Method and sytem for recognizing desired email

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

0001The present invention relates to a method and system for recognizing desired email. More specifically, the present invention relates to a system and method for recognizing desired email that can require less rigorous examination by filters and systems for detecting SPAM or other undesired content.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

0002Unsolicited and/or undesired commercial email is a significant problem for email administrators and users. A common category of undesired email is SPAM which is generally defined as bulk unsolicited email, typically for commercial purposes, and other categories of undesired email can be bulk email containing viruses and/or malware and the like.

0003At best, undesired email utilizes resources on email systems, occupies email account holder's time to review and delete and is generally frustrating and troublesome. At worst, undesired email can be malicious and can damage software, systems and/or stored data.

0004Much work has been undertaken in recent years to combat the growing problem of undesired email. One of the methods used to date to reduce undesired email in the form of SPAM is the use of Bayesian filtering wherein the content of received emails is examined for specified content to form a statistical decision as to whether the email constitutes SPAM. A message which is deemed to be SPAM can be flagged as such and/or directed to a selected storage folder or deleted from the system.

0005Another method to reduce undesired email is the use of scanners which examine emails to recognize viruses and/or malware and quarantine or delete the detected undesired email.

0006Another method commonly employed to date is the use of blacklists which identify IP addresses from which undesired email has been previously been received and which deem subsequent emails from those IP addresses as being undesired email.

0007Yet another method is described in <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="US6330590B"><text>US Patent 6,330,590</text></patcit> to Cotton wherein a checksum is calculated for each received email and is compared to a database of checksums of previously identified SPAM to determine if the received message is SPAM.

0008As can be imagined, as each new technical solution to detecting undesired email is introduced and deployed, the originators of undesired email alter their messages and/or sending techniques in attempts to circumvent the undesired email detection systems. Presently, the best practice for undesired email detection is to employ two or more different detection methods to obtain a synergistic result for the detectors.

0009While such multi-method detection systems can work reasonably well, they do suffer from some disadvantages. Specifically, many detection systems require regular and skilled input from email administrators or others to respond to changes effected by the originators of undesired email. Further, generally undesired email detection systems are configured to err on the side of caution in an attempt to avoid "false positive" detections and are therefore configured to operate at less than their maximum level of sensitivity for detecting undesired email. This is because, typically, it is deemed to be less harmful to receive some undesired email than to have a bona fide email flagged as undesired and be removed or quarantined.

0010Accordingly, users often still receive some amount of undesired email despite the active management of the process by email administrators and the use of the best multi-method undesired email detection systems.

0011<patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="US2006036693A1"><text>US 2006/036693 A1</text></patcit> relates to spam filtering with probabilistic secure hashes. In one example, probabilities of hashes or signatures are determined and/or assigned in part by using sources of good messages and spam messages. When a new message arrives, its hash value can be compared to one or more databases. The database can comprise known good messages as well as known spam messages. The hash values of the message can be looked up in the database and the number of spam messages that match the hash and the number of good messages that match the hash can be ascertained. These numbers can be used to compute the probability that the new message is spam.

0012<patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="EP1613010A2"><text>EP 1 613 010 A2</text></patcit> relates to an incremental anti-spam lookup and update service.

0013<patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="US2005132197A1"><text>US 2005/132197 A1</text></patcit> relates to a technique for a character-based comparison of documents.

0014<patcit id="pcit0005" dnum="EP1564670A2"><text>EP 1564 670 A2</text></patcit> relates to an intelligent quarantining for spam prevention.

0015<patcit id="pcit0006" dnum="WO2005074213A1"><text>WO 2005/074213 A1</text></patcit> relates to a technique for URL-based screening of electronic communications.

0016<patcit id="pcit0007" dnum="WO2004068288A2"><text>WO 2004/068288 A2</text></patcit> relates a classifier tuning based on data similarities.

0017<patcit id="pcit0008" dnum="US2002199095A1"><text>US 2002/199095 A1</text></patcit> relates to a technique for filtering communications.

0018<patcit id="pcit0009" dnum="WO2006102164A2"><text>WO 2006/102164 A2</text></patcit> relates to a technique for trapping mass-delivery electronic messages.

0019<patcit id="pcit0010" dnum="JP2005135024A"><text>JP 2005 135024 A</text></patcit> relates to an anti-spam technique.

0020<patcit id="pcit0011" dnum="DE102004045780A1"><text>DE 10 2004 045780 A1</text></patcit> relates to an unwanted E-mail processing technique for Internet.

0021<patcit id="pcit0012" dnum="US6266692B1"><text>US 6 266 692 B1</text></patcit> relates to a technique for locking all unwanted E-mail using a header-based password.

SUMMARY

0022It is the object of the present invention to improve the reliability of prior art systems. This object is solved by the subject matter of the independent claims. Preferred embodiments are defined by the dependent claims.

0023It is an aspect of the present invention to provide a novel method and system for recognizing desired email which obviates or mitigates at least one disadvantage of the prior art.

0024According to a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of recognizing an incoming email message as being desired, comprising the steps of: (i) arranging the contents of an outgoing email message into at least one message fragment; (ii) for each message fragment creating a representation of at least a portion of the contents of the fragment; (iii) storing each created representation; (iv) arranging the contents of an incoming email message into at least one message fragment; (v) for at least one message fragment of the incoming message creating a representation of at least a portion of the contents of the fragment; (vi) comparing each representation of a fragment created in step (v) to the stored representations created in step (ii) to identify matches therebetween; and (vii) identifying the incoming email message as being desired if the matches identified meet a pre-defined threshold test.

0025Preferably, a time to live, or expiry, value is stored with each created representation of step (ii) and each created representation is removed from the storage when the associated time to live or expiry value is exceeded.

0026According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided email system comprising: at least one incoming email server; at least one outgoing email server; at least one email firewall device; and at least one fingerprinting device which is operable to: (a) prior to delivering an outgoing email, arrange the outgoing email into at least one message fragment and to create and store a representation of each of the at least one message fragments of the outgoing email; (b) upon receipt of an Incoming email, arrange the incoming email Into at least one message fragment and to create a representation of each of the at least one message fragments of the incoming email: (c) to compare each of representations created for each of the at least one message fragments of the incoming email to the stored representations; and (d) if the matches between the stored representations and the at least one representations of the message fragments of the incoming email meet a predefined threshold test, then identifying the incoming email as desired.

0027The present invention provides a system and method for recognizing an incoming email as a desired email. The system and method examines outgoing email messages to arrange the email messages into fragments for which representations are created and stored. When an incoming message is received, fragments of the incoming message are arranged and representations of these fragments are created. These representations are compared to the stored representations and, if the number of correspondences between these representations and the stored representations exceeds a threshold value, the incoming message is recognized as being desirable.

0028An incoming email message which has been recognized as being desirable can be subjected to a lesser (less stringent) examination to recognize a SPAM message, or to no further examination to recognize a SPAM message.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0029Preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the attached Figures, wherein: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none"><li><figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> shows an email system in accordance with the present invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref> shows a sample outgoing email message;</li><li><figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref> shows a sample incoming email message responding to the email message of <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0004">Figure 4</figref> shows a flowchart of a process of the present invention applied to outgoing email messages; and</li><li><figref idref="f0005">Figure 5</figref> shows a flowchart of a process of the present invention applied to incoming email messages.</li></ul>

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

0030An email system which implements a method in accordance with of the present invention is indicated generally at 20 in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>. Email system 20 includes at least one incoming email server 24 and at least one outgoing email server 28. In some small installations, incoming email server 24 and outgoing email server 28 execute on a single device but, more generally, in order to accommodate the volume of email messages in system 20 one or more devices will execute incoming mail servers 24 and one or more other devices will execute outgoing email servers 28.

0031System 20 further includes an email firewall 32, such as the Mxtreme™ Mail Firewall manufactured and sold by the assignee of the present invention, which connects incoming email server 24 and outgoing email server 28 to the public network 34 (typically the Internet). Email firewall 32 provides a variety of services, including security/firewall functions, spam detection and filtering, virus scanning, etc.

0032Incoming email is first processed by email firewall 32 to identify and/or quarantine undesired email messages and/or email attachments infected with viruses and the remaining messages are passed to incoming email server 24 where they can be accessed by their intended recipients from amongst email users 36. Email firewall 32 can be configured to examine email originating from public network 34 and email originating from other users 36 within the private network of users 36.

0033As mentioned above, In prior art undesired email detection systems incoming messages are examined using a variety of tools and/or methods to attempt to identify undesired email messages. One problem with such detection systems is that, in order to reduce the likelihood of false positives (i.e. non-SPAM messages which are incorrectly identified as SPAM), the systems are typically configured with their sensitivity levels set to less aggressive levels than might otherwise be desired and undesired email may be allowed to traverse email firewall 32. Further, even with reduced sensitivity settings, false positives can still occur.

0034The present inventors have developed a novel approach wherein, instead of attempting to identify an incoming email message as undesired email, they instead identify, where possible, incoming email messages as desired email. Then, depending upon the implementation of email system 20 and the required confidence level with which undesired email is detected, with the present invention an identified desired message can be allowed to bypass the undesired email detection processes of email firewall 32 altogether, or can be processed by the undesired email detection systems of email firewall 32 with their sensitivity levels configured at less aggressive levels, etc. while emails which have not been identified as desired can be processed with the sensitivity levels of the undesired email detection systems configured to more aggressive levels.

0035In operation, a method and system in accordance with the present invention examines email messages sent by users 36 within email system 20. Each message is examined and arranged into one or more message fragments which are then processed to provide a checksum or other suitable "fingerprint" which allows for the subsequent recognition of that fragment in a simple and highly confident manner.

0036A fragment can be any portion of an email message which is likely to be reproduced in a reply email to the email being sent. An ideal example of a fragment is a predefined signature and/or an email legal disclaimer statement, as many corporate email users regularly include such standardized text in their outgoing email messages.

0037A typical email message 100 is illustrated in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref>. As illustrated, this email message includes a "To" address data field 104, a "From" address data field 108, a "Subject" line data field 112 and a main message body data field 116 which can also include a signature 120 and an email legal disclaimer 124. Such message formats, or variations on such formats, are widely used in large and small corporations and by individuals.

0038With the present invention, when an email is created and sent by a user 36 from outgoing an email server 28, the email is first examined by a fingerprinting process, which can be executing on a dedicated fingerprinting device 40 or which can be a process executing on email firewall device 32 or one of the incoming email server 24 and/or outgoing email servers 28.

0039If email system 20 comprises multiple outgoing email servers 28, or if the expected email volume is high, it is contemplated that the fingerprinting will preferably execute on dedicated fingerprinting device 40, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref>, that operates in conjunction with email firewall device 32.

0040The present invention employs the principle that, for much desired email between parties, some repetition of the content of an outgoing email message will be included in an incoming reply email. Examples of such repetition include the common practice of including at least the relevant portions of the outgoing (originating) email into the incoming (reply) email, repeating the subject line with a "RE:" pre-pended to it, etc. It is believed that the originators of undesired email will typically not have access to an email originated from within an email domain and thus undesired email messages can not include repetition of the content of an outgoing email originated in email system 20.

0041An example of a reply email 150 to email 100 is illustrated in <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref>. As illustrated, email 150 includes several fragments representing repetition of original email 100. Specifically, fragment 154 is an indented copy of the main body of email 100, fragment 158 is an indented copy of the signature of email 100 and fragment 162 is an indented copy of the disclaimer of email 100. In addition, fragment 166 is the originator's address which corresponds to the destination address of email 100.

0042A method in accordance with the present invention will now be described with reference to the flowcharts of <figref idref="f0004">Figures 4</figref> and <figref idref="f0005">5</figref>. The method commences at step 200 wherein an outgoing email message, such as message 100, is arranged into one or more fragments. The particular method of arranging an outgoing email into fragments is not particularly limited and can be as simple as deeming the outgoing and originating email addresses as fragments, the subject line as a fragment, and any two or more consecutive lines of the message text as fragments.

0043Alternatively, the email can be parsed using a variety of templates and/or metadata in an attempt to identify fragments, such as the first two sentences of each paragraph of main body text of the email, which have a reasonable likelihood of being repeated in a reply to the email.

0044It is also contemplated that any attachments to the outgoing email, such as Vcards or data files, can also be selected as fragments.

0045Preferably, the method of arranging the outgoing message into fragments will omit common formatting features, such as line 170 of email 100, repeated streams of characters such as "++++++", ">>", or "--------", whitespace or other similar features whose presence might easily be guessed by the originator of an undesired email.

0046As illustrated in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref>, email message 100 has been arranged into six fragments, namely the above-mentioned "To" address data field 104, "From" address data field 108, "Subject" line data field 112, main message body data field 116; signature 120 and disclaimer 124. If the main body message field of email 100 included two or more paragraphs, it is contemplated that each paragraph can be arranged as a separate fragment, or portions of each paragraph can be arranged as separate fragments, etc.

0047Once the outgoing email has been arranged into one or more fragments, the method continues at step 204 where the fingerprinting process creates a characterizing record, or fingerprint, for at least some of the fragments. The fingerprint can be a complete copy of the identified fragment, or a portion thereof, or a representation of the fragment, such as an MD5 hash or other checksum of the fragment. For example, the fingerprint can comprise a copy of the first twenty-five characters of the first line of a paragraph, etc.

0048Ideally, a fingerprint will be created at step 204 for each fragment of the email, but it is also contemplated that, for long, multi-paragraph emails, it may be desired to omit creating fingerprints for some of the fragments to reduce processing time and the amount of storage space required to subsequently store the fingerprints. However, as will be apparent to those of skill in the art, this is a compromise which the administrator of system 20 should manage appropriately as the greater the number of fragments for which a fingerprint is created and stored, the greater the likelihood that incoming email message, such as message 150, will repeat a fragment whose fingerprint is stored in the database, as described below.

0049At step 208, a record is added to a database maintained in system 20, typically in email firewall 32, and each record contains at least the fingerprints of the fragments created at step 204.

0050In addition to the storing fingerprints of fragments, in a preferred embodiment of the method, the record added to the database at step 208 can also include: the identity of the sender of the email; the date on which the email was sent; the address of the intended recipient(s) of the email; an indication of the source of the fragment, i.e. - the Subject line data field, or the main message body data field, an attachment, etc.; and a "time to live" (TTL), or "expiry", value. The TTL value is selected by the administrator of system 20 as the time for which records of fingerprints for an outgoing email remain in the database. As will be apparent, the selection of an appropriate TTL value consists of a tradeoff between the size of the database and the likelihood that fingerprints of repeated information in an incoming email will be in the database.

0051As mentioned above, it is common that an email have multiple recipients in it's "To" address data field 104 and/or can include one or more recipients in a "CC" address data field, not shown in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref>. In such a case, it is contemplated that the record stored in the database can include the address of each intended recipient.

0052In the event that, at step 208, a record already exists in the database for a fragment, which will occur when the same text is included in multiple outgoing messages (for example disclaimer 124 or signature 120), the TTL value for the existing record can be updated to reflect the date of the most current outgoing email including the fragment, rather than adding a redundant record.

0053The flowchart of <figref idref="f0005">Figure 5</figref> shows the steps of the method when an email is received from public network 34 or from another user 36. Specifically, at step 212 each incoming email received is processed to arrange its contents into fragments. Preferably, this processing uses a process similar to that employed at step 200 on outgoing email messages to increase the likelihood of obtaining similar fragments. For example, if at step 200 fragments are created for the first two lines of each paragraph of the main message body, then at step 212 it is preferable to also create fragments for the first two lines of each paragraph of the main message body.

0054At step 216 the method creates fingerprints of the arranged fragments. While the process of creating fingerprints for the fragments will employ a similar algorithm (copying a portion of the fragment, performing a hash, etc.) as step 204, in step 216 the fingerprinting process preferably includes some additional pre-processing.

0055Specifically, fragments can be preprocessed to remove common modifications to information repeated in email replies. For example, many email clients append "RE:" as prefix text to a subject line data field of a message replying to a previous message, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref>. It is contemplated that the fingerprinting process of step 216 will remove the "RE:" portion of a subject line fragment when creating a fingerprint of that fragment.

0056Similarly, when embedding a portion of a previous email message main body in a subsequent message, many email clients indent the text and prefix it with a symbol or characters such as ">", as illustrated in fragments 154, 158 and 162 of <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref>. It is contemplated that the fingerprinting process of step 216 will remove the indent or other whitespace and the ">", or similar prefix character, on each line of text being fingerprinted when creating a fingerprint of fragments of text lines commencing with such characters or symbols.

0057As will be apparent to those of skill in the art, other preprocessing steps can be performed, as desired, to remove the influence of normal and/or expected modifications to repeated text in the incoming email 150.

0058At step 220, the fingerprints created at step 216 are compared to those stored in the database of fingerprints to identify each, if any, match between the stored fingerprints from previous outgoing emails and the fingerprints created from the incoming email under consideration.

0059While at step 204 fingerprints were not necessarily created for all arranged fragments of the outgoing email, at step 216 it is preferred that fingerprints be created for each fragment of the incoming email to increase the likelihood that a desired email will be recognized, as described below. Unlike the case of fingerprints created at step 204, the fingerprints for received emails are not stored in a database and are only stored for sufficient time to execute the comparisons of step 220. Thus, it is believed to be practical to create fingerprints for each fragment of an incoming email at step 216.

0060At step 224 the number of matches, if any, between the fingerprints created for the incoming message and the stored fingerprints in the database is compared to a pre-selected threshold value or template. A pre-selected threshold value or template can be selected by the administrator of system 20 to reflect the required level of confidence for an incoming email message to be deemed to be "desirable".

0061In some circumstances, the administrator may be satisfied that a single matching fingerprint is sufficient to distinguish a desirable incoming email from an undesirable one. In other circumstances, the administrator may require that two or more fingerprints match before the incoming email be deemed to be desirable,.

0062The administrator can also defined a template, or set of rules, which define the threshold that an incoming email message must meet before being deemed as a desired message. For example, a template can be defined which specified that at least one fingerprint match and that the address of the originator of the incoming email match with one of the destination email addresses stored with the fingerprint at step 208.

0063As will be apparent to those of skill in the art a wide range of other thresholds and/or templates can be applied as desired, including multi-rule tests which allow an email administrator to define templates such as an email being deemed desired when any one of the following conditions is met: (i) three or more fragments of the received email match records of fragments stored in the database; (ii) the originator email address matches the destination email address, the subject line (less any "RE:" or other standard prefix) matches a record in the database and at least one other fragment matches a record in the database; or (iii) the originator email address matches the destination email address, a fragment containing an included disclaimer or signature matches a record in the database and at least one other fragment matches a record in the database; etc.

0064If the incoming email satisfies the test, or tests, at step 224, the incoming email can be flagged as being "desirable" at step 228 for further processing by system 20. Alternatively, if the incoming email does not satisfy the test or tests of step 224, it can be deemed as being "unrecognized" at step 232 for further processing by system 20.

0065It is contemplated that an incoming email which has been flagged as being "unrecognized" will be further processed in a conventional manner, which can include processing in email firewall 32 by anti-SPAM filters, anti-virus scanning, etc.

0066An incoming email which has been flagged as being "desired" can be further processed in a variety of manners. For example, if at step 224 a sufficiently high threshold is employed, emails which have been deemed as "desired" can be forwarded to the mailbox of the intended email user 36 without further processing.

0067Alternatively, it is also contemplated that an incoming email which has been flagged as "desired" can undergo all subsequent processing (anti-SPAM filters, virus scanning, etc.) that would occur for an email flagged as unrecognized, however in this case the subsequent processing can be performed with the sensitivity levels of those processes being adjusted to reflect the increased confidence the "desired" flag provides. In this manner, false positive results can be reduced for incoming email flagged as "desired".

0068As another alternative, the number and/or type of comparison tests an incoming email meets at step 224 can be provided as an input parameter to the anti-SPAM filtering process and/or other process which subsequently consider the incoming email with their sensitivities and/or processes tuned accordingly. For example, an incoming email which was found to have fingerprints for ten of its twelve fragments stored in the database may be subject to no anti-SPAM filter process, while an incoming email which was found to have fingerprints for just two of its twelve fragments stored in the database may be subject to the anti-SPAM filter process with the sensitivity level of the fitter set to a moderate level.

0069As another example, an incoming email which has been found to have a single fingerprint of its twelve fragments stored in the database but which also has an originator address that matches that stored in the database for that fingerprint may be subject to no anti-SPAM filtering. Other thresholds and/or configurations of the present invention for use in system 20 will be apparent to those of skill in the art.

0070It is further contemplated by the present inventors that the present invention can be employed to assist in the construction of "white lists" for use in email firewall 32. Specifically, as is known, email firewalls can utilize lists of email addresses and/or IP addresses which are known as being sources of SPAM or other undesired email, typically referred to as "blacklists" and lists of email addresses and/or IP addresses which are known as being legitimate sources of non-SPAM emails, typically referred to as "white lists".

0071Email firewall 32 can compare the originating email address and/or IP address for each incoming email with those on white lists and blacklists which it maintains. An incoming email with an originating email address or IP address on the blacklist is deemed to be undesired and is treated accordingly. An incoming email with an originating email address and/or IP address on the white list is deemed to be non-SPAM and is treated accordingly, for example being virus scanned but otherwise forwarded to the intended recipient.

0072While white lists and blacklists provide a useful tool, a difficulty exists in the construction and maintenance of the lists. While the construction and maintenance of the lists can, to some degree, be automatically performed by email firewall device 32, they still require manual administration by the administrator of the email system, especially to construct and maintain the white list. However, with the present invention, an incoming email which meets a threshold at step 224 can have its originating email address and/or IP address automatically added to the white list.

0073It is further contemplated that the present invention can also be employed to recognize at least some third party emails as desirable. Specifically, an outgoing email can be received by the addressee who then forwards that received email, perhaps with added comments, to a third party. If that third party then replies to the forwarded email to the originator of the email, then that reply can be processed by the present invention, as described above, to recognize fragments of the original email which have been included in the reply..

0074For example, many email clients attach a "FW: " prefix to the subject line data field of forwarded emails. In determining fingerprints for subject line data fields, the present invention can ignore such prefixes so that the fingerprint stored for a subject line data field such as "2006 Budget Figures" will match a received subject line data field such as "FW: 2006 Budget Figures" or "RE: FW: 2006 Budget Figures", etc.

0075In this manner, and depending upon the confidence level required by the email administrator, the present invention can recognize emails of third parties entering a desired email thread.

0076In the event that an email user 36 of system 20 is infected with a virus or worm rendering them into an unintentional originator of undesired emails (typically referred to as a SPAMbot or virus source) which results in the email user 36 dispatching a series of undesired emails or if the email user 36 otherwise sends a series of undesired messages for any reason, the database of fingerprint records will be contaminated and will contain fingerprints for the content of the undesired messages.

0077In such a case, the administrator of system 20 can purge the offending records from the database by specifying deletion of records meeting appropriate criteria, such as emails sent by the specified email user 36 in a specified date range of interest. The methods of purging records from a database that meet a set of selection criteria, such as those mentioned above, are well known to those of skill in the art and need not be further discussed herein.

0078The present invention provides a unique and flexible system and method for recognizing desired emails. Unlike existing undesired email detection systems which scan incoming emails to identify indications that the email is an undesired, the present invention scans the incoming email to identify indications that the email is a desired message.

0079While the originators of undesired email messages continually modify their messages (misspelling keywords, embedding graphics representing portions of text messages, rather than the text itself, etc.) in attempts to avoid detection by anti-SPAM filters and systems, the present invention requires an incoming email message to include information which will typically not be available to the originators of SPAM or other undesired email and which cannot be guessed by them.

0080The system and method is transparent to email recipients and originators, who need take no extraordinary steps, and can prevent or reduce the number of false positives which might otherwise result from anti-SPAM processes.

0081The above-described embodiments of the invention are intended to be examples of the present invention and alterations and modifications may be effected thereto, by those of skill in the art, without departing from the scope of the invention which is defined solely by the claims appended hereto.