LCD display backlight using elongated illuminators

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

0001Reference is made to and priority claimed from <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="US87331806P" dnum-type="L"><text>U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/873,318 filed December 7, 2006</text></patcit>, entitled LINEAR ILLUMINATION ELEMENT AND PROCESS.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

0002This invention relates to the art of backlight apparatus for a display and a liquid crystal display employing such apparatus. In particular, the present invention relates to a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) backlight with solid-state light sources.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

0003While liquid crystal displays (LCDs) offer a compact, lightweight alternative to cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors, there are many applications for which the image quality of LCD displays are not yet satisfactory, particularly as the relative size of these devices increases. Larger LCD panels, such as those used in laptop computer or larger displays, are transmissive, and thus require a backlight. This type of light-providing surface, positioned behind the LCD panel, directs light outwards and towards the LCD.

0004Conventional approaches for backlighting use various arrangements of cold cathode fluorescent (CCFL) light sources with light guide plates, one or more types of enhancement films, polarization films, reflective surfaces, and other light conditioning elements. Conventional flat panel backlight solutions using side-mounted CCFLs are less and less desirable as display size increases and, particularly as display area grows, can be susceptible to warping in manufacture or due to heat. Light-guiding backlight techniques that are conventionally employed for smaller devices are increasingly hampered by low brightness or luminance levels and by problems related to poor uniformity as the display size increases, such as would be needed for digital TV, for example. Existing backlight apparatus for LCD displays and other display and illumination applications, often using banks of CCFLs lined up in parallel, can be relatively inefficient. These display solutions can also be relatively thick, due to the need to house the CCFL and its supporting films and surfaces behind the LC panel. The CCFL light source itself presents an environmental problem for disposal, since these devices contain some amount of mercury. To compensate for uniformity and brightness problems with conventional CCFL-based backlights, a number of supporting films are conventionally interposed between the backlight and the display, or disposed following the display, such as relatively high-cost reflective polarization films for example. As is well known, the spectral characteristics of CCFLs are relatively poor when compared to other types of light sources.

0005Faced with the inherent difficulties and limitations to CCFL used in backlighting applications, researchers have been motivated to pursue alternative backlighting approaches. A number of solutions have been proposed utilizing Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs). Recent advances in LED brightness, color output, and overall performance, with continuing reduction in cost, make LEDs, lasers, and solid-state light sources in general particularly attractive. However, because LEDs and lasers act as point light sources, appropriate solutions are needed for redirecting and spreading this light to provide the uniform plane of light that is needed for backlighting and to provide the necessary color uniformity.

0006One approach for providing backlight illumination using LEDs is using an array arrangement, such as that described in the paper by <nplcit id="ncit0001" npl-type="s"><text>M. Zeiler, J. Huttner, L. Plotz, and H. Ott entitled "Late-News Paper: Optimization Parameters for LED Backlighting Solutions" SID 2006 Digest pp. 1524-1527</text></nplcit>. Using this type of solution, an array of LED clusters using Red (R), Green (G), and Blue (B) LEDs is deployed as a backlight for an LCD displays. Two types of clusters are described: RGGB and RGB. Similarly, <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="US6789921B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 6,789,921</text></patcit> entitled "Method and Apparatus for Backlighting a Dual Mode Liquid Crystal Display" to Deloy et al. describes an array arrangement used for an instrument panel. However, except for specialized uses such as for some types of instrument panels and for very high-end monitors and TV panels, array arrangements do not appear promising, due to problems of poor color and brightness uniformity, high parts count, high heat, and dimensional requirements.

0007Light guides have been employed for spreading light from a point source in order to form a line of light. For example, <patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="US5499112A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 5,499,112</text></patcit> entitled "Light Guide, Illuminating Device Having the Light Guide, and Image Reading Device and Information Processing Apparatus Having the Illuminating Device" to Kawai et al. discloses redirecting light from one or more LEDs to a line in a scanning apparatus, using a single light guide having extraction features distributed along its length. <patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="US5400224A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 5,400,224</text></patcit> entitled "Lighting Panel" to DuNah et al. describes a molded panel assembly having multiple light guides that are treated with randomized roughness over a back surface for backlighting illumination.

0008A number of solutions have been proposed for redistributing LED light over a larger area, along a light guiding panel. One proposed solution is the MicroLens^™ molded light guide from Global Lighting Technologies Inc., Brecksville, OH that spreads light from a single LED over a larger light panel. Similarly, <patcit id="pcit0005" dnum="US20030123246A" dnum-type="L"><text>U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0123246</text></patcit> entitled "Light Emitting Panel Assemblies" by Parker shows a small-scale light panel using multiple point sources with optical "deformities" that redirect light into the panel.

0009Another type of solution first directs the light from the LED, lamp, or other point source along a line, then spread this light over a panel. For example, <patcit id="pcit0006" dnum="US5835661A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 5,835,661</text></patcit> entitled "Light Expanding System for Producing a Linear or Planar Light Beam from a Point-Like Light Source" to Tai et al. describes a beam-expanding light pipe that directs a line of light to a light panel for distribution over an area. Similarly, the luminaire arrangement described in <patcit id="pcit0007" dnum="US20050231973A" dnum-type="L"><text>U.S. Patent Application No. 2005/0231973</text></patcit> entitled "Efficient Luminaire with Directional Side-Light Extraction" by Cassarly et al. uses a light pipe with a light extraction structure for redirecting light along a backplane, such as for an exhibit or display case. As yet another example of this approach, <patcit id="pcit0008" dnum="US5857761A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 5,857,761</text></patcit> entitled "Illumination Device" to Abe et al. describes a light guide that spreads point source light into a light radiation plate.

0010Still other backlighting solutions employ flexible optical fibers for directing light from a single light source, then treated for spreading the light for emission behind an LCD panel. Different versions of this approach are described, for example, in <patcit id="pcit0009" dnum="US6714185B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 6,714,185</text></patcit> entitled "Back Lighting Apparatus of Liquid Crystal Display Using Optical Fiber" to Kim et al. and in <patcit id="pcit0010" dnum="US5542016A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 5,542,016</text></patcit> entitled "Optical Fiber Light Emitting Apparatus" to Kaschke.

0011As the above-cited examples attest, there has been considerable work directed to the goal of providing LED backlighting. However, although there have been a number of solutions proposed, there are significant drawbacks inherent to each type of solution, particularly when faced with the problem of backlighting for a display panel of standard laptop dimensions or larger. The 2-D matrix proposed in the '921 Deloy et al. disclosure would be difficult to implement inexpensively, of relatively high cost, bulky, and prone to uniformity problems. The light guide arrangement described in the 112 Kawai et al. disclosure is optimized for scanning applications that require a uniform line of light, rather than display backlighting applications. The molded panel arrangement described in the '224 DuNah et al. disclosure may work well enough for general illumination, but would be prone to uniformity problems for full-color display applications. This type of solution is increasingly expensive to manufacture in larger sizes and is subject to warping due to heat and mechanical stress. More importantly, such a solution does not provide good color mixing and would not be well suited to applications using solid-state light sources. Point source-to-panel configurations such as those described in the `3246 Parker application are impractical and exhibit uniformity problems for color and brightness for larger-sized displays. Light-guide-to-back-panel arrangements such as those described in the '661 Tai et al. disclosure are inefficient, are subject to poor uniformity, and are suitable only for relatively small displays. The use of treated optical fibers has advantages for small-scale handheld displays but would be impractical and inefficient for desktop or larger display designs.

0012In addition to these drawbacks, conventional solutions generally fail to address important challenges for high-quality color imaging, required for widespread commercialization and acceptance of LC displays. Color gamut is one important consideration that is of particular interest to display designers. Conventional CCFLs provide a measure of color quality that is acceptable for many applications, offering up to about 70% of the NTSC color gamut Although this may be acceptable for laptop and computer monitor applications, it falls short of what is needed for full-color TV displays.

0013In contrast to CCFL light sources, LEDs and other solid-state light sources, because of their relatively high degree of spectral purity, are inherently capable of providing 100% or more of the NTSC color gamut. In order to provide this enlarged color gamut, three or more different-colored LEDs or other solid-state sources are needed. To support such an expanded color gamut when using LEDs and other solid-state light sources, a high level of color mixing is required from the backlighting apparatus. As is well known to those skilled in the imaging display art, achieving a good level of color uniformity when using solid-state light sources, such as Red (R), Green (G), and Blue (B) LEDs, is particularly challenging. Conventional backlighting solutions that employ larger-area light guides, such as those described above, would provide correspondingly inferior color mixing.

0014Other challenges related to backlighting for larger scale displays include the need for low-cost assembly, light efficiency, uniformity, and compact size. As noted earlier, conventional LED backlighting solutions fall short of what is needed to meet these additional requirements. Additionally, it would be particularly useful to eliminate the need for a reflective polarizer, which may be possible where uniformity and brightness are sufficiently improved.

0015Thus, it can be seen that there is a need for an LED backlight solution that can be inexpensively manufactured, has minimal thickness, and provides color mixing with good uniformity, high brightness, and high levels of efficiency.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

0016It is an object of the present invention to advance the art of backlight illumination and to provide the high level of color mixing needed to take advantage of solid-state light sources. The present invention provides a backlight apparatus for directing light toward a display panel, comprising: <ol id="ol0001" compact="compact" ol-style=""><li>a) two or more elongated illuminators, wherein at least one elongated illuminator is disposed to direct light towards the display panel and comprises: <ol id="ol0002" compact="compact" ol-style=""><li>(i) a solid transparent elongated light channel, extended along an illumination plane that is substantially parallel to the display panel and directly below the display panel;</li><li>(ii) an associated solid state light source for providing light to the elongated light channel;</li><li>(iii) a light extraction element for redirecting light upwards from the light channel towards the display panel; and</li></ol></li><li>b) a light diffusing element for uniformizing the light redirected from the two or more elongated illuminators to provide backlight illumination.</li></ol>

0017The invention also provides variations in the backlight apparatus and a display employing the backlight apparatus. A process for providing light is also disclosed. It is a feature of the present invention that it provides a backlight that utilizes multiple illumination channels.

0018It is an advantage of the present invention that it employs solid-state light sources to provide area backlighting for a display. The apparatus of the present invention is scalable and is particularly adaptable to larger sized LC panels.

0019It is a further advantage of the present invention that it eliminates the need for a light guide plate or other planar type panel, which can help to reduce cost and dimensional profile for backlight components.

0020These and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading of the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the drawings wherein there is shown and described an illustrative embodiment of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0021<ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li><figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> is a perspective view of a backlight apparatus according to the present invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref> is a perspective view of a display apparatus with the backlight apparatus;</li><li><figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref> is a perspective view of an elongated illuminator according to one embodiment;</li><li><figref idref="f0004">Figure 4</figref> is a plan view showing LEDs at one end of a light pipe of the elongated illuminator;</li><li><figref idref="f0005">Figure 5</figref> is a perspective view of an elongated light pipe in one embodiment; <figref idref="f0006">Figures 6A and 6B</figref> are cross-sectional views of an elongated illuminator in different embodiments;</li><li><figref idref="f0007">Figure 7A</figref> is a side view of a display apparatus using the elongated illuminators and diffuser of the present invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0007">Figure 7B</figref> is a side view of a display apparatus with an additional collimating element in the illumination path;</li><li><figref idref="f0008">Figure 7C</figref> is a side view of a display apparatus in a hybrid source configuration;</li><li><figref idref="f0009">Figure 8A</figref> is a side view showing light emission, collimation, and diffusion for the embodiment shown in <figref idref="f0007">Figure 7B</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0010">Figure 8B</figref> shows a magnified cross-section view of a Fresnel-type cylindrical lens collimator for the embodiment shown in <figref idref="f0007">Figure 7B</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0011">Figures 9</figref>, <figref idref="f0012">10</figref>, <figref idref="f0013">11</figref>, and <figref idref="f0014">12</figref> are plan views of the backlight apparatus showing different possible arrangements of elongated illuminators;</li><li><figref idref="f0015">Figure 13</figref> is a perspective view of an elongated illuminator within a light box;</li><li><figref idref="f0016">Figure 14</figref> is a side view of an elongated illuminator showing optional supports;</li><li><figref idref="f0017">Figure 15</figref> is a side view of a pair of elongated illuminators in an alternate embodiment;</li><li><figref idref="f0018">Figure 16</figref> is a plan view of a light pipe with a reflective surface for its associated light sources;</li><li><figref idref="f0019">Figure 17</figref> is a perspective view of a curved display apparatus using the backlight of the present invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0020">Figure 18</figref> is a schematic block diagram of a portion of a backlight apparatus using dichroic and reflective surfaces for obtaining light;</li><li><figref idref="f0021">Figure 19</figref> is a schematic block diagram of a portion of a backlight apparatus using beam splitters for combining light of different spectral bands onto a single path; and</li><li><figref idref="f0022">Figure 20</figref> is a cross-sectional view, taken lengthwise, of a portion of an elongated illuminator in one embodiment.</li></ul>

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

0022The present invention provides a backlight apparatus that is well-suited to display applications, particularly for LC display panels, such as those used for LCD TV, medical diagnostics displays, imaging displays, and military displays, for example. In addition, the backlight apparatus of the present invention can be used for other illumination applications where solid-state lighting is advantageous.

0023In the context of the present disclosure, the term "solid-state light source" has its conventional meaning accepted by those in the illumination arts, indicating a type of emissive light source formed from semiconductor materials. Solid-state light sources include, for example, Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs), Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) and (Polymer Light Emitting Diodes) PLEDs, as well as semiconductor lasers. Generally the term solid state light source as used herein means any source of light from a small point-like source but the design of the emission source may be such that the light being emitted is either collimated or spread so as to appear to be non-point-like. An array of several solid state light sources may be arranged in a manner or with lens elements so as to combine the light in a broader non-point-like source.

0024In the context of the present disclosure, light direction is described as upwards. A backlighting apparatus thus emits light upwards from an illumination plane. The terms "below" and "above" then comply with this direction assignment. A display panel is a transmissive spatial light-modulating device, such as an LC display device or other array of light valves. The term linear or elongated as used herein with respect to illuminator and light channels means much longer in length than in width, typically approaching the length of the display in one (length) direction but not nearly that long in the other (width) direction. These terms include straight or curved orientations such as serpentine. Examples may include a variety of cross-sectional end-shapes such as square, rectilinear, round, triangular or they may be a composite shape of two or more shapes. At least one surface of the illuminators or light channels may comprise a means to extract or otherwise breakup or redirect the total internal reflection of the light channel. Such a means may to done in a manner provide uniform light appearance.

0025<figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> is a perspective view of a light channel array 12 of backlight apparatus 10 according to the present invention. <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref> shows a single linear or elongated illuminator 14. Light channel array 12 (<figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>) has an arrangement of two or more linear or elongated illuminators 14. As is shown in <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref>, each elongated illuminator 14 has at least one solid-state light source 16, such as an LED, laser, or other surface-emitting light source and consists of an elongated light channel 18 and a light extraction element 20. In the particular embodiment of <figref idref="f0001">Figures 1</figref> and <figref idref="f0003">3</figref>, each elongated illuminator 14 has two solid-state light sources 16. As shown in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref>, an end 54 of elongated light channel 18 could alternately be reflective.

0026Each elongated illuminator 14 is extended along an illumination plane 22 and redirects light upward, in the direction of a display panel 24, a corner of which is shown in dotted outline in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>, that contains a display screen. Display panel 24 and illumination plane 22 are substantially in parallel. The perspective view of <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref> shows planes 22 and 24 from a top view. The primary direction of light from light channel array 12 is upward, toward display panel 24, in the general direction of the z-axis in <figref idref="f0001">Figures 1</figref>, <figref idref="f0002">2</figref>, and following. Using the xyz coordinate system used in these figures, elongated illuminators 14 are extended in the general direction of the y axis and are typically spaced apart from each other by some distance along the x axis. As can be well appreciated by those skilled in the imaging arts, elongated illuminators 14 could be disposed orthogonally so that they extend in the general direction of the x axis and are spaced apart by some distance along the y axis. In subsequent description and figures, extension along the y axis is shown, but the orthogonal arrangement could alternately be used.

0027A type of light pipe, elongated light channel 18 has a length dimension L that is well in excess of its width dimension W or thickness dimension T. Preferably, length L is greater than 5 times width dimension W. Preferably, width dimension W and thickness dimension T differ from each other by no more than a factor of 2. In one embodiment dimensions T and W are approximately equal. Maintaining dimensions W and T at much less than length L improves color mixing and uniformity, since light that is directed into elongated light channel 18 is propagated through this light-guiding structure by means of Total Internal Reflection (TIR). Because it uses TIR, elongated light channel 18 is highly efficient, with very low light loss except in the intended direction as provided by light extraction element 20.

0028Rigidity of solid elongated light channel 18 helps to provide more uniform light output, since the distance between illumination plane 22 and display panel 24 is best kept constant. In the context of the present disclosure, the descriptive term "rigidity" applies to an element that exhibits no visible bowing or bending due to its own weight. This arrangement also simplifies assembly of elongated light channels 18 into light channel array 12. In cross-section, elongated light channel 18 may be square, rectangular, or circular, or have some other shape. For example, solid elongated light channel 18 can have variously curved sidewalls for improved mixing of light from LED light sources 16. The cross-sectional shape or dimensions may change over the length of elongated light channel 18, so that elongated light channel 18 is tapered, as shown in subsequent examples, or otherwise changes its cross-sectional shape.

0029<figref idref="f0004">Figure 4</figref> is a plan view of elongated light channel 18 from the side, showing a color triad arrangement of red, green, and blue LED light sources 16r, 16g, and 16b, respectively. This arrangement is particularly advantageous, allowing light from each RGB LED light source 16r, 16g, and 16b to be well mixed within elongated light channel 18, so that a high degree of color uniformity is achieved. As noted earlier, achieving a high level of color uniformity when using RGB LEDs can be a significant challenge. A single LED 16 might alternately be used, such as a white light LED. Alternately, additional color LEDs can be used to increase brightness or enhance color gamut, such as to provide an RGGB arrangement or to add cyan, orange, or other colors. Other lighting arrangements are also possible, as is described in more detail subsequently.

0030<figref idref="f0005">Figure 5</figref> is a perspective view showing TIR reflection within a small segment of elongated light channel 18. As this figure shows, light from LED 16 can be reflected multiple times from inner edges of elongated light channel 18. As a general rule, a high number of reflections is desirable; improved mixing is achieved with an increased number of reflections. Thus, forming elongated light channel 18 so that its length is at least greater than 10 times its width helps to provide more uniform color mixing.

0031As shown in cross-section in <figref idref="f0006">Figures 6A and 6B</figref>, elongated light channel 18 may also have a reflective surface 30, such as a silver mirrored surface. The optional reflective surface 30 redirects light toward display panel 24 (<figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref>). Reflective surface 30 may be separated from elongated light channel 18 by an air gap 32, as shown in <figref idref="f0006">Figure 6A</figref>, or may be integral, formed on the surface of elongated light channel 18 as shown in <figref idref="f0006">Figure 6B</figref>.

0032<figref idref="f0007">Figures 7A, 7B</figref>, and <figref idref="f0008">7C</figref> show cross-sectional views corresponding to the view indicated as section A-A in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> for different embodiments of a display apparatus 40 using backlight apparatus 10 with light channel array 12 of the present invention. Backlight apparatus 10 includes a diffuser 34 for providing improved uniformity and may contain one or more optional light management films 42, possibly having one or more adhesive layers. A display panel 24 can be an LC display panel. Emitted light E is directed predominantly towards display panel 24 from illumination plane 22. Elongated illuminators 14 are housed within a lightbox 38 having reflective side and rear walls, made reflective using scattering or specular reflectors or coatings. Elongated illuminators 14 are thus suspended above the rear reflective surface 39 of lightbox 38.

0033Diffuser 34 could be a bulk type diffuser that employs pigments, air voids, or internal glass beads. Alternately, diffuser 34 could be a surface type diffuser, for example, a beaded surface with mono or multi-sized beads with a transparent binder. A Fresnel lens type diffuser could also be used.

0034<figref idref="f0007">Figure 7B</figref> shows the addition of a collimator 36 to display apparatus 40. Collimator 36 helps to collimate emitted light with respect to the xz plane, using the coordinate assignment shown. In one embodiment, collimator 36 is an array of cylindrical Fresnel lenses having some optical power in the xz plane, but zero optical power in the orthogonal (y) direction. Other options for collimator 36 include a cylindrical lens array, a holographic structure, a TIR lens array, or a prism array. Collimator 36 should have sufficient stiffness to support itself at a suitable distance from illumination plane 22 and may require additional supports (not shown) for this purpose.

0035<figref idref="f0008">Figure 7C</figref> shows an embodiment of display apparatus 40 having a hybrid illumination arrangement within backlight apparatus 10. Here, one or more lamps 44, such as CCFL light sources, are provided along with elongated illuminators 14. Lamps 44 may provide white light or may provide light of a specific color, such as green for example, which may be deficient with some LEDs.

0036Light management films 42 may include various types of light enhancement films or Brightness Enhancement Films (BEF), such as Vikuiti^TM Thin Brightness Enhancement Film, a product of 3M, St. Paul, MN. Polarizers can also be provided, such as reflective polarizers.

0037The side view of <figref idref="f0009">Figure 8A</figref> shows how light is directed from elongated illuminator 14 when collimator 36 is used. Light directed outward from elongated illuminator 14 is generally in the direction of display panel 24, but is emitted over a range of angles. Preferably, the light emissive surface of elongated illuminator 14 is near the focal plane of collimator 36. This light goes to collimator 36, which redirects the light in a direction that is toward normal, with respect to display panel 24. Diffuser 34 then spreads the collimated light over a small range of angles to provide a more uniform backlight to display panel 24. <figref idref="f0010">Figure 8B</figref> shows a magnified cross-section view of a Fresnel-type cylindrical lens collimator 36 such as might be used in the embodiment of <figref idref="f0007">Figure 7B</figref>.

0038Elongated illuminators 14 in light channel array 12 may be distributed in any of a number of configurations, as shown in the plan view examples of <figref idref="f0011">Figures 9</figref>, <figref idref="f0012">10</figref>, <figref idref="f0013">11</figref>, and <figref idref="f0014">12</figref>. In the <figref idref="f0011">Figure 9</figref> arrangement, elongated illuminators 14 extend the full width of display plane 24 and are distributed at various distances from each other in the x direction. Here, each elongated illuminator 14 has two light sources 16, one at each end. In <figref idref="f0012">Figures 10</figref> and <figref idref="f0013">11</figref>, elongated illuminators 14 do not extend the full width of display plane 24, but may have equal or unequal lengths, as determined by requirements for display plane 24. Ends 54 not having a corresponding light source 16 may be reflective. An arrangement similar to that of <figref idref="f0013">Figure 11</figref>, for example, may have benefits for uniformity, since it would be difficult to detect a pattern in emitted light.

0039The separation distance between adjacent elongated illuminators 14 can be varied based on factors such as the needed brightness, area, and uniformity. Adjacent elongated illuminators 14 can be adjacent, but not optically coupled.

0040The arrangement of <figref idref="f0014">Figure 12</figref> shows elongated illuminators 14 having more serpentine extension profiles. Numerous alternative arrangements are possible and there can be display embodiments for which it is beneficial to extend elongated illuminators 14 with some amount of curvature.

0041The perspective view of <figref idref="f0015">Figure 13</figref> shows an embodiment with a light box 38 for housing elongated illuminators 14. Here, light box 38 has apertures 46 for directing light into each elongated illuminator 14. Aperture 46 can also be used to hold elongated illuminator 14 in position, where a segment of elongated illuminator 14 protrudes through this opening. A reflective surface 48 may also be provided within light box 38 as was noted earlier. Other light-directing structures can be provided within light box 38. The side view of <figref idref="f0016">Figure 14</figref> shows a pair of supports 52 used within light box 38 to maintain elongated light channel 18 straight and in position with respect to illumination plane 22.

0042Fill factor can be an important consideration for achieving needed brightness levels, as well as for mixing spectral components where light sources 16 of different wavelengths are used. Fill factor for each elongated illuminator 14 would be computed as the ratio of the surface area of the one or more light sources 16 that direct light into light channel 18 to the incident light surface area of light channel 18. Fill factor for backlight apparatus 10 would be computed as the ratio of the sum of the emissive areas of elongated illuminators 14 to the surface area of illumination plane 22 of the apparatus.

Light Sources

0043Each elongated illuminator 14 has at least one independent solid-state light source 16. Solid state light source 16 can be independent in that it delivers light only to its corresponding light channel 18, rather than to multiple light channels 18.

0044Solid-state light sources 16 could be LEDs, as noted earlier. LEDs are advantaged due to their high brightness and good spectral characteristics. Providing direct light emission within narrow wavelength bands, LEDs are thus capable of providing illumination that offers an improved color gamut over conventional light sources. CCFL sources, for example, offer about 70% of the NTSC color gamut when used with an LCD panel. LED sources can achieve 100% or greater of the NTSC range. LEDs also are advantaged because they can be rapidly pulsed.

0045Light channel 18 of the present invention provides a high degree of color mixing for LEDs. Unlike light guiding plates and other conventional solutions, light channel 18 has relatively narrow width dimensions. This arrangement yields a substantial number of reflections as light propagates down the path provided by light channel 18. TIR activity. Red (R), Green (G), and Blue (B) LEDs can be positioned as an RGB triad of LEDs at one or both ends of light channel 18. An RGGB arrangement, with more than one LED of one or more colors could alternately be used to boost the green light level. Alternately, R, G, and B LEDs could be distributed at different ends of light channel 18, so that, for example, a single light channel 18 has a Red and a Green LED on one end and a Green and a Blue LED on the other end. Optionally, a fourth LED, such as a white light LED, or other color LED, could be positioned at one or both ends of light channel 18. In another embodiment, each separate light channel 18 could have a single color light source 16, so that, for example, three adjacent light channels 18 have Red, Green, and Blue LEDs respectively.

0046Dichroic filters could be used to direct light into individual elongated light channels 18. Referring to <figref idref="f0020">Figure 18</figref>, for a portion of backlight apparatus 10, a polychromatic light source 50 directs light through dichroic filters 56 and 58 that reflect blue and green wavelengths, respectively, into individual light channels 18. Red light is then reflected to another light channel 18 from a mirror 60. As shown in dotted outline, elongated illuminator 14 in this arrangement consists of a reflective surface, such as dichroic filter 56, and elongated light channel 18. Dichroic filters 56, and 58 could be replaced by amplitude or polarization beam splitters. In another embodiment, as shown in <figref idref="f0021">Figure 19</figref>, amplitude or polarization beam splitters 64 are used to combine light from red, green, and blue light sources 16r, 16g, and 16b, respectively, so that this combined light is directed into light channel 18.

0047Light sources 16 can be continuously on, so that mixed RGB or white light is provided to display plane 24. Alternately, color sequential backlighting arrangements are possible. In one embodiment, R, G, and B are rapidly cycled from backlight apparatus 80 by activating the corresponding light sources 16 in sequence. Alternately, a linear scan can be provided, with R, G, and B or other colors provided in a scrolling sequence across the surface of backlight apparatus 10. Display plane 24 can then activate corresponding rows or columns of pixels with the same sequence, providing sequential modulated color. Such an arrangement would obviate the need for a color filter array, for example, with an LC display. Mixed colors such as cyan, magenta, and yellow could alternately be provided using timed activation of light sources 16.

0048Laser light sources could alternately be used with elongated illuminator 14 of the present invention. Their relative spectral purity and fast response times make lasers an attractive alternative for some types of display applications. The high brightness and high optical power levels of lasers may allow a single source to illuminate multiple elongated light channels 18, such as using the arrangement shown in <figref idref="f0020">Figure 18</figref>.

0049<figref idref="f0018">Figure 16</figref> shows an alternate arrangement in which light sources 16r, 16g, and 16b are supported by a curved reflective surface 66, such as a parabolic mirror, for example. This arrangement helps to direct light into light channel 18 from one or more LED sources.

0050Alternative light sources that are can be used with elongated illuminator 14 may include Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) and (Polymer Light Emitting Diodes) PLEDs.

Light Channels

0051Elongated light channels 18 are formed from highly transparent materials, including various types of glass, such as a laminated safety glass. Plastics that can be used include PMMA, polycarbonate, polyester, polyamide, polysulfone, polyolefin, cyclic-olefin and copolymers thereof. Light channels 18 may have additives for improved thermal and light stability. Optical transmission of the material should exceed about 90%. Except where intentionally treated, surfaces of light channel 18 should have an optical finish. A high index of refraction n is preferred for its favorable light-guiding properties.

0052In fabrication, light channels 18 could be extruded or injection-molded or could be solvent-molded. Further conditioning of the material, such as by heating and stretching, could be beneficial for achieving dimensional stability.

0053A high degree of stiffness or rigidity is advantageous for providing light channel 18 as a modular component for a larger backplane apparatus 10. High stiffness allows for simple handling and ease of assembly of light pipe array 12. A stiffness in excess of 10 mN is preferred. A clip, holder, or other support can be used to help prevent sagging or bowing for light channels 18 of longer length, as was described with reference to <figref idref="f0016">Figure 14</figref>. Light channel 18 should have a width W dimension that is sufficient to constrain bending. Additional support structures, if needed, can be used to prevent sideways bending.

0054Light channel 18 is separated from light source 16 by some distance in the embodiments shown in the present application. However, it is also possible to embed light source 16 within elongated light channel 18.

Light Extraction Features

0055There are a number of embodiments for light extraction element 20. The basic function of light extraction element 20 of elongated illuminator 14 is to extract light that is otherwise being channeled by TIR and thereby cause light to be emitted from elongated light channel 18. This can be done in a number of ways, including the following: <ul id="ul0002" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>(i) Treatment of light channel 18 to form an emissive surface. Types of surface treatment include forming light extraction structures along an edge of elongated light channel 18, along the surface that faces the display. For example, one approach is to form an array of prism structures along the length direction L. Microstructures used could be an array of prisms, pyramids, hemispheres, or other well-defined geometries to frustrate TIR. These can include top or bottom emitting structures, inverted, formed as individual elements, or aligned in columns. Microstructures could be molded or otherwise formed of varying shapes and sizes, as a function of the distance from the light source. One example of this approach is given in <patcit id="pcit0011" dnum="US5506929A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 5,506,929 to Tai et al.</text></patcit>, cited earlier. The surface of elongated light channel 18 could also be roughened or polished to provide light extraction element 20. Embossing or pressure can be used to form light extraction features.</li><li>(ii) Application of a light-extracting film component. One possible film for this purpose is described in commonly assigned <patcit id="pcit0012" dnum="US20050270798A" dnum-type="L"><text>U.S. Patent Application No. 20050270798</text></patcit> entitled "Brightness Enhancement Film Using A Linear Arrangement Of Light Concentrators" by Lee et al., incorporated herein by reference. Strips of a light extracting film can be applied to the surface of elongated light channel 18, using adhesive, for example. Adhesives used can be pressure- or heat-sensitive and could be curable using ultraviolet or electron-beam radiation. Chemical crosslinking materials such as epoxies could alternately be used. Adhesives capable of withstanding a broad temperature range (-40 to 85C) are often required for LCD display applications. Adhesive that can withstand higher temperature range (60-85 degrees C) and higher relative humidity (95% @ 65C) would be preferred. A high degree of optical transmission would be preferred. Additives could be used to modify the refractive index of adhesives. A fine-tip dispenser or hot melt glue dispenser could be used to attach segments of a film component to a sidewall (Light emitting side directed towards the display panel or view. of light channel 18. In fabrication, light channels 18 could be placed side by side, then have a film attached to one surface, then be trimmed and separated, or packaged and used with the affixed film. Any adhesively attached material should be carefully selected so that it does not provide bending force under high heat conditions. Optionally, the light emissive surface of elongated illuminator 14 may be featured to form light extraction structures thereon. A portion of light channel 18 can be molded such as using a roller or otherwise treated to form light-redirecting microstructures. If elongated illuminator 14 is injected molded, surface light extraction structures (their negative form) may be formed as part of the mold. Then, as the polymer is injected and cooled, the light extraction structures become an integral part of elongated illuminator 14.</li><li>(ii) Printed dots. A pattern of reflective dots, printed along a base portion of light channel 18 opposite its light emission surface, can be used to redirect light outward from light channel 18. Printed dots can be of varying density and size, helping to provide a more uniform light output. Examples of light extraction techniques using this type of approach include that described in <patcit id="pcit0013" dnum="US5857761A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 5,857,761 to Abe et al.</text></patcit>, cited earlier.</li><li>(iii) Shaping of elongated light channel 18. Light channel 18 could be formed with a tapered profile. In one embodiment, light channel 18 is tapered and extends the full width of display plane 24. The side view of <figref idref="f0017">Figure 15</figref> shows an alternate arrangement using two tapered light channels 18. End 54 can be reflectively coated or can be optically coupled to the adjoining light channel 18, so that two elongated illuminators 14 share some of the same light and are extended along the same line.</li><li>(iv) Volume-scattering. As another option, micron-scale particles can be dispersed inside light channel 18 to create scattering due to a refractive index mismatch.</li><li>(v) Internal mirrors. As described in <patcit id="pcit0014" dnum="US6104371A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 6,104,371</text></patcit> entitled "Modular, High-Intensity Fiber Optic Backlight for Color Displays" to Wang et al., TIR can be interrupted by reflective structures that are formed within a light guide.</li></ul>

0056Combinations of these types of treatments listed in (i) through (v) above could also be used. Light extraction features could be individual elements. In order to provide uniform light emission along the length of light channel 18, the size and density of the coupled area may vary as a function of the distance along light channel 18 from solid-state light source 16. For example, where there are LED light sources 16 at each end of light channel 18, light extraction features could be distributed with higher density near the center than toward the ends. Alternately, the distribution density of light extraction elements 20 could be substantially continuous in one direction.

0057Light extraction may be provided on more than one surface. The opposite side of light channel 18, furthest from the LCD and output surface, generally provides a smooth surface to prevent light leakage but may alternately be structured, treated, or roughened to enhance the amount of light extraction.

0058Light extraction elements 20 may be molded into, embossed, pressed, adhered, or laminated to the side of light channel 18 that faces display panel 24 or other light output side. Light extraction elements 20 may also include polarization elements, so that polarized light is extracted from light channel 18.

Monitoring Color Shifts

0059One well-known problem with LEDs and other types of solid-state light sources relates to spectral stability and accuracy, which can cause some amount of color shiftting. As is shown in <figref idref="f0003">Figures 3</figref> and <figref idref="f0011">9</figref>, an optional color sensor 62 can be provided as a component of one or more elongated illuminators 14. Color sensor 62 can be used in a control loop that compensates for color shifts such as can be due to ageing, heat, or manufacturing differences between LEDs or other types of light source 16. Optionally, image data for pixels nearest a particular light pipe can be adjusted to compensate for detected color shifts.

System Considerations

0060Using any of a number of devices currently available, elongated illuminator 14 of the present invention is capable of providing a high level of illumination, at between 2000-6000 nits or higher. At high energy levels, heat buildup can be a problem with LEDs in some applications. Backlight apparatus 10 can provide one or more heat sinks, cooling fans, or other mechanisms to help dissipate excess heat during operation. Advantageously, heat-dissipating components can be positioned along peripheral edges of a display device, away from the LCD panel when using the apparatus and methods of the present invention.

0061<figref idref="f0019">Figure 17</figref> shows an example embodiment of display apparatus 40 having a curved display panel 24. Here, the illumination provided by elongated illuminators 14 in light channel array 12 is not provided in a plane, but along a curved surface, with light redirected along axes z', z", and z"', each of which are at a normal to the curved surface of display panel 24, with a generally "piecewise parallel" arrangement. While such an arrangement may not be optimal for some types of LC components, other types of transmissive light modulating components could be used with backlight apparatus 10 having some degree of curvature, as shown.

Examples

0062One embodiment uses an acrylic light pipe as light channel 18, nominally ¼ in. square in cross section. The light pipe is highly transparent and has an optical finish on all sides and ends. To form light channel 18, a larger acrylic square bar (0.25" x 0.25" x 6 feet) was sawed into 14 inch segments and the ends were polished on a lathed. A piece of light extraction film was attached to one surface of light channel 18 with UV epoxy, dispensed using a syringe to form a uniform narrow epoxy bead down the length of light channel 18. The adhesive was then cured under a UV lamp.

0063An LED array is used as light source 16. Multi-die RGB LEDs are mounted in close proximity to light channel 18. These multi-die LEDS consist of 1 red, 1 blue and 2 green die in a single package (OSRAM OSTAR Projection devices, type LE ATB A2A, from OSRAM, Inc.) These devices can be individually turned on, with the brightness of each die controlled by a separate current source.

0064Another embodiment of an elongated illuminator 14 is shown in lengthwise cross-section in <figref idref="f0022">Figure 20</figref>, not to scale. For attachment of a light extraction film 76 as light extraction element 20, a UV adhesive (Norland UV epoxy) 70 was applied to one side of light channel 18 using a micro-tip dispenser. Care was taken to apply only enough monomer so that, when the light extraction film structure was applied, it provided uniform wetting of the surface to adhere the light extraction film assembly to light channel 18. The light extraction film assemblage was laminated to light channel 18 and then exposed to a UV source to cross link the adhesive. The light extraction film structure was made with a micro-structured inverted prism film having individual prism elements, in a distribution with fewer micro-structured inverted prisms toward the end than in the center. The inverted prisms were partially buried into a polyurethane adhesive 74 that was approximately 8 microns thick. The adhesive had been previously been coated onto a 5 mils polyester sheet 72 and heat laminated at 230 degrees F in order to adhere the prism sheet to one side of adhesive coated polyester sheet 72. The prisms were embedded to approximately 10 microns due to the displacement of the heat during lamination.

0065A collimating linear Fresnel film with a focal length of approximately 2.5 inches) was placed over top of light channel 18 with an air gap approximately equal to the focal length of the film. A series of photos demonstrated high brightness with good spatial uniformity. LEDs were lit individually to produce R, G, B illumination and then mixed together to form a well-mixed white LED light.

0066Incorporated herein by reference are <patcit id="pcit0015" dnum="US6425675B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 6,425,675</text></patcit>; and <patcit id="pcit0016" dnum="US20040223691A" dnum-type="L"><text>U.S. Patent Application Nos. 2004/0223691</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0017" dnum="US20040179776A"><text>US2004/0179776</text></patcit>.

Example

0067The color uniformity of a light pipe configured as light channel 18 according to the present invention was compared to the color uniformity of a light guide plate (LGP) for similar solid-state light sources. The light pipe was formed from PMMA and had a 6mm square cross section and 245 mm length. A light extraction film was adhered to the top side of the light pipe. The light extraction film had prismatic features partly embedded into a layer of optical clear adhesive that forms regions of polymer next to regions of air. The adhesive (approximately 10 microns thick) was coated onto a sheet of polyester film. The polyester film was then adhered to the top side of the light pipe using an optically clear adhesive.

0068An array of LEDs was position on each end of the light pipe. The output light was measured as it exited the light extraction film. A point approximately midway between the LEDs and near the widthwise center of the light pipe (approximately 3mm from an edge of the light pipe) was measured as Sample 1. A second point near the edge was selected as Sample 2 and compared in color uniformity to the center point.

0069For comparison, a light guide plate of the same material, thickness and length was selected. The width of the LGP was several times wider than the light pipe. The same type of light extraction film was applied to the LGP in a similar manner as described for the light pipe. The LGP used the same LED light sources on each end. A point midway between the LEDs was selected as Sample 11. A comparative point within a couple of mm of Sample 11 was also measured and compared as Sample 12.

0070The color shift of light pipe and light guide plate is evaluated using standard CIE 1931 color spaces. For this standard, the tristimulus values of the light are given by the integration across the whole visual spectrum as the following: <maths id="math0001" num=""><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="italic">X</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">=</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">k</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">∫</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">P</mi><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">λ</mi></mfenced><mo>⁢</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">I</mi><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">λ</mi></mfenced><mo>⁢</mo><mover><mi mathvariant="italic">x</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">‾</mo></mover><mo mathvariant="italic">(</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">λ</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">)</mo><mo>ⅆ</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">λ</mi></math><img file="EP1930751A2_D0001.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0002" num=""><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="italic">Y</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">=</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">k</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">∫</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">P</mi><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">λ</mi></mfenced><mo>⁢</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">I</mi><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">λ</mi></mfenced><mo>⁢</mo><mover><mi mathvariant="italic">y</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">‾</mo></mover><mo mathvariant="italic">(</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">λ</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">)</mo><mo>ⅆ</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">λ</mi></math><img file="EP1930751A2_D0002.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0003" num=""><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="italic">Z</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">=</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">k</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">∫</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">P</mi><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">λ</mi></mfenced><mo>⁢</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">I</mi><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">λ</mi></mfenced><mo>⁢</mo><mover><mi mathvariant="italic">z</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">‾</mo></mover><mo mathvariant="italic">(</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">λ</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">)</mo><mo>ⅆ</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">λ</mi><mo>,</mo></math><img file="EP1930751A2_D0003.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0004" num=""><math display="block"><mi>k</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mn>100</mn><mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">Σ</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mi>I</mi><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">λ</mi></mfenced><mo>⁢</mo><mover><mi mathvariant="italic">y</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">‾</mo></mover><mo mathvariant="italic">(</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">λ</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">)</mo><mo>ⅆ</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">λ</mi></mrow></mfrac></math><img file="EP1930751A2_D0004.tif" /></maths> where the <i><o ostyle="single">x</o></i> , <i><o ostyle="single">y</o> ,</i> and <i><o ostyle="single">z</o></i> are matching functions of Red, Green, and Blue color spectra, respectively. <i>k</i> is a constant and λ is the wavelength. <i>P</i>(λ) is the light spectrum and <i>I</i>(λ) is the standard illuminant. Normalizing tristimulus values gives the chromaticity coordinates, which are as follows: <maths id="math0005" num=""><math display="block"><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mi>X</mi><mrow><mi>X</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>Y</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>Z</mi></mrow></mfrac></math><img file="EP1930751A2_D0005.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0006" num=""><math display="block"><mi>y</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mi>Y</mi><mrow><mi>X</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>Y</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>Z</mi></mrow></mfrac></math><img file="EP1930751A2_D0006.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0007" num=""><math display="block"><mi>z</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mi>Z</mi><mrow><mi>X</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>Y</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>Z</mi></mrow></mfrac></math><img file="EP1930751A2_D0007.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0008" num=""><math display="block"><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>y</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>z</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></math><img file="EP1930751A2_D0008.tif" /></maths>

0071Table 1 lists relevant parameter measurements and results. To compare the color uniformity of the light pipe of light channel 18 vs. the light guide plate (LGP) in tristimulus space, the square root of the sum of the squares of Δx and Δx value for the light pipe (Sample 2 vs Sample 1) is compared to the same value for the LGP (Sample 12 vs. Sample 11). The results are shown in the Δ Color row of Table 1 The lower Δ Color value for the light pipe indicate a more uniform color. Here, the light pipe showed to be approximately 20 times more uniform than the LGP. The use of the light pipe thus provides improved color mixing over than of the LGP. <tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 1</b></title><tgroup cols="5"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="16mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="32mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="40mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="34mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="42mm" /><thead><row><entry valign="top" /><entry namest="col2" nameend="col3" align="left" valign="top"><b>Light pipe</b></entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col5" align="left" valign="top"><b>Light guide plate</b></entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="top" /><entry align="center" valign="top"><b>Sample 1 (Center)</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="top"><b>Sample 2 (Comparison)</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="top"><b>Sample 11 (Center)</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="top"><b>Sample 12 (Comparison)</b></entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center"><b>x</b></entry><entry align="char" char=".">0.27693</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="8">0.27726</entry><entry align="char" char=".">0.26790</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="7">0.27131</entry></row><row><entry align="center"><b>y</b></entry><entry align="char" char=".">0.28573</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="8">0.28818</entry><entry align="char" char=".">0.28158</entry><entry align="char" char="." charoff="7">0.29186</entry></row><row><entry align="center"><b>Δx</b></entry><entry align="char" char="." /><entry align="char" char="." charoff="8">-0.00562</entry><entry align="char" char="." /><entry align="char" char="." charoff="7">0.17284</entry></row><row><entry align="center"><b>Δy</b></entry><entry align="char" char="." /><entry align="char" char="." charoff="8">0.00613</entry><entry align="char" char="." /><entry align="char" char="." charoff="7">-0.01027</entry></row><row><entry align="center"><b>Δ Color</b></entry><entry align="char" char="." /><entry align="char" char="." charoff="8">0.00831</entry><entry align="char" char="." /><entry align="char" char="." charoff="7">0.01731</entry></row></tbody></tgroup><tgroup cols="5" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="16mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="32mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="40mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="34mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="42mm" /><tbody><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col5" align="justify">Notes to Table 1: ΔX = X_{Sample 2}, - X_{Sample 1}, Δy = y_{Sample 2}, - y_{Sample 1} Δ Color = Square Root(Δx^{^2} + Δy^{^2})</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0072The apparatus of the present invention provides a high degree of light extraction, directing at least 50% of the LED light outwards toward display panel 24. Advantaged over earlier backlighting approaches, the apparatus of the present invention provides improved color mixing. Using Red, Green, and Blue LEDs, high spatial uniformity of color can be achieved over the visible range. For specialized applications, wavelengths longer or shorter than the visible range could be used. Brightness uniformity of better than 80% can be provided. Advantageously, backlight apparatus 10 of the present invention can provide sufficient brightness so that it eliminates the need for a light guide plate and minimizes the need for supporting films for light enhancement and polarization. Backlight apparatus 10 formed from multiple elongated illuminators 14 is easily scalable, making this solution particularly suitable for display panels of larger dimensions. A larger display panel can be supported simply by using additional elongated illuminators 14. At the same time, due to its low dimensional profile, this solution can help to reduce overall thickness of the display device.

0073The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the scope of the invention as described above, and as noted in the appended claims, by a person of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, the method of the present invention could be used with any of a number of types or colors of light sources. Any of a number of light conditioning elements could be provided as part of backlight apparatus 10, including components used for light shaping, light collimating, light spreading, light polarization, and light recycling, for example.

0074While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter of the present invention, it is believed that the invention will be better understood from the following description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: The patents and other publications referred to in this description are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

PARTS LIST

0075<dl id="dl0001" compact="compact"><dt>10.</dt><dd>Backlight apparatus</dd><dt>12.</dt><dd>Light pipe array</dd><dt>14.</dt><dd>Elongated illuminator</dd><dt>16, 16r, 16g, 16b.</dt><dd>Light source; light source, red; light source, green; light source, blue</dd><dt>18.</dt><dd>Light channel</dd><dt>20.</dt><dd>Light extraction element</dd><dt>22.</dt><dd>Illumination plane</dd><dt>24.</dt><dd>Display panel</dd><dt>28.</dt><dd>Light directing structure</dd><dt>30.</dt><dd>Reflective surface</dd><dt>32.</dt><dd>Air gap</dd><dt>34.</dt><dd>Diffuser</dd><dt>36.</dt><dd>Collimator</dd><dt>38.</dt><dd>Light box</dd><dt>39.</dt><dd>Reflective surface</dd><dt>40.</dt><dd>Display apparatus</dd><dt>42.</dt><dd>Light management film</dd><dt>44.</dt><dd>Lamp</dd><dt>46.</dt><dd>Aperture</dd><dt>48.</dt><dd>Reflective surface</dd><dt>50.</dt><dd>Light source</dd><dt>52.</dt><dd>Support</dd><dt>54.</dt><dd>End</dd><dt>56,</dt><dd>58. Dichroic filter</dd><dt>60.</dt><dd>Mirror</dd><dt>62.</dt><dd>Sensor</dd><dt>64.</dt><dd>Beam splitter</dd><dt>66.</dt><dd>Reflective surface</dd><dt>70.</dt><dd>Adhesive</dd><dt>72.</dt><dd>Polyester sheet</dd><dt>74.</dt><dd>Adhesive</dd><dt>76.</dt><dd>Light extraction film</dd></dl><dl id="dl0002" compact="compact"><dt>E.</dt><dd>Emitted light</dd><dt>L.</dt><dd>Length</dd><dt>T.</dt><dd>Thickness</dd><dt>W.</dt><dd>Width</dd><dt>x, y, z, z', z", z"'.</dt><dd>Axes</dd></dl>