Extending a repetition period of a random sequence

0001The inventive arrangements relate to communications systems. More particularly, the inventive arrangements relate to a method and apparatus for generating an arbitrary permutation ordering of numbers and its application in a variety of communication system structures, including random number generators.

0002Many conventional communication systems employ spreading sequences for generating encrypted information. The spreading sequence can be random or pseudo random number sequences generated by a random or pseudorandom number generator. An exemplary pseudorandom number generator is described in the following document <nplcit id="ncit0001" npl-type="s"><text>DE MATTEIS A ET AL: "Pseudorandom permutation" JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL AND APPLIED METHEMATICS, AMSTERDAM, NL, vol. 142, no. 2, 15 May 2002 (2002-05-15), pages 367-375, XP007906923 ISSN: 0377-0427</text></nplcit>. The pseudorandom number generator described in this document is a linear congruential generator.

0003Many systems requiring random or pseudo random number sequences typically include ring generators and/or other cyclic structures. An example of such a conventional system is described in International Pub. No. <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="WO2006110954A"><text>WO 2006/110954 to Sean O'Neil</text></patcit> (hereinafter referred to as the "O'Neil reference"). The cryptographic process of the O'Neil reference involves: (a) incrementing a value of a counter cyclically through a loop of values; and (b) generating encrypted information using the output of counter.

0004A ring generator is a simple structure over a finite field that exhaustively produces possible outputs through repeated mapping. The mapping is some combinations of an additive and a multiplicative mapping, with irreducible polynomials being ideal. For example, a ring generator includes repeated computations of an irreducible polynomial f(x) = 3x³ + 3x² + x on a finite Galois field GF[11]. A main limitation of a ring generator is that its orbits are highly deterministic. As such, knowledge of a mapping and current finite field conditions gives complete knowledge of an output sequence.

0005In systems requiring random sequences, ring generators are often employed in algorithms for modifying a sequence of data bits. Such algorithms typically include arithmetic operations to be performed in a finite or Galois field. A finite or Galois field GF[p] is a field that contains only finitely many elements, namely {0, 1, 2, ..., p-1}. As such, all arithmetic operations performed in the finite or Galois field result in an element within that field. The finite or Galois field GF[p] has a finite field size defined by the Galois characteristic p. As such, an output sequence created through repeated mapping repeats every p^th element. This repetitive behavior produces correlations thereby making the decoding of an output sequence relatively easy when p is small. Consequently, the algorithms also typically include operations for expanding the finite or Galois field size so that the period of repetition is increased.

0006There are many methods known in the art for expanding a finite or Galois field GF[p] where p is an integer power of two (2), 2^k. The simplest such method for expanding a finite or Galois field GF[2^k] includes increasing a number of input bits. Other methods include coupling the ring generator to other generators. For example, the ring generator may be coupled to an arbitrary number of other generators (assumed to have a mutually prime characteristic) comprised of digital hardware implementing the Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT). As should be understood, CRT computations are performed to combine mixed-radix computations. CRT computations may only be used if inputs to the generator are mutually prime numbers. Despite the advantages of this method, it suffers from certain drawbacks. For example, this method is cyclic and fixed by nature. CRT computations of elements in odd prime number bases with digital hardware are computationally inefficient. Also, an output sequence of the generator is highly deterministic if the mutually prime numbers are known a priori.

0007These systems requiring random sequences also typically rely on deterministic scrambling methods to help mask an output sequence so that an outside observer is unable to determine the output sequence. Scrambling methods are used to increase the entropy of an output relative to any given sequence of inputs. As such, these systems include scramblers. A scrambler operates according to a deterministic scrambling algorithm so that the original signal can be recovered from a scrambled signal. Deterministic scrambling methods and associated algorithms are well known to persons skilled in the art, and therefore will not be described in detail herein.

0008However, it should be understood that one such deterministic scrambling method includes implementing a deterministic scrambling algorithm that uses substitution box (S-box) functions to scramble data. An S-box is an array of numbers used to add additional variance into an output sequence of a system in order to protect the output sequence from reverse engineering. An S-box function often has a number of desired properties. For example, a deterministic scrambling algorithm uses an S-box, but a deterministic descrambling algorithm uses an inverse of the S-box. As such, the S-box function is invertible so that an output sequence can be obtained from a scrambled sequence. This deterministic scrambling method also includes creating complex mixing networks, such as a Feistel structure. As should be understood, a Feistel structure combines multiple rounds of repeated operations. Such operations include, but are not limited to, bit-shuffling, nonlinear functions, and linear functions. Despite the advantages of this deterministic scrambling method, it suffers from certain drawbacks. For example, this deterministic scrambling method is time-invariant. This deterministic scrambling method can also be resource intensive.

0009In view of the forgoing, there remains a need for a method for expanding a finite or Galois field size that is more computationally efficient than conventional finite field expansion methods. There is also a need for an invertible method for increasing the entropy of an output sequence that is more computationally efficient than conventional deterministic scrambling methods. Such methods also need to be designed for providing a high degree of security feature to a system. Most significantly, there is further a need for a method and apparatus for generating an arbitrary permutation ordering of numbers that can be used in a variety of communication system applications.

0010The invention, which is defined in the independent claims, concerns a deterministic scrambling method extending a sequence repetition period of a random number generator in a system based on the availability of one or more random sequences. The method includes performing one or more RNS arithmetic operations to express a random number in a random number sequence as one or more RNS residue values. The method also includes converting each of the RNS residue values to a relatively prime number system so that each of the RNS residue values includes at least one digit. The method further includes generating an arbitrary permutation ordering of output sequence numbers using a select combination of digits associated with each of the RNS residue values. The arbitrary permutation ordering is determined using a cyclic structure.

0011Each random number of the random number sequence has a value which ranges between zero and n!-1. The cyclic structure has n elements. The method further includes associating each of the output sequence numbers with a respective element of the n elements.

0012The method includes calculating the RNS residue values using relatively prime numbers as moduli. The moduli are determined by determining a decimal number defined by n! as a product of relatively prime numbers. The converting step further comprises converting each of the RNS residue values to a different relatively prime number system.

0013The method includes choosing the select combination of digits so that a range of values which can be determined by the digits is equal to a number of available unselected elements in the cyclic structure. The method also includes using a value of the select combination of digits to select an available unselected element in the cyclic structure. The method can further include using the Chinese Remainder Theorem to combine at least two digits associated with at least two RNS residue values to obtain a digit having a different number base equal to the product of the at least two digits. The method includes using the digit having a different number base to select an available unselected element in the cyclic structure.

0014The invention also relates to a system for performing a scrambling method including a ring generator.

0015The ring generator is comprised of a computing means, a converting means, and a permutation means. The computing means is configured to perform one or more RNS arithmetic operations to express a random number in a random number sequence as one or more RNS residue values. The converting means is configured to convert each of the RNS residue values to a relatively prime number system so that each of the RNS residue values includes at least one digit. The permutation means is configured to generate an arbitrary permutation ordering of output sequence numbers using a select combination of digits associated with each of the RNS residue values. The arbitrary permutation ordering is determined using a cyclic structure.

0016Each random number in the random number sequence has a value within a range of zero to n!-1. The cyclic structure has n elements. Each of the output sequence numbers is associated with a respective element of the n elements.

0017The computing means is further configured to calculate the RNS residue values using relatively prime numbers as moduli. The relatively prime numbers are selected to have a product equal to a decimal number defined by n!. The converting means is further configured to convert each of the RNS residue values to a different relatively prime number system.

0018The select combination of digits are chosen so that a range of values which can be determined by the digits is equal to a number of available unselected elements in the cyclic structure. The permutation means is configured to use a value of the select combination of digits to select an available unselected element in the cyclic structure. The permutation means can also be configured to use the Chinese Remainder Theorem to combine at least two digits associated with at least two RNS residue values to obtain a digit having a different number base equal to the product of the at least two digits. The permutation means can further be configured to use the Chinese Remainder Theorem to combine with one or more additional cyclic ring generators. The permutation means is configured to use the digit having a different number base to select an available unselected element in the cyclic structure.

0019A machine-readable medium is also provided. The machine-readable medium has stored thereon instructions, which when executed by a machine, cause the machine to perform certain operations. The operations include performing one or more RNS arithmetic operations to express a random number in a random number sequence as one or more RNS residue values. The operations also include converting each of the RNS residue values to a relatively prime number system so that each of the RNS residue values includes at least one digit. The operations further include generating an arbitrary permutation ordering of output sequence numbers using a select combination of digits associated with each of the RNS residue values. The arbitrary permutation ordering is determined using a cyclic structure.

0020Each random number in the random number sequence has a value between zero and n!-1. The cyclic structure has n elements. Each of the output sequence numbers is associated with a respective element of the n elements.

0021The machine-readable medium comprises instructions to cause the operation of calculating the RNS residue values using relatively prime numbers as moduli. The relatively prime numbers are selected to have a product comparable to an integer multiple of the decimal number defined by n!. The machine-readable medium also comprises instructions to cause the operation of converting each of the RNS residue values to a different relatively prime number system.

0022The machine-readable medium comprises instructions to cause the operation of choosing the select combination of digits so that a range of values which can be determined by the digits is equal to a number of available unselected elements in the cyclic structure. The machine-readable medium also comprises instructions to cause the operation of using a value of the select combination of digits to select an available unselected element in the cyclic structure. The machine-readable medium can further comprise instructions to cause the operation of using a Chinese Remainder Theorem to combine at least two digits associated with at least two RNS residue values to obtain a digit having a different number base equal to the product of the at least two digits. The machine-readable medium comprises instructions to cause the operation of using the digit having a different number base to select an available unselected element in the cyclic structure.

0023Embodiments will be described with reference to the following drawing figures, in which like numerals represent like items throughout the figures, and in which: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none"><li><figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref> is a conceptual diagram of an algorithm for extending a sequences repetition period that is useful for understanding the invention.</li><li><figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2A</figref> is a schematic illustration of a cyclic structure that is useful for understanding the invention.</li><li><figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2B</figref> is a table illustrating cyclic structure elements with associated starting position values and output sequence numbers that is useful for understanding the invention.</li><li><figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2C</figref> is a schematic illustration of varying cyclic structure element positions that is useful for understanding the invention.</li><li><figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref> is a flow diagram of a method for creating an arbitrary permutation ordering of numbers that is useful for understanding the invention.</li><li><figref idref="f0004">FIG. 4</figref> is a block diagram of a ring generator that is useful for understanding the invention.</li></ul>

0024The invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to accompanying drawings, in which illustrative embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention, may however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. For example, the present invention can be embodied as a method or a data processing system.

0025The present invention provides an algorithm for extending a random number sequences repetition period. The invention also provide an algorithm for generating an arbitrary permutation ordering of numbers. In this regard, it should be appreciated that such an algorithm can be used in a variety of communication system applications. Such an algorithm is implemented in a ring generator or other cyclic structure for efficiently expanding a size of a finite or Galois field. The algorithm is also implemented in the inventive deterministic scrambling method. In such a scenario, the algorithm can be applied to bits of an output sequence for masking the same. The algorithm can further be implemented in a pseudo-random number generator for increasing a random number sequence's repetition period.

0026Referring now to <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>, there is provided a conceptual diagram of an algorithm for extending a sequence's repetition period. In this regard, it should be appreciated that a sequence of random numbers RN₀, ..., RN_N is generated. Each random number RN₀, ..., RN_N has a value between zero (0) and n!-1. The sequence of random numbers RNo, ..., RN_N repeats after a certain period of time. As such, an algorithm is employed to extend this period of time. This algorithm is described in great detail below (in relation to <figref idref="f0001 f0002">FIGS. 1-2</figref>).

0027Referring again to <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>, the algorithm begins with a random number RN₀ that has been computed by some defined arithmetic process. Such arithmetic processes are well known to persons skilled in the art. Therefore, the defined arithmetic process will not be described in detail herein. However, it should be appreciated that the arithmetic process can be an arithmetic process for computing a pseudo-random number or a pseudo-chaotic number. It should also be appreciated that each random number of the random number sequence RN₀, ..., RN_N has a decimal value between zero (0) and n!-1. n! is a factorial equivalent of a decimal value representing the total possible values that members of the random number sequence RN₀, ..., RN_N can equal.

0028The random numbers RN₀, ..., RN_N can be expressed in a decimal number system representation or a binary number system representation. If the random number sequence RN₀, ..., RN_N is expressed in a decimal number system representation, then the random number sequence RN₀, ..., RN_N is a decimal sequence of digits. The term "digit" as used herein refers to a single character in a weighted numbering system. For example, a sequence 45 has a digit 4 and a digit 5. The digit 4 is weighted such that it is ten (10) times the value of the digit 5. Each digit of the decimal sequence has a value of zero (0), one (1), two (2), three (3), four (4), five (5), six (6), seven (7), eight (8) or nine (9). The decimal sequence has a digit length selected in accordance with a particular algorithm application. If the random number sequence RN₀, ..., RN_N is expressed in a weighted binary number system representation, then each random number RN₀, ..., RN_N is a binary sequence of digits. Each digit of the binary sequence has a zero (0) value or a one (1) value. The binary sequence has a digit length selected in accordance with a particular algorithm application.

0029Each random number RN₀, ..., RN_N can be expressed as a set of residue number system (RNS) residue values RV0, ..., RVJ using RNS arithmetic operations, i.e. modulo operations. Modular arithmetic is well known to persons skilled in the art. Thus, such operations will not be described in great detail herein

0030However, a RNS residue value is defined by mathematical Equation (1). <maths id="math0001" num="(1)"><math display="block"><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">RV</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">RN</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi></msub><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mrow><mspace width="1em" /><mi mathvariant="normal">modulo m</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math><img file="EP2000900B1_D0001.tif" /></maths> where RV_p is a RNS residue value representing a random number RN_n modulo m_p; RN_n is one of the random numbers in the random number sequence RN₀, ..., RN_N; and m_p is a modulus which can have a value base^k_base.

0031The moduli m_p = m₀^km0, m₁^km1, ..., m_J^kmJ are selected to have a value defined by the unique prime factorization of n!. As noted above, n! is the number of total possible values that the random number sequence RN₀, ..., RN_N can equal. In this regard, it should be appreciated that the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic (FTA) can be used to write the random number as a unique product of relatively prime numbers, which are automatically mutually prime when separated into distinct powers of individual primes. The phrase "relatively prime numbers" as used herein refers to a collection of numbers having a greatest common divisor of one (1). For example, a factorial of eight (8!) equals a decimal number having a value of forty thousand three hundred twenty (40,320). This decimal number can be expressed as a product of prime numbers (40,320 = 2^K2 · 3^K3 · 5^K5 · 7^K7 = 2⁷ · 3² · 5¹ · 7¹). In such a scenario, each RNS arithmetic operation employed for expressing each random number in the sequence RN₀, ..., RN_K as a set of RNS residue values RV0, ..., RVJ can use the relatively prime numbers 2⁷, 3², 5¹, 7¹ as a moduli m₀^km0, m₁^km1, m₂^km2, m₃^km3, respectively. As should be understood, residue number systems yield the largest potential for gains in computational efficiency when the individual moduli are as small as possible. Further, factors of two (2) are a special case (being inherently efficient) since digital hardware is optimized for binary arithmetic.

0032Referring again to <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>, each RNS residue value RV0, ..., RVJ can be expressed in a different relatively prime number system representation. In this regard, it should be appreciated an advantage of using different relatively prime number systems is that operations in one (1) residue space can be performed independently from other residue spaces. After independently performing a plurality of residue computations, the results of said computations can be recombined via an algorithm, such as a Chinese Remainder Theorem algorithm. The recombination results are used to efficiently implement a permutation ordering of numbers that is the same as a permutation ordering of numbers defined by the random numbers RN₀, ..., RN_N.

0033According to the invention, a RNS residue value RV0 is expressed in a binary number system (i.e., a base-two system) representation. As such, the residue value RV0_base2 is a sequence of binary digits. Each binary digit has a value of zero (0) or one (1). The RNS residue value RV1 is expressed in a tertiary number system (i.e., a base-three system) representation. Accordingly, the RNS residue value RV1_base3 is a sequence of tertiary digits. Each tertiary digit has a value of zero (0), one (1) or two (2). The RNS residue value RV2 is expressed in a pentiary number system (i.e., a base-five system) representation. Hence, the RNS residue value RV2_base5 is a sequence of pentiary digits. Each pentiary digit has a value of zero (0), one (1), two (2), three (3), or four (4). The RNS residue value RV3 is expressed in a septiary number system (i.e., a base-seven system) representation. Therefore, the RNS residue value RV3_base7 is a sequence of septiary digits. Each septiary digit has a value of zero (0), one (1), two (2), three (3), four (4), five (5), or six (6).

0034Referring again to <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>, either a partial or complete arbitrary permutation ordering of numbers is created using select combinations of all or a portion of the RNS residue values RV0_base2, .... RVJ_basemJ. In this regard, it should be appreciated that each RNS residue value RV0_base2, ..., RVJ_basemJ is comprised of one or more digits. For example, the RNS residue value RV0_base2 is comprised of binary digits b₁·b₂ ... b_K2. The RNS residue value RV1_base3 is comprised of tertiary digits t₁ t₂ ... t_K3. The RNS residue value RV2_base5 is comprised of a pentiary digit pt₁ pt₂ ... pt_K5. The RNS residue value RV3_base7 is comprised of a septiary digit s₁ s₂ ... s_K7. In such a scenario, an arbitrary permutation ordering of output sequence numbers can be determined and applied to a cyclic structure such as that shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG 2A</figref>.

0035Referring now to <figref idref="f0002">FIGS. 2A-2B</figref>, the cyclic structure 200 is comprised of a plurality of elements A, B, ..., H. The number of elements A, B, ..., H is defined by the decimal number n of n!. As noted above, n! is the number of total possible values that the random number sequence RN₀, ...; RN_N can equal. In order for the method disclosed herein to specify a particular one of the elements A, B, ..., H, it is useful to assign each element a corresponding starting position value. According to an embodiment of the invention shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIGS. 2A-2B</figref>, the element A has a starting position zero (0). The element B has a starting position one (1). The element C has a starting position two (2), and so on. Still, the invention is not limited in this regard. For example, the element A can alternatively have a starting position one (1). The element B can alternatively have a starting position two (2). The element C can alternatively have a starting position three (3), and so on. Similarly, in order for the method disclosed herein to specify a particular output sequence, it is useful to assign each element a corresponding output sequence number. According to the embodiment of the invention shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIGS. 2A-2B</figref>, the element A has a corresponding output sequence number of one (1). The element B has a corresponding output sequence number of two (2). The element C has a corresponding output sequence number of three (3), and so on. Still, the invention is not limited in this regard.

0036Referring again to <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref> and <figref idref="f0002">FIGS. 2A-2C</figref>, a cyclic structure 200 sequence of elements is determined using all or a portion of the RNS residue values RV0, ..., RVJ. For example, if there are eight (8) possible elements A, B, ..., H in the cyclic structure 200, then a first number of the output sequence can be determined uniquely using any set of three residue value RV0_base2 digits (e.g., b₁ b₂ b₃). As should be understood, the digit set b₁ b₂ b₃ can have an associated decimal value of zero (0), one (1), two (2), three (3), four (4), five (5), six (6) or seven (7). For example, if the binary digits b₁ b₂ b₃ have the binary value of 0 0 0, then the binary value would convert to a decimal value of zero (0). In contrast, if the binary digits b₁ b₂ b₃ have the binary value of 1 1 1, then the binary value would convert to a decimal value of seven (7). If this digit set b₁ b₂ b₃ has an associated decimal value of three (3), then the starting element in the cyclic structure 200 sequence is an element having starting position three (3) within the elements A-H, i.e., element D as shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2C</figref>. Accordingly, a first number of the output sequence has a decimal value of four (4), i.e., the value of the output sequence number associated with the element D as shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2B</figref>.

0037Consequently, there are now seven (7) elements A, B, C, E, F, G, H to select as a second element in the cyclic structure 200 sequence. As such, a second number of the output sequence can be determined uniquely using a septiary digit of the residue value RV3 _base7 (e.g., s₁). As should be understood, the septiary digit s₁ can have an associated decimal value of zero (0), one (1), two (2), three (3), four (4), five (5) or six (6). If the septiary digit s₁ has an associated decimal value of four (4), then the second element in the cyclic structure 200 sequence is the element in position four (4) within the elements A-C and E-H, i.e., element F as shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2C</figref>. The second number of the output sequence has a decimal value of six (6), i.e., the value of the output sequence number associated with the element F as shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2B</figref>.

0038There are now six (6) elements A, B, C, E, G, H to select as a third element in the cyclic structure 200 sequence. As such, a third number of the output sequence can be determined uniquely using a binary digit of the residue value RV0 _base2 (e.g., b₄) and a tertiary digit t₁ of the RNS residue value RV1_base3 (e.g., t₁). As should be understood, the fourth binary digit b₄ can have a value of zero (0) or one (1). The first tertiary digit t₁ can have a value of zero (0), one (1) or two (2). These two mixed-radix digits may be combined via the Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) to obtain a single effective base-six digit value. Mixed-radix recombination via the CRT or similar methods is well understood by persons skilled in the art. Therefore, the CRT and similar methods will not be described in detail herein. If the fourth binary digit b₄ has a value of one (1) and the first tertiary digit t₁ has a value of zero (0), then the third element in the cyclic structure 200 sequence is the element in position three (3) within the elements A-C, E, and G-H, i.e., element E as shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2C</figref>. Notably, the position value of three (3) is obtained using the CRT. The third number in the output sequence has a decimal value of five (5), i.e., the value of the output sequence number associated with the element E as shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2B</figref>.

0039There are now five (5) elements A, B, C, G, H to select as a fourth element in the cyclic structure 200 sequence. As such, a fourth number of the output sequence can be determined uniquely using a pentiary digit of the RNS residue value RV2 _base5 (e.g. pt₁). As should be understood, the pentiary digit pt₁ can have a decimal value of zero (0), one (1), two (2), three (3), or four (4). If the pentiary digit pt₁ has a decimal value of one (1), then the fourth element in the cyclic structure 200 sequence is the element in position one (1) within the elements A-C and G-H, i.e., element B as shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2C</figref>. The fourth number in the output sequence has a decimal value of two (2), i.e., the value of the output sequence number associated with the element B as shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2B</figref>.

0040There are now four (4) elements A, C, G, H to select as a fifth element in the cyclic structure 200 sequence. As such, a fifth number of the output sequence can be determined uniquely using a set of two RNS residue value RV0_base2 digits (e.g., b₅ b₆). As should be understood, the binary digit set b₅ b₆ can have an associated decimal value of zero (0), one (1), two (2) or three (3). For example, if the binary digit set b₅ b₆ have a binary value of 0 0, then the binary value would convert to a decimal value of zero (0). In contrast, if the binary digit set b₅ b₆ have a binary value of 1 1, then the binary value would convert to a decimal value of three (3). If the binary digit set b₅ b₆ has a decimal value of three (3), then the fifth element in the cyclic structure 200 sequence is the element in position three (3) within the elements A, C, G, and H, i.e., element H as shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2C</figref>. The fifth number in the output sequence has a decimal value of eight (8), i.e., the value of the output sequence number associated with the element H as shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2B</figref>.

0041There are now three (3) elements A, C, G to select as a sixth element in the cyclic structure 200 sequence. As such, a sixth number of the output sequence can be determined uniquely using a tertiary digit of the RNS residue value RV1_base3 (e.g., t₂). As should be understood, the second tertiary digit t₂ can have a value of zero (0), one (1), or two (2). If the second tertiary digit t₂ has a decimal value of zero (O), then the sixth element in the cyclic structure 200 sequence is the element in position zero (0) within the elements A, C, and G, i.e., element A as shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2C</figref>. The sixth number in the output sequence has a decimal value of one (1), i.e., the value of the output sequence number associated with the element A as shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2B</figref>.

0042There are now two (2) elements C, G to select as a seventh element in the cyclic structure 200 sequence. As such, a seventh number of the output sequence can be determined uniquely using the last binary digit of the RNS residue value RV0_base2 (e.g., b₇). As should be understood, the seventh binary digit b₇ can have a value of zero (0) or one (1). If the seventh binary digit b₇ has a value of one (1), then the seventh element in the cyclic structure 200 sequence is the element in position one (1) within the elements C and G, i.e., element G as shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2C</figref>. The seventh number in the output sequence has a decimal value of seven (7), i.e., the value of the output sequence number associated with the element G as shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2B</figref>. Consequently, there is only one element C to select as an eighth element in the cyclic structure 200 sequence. As such, the eighth number of the output sequence has a decimal value of three (3), i.e., the value of the output sequence number associated with the element C as shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2B</figref>.

0043The above described process is iteratively performed for each of a plurality of random numbers RN₀, ..., RN_N. In this regard, it should be appreciated that there are n! possible output sequences of numbers one (1) through n. As noted above, n! is the number of total possible values that the random numbers RN₀, ..., RN_N can equal. Consequently, the ordering of numbers in a plurality of output sequences will not repeat until the n-n!+1 output

0044The following Examples are provided in order to further illustrate the present invention. The scope of the invention, however, is not to be considered limited in any way thereby.

EXAMPLE 1

0045A random number RN₀ can have a decimal value of zero to forty thousand three hundred nineteen (40,319). As such, the total possible values that the random number RN₀ can equal is forty thousand three hundred twenty (40,320). Using the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, the number forty thousand three hundred twenty (40,320) can be written as 8! = 8 · 7 · ..... · 1 = 2⁷ · 3² · 5¹ · 7¹. In effect, a cyclic structure employed in such a scenario includes n elements, i.e. eight (8) elements.

0046Each RNS arithmetic operation employed for expressing the random number RN₀ as a RNS residue value RV0, ..., RV3 uses the relatively prime numbers 2⁷, 3², 5¹, 7¹ as the set of moduli m₀^km0, m₁^km1, m₂^km2, m₃^km3. Accordingly, the RNS residue values RV0, ..., RV3 can be defined by mathematical Equations (2-5). <maths id="math0002" num="(2)"><math display="block"><mi>RV</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>RN</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mspace width="1em" /><mi>modulo</mi><mspace width="1em" /><msup><mn>2</mn><mn>7</mn></msup></math><img file="EP2000900B1_D0002.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0003" num="(3)"><math display="block"><mi>RV</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>RN</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mspace width="1em" /><mi>modulo</mi><mspace width="1em" /><msup><mn>3</mn><mn>2</mn></msup></math><img file="EP2000900B1_D0003.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0004" num="(4)"><math display="block"><mi>RV</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>RN</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mspace width="1em" /><mi>modulo</mi><mspace width="1em" /><msup><mn>5</mn><mn>1</mn></msup></math><img file="EP2000900B1_D0004.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0005" num="(5)"><math display="block"><mi>RV</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>RN</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mspace width="1em" /><mi>modulo</mi><mspace width="1em" /><msup><mn>7</mn><mn>1</mn></msup></math><img file="EP2000900B1_D0005.tif" /></maths>

0047The RNS residue value RV0, ..., RV3 can be computed by substituting the value of the random number RN₀ into the mathematical Equations (2-5). If the random number RN₀ equals ten thousand three hundred eleven (10,311), then the RNS residue value RV0 equals seventy-one (71). The RNS residue value RV1 equals six (6). The RNS residue value RV2 equals one (1). The RNS residue value RV3 equals zero (0). Accordingly, the RNS residue values RV0, ..., RV3 can be defined by mathematical Equations (6-9). <maths id="math0006" num="(6)"><math display="block"><mi>RV</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>RN</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mspace width="1em" /><mi>modulo</mi><mspace width="1em" /><msup><mn>2</mn><mn>7</mn></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>71</mn></math><img file="EP2000900B1_D0006.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0007" num="(7)"><math display="block"><mi>RV</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>RN</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mspace width="1em" /><mi>modulo</mi><mspace width="1em" /><msup><mn>3</mn><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>6</mn></math><img file="EP2000900B1_D0007.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0008" num="(8)"><math display="block"><mi>RV</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>RN</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mspace width="1em" /><mi>modulo</mi><mspace width="1em" /><msup><mn>5</mn><mn>1</mn></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></math><img file="EP2000900B1_D0008.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0009" num="(9)"><math display="block"><mi>RV</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>RN</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mspace width="1em" /><mi>modulo</mi><mspace width="1em" /><msup><mn>7</mn><mn>1</mn></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></math><img file="EP2000900B1_D0009.tif" /></maths>

0048Each RNS residue value RV0, ..., RV3 is expressed in a different base number system. Specifically, the RNS residue value RV0 is expressed in a base two system. As such, the RNS residue value RV0_base2 is a sequence of binary digits having values 1 0 0 0 1 1 1. The RNS residue value RV1 is expressed in a base three system. As such, the RNS residue value RV1 _base3 is a sequence of tertiary digits having values 2 0. The RNS residue value RV2 is expressed in a base five system. As such, the RNS residue value RV2 _base5 is a pentiary digit having a value 1. The RNS residue value RV3 is expressed in a base seven system. As such, the RNS residue value RV3 _base7 is a septiary digit having a value 0. Accordingly, the RNS residue values RV0 _base2, ..., RV3 _base7 can be defined by mathematical Equations (10-13). <maths id="math0010" num="(10)"><math display="block"><mi>RV</mi><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mn>0</mn><mrow><mi>base</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>RN</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mspace width="1em" /><mi>modulo</mi><mspace width="1em" /><msup><mn>2</mn><mn>7</mn></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>71</mn><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mspace width="1em" /><mn>0</mn><mspace width="1em" /><mn>0</mn><mspace width="1em" /><mn>0</mn><mspace width="1em" /><mn>1</mn><mspace width="1em" /><mn>1</mn><mspace width="1em" /><mn>1</mn></math><img file="EP2000900B1_D0010.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0011" num="(11)"><math display="block"><mi>RV</mi><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mn>1</mn><mrow><mi>base</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>RN</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mspace width="1em" /><mi>modulo</mi><mspace width="1em" /><msup><mn>3</mn><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>6</mn><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mspace width="1em" /><mn>0</mn></math><img file="EP2000900B1_D0011.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0012" num="(12)"><math display="block"><mi>RV</mi><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mn>2</mn><mrow><mi>base</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>RN</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mspace width="1em" /><mi>modulo</mi><mspace width="1em" /><msup><mn>5</mn><mn>1</mn></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></math><img file="EP2000900B1_D0012.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0013" num="(13)"><math display="block"><mi>RV</mi><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mn>3</mn><mrow><mi>base</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mn>7</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>RN</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mspace width="1em" /><mi>modulo</mi><mspace width="1em" /><msup><mn>7</mn><mn>1</mn></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></math><img file="EP2000900B1_D0013.tif" /></maths>

0049The first number of an output sequence is determined using the last three binary digits 111 of the RNS residue value RV0 _base2. The second number of the output sequence is determined using the septiary digit 0 of the RNS residue value RV3 _base7. The third number of the output sequence is determined using a fourth binary digit 0 of the RNS residue value RV0 _base2 and a second tertiary digit 0 of the RNS residue value RV1_base3. The fourth number of the output sequence is determined using the pentiary digit 1 of the RNS residue value RV2 _base5. The fifth number of the output sequence is determined using a second and third binary digit 0 0 of the RNS residue value RV0_base2. The sixth number of the output sequence is determined using a first tertiary digit 2 of the RNS residue value RV1_base3. The seventh number of the output sequence is determined using a first binary digit 1 of the RNS residue value RV3 _base7. Consequently, the output sequence is 8 1 2 4 3 7 6 5.

EXAMPLE 2

0050A random number sequence of a size fifty-two factorial (52!) is chosen via any combination of number generation processes. The random number sequence of a size fifty-two factorial (52!) is approximately equal to eight times ten to the power of sixty-seven (8·10⁶⁷). Using the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, the number eight times ten to the power of sixty-seven (8·10⁶⁷) can be written as 52! = 52 · 51 · ..... · 1 = 2⁴⁹ · 3²³ · 5¹² · 7⁸ · 11⁴ · 13⁴ · 17³ · 19³ · 23² · 29¹ · 31¹ · 37¹ · 41¹ · 43¹ · 47¹. Alternately and more efficiently, a collection of fifteen (15) independent random number generators on each of the number bases can be used equivalently to produce an effective random number of size fifty-two factorial (52!). Following the same logic described above (in relation to <figref idref="f0001 f0002">FIGS. 1-2</figref> and Example 1), a first number of an output sequence is determined using two (2) base-two digits and one (1) base-thirteen digit. A second number of an output sequence is determined using one (1) base-three digit and one (1) base-seventeen digit. A third number of an output sequence is determined using one (1) base-two digit and two (2) base-five digits, and so on. As should be understood, these mathematical operations may be implemented in hardware such that the same are performed in parallel. This parallel processing configuration results in a relatively quick and efficient computation.

EXAMPLE 3

0051A random number generator based on these combinatorial techniques can be constructed using an arbitrary mapping of n=233 elements as in cyclic ring 200, whose output is combined with some number of other cyclic ring generators. This combination may be performed using a method such as the Chinese Remainder Theorem. If the characteristics of the additional cyclic ring generators are odd primes exceeding two hundred thirty three (233), such as two hundred thirty nine (239), two hundred forty one (241), and two hundred fifty one (251), the effective repeat duration increases multiplicatively. Based on the four numbers in this example, the output sequence would only repeat after more than ten to the power of four hundred fifty nine (10⁴⁵⁹) outputs. Moreover, the incorporation of these additional cyclic ring generators helps mask the deterministic properties of the permutation mapping.

0052Referring now to <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref>, there is provided a flow diagram of a method 300 for creating an arbitrary permutation ordering of numbers. The method 300 begins at step 302 and continues with step 304. In step 304, a total number of elements n for a cyclic structure 200 is selected. This step 304 also involves selecting a starting position for each element of the cyclic structure 200. For example, the element A has a position zero (0). The element B has a position of one (1). The element C has a position of two (2), and so on. This step 306 further includes selecting an output sequence number for each element. For example, an output sequence number associated with an element A has a value of one (1). An output sequence number associated with an element B has a value of two (2), and so on. Thereafter, step 306 is performed. Step 306 involves selecting the number of total possible values n! that a random number RN can equal.

0053As shown in <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref>, the method 300 continues with step 308. In step 308, a decimal number defined by the number of total possible values n! is written as a product of relatively prime numbers. In step 310, these relatively prime numbers are used as moduli m₀^km0, m₁^km1, ..., m_J^kmJ for calculating RNS residue values RV0, ..., RVJ. Subsequently, step 312 is performed where a random number RN is generated. Thereafter, RNS arithmetic operations are performed to convert the random number RN to a set of RNS residue values RV0 , ..., RVJ.

0054In step 316, arithmetic operations are performed to convert the RNS residue values RV0 , ..., RVJ from the residue number system to a base number system. The base number system includes, but is not limited to, a base-two system, a base-three system, a base-five system, a base-seven system, a base-eleven system, a base-thirteen system, a base-seventeen system, a base-nineteen system, a base twenty-three system, a base twenty-nine system, and a base thirty-one system. In this regard, it should be understood that each RNS residue values RV0, ..., RVJ can be converted to a different base number system.

0055Thereafter, step 318 is performed where select combinations of all or a portion of the RNS residue value RV0, ..., RVJ are used to create a unique permutation ordering of the output sequence numbers. In this regard, it should be appreciated that the permutation ordering is determined and applied to a cyclic structure such as that shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2A</figref>. In this regard, it should be understood that each output sequence number is associated with a certain element of the cyclic structure 200. Each combination of all or a portion of the RNS residue value RV0, ..., RVJ is used to determine which element of the cyclic structure 200 has a position equal to a decimal value of said combination. Once the element is identified, the output sequence number associated with the element is added to an output sequence. After step 318, step 320 is performed. In step 320, the permutation ordering is applied to the cyclic structure 200, an n-length bit sequence, a data stream modifying application, or other application. In this regard, it should be understood that the generated member of the random sequence of numbers is output for subsequent use. For example, a digital data stream is modified using the output sequence numbers. Thereafter, step 322 is performed where the method 300 returns to step 312.

0056As should be appreciated, an output sequence has a permutation order that changes per cycle of steps 312-320. In other words, the permutation order of the output sequence numbers is unique for each random number zero (0), one (1), ..., and n!-1. As such, the permutation order of each output sequence is seemingly random. Also, the permutation order of the output sequence numbers does not begin to repeat for n·n! outputs. As should also be appreciated, the method 300 can be used in a variety of communications system applications. For example, such a method is advantageously implemented in a ring generator of a system based on the availability of random sequences. In such a scenario, the ring generator produces an output sequence of numbers having an arbitrarily large chosen duration.

0057Referring now to <figref idref="f0004">FIG. 4</figref>, there is illustrated one embodiment of an inventive ring generator 400. The ring generator 400 is comprised of a random number generating (RNG) module 402, computing modules 404, 406, 408, and a permutation module 410. The RNG module 402 is comprised of hardware and software configured for computing a sequence of random numbers RN₀, ..., RN_N.

0058Referring again to <figref idref="f0004">FIG. 4</figref>, the RNG module 402 is also comprised of hardware and software configured for converting the random number sequence RN₀, ..., RN_N from a decimal number system to a binary number system. In this regard, it should be understood that a random numbers RN₀, ..., RN_N expressed in a binary number system representation includes a sequence of digits having a zero (0) value or a one (1) value. As such, the binary number system representation has a certain digit length BL (e.g., eight digits). The RNG module 402 is further comprised of hardware and software configured for communicating the random numbers RN₀, ..., RN_N to the computing modules 404, 406, 408.

0059Each computing module 404, 406, 408 is comprised of hardware and software configured for performing an RNS arithmetic operation to convert a random number in the sequence RN₀, ..., RN_N to a set of RNS residue values RV0, ..., RVJ. In this regard, it should be understood that each RNS arithmetic operation employed for expressing a random number in the sequence RN₀, ..., RN_N as a set of RNS residue values RV0, ..., RVJ uses a different relatively prime number as a moduli m₀^km0, m₁^km1, ..., m_J^kmJ. Each relatively prime number is defined by a decimal number equal to a number of total possible values n! that each random number RN₀, ..., RN_N can equal. The decimal number is expressed as a product of relatively prime numbers. These relatively prime numbers are used as the moduli m₀^km0, m₁^km1, ..., m_J^kmJ.

0060Referring again to <figref idref="f0004">FIG. 4</figref>, each computing module 404, 406, 408 is also comprised of hardware and software configured for converting each RNS residue value RV0, ..., RVJ from a residue number system to a base number system. In this regard, it should be understood that each computing module 404, 406, 408 is configured to convert a respective RNS residue value RV0, ..., RVJ from a residue number system to a particular base number system. For example, the computing module 404 is configured to convert the RNS residue value RV0 to a base two system. The computing module 406 is configured to the RNS residue value RV1 to a base three system. The computing module 408 is configured to the RNS residue value RVJ to a base seven system. Still, the invention is not limited in this regard.

0061Each computing module 404, 406, 408 is further comprised of hardware and software configured for communicating a respective residue value RV0, ..., RVJ to the permutation module 410. The permutation module 410 is comprised of hardware and software configured for using select combinations of all or portion of the RNS residue values RV0, ..., RVJ to create an arbitrary permutation ordering of the output sequence numbers. The permutation module 410 is also comprised of hardware and software configured for generating an output comprised of a unique permutation ordering of the output sequence numbers. In this regard, it should be appreciated that the permutation ordering is determined and applied to a cyclic structure such as that shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2A</figref>. In this regard, it should be appreciated that each output sequence number is associated with a certain element of the cyclic structure 200. Each combination of all or a portion of the RNS residue value RV0, ..., RVJ is used to determine which element of the cyclic structure has a position equal to a decimal value of said combination. Once the element is identified, the output sequence number associated with the element is added to the output sequence. The permutation module 410 is further comprised of hardware and software configured for communicating an output sequence to an external device (not shown). The external device can be configured for modifying a digital data stream using output sequence numbers contained in an output sequence. According to an aspect of the invention, the permutation module 410 is configured to use the Chinese Remainder Theorem to combine with one or more additional cyclic ring generators. Still, the invention is not limited in this regard.

0062A person skilled in the art will appreciate that the ring generator 400 is one architecture of a RNS-based permutation mapping.

0063A method of generating an arbitrary permutation ordering of digits according to the present invention can be realized in a centralized fashion in one processing system, or in a distributed fashion where different elements are spread across several interconnected processing systems. Any kind of computer system, or other apparatus adapted for carrying out the methods described herein, is suited. A typical combination of hardware and software could be a general purpose computer processor, with a computer program that, when being loaded and executed, controls the computer processor such that it carries out the methods described herein. Of course, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), and/or an FPGA could also be used to achieve a similar result.

0064The present invention can also rely on a computer program product, which comprises all the features enabling the implementation of the methods described herein, and which, when loaded in a computer system, is able to carry out these methods. Computer program or application in the present context means any expression, in any language, code or notation, of a set of instructions intended to cause a system having an information processing capability to perform a particular function either directly or after either or both of the following a) conversion to another language, code or notation; b) reproduction in a different material form.