Cathode materials for lithium battery having higher performance

<u>FIELD OF THE INVENTION</u>

0001The present invention relates to a high-performance cathode material for a lithium secondary battery. More specifically, the present invention relates to a cathode material for a lithium secondary battery, according to claim 1.

<u>BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION</u>

0002In recent years, rechargeable secondary batteries are widely used as an energy source for wireless mobile equipment. Among other things, there has been an increasing demand for lithium secondary batteries due to high-energy density, high-discharge voltage and superior power output stability.

0003The lithium secondary battery uses a metal oxide such as LiCoO₂ as a cathode material and a carbonaceous material as an anode material, and is fabricated by disposition of a porous polyolefin separator between the anode and the cathode and impregnation of the resulting electrode assembly with a non-aqueous electrolyte containing a lithium salt such as LiPF₆. Even though it is widely used as a cathode material for the lithium secondary battery, LiCoO₂ suffers from various problems such as relative expensiveness, low charge/discharge capacity of about 150 mAh/g, instability of the crystal structure at a voltage of more than 4.3 V, and the risk of ignition by reaction with an electrolyte. Furthermore, LiCoO₂ also suffers from the disadvantage of a significant fluctuation in properties in response to a slight change of some parameters during a fabricating process. In particular, some changes in process parameters lead to significant fluctuations in cycle properties and high-temperature storage properties at high potentials.

0004In this regard, in order to ensure operation of the battery at high potentials there have been suggested a method of coating the outer surface of LiCoO₂ with a metal (for example, aluminum), and a method of subjecting LiCoO₂ to heat treatment or mixing LiCoO₂ with other materials, and the like. However, the secondary battery fabricated using such a cathode material exhibits poor safety at high potentials or suffers from limitations in application thereof to large scale production of batteries.

0005<patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="WO2005064715A"><text>WO2005/064715</text></patcit> discloses a cathode material for a lithium battery which presents a layered structure.

0006Recently, as secondary batteries have also drawn a great deal of attention as a power source for electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) which are presented as countermeasures capable of solving problems of air pollution caused by fossil-fuel driven vehicles such as gasoline vehicles and diesel vehicles, it is expected that the demand for secondary batteries will further increase in the future. Therefore, there are increased concerns on the aforementioned problems, as well as the safety and high-temperature properties of batteries at high potentials.

0007As one of various schemes to cope with such problems of LiCoO₂, a technique was proposed which uses a mixture of more than two different lithium transition metal oxides as a cathode material to compensate disadvantages that may occur upon preparation of the cathode material via a single use of each lithium transition metal oxide. As disclosed in Korean Patent No. <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="KR424638"><text>424638</text></patcit>, the cathode material in the form of such a mixture is prepared generally by separately preparing each lithium transition metal oxide and then mixing the resulting oxides. Each lithium transition metal oxide is commonly prepared by mixing a certain lithium compound and a transition metal compound and heat-treating the mixture.

0008On the other hand, there are some examples involving a heat treatment during preparation of the cathode material. Such a heat treatment is intended for surface treatment of the cathode material or the modification of the physical properties of the mixture as the cathode material.

0009For example, Korean Patent No. <patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="KR315227"><text>315227</text></patcit> discloses a technique for increasing a concentration of cobalt ions up to a certain depth from the particle surface so as to prevent the dissolution of manganese ions, in which a mixture of a lithium salt, a cobalt salt, an alcohol and a chelating agent is heated to prepare a sol- or gel-like material and the resulting material is mixed with Li₂MnO₄, followed by heat treatment.

0010However, the aforementioned techniques have inevitable shortcomings such as complicated processes for achieving desired physical properties and the consequent increased production costs of the secondary batteries. Furthermore, it was confirmed that high potential and high temperature properties of the battery are not improved to a desired level only by a simple heat treatment as in the above-mentioned conventional arts, because such a simple heat treatment shows no beneficial effects on the physical properties of crystalline particles.

0011In addition, the conventional cathode materials, in the form of a mixture, suffer from limitations in achieving synergistic effects far surpassing the effects obtained by simply combining two components.

<u>SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION</u>

0012Therefore, the present invention has been made to solve the above problems and other technical problems that have yet to be resolved.

0013It is an object of the present invention to provide a novel morphology of a cathode material having superior safety at high potentials and improved high-temperature storage properties, and a lithium secondary battery comprising the same.

0014It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for preparing a cathode material for a lithium secondary battery, comprising LiCoO₂ less sensitive to process parameters by co-firing LiCoO₂ and a solid state lithium buffer material to adjust a stoichiometric composition of lithium and cobalt to a desired range, taking into consideration the fact that a property fluctuation of LiCoO₂ in a mass-production process is primarily due to the difference of lithium chemical potential in LiCoO₂.

0015It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a method for preparing a cathode material for a lithium secondary battery, which is capable of achieving great reduction of the production process, reduction of production costs, and superior properties by mixing individual raw materials at the precursor stage thereof and heat-treating the mixture upon preparation of the cathode material, as compared to when LiCoO₂ and Li_zMO₂ are mixed following separate heat treatment of them in each manufacturing process.

<u>BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS</u>

0016The above and other objects, features and other advantages of the present invention will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li><figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref> is an FESEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope) image showing LiCoO₂ used as a Co-containing precusor in Example 10 and a heat-treated mixture according to the present invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0001">FIG. 2</figref> is a graph showing cycling stability of a coin cell in Experimental Example 2, using a heat-treated mixture according to the present invention as a cathode material;</li><li><figref idref="f0002">FIG. 3</figref> is a graph showing cycling stability of a coin cell in Comparative Example 2, using inexpensive LiCoO₂ as a cathode material; and</li><li><figref idref="f0002">FIG. 4</figref> is a graph showing cycling stability of a polymer cell in Experimental Example 3, using a heat-treated mixture according to the present invention as a cathode material (23 °C, 45°C, 1C rate (discharge)-0.6C rate (charge), 3.0V to 4.2V, 3.0V to 4.3V, 3.0V to 4.35V, and 3.0V to 4.4V, 400 cycling).</li></ul>

<u>DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS</u>

0017It is disclosed a cathode material for a lithium secondary battery, comprising a heat-treated mixture of an oxide powder (a) represented by Formula I below and an oxide powder (b) represented by Formula II below, wherein a mixing ratio of the oxide powder (a):oxide powder (b) is in a range of 30:70 to 90:10, the oxide powder (a) is monolithic particles having a D50 of more than 10 <i>µ</i>m, and the oxide powder (b) is agglomerated particles having a D50 of less than 10 <i>µ</i>m, and heat treatment is carried out at a temperature of 400°C or higher.         LiCoO₂     (I)         Li_zMO₂     (II) wherein 0.95 &lt; z &lt; 1.1; M = Ni_1-x-yMn_xCo_y, 0 &lt; y &lt; 0.5, and a ratio of Mn to Ni (x/(1-x-y)) is in a range of 0.4 to 1.1.

0018The cathode material is a mixture produced by the heat treatment of two or more materials, exhibits a novel morphology which was not provided by conventional arts, and has excellent high-potential safety and high-temperature storage properties.

0019The mixing ratio of two oxide powders in the heat-treated mixture is in a range of 30:70 to 90:10, as defined above. If a content of the oxide powder (a) is excessively low or a content of the oxide powder (b) is excessively high, this may lead to a decrease in discharge capacity. On the other hand, if a content of the oxide powder (a) is excessively high or a content of the oxide powder (b) is excessively low, this may lead to an increase in production costs of the cathode material. Further, where it is outside the above-specified content range (mixing ratio), it is impossible to achieve desired improvements in high-potential safety and high-temperature storage properties. More preferably, the mixing ratio of (a) and (b) is in a range of 40:60 to 70:30.

0020As defined above, the cathode material is of a specific morphology.

0021First, the oxide powder (a) is composed of a monolithic structure, and therefore has substantially no inner porosity and exhibits a particle size of more than 10 <i>µ</i>m. An increase in the particle size leads to improved stability of crystalline particles, and enables easy fabrication of a battery comprising such an oxide powder, thereby enhancing the process efficiency.

0022Generally, where a particle size of the cathode material is larger, this may lead to a decrease in a surface area for reaction with an electrolyte inside a battery cell, thereby causing significant deterioration of high-voltage storage properties and rate properties and consequently being required to decrease a particle diameter of the cathode material. Whereas, the use of the cathode material with a large particle diameter leads to relatively high structural stability including excellent high-temperature properties and a decrease in adverse side reactions including electrolyte decomposition, as compared to the cathode material having a small particle diameter.

0023However, it was surprisingly confirmed that the heat-treated mixture according to the present invention maintains a desired level of excellent high-voltage storage properties and rate properties, even though the oxide powder (a) has a large particle diameter of more than 10 <i>µ</i>m.

0024The reason why such incompatible properties can be simultaneously accomplished is because LiCoO₂ having a stoichiometric composition or a mixture having a proper lithium chemical potential can be obtained, due to buffering effects of the oxide powder (b) of Formula II as the lithium buffer material, on the oxide powder (a) of Formula I, during the heat treatment process.

0025Generally, if the Li content in stoichiometric LiCoO₂ (Li:Co = 1:1) is higher than 1:1, LiCoO₂ will coexist with a secondary phase which contains the excess lithium and largely consists of Li₂CO₃. Li₂CO₃ impurities in the LiCoO₂ cathode material will lead to poor storage properties at elevated temperatures and voltages.

0026If the Li content is lower than 1:1, then the cathode material contains divalent cobalt, <i>i.e.</i> LiCoO₂ coexists with cobalt oxides (CoO_x). Lithium-deficient LiCoO₂ shows poor cycling stability at a high voltage (>4.3V), especially at an elevated temperature. It is speculated that the higher catalytic activity of divalent cobalt present in the cobalt oxide phase accelerates the undesired oxidation of an electrolyte on the surface of LiCoO₂. Alternatively, divalent cobalt might, especially at a high voltage, dissolve in the electrolyte, and undergo precipitation at the anode side, thereby damaging a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the anode.

0027Generally, mass-produced LiCoO₂ is somewhat lithium-excess or lithium-deficient. The lithium chemical potential of such a product has always a higher value equilibrated with Li₂CO₃, or a lower value equilibrated with CoO_x. Therefore, the mass-produced LiCoO₂ is difficult to have a proper value between the upper and the lower chemical potentials (the potential of Li:Co =1:1 composition).

0028The performance properties of commercial LiCoO₂ as the electrode material depend very sensitively on the exact Li:Co ratio. Upon slight deviation from the exact Li:Co ratio, the strong change in properties of LiCoO₂ is caused by the step-like change of lithium chemical potential. Accordingly surface properties, which dominate the storage properties and high-voltage cycling properties, sharply change stepwise as well.

0029In this connection, the oxide powder (b) of Formula II in the heat-treated mixture of the present invention is preferably a material that the lithium chemical potential varies little with lithium stoichiometry and the absolute value of a slope of a chemical potential versus lithium stoichiometry is much smaller than that of the oxide powder (a) of Formula I, and therefore may be composed of a lithium buffer material that can serve as a lithium acceptor and/or a lithium donor.

0030That is, at a heat treatment temperature, possibly above 400°C, preferably at a temperature of 400 to 1050°C, the transition metal cations in the oxide are still frozen, but the oxygen becomes mobile (for reference, lithium becomes mobile below that temperature). Now the lithium chemical potential and the oxygen potential equilibrate. At that temperature, the buffer can consume lithium by decomposition of Li₂CO₃ impurities, or it can release lithium to lithiate the cobalt oxide impurities. Finally, the lithium chemical potential of the oxide powder (a), <i>i.e.</i> LiCoO₂, equilibrates at the potential of the buffer material (b).

0031In this manner, co-firing of the oxide powder (a) with the buffer material (b) eliminates the sharp step-like change of the lithium potential of LiCoO₂, thus resulting in fixation of the lithium potential within a preferred range. Then a small deviation of lithium stoichiometry away from the optimum stoichiometric value would only cause a small change of the lithium chemical potential, as a result surface properties would be only scattered slightly from the optimum and generally, a more robust material (mixture) less sensitive to changes of the composition is achieved.

0032Meanwhile, the oxide powder (b) has an agglomerated structure, <i>i.e</i>. in the form of an agglomerate of finely-divided powders, which provides inner porosity. Such an agglomerated particle structure can exert high-rate properties simultaneously with an enhanced reversible capacity of the cathode, by provision of a maximum surface area for reaction with the electrolyte.

0033For example, the oxide powder (a) is a potato-shaped monolithic particle having a D50 of more than 10 <i>µ</i>m, preferably more than 15 <i>µ</i>m. Particularly, when it is desired to use a cathode material containing the oxide powder (a) in a polymer battery cell, more preferred is a D50 of 15 to 20 <i>µ</i>m. For application of the oxide powder (a) in a cylindrical or prismatic cell, a D50 of 20 to 30 <i>µ</i>m is more preferred.

0034The oxide powder (b) having the agglomerated structure is the agglomerate of fine particles having a size of 1 <i>µ</i>m to 5 <i>µ</i>m. The D50 of the powder (b) is in a range of less than 10 <i>µ</i>m, preferably less than 8 <i>µ</i>m, more preferably 4 to 7 <i>µ</i>m. Particularly preferably, more than 90% of the powder (b) may be composed of the agglomerate of fine particles having a particle size (D50) of 1 to 4 <i>µ</i>m.

0035Due to specific morphology and the relevant modification of the lithium chemical potential as described above, the cathode material according to the present invention exhibits significant differences in physical properties, as compared to those properties obtained by a simple mixture of the oxide powders (a) and (b). These facts can also be easily confirmed through Examples and Comparative Examples that will be illustrated hereinafter.

0036There is provided a method for preparing a cathode material for a lithium secondary battery.

0037Specifically, the cathode material can be prepared by mixing a Co-containing precursor, an Mn-Ni-containing precursor, and optionally an Li-containing precursor, and heating heat-treating the mixture at a temperature of more than 400°C under an oxygen-containing atmosphere.

0038The method can achieve great reduction of the production process and reduction of production costs, by preparing a mixture of two or more lithium transition metal oxides as the cathode material via mixing and heat treatment processes of raw materials without a surface coating process as shown in conventional arts, or if necessary, by mixing raw materials, followed by a single heat treatment of the mixture to simultaneously prepare a cathode material. In addition, the-thus obtained heat-treated mixture exhibits excellent high-potential safety and high-temperature storage properties, due to specific morphology and the relevant modification of the lithium chemical potential as described above.

0039Preferably, the heat treatment may be carried out at a temperature of 400 to 1050°C. If the heat treatment temperature is excessively low, this may result in insufficient progress of the reaction between precursors, thus leaving large amounts of unreacted materials and it is impossible to prepare a homogenous heat-treated mixture. On the other hand, if the heat treatment temperature is excessively high, this may undesirably lead to destruction of the crystalline structure for intercalation-deintercalation of lithium ions.

0040More preferably, the heat treatment may be carried out at a temperature of 700 to 1050°C in an ambient atmosphere. Therefore, there is no need for expensive equipment for formation of special conditions. Particularly preferred heat treatment temperature is in a range of 900 to 1000°C

0041Examples of the Co-containing precursor may include, but are not limited to, a cobalt oxide, a cobalt hydroxide, a cobalt oxohydroxide, a cobalt carbonate, a cobalt carbonate-hydroxide, and a lithium cobalt oxide. These materials may be used alone or in any combination thereof. Particularly preferred are Co₃O₄ and LiCoO₂.

0042Examples of the Mn-Ni-containing precursor may include, but are not limited to, a mixed oxide, a mixed hydroxide, a mixed oxohydroxide, a mixed carbonate, a mixed carbonate-hydroxide, and a mixed lithium transition metal oxide of manganese and nickel. These materials may be used alone or in any combination thereof. Particularly preferred are mixed hydroxides of Formula MOOH (M = Ni_1-x-yMn_xCo_y: and x, y and z are as defined above) and lithium-mixed transition metal oxides of Formula Li_zNi_1-x-yMn_xCo_yO₂ (x, y and z are as defined above).

0043A typical example of the Li-containing precursor may be LiCO₃, but is not limited thereto. Therefore, other Li-containing precursor materials may be used alone or in any combination thereof.

0044As the Co-containing precursor, a material having a particle size of more than 10 <i>µ</i>m may be used as described hereinbefore. When LiCoO₂ is directly used as the Co-containing precursor, LiCoO₂ converts into the oxide powder (a) having a slightly increased size by the reaction occurring upon heat treatment. Therefore, it is preferred to use LiCoO₂ having a D50 of 8 to 9 <i>µ</i>m. Whereas, the Mn-Ni-containing precursor converts into an agglomerated structure by the reaction occurring upon heat treatment. It is preferred to use the Mn-Ni-containing precursor material having a D50 of less than 10 <i>µ</i>m.

0045As the Co-containing precursor, LiCoO₂ may also be used. In this case, it is possible to prepare the cathode material by mixing monolithic LiCoO₂ and the Mn-Ni-containing precursor having a composition of Formula Li_zNi_1-x-yMn_xCo_yO₂ (0 &lt; y &lt; 0.5, and a ratio of Mn to Ni (x/(1-x-y)) is in a range of 0.4 to 1.1) and subjecting the resulting mixture to the above-mentioned heat treatment process.

0046There is provided a lithium secondary battery comprising the above-mentioned heat-treated mixture as a cathode material. Generally, the lithium secondary battery is comprised of a cathode, an anode, a separator disposed therebetween and a lithium-containing non-aqueous electrolyte.

0047The cathode is, for example, fabricated by applying a mixture of the above cathode material, a conductive material and a binder to a cathode current collector, followed by drying and pressing. If necessary, a filler may be further added to the above mixture.

0048The cathode current collector is generally fabricated to have a thickness of 3 to 500 <i>µ</i>m. There is no particular limit to materials for the cathode current collector, so long as they have high conductivity without causing chemical changes in the fabricated battery. As examples of the materials for the cathode current collector, mention may be made of stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, sintered carbon, and aluminum or stainless steel which was surface-treated with carbon, nickel, titanium or silver. The current collector may be fabricated to have fine irregularities on the surface thereof so as to enhance adhesion to the cathode material. In addition, the current collector may take various forms including films, sheets, foils, nets, porous structures, foams and non-woven fabrics.

0049The conductive material is typically added in an amount of 1 to 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the mixture including the cathode material. There is no particular limit to the conductive material, so long as it has suitable conductivity without causing chemical changes in the fabricated battery. As examples of conductive materials, mention may be made of conductive materials, including graphite such as natural or artificial graphite; carbon blacks such as carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black and thermal black; conductive fibers such as carbon fibers and metallic fibers; metallic powders such as carbon fluoride powder, aluminum powder and nickel powder; conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate; conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide; and polyphenylene derivatives.

0050The binder is a component assisting in binding between the electrode material and conductive material, and in binding with the current collector. The binder is typically added in an amount of 1 to 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the mixture including the cathode material. As examples of the binder, mention may be made of polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl alcohols, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), starch, hydroxypropylcellulose, regenerated cellulose, polyvinyl pyrollidone, tetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM), sulfonated EPDM, styrene butadiene rubber, fluoro rubber and various copolymers.

0051The filler is an optional ingredient used to inhibit cathode expansion. There is no particular limit to the filler, so long as it does not cause chemical changes in the fabricated battery and is a fibrous material. As examples of the filler, there may be used olefin polymers such as polyethylene and polypropylene; and fibrous materials such as glass fiber and carbon fiber.

0052The anode is fabricated by applying an anode material to an anode current collector, followed by drying. If necessary, other components as described above may be further included.

0053The anode current collector is generally fabricated to have a thickness of 3 to 500 <i>µ</i>m. There is no particular limit to materials for the anode current collector, so long as they have suitable conductivity without causing chemical changes in the fabricated battery. As examples of materials for the anode current collector, mention may be made of copper, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, sintered carbon, copper or stainless steel having a surface treated with carbon, nickel, titanium or silver, and aluminum-cadmium alloys. Similar to the cathode current collector, the anode current collector may also be processed to form fine irregularities on the surfaces thereof so as to enhance adhesion to the anode material. In addition, the anode current collector may be used in various forms including films, sheets, foils, nets, porous structures, foams and non-woven fabrics.

0054As examples of the anode materials utilizable in the present invention, mention may be made of carbon such as non-graphitizing carbon and graphite-based carbon; metal composite oxides such as Li_xFe₂O₃ (0≤x≤1), Li_xWO₂ (0≤x≤1) and Sn_xMe_{1- x}Me'_yO_z (Me: Mn, Fe, Pb or Ge; Me': Al, B, P, Si, Group I, Group II and Group III elements of the Periodic Table of the Elements, or halogens; 0&lt;x≤1; 1≤y≤3; and 1≤z≤8); lithium metals; lithium alloys; silicon-based alloys; tin-based alloys; metal oxides such as SnO, SnO₂, PbO, PbO₂, Pb₂O₃, Pb₃O₄, Sb₂O₃, Sb₂O₄, Sb₂O₅, GeO, GeO₂, Bi₂O₃, Bi₂O₄, and Bi₂O₅; conductive polymers such as polyacetylene; and Li-Co-Ni based materials.

0055The lithium-containing non-aqueous electrolyte is composed of a non-aqueous electrolyte and a lithium salt.

0056As the non-aqueous electrolyte that can be used in the present invention, for example, mention may be made of aprotic organic solvents such as N-methyl-2-pyrollidinone, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, gamma-butyro lactone, 1,2-dimethoxy ethane, tetrahydroxy Franc, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, dimethylsulfoxide, 1,3-dioxolane, formamide, dimethylformamide, dioxolane, acetonitrile, nitromethane, methyl formate, methyl acetate, phosphoric acid triester, trimethoxy methane, dioxolane derivatives, sulfolane, methyl sulfolane, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, propylene carbonate derivatives, tetrahydrofuran derivatives, ether, methyl propionate and ethyl propionate.

0057The lithium salt is a material that is readily soluble in the above-mentioned non-aqueous electrolyte and may include, for example, LiCl, LiBr, LiI, LiClO₄, LiBF₄, LiB₁₀Cl₁₀, LiPF₆, LiCF₃SO₃, LiCF₃CO₂, LiAsF₆, LiSbF₆, LiAlCl₄, CH₃SO₃Li, CF₃SO₃Li, (CF₃SO₂)₂NLi, chloroborane lithium, lower aliphatic carboxylic acid lithium, lithium tetraphenyl borate and imide.

0058Where appropriate, an organic solid electrolyte or an inorganic solid electrolyte may be utilized as the non-aqueous electrolyte.

0059As examples of the organic solid electrolyte utilized in the present invention, mention may be made of polyethylene derivatives, polyethylene oxide derivatives, polypropylene oxide derivatives, phosphoric acid ester polymers, poly agitation lysine, polyester sulfide, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinylidene fluoride, and polymers containing ionic dissociation groups.

0060As examples of the inorganic solid electrolyte utilized in the present invention, mention may be made of nitrides, halides and sulfates of lithium such as Li₃N, LiI, Li₅NI₂, Li₃N-LiI-LiOH, LiSiO₄, LiSiO_4-LiI-LiOH, Li₂SiS₃, Li₄SiO₄, Li₄SiO₄-LiI-LiOH and Li₃PO₄-Li₂S-SiS₂.

0061Additionally, in order to improve charge/discharge characteristics and flame retardancy, for example, pyridine, triethylphosphite, triethanolamine, cyclic ether, ethylenediamine, n-glyme, hexaphosphoric triamide, nitrobenzene derivatives, sulfur, quinone imine dyes, N-substituted oxazolidinone, N,N-substituted imidazolidine, ethylene glycol dialkyl ether, ammonium salts, pyrrole, 2-methoxy ethanol, aluminum trichloride or the like may be added to the non-aqueous electrolyte. If necessary, in order to impart incombustibility, the non-aqueous electrolyte may further include halogen-containing solvents such as carbon tetrachloride and ethylene trifluoride. Further, in order to improve high-temperature storage characteristics, the non-aqueous electrolyte may additionally include carbon dioxide gas.

<u>EXAMPLES</u>

0062Now, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the following Examples. These examples are provided only for illustrating the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the claims.

[Example 1]

0063Co₃O₄, a transition metal oxohydroxide of Formula MOOH (M=Mn_1/3Ni_1/3Co_1/3O₂), and Li₂CO₃ were mixed to prepare a reaction mixture. A mixing ratio of reaction components was set to a mole fraction of 1.01:1 of a total transition metal in reactants Co₃O₄ and MOOH precursor to Li in a final product Li₂CO₃. Co₃O₄ used was a material having a structure similar to a monolithic structure of a final product LiCoO₂ particles and a D50 value slightly smaller than that of LiCoO₂ (10 to 20% less). The MOOH used was a material composed of porous particles and having a particle size of 3 to 8 <i>µ</i>m, wherein at least 50% (v/v) fraction is almost spherical particles. The resulting mixture was heat-treated at 1000°C for 24 hours under atmospheric pressure.

0064As a result, a heat-treated mixture of LiCoO₂ and LiMO₂ having a composition of LiMn_1/3Ni_1/3Co_1/3O₂ was obtained (weight ratio of LiCoO₂:LiMO₂ = 50:50). LiCoO₂ was obtained as monolithic particles having a D50 of about 15 to 20 <i>µ</i>m. LiMO₂ was obtained as particles having a D50 of about 5 to 8 <i>µ</i>m, corresponding to an agglomerate of fine particles with a particle size of about 1 to 2 <i>µ</i>m.

[Example 2]

0065A heat-treated mixture was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a weight ratio of LiCoO₂ and LiMO₂ in the mixture was 80:20.

[Example 3]

0066A heat-treated mixture was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a transition metal composition of an oxohydroxide was Ni_0.533Mn_0.267Co_0.2, a heat treatment temperature was below 920°C, and air was introduced via a pump into a reaction vessel during the reaction.

[Example 4]

0067A heat-treated mixture was prepared in the same manner as in Example 3, except that a weight ratio of LiCoO₂ and LiMO₂ in the mixture was 70:30.

[Example 5]

0068A heat-treated mixture was prepared in the same manner as in Example 3, except that CoCO₃ having a D50 of 30 <i>µ</i>m was used as a Co-containing precursor, and a weight ratio of LiCoO₂ and LiMO₂ in the mixture was 70:30.

[Example 6]

0069Monolithic LiCoO₂ having a D50 of 15 to 20 <i>µ</i>m was used as a Co-containing precursor, and MOOH (M = Ni_0.533Mn_0.267Co_0.2) was used as an Mn-Ni-containing precursor. The MOOH was slightly porous particles, and at least 50% (v/v) fraction thereof was composed of almost spherical particles having a particle size of 3 to 8 <i>µ</i>m. A mixing ratio of reaction components was set to a mole fraction of 1.01:1 of a total transition metal in the MOOH precursor to Li in Li₂CO₃. Heat treatment was carried out at 920°C for 24 hours. As a result, a heat-treated mixture of LiCoO₂ and LiMO₂ in a weight ratio of 1:1 was obtained.

[Example 7]

0070A heat-treated mixture of LiCoO₂ and LiMO₂ in a weight ratio of about 7:3 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 6, except that MOOH (M=Ni_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3) was used and heat treatment was carried out at 1000°C for 24 hours.

[Example 8]

0071Monolithic LiCoO₂ having a D50 of 15 to 20 <i>µ</i>m was used as a Co-containing precursor, and LiMO₂ (M=Ni_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3) having a D50 of 5 to 8 <i>µ</i>m was used as an Mn-Ni-containing precursor. The LiMO₂ was composed of an agglomerate of fine particles having low inner porosity and a particle size of about 2 <i>µ</i>m. Heat treatment was carried out at 850°C for 10 hours. As a result, a heat-treated mixture of LiCoO₂ and LiMO₂ in a weight ratio of 90:10 was obtained.

[Example 9]

0072A heat-treated mixture of LiCoO₂ and LiMO₂ in a weight ratio of about 50:50 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 6, except that MOOH (M=Ni_0.533Mn_0.267Co_0.2) was used and heat treatment was carried out at 800 °C for 10 hours.

[Example 10]

00733.6 kg of inexpensive LiCoO₂ (available from a low-cost producer) and 400 g of commercial LiMn_1/3Ni_1/3Co_1/3O₂ were mixed by slow ball rolling, followed by a co-sintering at 900 °C for 10 hours in air.

0074<figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref> shows FESEM micrographs of the LiCoO₂ used as the Co-containing precursor and the heat-treated mixture. As shown in <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>, the morphology of the heat-treated mixture was just the same as that of the precursor. Particularly, LiCoO₂ powder was composed of a monolithic structure and LiMn_1/3Ni_1/3Co_1/3O₂ powder was composed of an agglomerated structure. LiCoO₂ and LiMn_1/3Ni_1/3Co_1/3O₂ were still separated particles and were not sintered into agglomerates. However, as indicated by a dotted circle in <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>, it can be seen that large numbers of LiMn_1/3Ni_1/3Co_1/3O₂ particles were brought into intimate contact with surfaces of LiCoO₂ particles, thus representing that high-temperature heat treatment reaction took place.

0075In this connection with the high-temperature heat treatment of the mixture, a temperature of 900°C is high enough for a fast equilibration of lithium and oxygen chemical potentials. Therefore, the lithium potential of LiCoO₂ is fixed in a range that is above the lower value for LiCoO₂ coexisting with the cobalt-oxide, and below the upper value for LiCoO₂ coexisting with Li₂CO₃. Furthermore, the LiCoO₂ was basically free of the cobalt oxide or Li₂CO₃ impurities. The absence of these impurities was confirmed by pH titration.

[Comparative Example 1]

0076A non-heat treated mixture of LiCoO₂ and LiMn_1/3Ni_1/3Co_1/3O₂ in a weight ratio of 90:10 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 8. Upon examining the resulting mixture, it was confirmed that there was no intimate contact structure as shown in the region indicated by a dotted circle of <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>, thus representing the presence of simply mixed state of both components.

[Experimental Example 1]

0077In order to confirm effects of heat-treatment in the present invention, the electrochemical properties of heat-treated mixtures prepared in Examples 1, 6 and 8 and a simple mixture prepared in Comparative Example 1 were measured. Table 1 below summarizes the results. <tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="all"><title><Table 1></title><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="38mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="55mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="15mm" /><thead><row rowsep="0"><entry morerows="3" rowsep="1" align="center" valign="middle">Sample</entry><entry morerows="3" rowsep="1" align="center" valign="middle">Capacity (mAh/g) at C/5, 4.5V, 50°C</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col4" align="center" valign="middle">Capacity fading</entry></row><row><entry namest="col3" nameend="col4" align="center" valign="middle">(% per 100 cycle)</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.5V</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.5V</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">25°C</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">50°C</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">185</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">6.4%</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">15%</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 6</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">187</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.2%</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10%</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 8</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">187</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2.0 %</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">6 %</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Comparative Example 1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">190</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">12 %</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">31%</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0078As can be seen from the results of Table 1, various heat-treated mixtures of the present invention (Examples 1, 6 and 8) exhibited a high cycling stability at a high voltage, whereas a simple mixture of LiCoO₂ with LiMn_1/3Ni_1/3Co_1/3O₂ without heat-treatment (Comparative Example 1) was not sufficient to achieve a high cycling stability at a high voltage.

[Experimental Example 2]

0079A cathode was prepared using a heat-treated mixture sample prepared in Example 8, as a cathode material. then, coin cells (with a Li metal anode) were prepared and were tested at 4.4V and 4.5V and at 25 °C and 50 °C. <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 2</figref> and Table 2 below summarize the obtained results for performance properties of cells. <tables id="tabl0002" num="0002"><table frame="all"><title><Table 2></title><tgroup cols="6"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="29mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="15mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="13mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="13mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="13mm" /><thead><row rowsep="0"><entry align="center" valign="top">Sample</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col3" align="center" valign="top">Capacity (mAh/g)</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col6" align="center" valign="top">Capacity fading</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="top">(Li:M target)</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col3" align="center" valign="top">at C/5</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col6" align="center" valign="top">% per 100 cycles</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry align="center" valign="top" /><entry align="center" valign="top">4.4V</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">4.5V</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">4.4V</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">4.5V</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">4.5V</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="top" /><entry align="center" valign="top">25°C</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">50°C</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">50°C</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">25°C</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">50°C</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center">Cell of Example 8</entry><entry align="center">171</entry><entry align="center">187</entry><entry align="center">2.5%</entry><entry align="center">2.0%</entry><entry align="center">6%</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0080From the results given in Table 2 and <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 2</figref>, it can be seen that the heat-treated mixture sample of Example 8 (LiCoO₂ having the lithium chemical potential fixed within a preferred range) has improved cycling properties at an elevated voltage.

[Comparative Example 2]

0081Except using low-price LiCoO₂ as a cathode material, a coin cell was prepared in the same manner as in Experimental Example 2, and tested under the same conditions. LiCoO₂ used in this Example was the same product which was used as the precursor in Example 8. The low-price LiCoO₂ powder was heated to 900 °C and refreshed to have the same heat treatment history as the heat-treated mixture of Example 8. However, the above comparative sample was not subjected to the treatment to achieve the equilibration of the lithium chemical potential by the action of the lithium buffer.

0082As shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 3</figref>, the comparative sample exhibited excellent stability through the heat treatment, which was, however, lower than that of the heat-treated mixture (see <figref idref="f0001">FIGS. 2</figref> and <figref idref="f0002">3</figref>).

0083In addition, it can be seen that the comparative sample exhibited a significant decrease of the capacity at 4.5V, 50°C as well as 4.5V, 25°C (see C/10 data) and much more impedance built-up (see voltage depression of C/1).

[Experimental Example 3]

0084Commercial size polymer cells (3.6 mm thickness) were prepared at pilot plant scale. The polymer cells contained a cathode composed of 95 wt% of a heat-treated mixture (prepared in Example 8), 2.5 wt% of a PVdF binder and 2.5 wt% of a conductive material (Super P), double-side coated on 15 micrometer aluminum foil. The anode material was commercial MCMB (Mesocarbon microbead). A standard commercial electrolyte (not containing overcharge additives) was used. The anode loading was chosen to achieve balanced cells at a 4.4V cell voltage (anode capacity = cathode capacity charged to 4.45V versus Li/Li⁺).

0085The polymer cells were cycled for 400 cycles (charge rate 0.6C, discharge rate 1C, 1C= 800 mA). Each 100th cycle was a "capacity check" cycle during which a slower charge/discharge rate (0.2C) was applied. The cells were cycled at 3.0-4.2V, 3.0-4.3V, 4.0-3.5V or 3.0-4.35V. The cycling temperature was 23°C or 45°C. Frequently the increase of thickness during extended cycling was checked. Furthermore, the evolution of resistance was checked by impedance measurement at 1000 Hz.

0086<figref idref="f0002">FIG. 4</figref> shows the measurement results of cycling stability at 4.2, 4.3, 4.35 and 4.4V at 23°C and 45 °C. Even at the high cell voltage of 4.4V, and at the elevated temperature of 45 °C, a very high cycling stability without significant impedance built-up was observed.

0087More importantly, at 23°C a similar rate of capacity loss was obtained for all voltages, and additionally, the capacity loss at C/1 and C/5 rates evolved similar patterns. Also at 45 °C, a similar behavior of capacity loss was observed for all voltages. Therefore, it can be concluded that the increase of cell voltage did not cause degradation of the cathode.

0088Table 3 below summarizes the obtained results. <tables id="tabl0003" num="0003"><table frame="all"><title><Table 3></title><tgroup cols="7"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="44mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="13mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="14mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="23mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="23mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="23mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="23mm" /><thead><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col3" align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">Cycle 100</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Cycle 200</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Cycle 300</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Cycle 400</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry morerows="5" align="center" valign="middle">Thickness (mm) 2 cells each</entry><entry morerows="2" align="center" valign="middle">23°C</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.2V</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.474/3.486</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.484/3.495</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.479/3.516</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.475/3.509</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.3V</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.519/3.536</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.522/3.533</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.549/3.554</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.562/3.561</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.35V</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.563/3.567</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.599/3.624</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.617/3.604</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.628/3.60</entry></row><row><entry morerows="2" align="center" valign="middle">45°C</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.2V</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.538/3.548</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.558/3.578</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.571/3.584</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.612/3.637</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.3V</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.611/3.610</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">No data</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.650/3.648</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.671/3.670</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.35V</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.607/3.626</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">No data</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.653/3.658</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.689/3.662</entry></row><row><entry morerows="2" align="center" valign="middle">Impedance 1 kHz mΩ</entry><entry morerows="2" align="center" valign="middle">23°C</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.2V</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">19.6/19.7</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20.2/20.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">21.2/21.3</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">22.1/22.9</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.3V</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20.8/20.3</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">22.2/22.0</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">26.8/26.4</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">24.8/24.6</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.35V</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">No data</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">22.9/22.8</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">25.1/24.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">25.0/24.6</entry></row><row><entry morerows="2" align="center" valign="middle">mΩ 2 cells each</entry><entry morerows="2" align="center" valign="middle">45°C</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.2V</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">22.1/22.8</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">25.8/26.3</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">29.0/29.8</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">31.1/32.3</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.3V</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">24.6/25.1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">No data</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">33.4/34</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">37.4/37.8</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.35V</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">25.3/25.6</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">No data</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">35.8/36.3</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">38.1/39.7</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0089The obtained results clearly confirm that a modified LiCoO₂, with a lithium chemical potential fixed within a preferred range, has an improved excellent stability at a high voltage (at least up-to 4.4V versus Li/Li⁺) even at an elevated temperature (45°C).

[Experimental Example 4]

0090Polymer cells, prepared in the same manner as in Experimental Example 3, were charged to 4.2, 4.3 or 4.35V. After charging, the cells were placed in a temperature chamber and the temperature was increased to 90 °C over 1 hour. Cells were kept at 90 °C for 4 hours, and then the temperature was decreased to room temperature over 1 hour. During the temperature profile, the cell thickness was automatically monitored. Before and after the test, the cell capacity was measured at C/1 and C/5 rates.

0091No significant increase of thickness was observed at any of the investigated charge voltages. Also, the recovery ratio did not decrease with an increased storage voltage. It can be concluded that the increase of cell voltage did not cause degradation of the cathode.

0092Table 4 below summarizes the results. <tables id="tabl0004" num="0004"><table frame="all"><title><Table 4></title><tgroup cols="8"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="14mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="39mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="13mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="11mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="8" colname="col8" colwidth="12mm" /><thead><row><entry morerows="1" align="center" valign="top" /><entry morerows="1" align="center" valign="top">Thickness increase (µm)</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col4" align="center" valign="top">Before (mAh)</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col6" align="center" valign="top">After (mAh)</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col8" align="center" valign="top">Recovery (%)</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="top">1C</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">0.2C</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">1C</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">0.2C</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">1C</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">0.2C</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center">4.2V</entry><entry align="center">< 40</entry><entry align="center">709</entry><entry align="center">715</entry><entry align="center">673</entry><entry align="center">681</entry><entry align="center">94.9</entry><entry align="center">95.3</entry></row><row><entry align="center">4.3V</entry><entry align="center">< 30</entry><entry align="center">773</entry><entry align="center">779</entry><entry align="center">739</entry><entry align="center">752</entry><entry align="center">95.7</entry><entry align="center">96.5</entry></row><row><entry align="center">4.35V</entry><entry align="center">< 0</entry><entry align="center">795</entry><entry align="center">801</entry><entry align="center">764</entry><entry align="center">779</entry><entry align="center">96.2</entry><entry align="center">97.2</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0093As can be seen from Table 4, the obtained results clearly confirm that modified LiCoO₂, with a lithium chemical potential fixed within a preferred range, has improved, excellent storage properties at a high voltage (at least up-to 4.4V versus Li/Li⁺).

[Comparative Example 3]

0094Except using low-price LiCoO₂ as a cathode material, a polymer cell was prepared in the same manner as in Experimental Example 3, and tested under the same conditions as Experimental Examples 3 and 4. However, the cell always showed much inferior stability at >4.3V and always showed strong swelling during a 90°C storage test.

0095Cells with standard commercial LiCoO₂ exhibited smooth cycling at 4.2-4.25V, but at 4.3-4.35V an increased rate of capacity loss was observed simultaneously with a stronger built-up of capacity difference (=impedance built-up). This behavior was caused by the lack of cycling stability of LiCoO₂ at voltages > 4.3V versus Li/Li⁺.

<u>INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY</u>

0096As apparent from the above description, the cathode material according to the present invention is a heat-treated mixture with a specific morphology and the relevant modification of a lithium chemical potential, and exhibits excellent high-potential safety and improved high-temperature storage properties. Furthermore, the present invention enables great reduction of the production process and production costs, by mixing individual raw materials at the precursor stage thereof, followed by heat treatment.