Low heat dissipation I/O module using direct drive buck converter

0001The present invention relates generally to industrial controllers and, in particular, to current-loop circuits used to connect industrial controllers to controlled equipment and processes.

0002Two wire, current-loop circuits are used to provide electrical signals to a variety of industrial devices, for example, valve actuators or meters. Such circuits typically produce a defined current output, generally having an on state from 4-20 mA, according to a received control signal. By controlling output current instead of output voltage, changes in resistance caused by different lengths of wire connecting the current-loop circuit to the load and variations in load resistance, are better accommodated.

0003A typical current-loop circuit may use a current mirror circuit providing a controllable current source that generates the 4-20 mA signal based on the control signal. The current source is supplied with power from a voltage supply, commonly referred to as the compliance voltage, having a voltage value sufficient to drive the peak current required across the range of expected loads. For example, the loads may range in resistance from approximately 750 ohms for a solenoid valve to approximately 0 ohms for a panel meter. To provide adequate range of currents for these different loads, typical loop driving circuits are provided with compliance voltage sources of at least 24 volts.

0004While the original current-loop circuits operated in a binary mode, current-loops are also used to provide for "analog" control of current providing any current within a predetermined range of currents.

0005The power dissipated by a current source used in a current-loop driver will depend on the excess compliance voltage beyond the voltage needed to provide the desired current output. Thus, while it is desirable to have a high compliance voltage to provide high current outputs to high resistance loads, such high compliance voltages can produce high power dissipation in the current drive circuits when lower currents are output or lowered resistance loads are used.

0006One solution to this dilemma is to provide the current source, typically a transistor that is powered by a multi-mode power supply providing one or more different compliance voltages or a continuous range of compliance voltages. The transistor provides rapid current control and the power supply is switched between voltages at a slower rate depending on the amount of excess compliance voltage for the given current that is required. <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="US20060066379A" dnum-type="L"><text>U.S. patent application 2006/0066379</text></patcit>, filed March 30, 2006, assigned to the assignee of the present invention and hereby incorporated by reference, describes such a system. In this system, the power supply is a boost converter, operating with very low power dissipation, to provide a range of compliance voltages to a field-effect transistor (FET) that provides the current control. The particular compliance voltage level to be used is determined by comparing the voltage dropped across the FET against the voltage drop across the load so that the compliance voltage may be tailored to the particular resistance of the load and the desired current level.

0007<patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="US4253055A"><text>US 4,253,055</text></patcit> relates to an adjustable switching current regulator which is used for instance in an electronic gun of an electron microscope for adjusting and accurately controlling the current flow in a substantially resistive load. A current regulating circuit for a load is disclosed, wherein a switching transistor is provided in series with a power supply and a load, and wherein a sensing resistor is connected between the switching transistor and the load. A differential amplifier is connected across the sensing resistor and determines the relative current through the sensing transistor. A comparator is provided to compare the output of this differential amplifier to a reference voltage, and the output of the comparator controls the switching of the switching transistor in order to adapt the current flowing to the load. By switching the transistor to either fully on or fully off, this circuit according to this document seeks to reduce the power dissipation in the switching transistor to a minimum.

0008<patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="US4791350A"><text>US 4,791,350</text></patcit> discloses a current regulated switching regulator for gating gate turnoff (GTO) devices. According to this document, a current regulator is provided that has a source of electric current and a switch connected in series with the source of electric current. The load receives the current through the switch from a source of current and means are provided for sensing the current through the load. Further, means are provided which responsive to the current through the load turn the switch on and off, so that the average current through the load has a predetermined value. A filter smoothes out the variations of the current and a gate turn on thyristor control electrode serves as the load. The current regulator is incorporated within an inverter using such GTO devices to generate an AC drive current for a motor. The comparator receives the reference value via a reference and hysteresis circuit which is located in the feedback branch from the output of the comparator.

0009<patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="US5602464A"><text>US 5,602,464</text></patcit> relates to a bidirectional power converter and a power system using paralleled modules. According to this document, a bidirectional power converter array has an overall voltage feedback, an error signal generator, and a plurality of bidirectional power converter modules. Each module within the array includes a series inductor and a local feedback based upon the inductor current. Each module also has a resistive current sensor, providing wideband local feedback. A low-pass filter is coupled to the current sensing resistor for reducing switching noise. The low-pass filter also reduces the bandwidth of the local feedback signal, so that interactions with the overall feedback occur, which may result in instability. Consequently, a winding transformer coupled to the series inductor is provided, that generates an AC signal representing highfrequency components of the inductor current. The AC current sample is added to the low-frequency components derived from the resistor and the low-pass filter in order to form a low-noise local feedback signal with sufficient bandwidth to reduce unwanted interaction with the overall system feedback.

0010<patcit id="pcit0005" dnum="US4891764A"><text>US 4,891,764</text></patcit> discloses a microprocessor based electric actuator control system. In order to accurately determine the forces opposing movement of a manipulator drive shaft, the control system electronically sets a predetermined current through an actuator to produce an electromagnetic force. A displacement measuring device in conjunction with a time clock measures the velocity and calculates the acceleration of the actuator in response to the current. The force on the shaft is computer varied, such that the acceleration is determined. To accomplish a setting of the actuator current, the process control microprocessor monitors and stores time varying position displacement pulses from a shaft encoder. The position of the output shaft positioning encoder will also be monitored and a change in position in comparison to a clock timing signal is used to establish a velocity of the output shaft. A programmable current regulator is set by the microprocessor to change the actuator force, such as to drive the value of the shaft acceleration towards a programmed value.

0011The present inventors have determined that a synchronous "buck converter", when used as power supply, can provide compliance voltages that can be changed fast enough, even after the necessary filtering, for direct current control for an I/O current-loop circuit, eliminating the need for a current control transistor and the heat dissipation of this element. The reduced heat dissipation allows high-density I/O modules.

0012Specifically then, the present invention provides a current-loop input/output module for an industrial control including at least one output circuit with load terminals connectable to a load and a control input receiving a control value from the industrial control indicating a desired current to the load. A current sensor provides a current value measuring current received by the load through the load terminals and a feedback circuit receives the control value and the current value to provide an error output. A switching circuit having at least one solid state switch receives the error output and a one supply voltage, and based on the control input periodically connects the supply voltage through an inductor to a load terminal to control the current to the load according to the control value. When the supply voltage is not connected to the inductor a diode continues the current to the load terminal. All the solid state switches of the switching device operate exclusively in a switching mode being driven to either fully on or fully off states, and current from the switching circuit connects to the load terminal without passing through any additional solid state switching elements not operated in a switching mode.

0013It is thus one aspect of at least one embodiment of the invention to provide a current-loop circuit with low power dissipation and low parts count. Direct feedback control of the compliance voltage eliminates the needs for a power dissipating current mirror operating in a non-switching mode.

0014The switching circuit may include a low pass filter attenuating current flow at a frequency of switching of the switching circuit.

0015It is another aspect of at least one embodiment of the invention to provide for a compliance voltage with low ripple without significantly increasing the power dissipation.

0016The low pass filter may include multiple stages and the feedback circuit may further receive a signal from before at least one of the multiple stages to provide the error output.

0017It is another aspect of at least one embodiment of the invention to provide for a sophisticated feedback control of the switching circuit that provides rapid transient response from a DC power supply.

0018The current sensor may be positioned after the filter.

0019It is another aspect of at least one embodiment of the invention to provide a stable current feedback signal suitable for feedback control.

0020The switching circuit may be a buck converter controlling a duty cycle of switching of a supply voltage to the load.

0021It is thus another aspect of at least one embodiment of the invention to use a switching circuit that can provide for rapid changes in current. The buck converter provides reduced high frequency output that allows the design of a filter that is consistent with a need for high transient response.

0022The switching circuit may include a first solid-state switching device connected from the supply voltage through an inductor to the load terminal and a second solid state switching device connected from a ground through the same inductor to the load terminal, the switching devices being activated alternately.

0023It is thus another aspect of at least one embodiment of the invention to provide a switching circuit that actively pulls the output either high or low for rapid transient response. This is accomplished by the solid state switching device connected to ground pulling current from the load terminal and transferring that current to the supply voltage when the first solid state switch is subsequently turned on.

0024The invention may further provide a housing holding multiple output circuits.

0025It is another aspect of at least one embodiment of the invention to provide a circuit having both reduced part count and heat dissipation to allow multiple circuits to be packaged in an extremely compact I/O module or together on an integrated circuit.

0026These particular features and advantages may apply to only some embodiments falling within the claims and thus do not define the scope of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

0027<figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref> is a block diagram of an industrial control system suitable for use with the present invention showing an I/O module having multiple current-loop circuits;

0028<figref idref="f0001">Fig. 2</figref> is a fragmentary schematic representation of a prior art current-loop circuit showing a non-switching mode transistor operating as a current source to drive a load;

0029<figref idref="f0001">Fig. 3</figref> is a figure similar to that of <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 2</figref> showing a prior art improvement over the current-loop of <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 2</figref> in which a compliance voltage feeding the non-switching mode transistor is adjusted to reduce power dissipation in the transistor;

0030<figref idref="f0001">Fig. 4</figref> is a figure similar to that of <figref idref="f0001">Figs. 2 and 3</figref> showing a current-loop circuit of the present invention in which a switching mode compliance voltage source directly drives the load;

0031<figref idref="f0002">Fig. 5</figref> is a detailed block diagram of the circuit of <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 4</figref> showing a synchronous buck converter such as forms the switching mode compliance voltage source of <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 4</figref> and configured to provide high transient response;

0032<figref idref="f0003">Fig. 6</figref> is a schematic diagram of the converter of <figref idref="f0002">Fig. 5</figref>;

0033<figref idref="f0002">Fig. 7</figref> is a set of plots of voltage versus time for different points in a schematic of <figref idref="f0003">Fig. 6</figref>; and

0034<figref idref="f0002">Fig. 8</figref> is a block diagram of the principle components of the invention as may be incorporated into a single integrated circuit.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

0035Referring now to <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref>, an industrial control system 10 may include a controller 12, for example, executing a stored program for the control of an industrial process 14 or the like.

0036The controller 12 may provide for local I/O modules (not shown) or may provide a network connection 16 to a remote I/O module 18. The I/O modules 18 may include a power supply 20 and one or more current-loop circuits 22. Each current-loop circuit 22 may provide an electrical connection 24 to a load 26 such as actuators or sensors connected to the industrial process 14.

0037Referring now to <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 2</figref>, in a prior art I/O module 18, logic circuitry 30 provides a command signal 32, indicating a desired current to be output over connection 24 to load 26. The command signal 32 is received by a linear current source 34, which may, for example, be an FET receiving a compliance voltage 36 from the power supply 20 (shown in <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref>) and operating in a non-switching mode to provide a desired current level (e.g. 20 milliamps) when the command signal 32 is high. For an arbitrary load resistance for load 26 and a high compliance voltage 36 substantial power dissipation occurs in linear current source 34.

0038Referring now to <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 3</figref>, and as taught in <patcit id="pcit0006" dnum="US20060066379A"><text>U.S. patent 2006/0066379</text></patcit> entitled: "Current-Loop Drive Module With Dynamic Compliance Voltage", filed on September 30, 2004 and hereby incorporated by reference, the circuit of <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 2</figref> may be improved by the introduction of an adjustable compliance voltage converter 38 between the compliance voltage 36 and the controllable linear current source 34. In this embodiment the amount of power dissipated in the linear current source 34 is monitored so that for loads 26 with low resistance, the voltage output of the compliance voltage module 38 is reduced thereby reducing the power dissipation in the linear current source 34. The compliance voltage converter 38, which varies the voltage provided to the linear current source 34, uses a "boost converter" whose power dissipation is low and largely independent of the amount of voltage output by the compliance voltage converter 38.

0039Referring now to <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 4</figref>, the present invention provides an improvement over the circuit of <figref idref="f0001">Figs. 2 and 3</figref> by eliminating the controllable linear current source 34 and providing an adjustable voltage directly from a compliance voltage module 40 to the load 26, adjusting that voltage rapidly to provide the desired current flow through the load 26. This eliminates the need for the linear current source 34 and eliminates the heat dissipated in linear current source 34. Critical to this ability is the recognition that a simple circuit could be used to implement compliance voltage module 40 that would also provide rapid transient response comparable to the linear current source 34.

0040Referring now to <figref idref="f0002">Fig. 5</figref>, the compliance voltage module 40 may comprise four principal components. The first is a synchronous buck converter 42 receiving the compliance voltage 36 and producing a switched output 44 having an average value suitable for producing a desired current flow through connection 24. Because converter 42 operates in a switched mode, either connecting compliance voltage 36 directly to switched output 44 or connecting switched output 44 to ground, the solid state switching devices of the converter 42 provide extremely low power dissipation. The switched output 44, having a desired average voltage, is received by a multistage filter 46 having series connected low-pass networks of a type well known in the art, using reactive components (e.g. capacitors and inductors) having essentially no power dissipation and low resistance resistors providing minimal power dissipation. Thus the multistage filter 46 operates as a low pass filter, blocking frequency components at and around the switching frequency of the converter 42 which are generally many octaves above the desired transient response of the signal on connection 24 to the load 26.

0041The multistage filter 46 provides an output voltage 48 that is connected to the load 26 to provide a desired current flow throughout a range of possible load resistances as will be described. Precise adjustment of the voltage 48, to obtain the desired current flow through the connection 24, is obtained by means of a feedback mechanism that uses a current signal measured by a current sensing resistor 50. The current sensing resistor 50 is in series with the current that has passed through the load 26 and is returned on a return connection 24' on the way to ground.

0042The current signal 52 from the current sensing resistor 50 is provided to a feedback error block 54 which receives the command signal 32 from the logic circuitry 30 and determines whether the voltage 48 is too high or too low to produce the desired current as determined from the current signal 52.

0043The current feedback from the current sensing resistor 50 has some phase lag as a result of the action of the multistage filter 46 and this phase lag may impair the transient response of the system. Accordingly an anticipating signal 56 from an early stage in the multistage filter 46 is also used by the feedback error block 54 to provide improved transient response.

0044An error signal 57, output from the feedback error block 54, indicates whether voltage 48 is too high or too low, and is provided to the converter 42 to adjust the switched output 44 completing the feedback loop.

0045Referring now to <figref idref="f0003">Figs. 6</figref> and <figref idref="f0002">7</figref>, the synchronous buck converter 42 may provide for a first and second solid-state switch 60 and 62, for example, being field effect switches, with solid-state switch 60 receiving the compliance voltage 36 and connecting to a junction point being the switched output 44 of the synchronous buck converter 42 and the switch 62 connecting from the switched output 44 to ground. Fly-back diodes 64 may be connected in parallel with each of the switches 60 and 62 as understood in the art.

0046Each of switches 60 and 62 may be operated alternately by a "Q" output 65 and "Q-not" output 66 of a flip-flop 68. The flip-flop 68 thus ensures that only one of switches 60 and 62 will be activated at a time preventing a possible short circuit from compliance voltage 36 to ground.

0047The flip-flop 68 is "set" by the output of a comparator 70 which receives the error signal 57 described above and compares it to a ramp wave 72 produced by ramp generator 74. Referring now to <figref idref="f0002">Fig. 7</figref> when the ramp wave is greater than the error signal 57, for example, at the time 76, the output of a comparator 70 will rise, setting the flip-flop 68 and causing its Q output 65 to rise and it's Q-not output to fall. Correspondingly this causes switch 60 to turn on and switch 62 to turn off.

0048Ramp generator 74 also produces a reset pulse 80 when the ramp resets which also resets the flip-flop 68 causing the states of Q and Q-not outputs to reverse, that is, the Q output 65 to fall, and the Q-not output to rise. It will be understood that the higher the error signal 57, indicating that insufficient current is flowing through the load 26, the longer the duty cycle of the Q output 65 and thus the more time that switch 60 is closed increasing the average voltage of the switched output 44.

0049The switched output 44 of the converter 42 is a square wave and is received by multistage filter 46 described above and consisting of a first stage being a series inductor 75 shunted by capacitor 77 to ground. The anticipating signal 56 to be described below is taken after this first stage at the junction of the inductor 75 and capacitor 77. The next two stages consist of series resistors 78 and 79 shunted respectively by capacitors 82 and 84 with the first series resistor connected to the junction of the inductor 75 and capacitor 77 and the second series resistor connected to the junction of the resistor 78 and capacitor 82. The junction of the resistor 79 and capacitor 84 forms the output voltage 48. In the preferred embodiment, resistor 79 is replaced with a short and capacitor 84 is omitted.

0050The output voltage 48 from the filter is received by the load 26 and passes through the current sensing resistor 50 which is a precision low ohmage resistor 83. The voltage across this resistor 83 forms a current signal 52 and is received by an integrator formed of an operational amplifier 85 having a noninverting input receiving command signal 32, and an inverting input receiving the sum of the current signal 52 and anticipating signal 56 each through a gain setting resistance and the latter through a high pass filter selected for the appropriate transient response. The inverting input of the operational amplifier 85 is shunted by a capacitive network producing an integrated output providing the error signal 57.

0051Referring now to <figref idref="f0002">Fig. 8</figref>, each of the elements of the buck converter 42 and the feedback error block 54 may be placed on a single integrated circuit 90 for multiple current-loop circuits 22. By eliminating devices operating in the non-switched region, all the switch elements may be on the integrated circuit 90 significantly improving the manufacturability of the current-loop circuits 22. For purposes of isolation, different compliance voltage module 40 may be on different integrated circuits 90.

0052While the present invention has been described with respect to a digital command signal 32 it will be understood that the identical circuit may be used to provide for analog current-loop control as well simply by varying the command signal 32 among different ranges of voltage rather than simply between two voltages as may be provided by a digital to analog converter communicating with the logic circuitry 30.

0053It is specifically intended that the present invention not be limited to the embodiments and illustrations contained herein. For this reason, the invention may include modified forms of those embodiments including portions of the embodiments and combinations of elements of different embodiments as come within the scope of the following claims.

0054In summary the invention discloses a current-loop output circuit for an industrial controller providing for low power dissipation and reduced part count by driving current loads of different resistances directly from a switched voltage source. Proper filtering and design of a feedback loop allows the necessary transient response times to be obtained.