry><entry align="center">0.0</entry><entry align="center">14.9</entry><entry align="center">300</entry><entry align="center">35</entry></row><row><entry>heptane</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="26">15.3</entry><entry align="center">0.0</entry><entry align="center">0.0</entry><entry align="center">15.3</entry><entry align="center">300</entry><entry align="center">35</entry></row><row><entry>iso-octane</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="26">15.5</entry><entry align="center">0.0</entry><entry align="center">0.0</entry><entry align="center">15.5</entry><entry align="center">300</entry><entry align="center">68</entry></row><row><entry>decane</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="26">15.7</entry><entry align="center">0.0</entry><entry align="center">0.0</entry><entry align="center">15.7</entry><entry align="center">300</entry><entry align="center">90</entry></row><row><entry>cyclohexane</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="26">16.8</entry><entry align="center">0.0</entry><entry align="center">0.2</entry><entry align="center">16.8</entry><entry align="center">250</entry><entry align="center">53</entry></row><row><entry>methyl isobutyl ketone</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="26">15.3</entry><entry align="center">6.1</entry><entry align="center">4.1</entry><entry align="center">17.0</entry><entry align="center">33</entry><entry align="center">140</entry></row><row><entry>triethylamine</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="26">17.8</entry><entry align="center">0.4</entry><entry align="center">1.0</entry><entry align="center">17.8</entry><entry align="center">60</entry><entry align="center">54</entry></row><row><entry>xylene</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="26">17.6</entry><entry align="center">1.0</entry><entry align="center">3.1</entry><entry align="center">17.9</entry><entry align="center">42</entry><entry align="center">62</entry></row><row><entry>naphtha (high-flash)</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="26">17.9</entry><entry align="center">0.7</entry><entry align="center">1.8</entry><entry align="center">18.0</entry><entry align="center">75</entry><entry align="center">54</entry></row><row><entry>ethyl acetate</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="26">15.8</entry><entry align="center">5.3</entry><entry align="center">7.2</entry><entry align="center">18.2</entry><entry align="center">3</entry><entry align="center">111</entry></row><row><entry>toluene</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="26">18.0</entry><entry align="center">1.4</entry><entry align="center">2.0</entry><entry align="center">18.2</entry><entry align="center">23</entry><entry align="center">25</entry></row><row><entry>methyl n-propyl ketone</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="26">16.0</entry><entry align="center">7.6</entry><entry align="center">4.7</entry><entry align="center">18.3</entry><entry align="center">5</entry><entry align="center">140</entry></row><row><entry>chloroform</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="26">17.8</entry><entry align="center">3.1</entry><entry align="center">5.7</entry><entry align="center">18.9</entry><entry align="center">35</entry><entry align="center">35</entry></row><row><entry>methyl ethyl ketone</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="26">16.0</entry><entry align="center">9.0</entry><entry align="center">5.1</entry><entry align="center">19.1</entry><entry align="center">15</entry><entry align="center">300</entry></row><row><entry>tetrachloroethylene</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="26">18.3</entry><entry align="center">5.7</entry><entry align="center">0.0</entry><entry align="center">19.2</entry><entry align="center">140</entry><entry align="center">24</entry></row><row><entry>tetrahydrofuran</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="26">16.8</entry><entry align="center">5.7</entry><entry align="center">8.0</entry><entry align="center">19.5</entry><entry align="center">3</entry><entry align="center">55</entry></row><row><entry>acetone</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="26">15.5</entry><entry align="center">10.4</entry><entry align="center">7.0</entry><entry align="center">19.9</entry><entry align="center">5</entry><entry align="center">300</entry></row><row><entry>methylene dichloride</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="26">18.2</entry><entry align="center">6.3</entry><entry align="center">6.1</entry><entry align="center">20.2</entry><entry align="center">33</entry><entry align="center">30</entry></row><row><entry>diethyleneglycol monobutylether (butylcellosolve)</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="26">16.0</entry><entry align="center">7.0</entry><entry align="center">10.6</entry><entry align="center">20.4</entry><entry align="center">60</entry><entry align="center">300</entry></row><row><entry>iso-octanol</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="26">17.0</entry><entry align="center">3.3</entry><entry align="center">11.9</entry><entry align="center">21.0</entry><entry align="center">30</entry><entry align="center">300</entry></row><row><entry>2-butanol</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="26">15.8</entry><entry align="center">5.7</entry><entry align="center">14.5</entry><entry align="center">22.2</entry><entry align="center">70</entry><entry align="center">300</entry></row><row><entry>nitroethane</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="26">16.0</entry><entry align="center">15.5</entry><entry align="center">4.5</entry><entry align="center">22.7</entry><entry align="center">70</entry><entry align="center">300</entry></row><row><entry><i>N</i>-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (trs80)</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="26">18.0</entry><entry align="center">12.3</entry><entry align="center">7.2</entry><entry align="center">23.0</entry><entry align="center">60</entry><entry align="center">300</entry></row><row><entry>2-propanol</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="26">115.8</entry><entry align="center">6.1</entry><entry align="center">16.4</entry><entry align="center">23.6</entry><entry align="center">50</entry><entry align="center">300</entry></row><row><entry>benzylalcohol</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="26">18.4</entry><entry align="center">6.3</entry><entry align="center">13.7</entry><entry align="center">23.8</entry><entry align="center">60</entry><entry align="center">300</entry></row><row><entry>ethanol</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="26">15.8</entry><entry align="center">8.8</entry><entry align="center">19.4</entry><entry align="center">26.5</entry><entry align="center">70</entry><entry align="center">300</entry></row><row><entry>methanol</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="26">15.1</entry><entry align="center">12.3</entry><entry align="center">22.3</entry><entry align="center">29.6</entry><entry align="center">30</entry><entry align="center">300</entry></row><row><entry>ethyleneglycol</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="26">17.0</entry><entry align="center">11.0</entry><entry align="center">26.0</entry><entry align="center">33.0</entry><entry align="center">300</entry><entry align="center">300</entry></row><row><entry>glycerol</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="26">17.4</entry><entry align="center">12.1</entry><entry align="center">29.3</entry><entry align="center">36.2</entry><entry align="center">300</entry><entry align="center">300</entry></row><row><entry>triethanolamine</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="26">17.3</entry><entry align="center">22.4</entry><entry align="center">23.3</entry><entry align="center">36.7</entry><entry align="center">300</entry><entry align="center">300</entry></row><row><entry>water</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="26">15.5</entry><entry align="center">16.0</entry><entry align="center">42.3</entry><entry align="center">47.8</entry><entry align="center">300</entry><entry align="center">300</entry></row></tbody></tgroup><tgroup cols="7" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="74mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="21mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="21mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="21mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="21mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="23mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="21mm" /><tbody><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col7" align="justify">δd =contribution from molecular cohesion effects δp = contribution from molecular polarity effects δh = contribution from hydrogen bonding (electron sharing) effects <maths id="math0001"><math display="inline"><mi>δt</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>total Hansen Solubility Parameter</mi><mo>=</mo><msqrt><mfenced><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">δd</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">δp</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">δh</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msup></mfenced></msqrt></math><img file="EP2115115B1_D0001.tif" /></maths></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0043A plot of Softening Index as a function of the total Hansen Solubility Parameter (δt, "HSP") for each solvent tested is the Hansen Profile of the Appliqué system. The Hansen Profile for the test Appliqué shows that virtually all solvents effective on this residue have a HSP between 18 and 24, with the most effective solvents grouped in a cluster centered at 19. In an embodiment of the invention, solvents for use in an adhesive remover composition for use in aerospace applications each have an HSP of 18 to 20. The Hansen Profile also shows that the adhesive is very resistant to solvents with HSP numbers around 14 to 15, which is in the range of jet fuel hydrocarbon components.

0044An example adhesive remover composition for use in aerospace applications comprises isopropanol and methyl propyl ketone, which are compatible with graphite composite material. Isopropanol (HSP=23.6) was selected to be the major solvent component because it presents the least industrial hygiene concerns with a smaller amount of methyl propyl ketone (HSP=18.3), which is very effective at removing heat hardened and aged adhesive residues. Fumed silica, selected as the thickening agent, was mixed into a 90-10 mixture by volume of isopropanol and methy propyl ketone. Silica was added to give a thin paste of sufficient consistency to adhere to a vertical surface, 25 on the Gardiner Viscosity Scale. 3% by volume of glycerin was blended into the mixture to retard the evaporation of primary solvents by reducing total vapor pressure and also prevent the mixture from totally drying out on long standing. An ethanol/water solution of methylene blue was added to give a sky blue color. In this case the dye is preferentially absorbed by the adhesive and thus functions as an inspection aid for detection of remaining adhesive traces. Liquid dish washing detergent, with incorporated liquid soap and surfactant packages, were added to the mixture until a smooth uniform gel was achieved. If the gel is to be used on a pH sensitive or corrodible surface, 2% by volume of standard buffer solution in the desired pH range can be added. A pH modifier is not required in this case because the stripper is intended strictly of graphite composites and associated finishes. The mixture was tested for adherence to vertical and overhead surfaces, and adjusted with silica or isopropanol as required.

Example 2 - Tape Adhesive Residue

0045An adhesive remover composition for removing tape residue was prepared in accordance with the principles of the invention. The Softening Index for GORILLA TAPE® was determined using the method described herein above. <i>See</i> the "Tape" column of the Table, above. GORILLA TAPE®, a trademark of The Gorilla Glue Company of Cincinnati, Ohio, is a tape with a pressure sensitive adhesive comprising polyolefins, as well as natural and synthetic rubbers.

0046An excess of each test solvent was applied to a grid square and the number of even strokes of a scraping tool was counted to give a total removal of adhesive down to the cloth backing of the tape. The number of strokes required is the "Softening Index" for the test solvent. A plot of Softening Indices as a function of total Hansen Solubility Parameters for each solvent tested with GORILLA TAPE® is the Hansen Profile for this adhesive system, which demonstrates that the most effective solvents. The Hansen Profile for GORILLA TAPE® shows that virtually all solvents effective on this residue have an HSP value between 14 and 19.

0047A 95-5 mixture of high flash aliphatic naptha (HSP=18.0) and toluene (HSP=18.2) was chosen as the primary solvent system for this example adhesive remover composition. Naptha was choosen because it already in common usage in paint hangars and other aircraft manufacturing operations. The toluene component is added to attack aged and potentially heat-hardened residues. Fumed silica, a thickening agent, was stirred into a 95-5 mixture by volume of aliphatic naptha and toluene. Small amounts of silica and naptha were added to adjust viscosity to give a paste of sufficient consistency to adhere to a vertical surface. This is usually 25 on the Gardiner Viscosity Scale. Glycerin, 1% by volume, was blended into with the mixture to retard the evaporation of primary solvents by reducing total vapor pressure in order to prevent the mixture from totally drying out on long standing, thereby extending the working life of the material. A methylene blue solution in water/ethanol was added to impart a light blue color. The dye is preferentially absorbed by the adhesive and also thus functions as an inspection aid for detection of remaining adhesive residues. A commercial detergent, with an incorporated surfactant/liquid soap package, was added and blended in to give a smooth gel consistency. A 1% by volume of pH 7 buffer solution (monobasic potassium phosphate and disodium phosphate) was added to retard corrosion of sensitive clad aluminum surfaces. The mixture was tested for adherence to vertical and overhead surfaces. Viscosity was adjusted with silica and naptha as required. The adhesive remover composition was tested on aged and hardened GORILLA TAPE® residue on aluminum, and the adhesive remover composition was shown to incorporate tape residues.

0048While the invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.