Positioning device, method of controlling positioning device, and recording medium

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

0001The present invention relates to a positioning device which utilizes signals from positioning satellites, a method of controlling a positioning device, and a recording medium.

0002A positioning system has been used which locates the present position of a GPS receiver utilizing a global positioning system (GPS) (satellite navigation system) which is an example of a satellite positioning system (SPS).

0003The GPS receiver receives signals from three or more GPS satellites, and calculates the distance between each GPS satellite and the GPS receiver (hereinafter called "pseudo-range") from the difference between the time at which the signal is transmitted from each GPS satellite and the time at which the signal reaches the GPS receiver (hereinafter called "delay time"), for example. The GPS receiver calculates (locates) the present position using the pseudo-range and satellite orbital information of each GPS satellite contained in the signal received from each GPS satellite.

0004However, when the signal from the GPS satellite reaches the GPS receiver after being reflected by a building or the like, or the signal strength is weak, or the dilution of precision (DOP) of the GPS satellite in the sky is low, the located position may differ from the true position to a large extent, whereby the accuracy of the located position may deteriorate.

0005A technology has been proposed which calculates the present expected position (hereinafter called "expected position") from the velocity vector and the elapsed time based on the preceding located position, and averages the expected position and the present located position (e.g. <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="JP8068651A"><text>JP-A-8-68651</text></patcit> (e.g. <figref idref="f0004">FIG. 5</figref>)).

0006However, the GPS satellite moves in the satellite orbit even when the GPS receiver is stationary, and the reception state of the satellite signal changes from moment to moment. Therefore, the velocity indicated by the velocity vector does not necessarily become zero.

0007According to the above technology, when the elapsed time is 10 seconds (s), the expected position differs from the preceding position at a distance corresponding to 10 seconds even when the GPS receiver is stationary. As a result, the accuracy of the position obtained by averaging deteriorates, whereby the output position may differ from the true position.

0008According to the above technology, when the GPS receiver is stationary, the expected position cumulatively differs from the preceding position with the passage of time from the preceding positioning, whereby the output position differs from the true position.

0009Moreover, when the preceding located position differs from the true position and lacks reliability, the reliability of the expected position and the average position also deteriorate.

0010When a GPS receiver carried by a pedestrian moves at a low speed, the present located position may differ from the preceding located position to a large extent depending on the velocity indicated by the velocity vector, although the actual present position is near the preceding located positions

0011<patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="US20050027451A1"><text>US 2005/0027451 A1</text></patcit> teaches another vehicle navigation system that allows displaying not only a position, but also a target direction even when the vehicle is stopped or travelling at low speed. The device uses a vehicle speed sensor for determining whether the vehicle is stopped or at low speed and a device that smoothes GPS positioning data, so that error components contained in the GPS positioning data are cancelled out or compensated for, when the vehicle is stopped or slow. Based on these smoothed GPS positioning data, a current position is calculated.

SUMMARY

0012According to the invention, there is provided a method according to claim 1 for a positioning device which locates a position based on satellite signals which are signals from positioning satellites.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0013<ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li><figref idref="f0001">FIG 1</figref> is a schematic view showing a terminal and the like according to a first embodiment.</li><li><figref idref="f0002">FIG 2</figref> is a schematic view showing the main hardware configuration of the terminal according to the first embodiment.</li><li><figref idref="f0003">FIG 3</figref> is a schematic view showing the main software configuration of the terminal according to the first embodiment.</li><li><figref idref="f0003">FIG. 4</figref> is a view showing an example of a buffer Buff according to the first embodiment.</li><li><figref idref="f0004">FIGS. 5A and 5B</figref> are views showing the type of process performed based on a positioning program according to the first embodiment.</li><li><figref idref="f0005">FIGS. 6A and 6B</figref> are views illustrative of a process based on a cumulative distance evaluation program according to the first embodiment.</li><li><figref idref="f0006">FIG. 7</figref> is a view illustrative of a process based on a stationary state determination program according to the first embodiment.</li><li><figref idref="f0006">FIG. 8</figref> is a view showing an example of a process based on an average position calculation program according to the first embodiment.</li><li><figref idref="f0006">FIG. 9</figref> is a view showing an example of the buffer Buff according to the first embodiment.</li><li><figref idref="f0007">FIG 10</figref> is a schematic flowchart showing an operation example of the terminal according to the first embodiment.</li><li><figref idref="f0008">FIG 11</figref> is a view showing an example of a velocity threshold value and the like according to a first modification of the first embodiment.</li><li><figref idref="f0009">FIG 12</figref> is a view illustrative of a process based on a position storage program according to the first modification of the first embodiment.</li><li><figref idref="f0010">FIGS. 13A and 13B</figref> are views showing a comparative example according to the first modification of the first embodiment.</li><li><figref idref="f0011">FIGS. 14A and 14B</figref> are views showing a method of storing a position in the buffer Buff according to the first modification of the first embodiment.</li><li><figref idref="f0012">FIGS. 15A, 15B and 15C</figref> are views illustrative of a process based on a position storage program according to a second modification of the first embodiment.</li><li><figref idref="f0013">FIG. 16</figref> is a view showing an example of a velocity thresho d value and the like according to the second modification of the first embodiment.</li><li><figref idref="f0014">FIGS. 17A and 17B</figref> are views illustrative of a process based on a stationary state determination program according to the second modification of the first embodiment.</li><li><figref idref="f0015">FIG 18</figref> is a schematic view showing a terminal and the like according to a second embodiment.</li><li><figref idref="f0016">FIG. 19</figref> is a schematic view showing the main hardware configuration of the terminal according to the second embodiment.</li><li><figref idref="f0017">FIG 20</figref> is a schematic view showing the main software configuration of the terminal according to the second embodiment.</li><li><figref idref="f0017">FIG. 21</figref> is a view showing an example of a buffer Buff according to the second embodiment.</li><li><figref idref="f0018">FIGS. 22A and 22B</figref> are views showing the type of process performed based on a positioning program according to the second embodiment.</li><li><figref idref="f0018">FIG 23</figref> is a view illustrative of a process based on an elapsed time evaluation program according to the second embodiment.</li><li><figref idref="f0019">FIG 24</figref> is a view illustrative of a process based on a velocity evaluation program according to the second embodiment.</li><li><figref idref="f0020">FIGS. 25A and 25B</figref> are views illustrative of a process based on a cumulative distance evaluation program according to the second embodiment.</li><li><figref idref="f0021">FIG 26</figref> is a view illustrative of a process based on a movement state determination program according to the second embodiment.</li><li><figref idref="f0021">FIGS. 27A and 27B</figref> are views showing an example of a process based on an average position calculation program according to the second emboc iment.</li><li><figref idref="f0022">FIG 28</figref> is a view showing an example of the buffer Buff of a process based on a position storage program according to the second embodiment.</li><li><figref idref="f0022">FIG. 29</figref> is a schematic flowchart showing an operation example of the terminal according to the second embodiment.</li><li><figref idref="f0023">FIG 30</figref> is a schematic flowchart showing an operation example of the terminal according to the second embodiment.</li></ul>

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENT

0014The invention may allow a reliable and accurate position to be output during stationary state or a low-speed movement state.

0015According to one embodiment of the invention, there is provided a positioning device which locates a position based on satellite signals which are signals from positioning satellites, the positioning device comprising: <ul id="ul0002" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a position holding section which holds a reference position: <ul id="ul0003" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a stationary condition determination section which determines whether or not the reference position satisfies stationary conditions;</li><li>an average position calculation section which averages the reference position satisfying the stationary conditions and a present located position calculated by positioning to calculate an average position;</li><li>a position output section which outputs the average position; and</li><li>a position storage section which stores the average position in the position holding section as the reference position.</li></ul></li></ul>

0016According to this embodiment, since the positioning device includes the average position calculation section, the positioning device can average the reference position satisfying the stationary conditions and the present located position calculated by positioning to calculate the average position. Specifically, the positioning device does not average (correct) the expected position estimated from the preceding located position, the preceding velocity vector, and the elapsed time and the present located position. The positioning device averages the reference position satisfying the stationary conditions and the present located position calculated by positioning to calculate the average position. Therefore, the accuracy of the preceding velocity vector does not affect the correction of the present located position.

0017When the positioning device remains stationary, the located position is continuously indicated by the coordinates near the true position. The reference position is located closer to the true position since the variation in the located positions has been reduced by averaging. On the other hand, the true position does not necessarily exist near the expected position.

0018Specifically, the reference position satisfying the stationary conditions is highly reliable. Moreover, a plurality of reference positions satisfying the stationary conditions may exist.

0019Therefore, the output position becomes very close to the true position in comparison with the case of outputting the position obtained by averaging the expected position and the present located position by averaging the reference position and the present located position and outputting the average position.

0020This allows a reliable and accurate position to be output.

0021A state satisfying the stationary conditions is called a stationary state. The stationary state is a state in which the positioning device remains stationary and is determined based on the present located position of the positioning device.

0022In the positioning device according to this embodiment, <ul id="ul0004" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the position holding section can store a plurality of the reference positions; and</li><li>the stationary conditions may include: <ul id="ul0005" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a condition whereby an elapsed time between a time when calculating each of a specific number of the reference positions and a present time is within an allowable time range;</li><li>a condition whereby a moving velocity of the positioning device when calculating each of a specific number of the reference positions and a present moving velocity of the positioning device are within a predetermined allowable velocity range; and</li><li>a condition whereby a distance between each of a specific number of the reference positions and the present located position is within an allowable distance range.</li></ul></li></ul>

0023According to this configuration, since the stationary state of the positioning device is determined based on the stationary conditions using a plurality of criteria (i.e. elapsed time, moving velocity, and distance), whether or not the positioning device is in a stationary state can be accurately determined.

0024In the positioning device according to this embodiment, <ul id="ul0006" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the position holding section can store a plurality of the reference positions; and</li><li>the stationary conditions may include a condition whereby a cumulative distance which is a path length between a specific number of the reference positions and the present located position is equal to or less than a predetermined cumulative distance threshold value.</li></ul>

0025According to this configuration, the stationary state of the positioning device can be determined using the cumulative distance as one of the stationary conditions. Therefore, even if the positioning device moves circularly within a short range and the stationary state of the positioning device cannot be determined using the distance, the stationary state can be determined based on the cumulative distance.

0026In the positioning device according to this embodiment, the stationary conditions may be specified corresponding to reception environment of the satellite signals.

0027According to this configuration, the positioning device can appropriately determine the stationary state corresponding to the reception environment.

0028In the positioning device according to this embodiment, the position storage section may store the located position in the position holding section instead of the reference position until a predetermined number is reached, and may store the reference position after the predetermined number has been reached.

0029According to this configuration, even if the position in.tially stored in the position holding section differs from the true position to a large extent, the positioning device can promptly reduce its effects.

0030In the positioning device according to this embodiment, the position storage section may store the average position initially calculated within a positioning time involving a plurality of positioning operations in the position holding section, and may update the initially calculated average position held in the position holding section with the average position last calculated within the positioning time.

0031According to this configuration, since the position storage section stores the initially calculated average position in the position holding section, the positioning device can promptly store the new position in the position holding section without waiting for expiration of the positioning time. This allows the subsequent average position to promptly reflect the new position.

0032In general, when continuously locating the position, the located position calculated later becomes stable and accurate. If the accuracy of the located position is high, the accuracy of the average position is increased.

0033Since the position storage section updates the initially calculated average position with the last calculated average position, an accurate position can be stored in the position storage section when the positioning time expires.

0034The positioning device according to this embodiment may comprise: <ul id="ul0007" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a stationary condition change section which makes the stationary conditions more severe after the initial average position has been calculated.</li></ul>

0035If the average position is calculated and held in the position storage section, the position in the position storage section used to determine the stationary conditions reflects the latest position.

0036Therefore, the positioning device can more accurately determine the stationary state by causing the latest position to be reflected and making the stationary conditions more severe.

0037In the positioning device according to this embodiment, the average position calculation section may average the positions using the reference position satisfying the stationary conditions as long as a state in which the reference position does not satisfy the stationary conditions does not continuously occur.

0038According to this configuration, even if one reference position has a large error and the positioning device has erroneously determined that the stationary conditions are not satisfied, since the reference position calculated before the above, reference position can be used for averaging, the accuracy of the average position can he improved

0039According to another embodiment of the invention, there is provide a positioning device which locates a position based on satellite signals which are signals from positioning satellites, the positioning device comprising: <ul id="ul0008" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a position holding section which holds a reference position: <ul id="ul0009" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a movement state determination section which determines movement state of the positioning device;</li><li>an average position calculation section which averages the reference position and a present located position calculated by positioning to calculate an average position based on the movement state;</li></ul></li><li>a position output section which outputs the average position; and</li><li>a position storage section which stores the average position in the position holding section as the reference position.</li></ul>

0040According to this embodiment, since the positioning device includes the average position calculation section, the positioning device can calculate the average position based on the movement state. Specifically, the positioning device does not average (correct) the expected position estimated from the preceding located position, the preceding velocity vector, and the elapsed time and the present located position. The positioning device averages the reference position and the present located position calculated by positioning to calculate the average position based on the movement state. Therefore, the accuracy of the preceding velocity vector does not affect the correction of the present located position.

0041When the positioning device remains stationary, the located position is continuously indicated by the coordinates near a specific position. When the positioning device moves at a low speed, the located position is indicated by the coordinates which gradually move away from the specific position.

0042Since the variation in the located positions has been reduced by averaging, the reference position is indicated by the coordinates near the true position when the positioning device remains stationary or moves at a low speed. On the other hand, the true position does not necessarily exist near the expected position.

0043Therefore, the output position becomes very close to the true position in comparison with the case of outputting the position obtained by averaging the expected position and the present located position by averaging the reference position and the present located position and outputting the average position.

0044This allows a reliable and accurate position to be output.

0045In the positioning device according to this embodiment, <ul id="ul0010" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the movement state determination section may determine whether or not the movement state of the positioning device satisfies stationary conditions whereby whether or not the positioning device remains stationary can be determined, and may determine whether or not the movement state of the positioning device satisfies low-speed movement conditions whereby whether or not the positioning device moves at a low speed can be determined; and</li><li>when the movement state determination section has determined that the positioning device remains stationary, the average position calculation section may average the reference position satisfying the stationary conditions and the present located position, and, when the movement state determination section has determined that the positioning device moves at a low speed, the average position calculation section may average the latest reference position and the present located position.</li></ul>

0046According to this configuration, the positioning device can average the reference position satisfying the stationary conditions and the present located position when the positioning device remains stationary. Since a plurality of reference positions satisfying the stationary conditions may exist, the reliability of the average position is further increased.

0047The positioning device can average the latest reference position and the present located position when the positioning device moves at a low speed. Therefore, when the positioning device moves at a low speed, the positioning device can calculate the average position corresponding to the low-speed movement state while eliminating the effects of the old reference position by averaging the latest reference position and the present located position.

0048In the positioning device according to this embodiment, the movement state determination section may determine whether or not the stationary conditions are satisfied, and may determine whether or not the low-speed movement conditions are satisfied when the movement state does not satisfy the stationary conditions.

0049According to this configuration, since the positioning device does not determine the low-speed movement conditions when the stationary conditions are satisfied, the positioning device can promptly calculate the average position when the positioning device is in a stationary state.

0050In the positioning device according to this embodiment, the average position calculation section may calculate the average position when a variation in located positions sequentially calculated by positioning has fallen within a predetermined range.

0051According to this configuration, since the positioning device calculates the average position when the variation in the located positions has fallen within the predetermined range, the positioning device can calculate the average position after the located position has become stable to ensure reliability.

0052In the positioning device according to this embodiment, <ul id="ul0011" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the movement state determination section may determine whether or not the movement state of the positioning device satisfies stationary conditions whereby to be able to determine that the positioning device remains stationary; and</li><li>when the movement state determination section has determined that the positioning device remains stationary, the average position calculation section may calculate the average position without waiting for the variation in the located positions to fall within the predetermined range.</li></ul>

0053According to this configuration, since the positioning device calculates the average position without waiting for the variation in the located positions to fall within the predetermined range, the positioning device can promptly calculate the average position.

0054According to a further embodiment of the invention, there is provided a method of controlling a positioning device which locates a position based on satellite signals which are signals from positioning satellites and includes a position holding section which holds a reference position, the method comprising: <ul id="ul0012" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a stationary condition determination step of determining whether or not the reference position satisfies stationary conditions;</li><li>an average position calculation step of averaging the reference position satisfying the stationary conditions and a present located position calculated by positioning to calculate an average position;</li><li>a position output step of outputting the average position; and</li><li>a position storage step of storing the average position in the position holding section as the reference position.</li></ul>

0055According to a further embodiment of the invention, there is provided a method of controlling a positioning device which locates a position based on satellite signals which are signals from positioning satellites and includes a position holding section which holds a reference position, the method comprising: <ul id="ul0013" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a movement state determination step of determining a movement state of the positioning device;</li><li>an average position calculation step of averaging the reference position and a present located position calculated by positioning to calculate an average position based on the movement state;</li><li>a position output step of outputting the average position; and</li><li>a position storage step of storing the average position in the position holding section as the reference position.</li></ul>

0056According to a further embodiment of the invention, here is provided a computer-readable recording medium recorded thereon a program for causing a computer included in a positioning device, which locates a position based on satellite signals which are signals from positioning satellites and includes position holding means which holds a reference position, to execute: <ul id="ul0014" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a stationary condition determination step of determining whether or not the reference position satisfies stationary conditions;</li><li>an average position calculation step of averaging the reference position satisfying the stationary conditions and a present located position calculated by positioning to calculate an average position;</li><li>a position output step of outputting the average position; and</li><li>a position storage step of storing the average position in the position holding section as the reference position.</li></ul>

0057According to a further embodiment of the invention, there is provided a computer-readable recording medium recorded thereon a program for causing a computer included in a positioning device, which locates a position based on satellite signals which are signals from positioning satellites and includes position holding means holds a reference position, to execute: <ul id="ul0015" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a movement state determination step of determining a movement state of the positioning device;</li><li>an average position calculation step of averaging the reference position and a present located position calculated by positioning to calculate an average position based on the movement state;</li><li>a position output step of outputting the average position; and</li><li>a position storage step of storing the average position in the position holding section as the reference position.</li></ul>

0058Preferred embodiments of the invention are described below in detail with reference to the drawings.

0059The following embodiments illustrate specific preferred examples of the invention and are provided with various technologically preferred limitations. Note that the scope of the invention is not limited to the following embodiments unless there is a description limiting the invention.

<First embodiment>

0060<figref idref="f0001">FIG 1</figref> is a schematic view showing a terminal 1020 and the like according to a first embodiment of the invention.

0061As shown in <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>, the terminal 1020 is held by a user A. The terminal 1020 can receive signals G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, G6, G7, and G8 from GPS satellites 12a, 12b, 12c, 12d, 12e, 12f, 12g, and 12h (positioning satellites), for example. The signals G1 and the like exemplify satellite signals. The terminal 1020 exemplifies a positioning device.

0062The user A remains stationary on a mountain path MR. For example, the user A has met with an accident and awaits rescue. The terminal 1020 also remains stationary. The true position of the terminal 1020 is a position r1. The terminal 1020 can allow the user A to be reliably rescued by outputting a position close to the true position r1 as much as possible in a state in which the terminal 1020 actually remains stationary.

0063However, the GPS satellite 12a and the like move in the satellite orbits, and the reception state of the signals G1 and the like changes from moment to moment. Therefore, the located position also changes from moment to moment. For example, the located position changes in the order of P0, P1, P2, P3, and P4 with the passage of time.

0064The terminal 1020 can output a reliable and accurate position in a stationary state as described below, even if the located position P0 and the like change.

0065The terminal 1020 may be a portable car navigation system which can calculate (locate) the position and display the acquired position information together with map information, for example.

0066The terminal 1020 may be a portable telephone, for example. The terminal 1020 may be a car navigation system, a personal handy-phone system (PHS), a personal digital assistance (PDA), or the like. Note that the terminal 1020 is not limited thereto.

0067The number of GPS satellites 12a and the like is not limited to eight. For example, the number of GPS satellites may be three or more and seven or less, or nine or more.

(Main hardware configuration of terminal 1020)

0068<figref idref="f0002">FIG 2</figref> is a schematic view showing the main hardware configuration of the terminal 1020.

0069As shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref>, the terminal 1020 includes a computer which includes a bus 22.

0070A central processing unit (CPU) 1024, a storage device 1026, an external storage device 1028, and the like are connected with the bus 1022. The storage device 1026 is a random access memory (RAM), a read only memory (ROM), or the like. The external storage device 1028 is a hard disk drive (HDD) or the like.

0071An input device 1030 for inputting various types of information and the like, a GPS device 1032 for receiving the signals G1 and the like from the GPS satellites 12a and the like, a communication device 1034, a display device 1036 for displaying various types of information, a clock 1038, and a power supply device 1040 are also connected with the bus 1022.

(Main software configuration of terminal 1020)

0072<figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref> is a schematic view showing the main software configuration of the terminal 1020.

0073As shown in <figref idref="f0003">FIG 3</figref>, the terminal 1020 includes a control section 1100 which controls each section, a GPS section 1102 corresponding to the terminal GPS device 1032 shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref>, a clock section 1104 corresponding to the clock 1038, and the like.

0074The terminal 1020 also includes a first storage section 1110 which stores various programs, and a second storage section 1150 which stores various types of information.

0075As shown in <figref idref="f0003">FIG 3</figref>, the terminal 1020 includes a buffer (hereinafter called "Buff") in the second storage section 1150. The buffer Buff is a storage area allocated in the second storage section 1150.

0076<figref idref="f0003">FIG 4</figref> is a view showing an example of the buffer Buff.

0077As shown in <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 4</figref>, positions P(n-1) to P(n-10) are held in the buffer Buff. The positions P(n-1) and the like may be generically called positions P.

0078The positions P(n-1) and the like are positions stored in the buffer Buff during previous positioning (single-shot positioning or multi-shot positioning described later).

0079Calculation times t(n-1) and the like of the positions P(n-1) and the like are held in the buffer Buff respectively corresponding to the positions P(n-1) and the like.

0080Moving velocities v(n-1) and the like of the terminal 1020 when calculating the positions P(n-1) and the like are held in the buffer Buff respectively corresponding to the positions P(n-1) and the like.

0081The positions P(n-1) and the like exemplify reference positions. The buffer Buff exemplifies a position holding section.

0082As shown in <figref idref="f0003">FIG 3</figref>, the terminal 1020 stores satellite orbital information 1152 in the second storage section 1150. The satellite orbital information 1152 includes an almanac 1152a and an ephemeris 1152b.

0083The almanac 1152a is information indicating the approximate orbits of all the GPS satellites 12a and the like (see <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>). The almanac 1152a can be decoded and acquired from any of the signals G1 and the like from the GPS satellites 12a and the like.

0084The ephemeris 1152b is information indicating the accurate orbit of each of the GPS satellites 12a and the like (see FTG 1). In order to acquire the ephemeris 1152b of the GPS satellite 12a, it is necessary to receive the signal G1 from the GPS satellite 12a and decode the signal G1, for example.

0085The terminal 1020 utilizes the satellite orbital information 1152 for positioning.

0086As shown in <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref>, the terminal 1020 stores a satellite signal reception program 1112 in the first storage section 1110. The satellite signal reception program 1112 is a program for causing the control section 1100 to receive the signals G1 and the like from the GPS satellites 12a and the like.

0087In more detail, the control section 1100 determines the GPS satellites 12a and the like which can be observed at the present time referring to the almanac 1152a, and receives the signals G1 and the like from the observable GPS satellites 12a and the like. In this case, the control section 1100 uses the preceding position P(n-1) held in the buffer Buff as the position of the terminal 1020 (reference), for example.

0088As shown in <figref idref="f0003">FIG 3</figref>, the terminal 1020 stores a positioning program 1114 in the first storage section 1110. The positioning program 1114 is a program for causing the control section 1100 to calculate the present located position Pg(n) based on the signals G1 and the like received by the GPS section 1102. The located position Pg(n) exemplifies the present located position.

0089In more detail, the control section 1100 receives the signals G1 and the like from three or more GPS satellites 12a and the like, and calculates the pseudo-range (i.e. distance between each of the GPS satellites 12a and the like and the terminal 1020) from the delay time which is the difference between the time at which the signals G1 and the like are transmitted from the GPS satellites 12a and the like and the time at which the signals G1 and the like reach the terminal 1020. The control section 1100 calculates (locates) the present position using the pseudo-range and the positions of the GPS satellites 12a and the like in the satellite orbits calculated using the ephemeris 1152b of the GPS satellites 12a and the like.

0090The control section 1100 stores located position information 1154 indicating the present located position Pg(n) in the second storage section 1150. The located positions Pg(n) and the like at the respective times may be generically called a located position Pg.

0091<figref idref="f0004">FIG. 5</figref> is a view showing the types of positioning performed based on the positioning program 1114.

0092The types of positioning are classified into single-shot positioning shown in <figref idref="f0004">FIG. 5A</figref> and multi-shot positioning shown in <figref idref="f0004">FIG 5B</figref>.

0093As shown in <figref idref="f0004">FIG 5A</figref>, single-shot positioning is a positioning mode in which positioning is terminated when the variation in the located position Pg has fallen within a predetermined convergence range or a stable position Pst has been calculated. The term "predetermined convergence range" used herein refers to a range in which the variation in two or more located positions Pg(n) is 100 meters (m) or less, for example. The term "stable position Pst" used herein refers to an average position Pav initially calculated by the terminal 1020. The average position Pav is described later. The terminal 1020 also calculates the average position Pav during single-shot positioning. For example, when single-shot positioning is specified to perfom fifteen positioning operations at intervals of one second (s), the terminal 1020 calculates the average position Pav during the first and subsequent positioning operations when stationary conditions B described later are satisfied.

0094As shown in <figref idref="f0004">FIG. 5B</figref>, multi-shot positioning is a positioning mode in which positioning is terminated when the variation in the located position Pg has fallen within the predetermined convergence range or the stable position Pst has been calculated, and positioning has been performed for a predetermined period of time or a predetermined number of times.

0095As described above, single-shot positioning and multi-shot positioning include a plurality of positioning operations. Since the positioning operations are performed within a predetermined period of time, single-shot positioning and multi-shot positioning are performed within a positioning time involving a plurality of positioning operations.

0096Note that continuous positioning may be added in which positioning is continuously performed after the variation in the located position Pg has fallen within a predetermined convergence range or the stable position Pst has been calculated until the user inputs a positioning finish instruction, differing from this embodiment.

0097The control section 1100 calculates the positioning time t(n), at which the located position Pg(n) is calculated, based on the positioning program 1114: The positioning time t(n) is the GPS time calculated during the positioning process.

0098The control section 1100 stores positioning time information 1156 indicating the positioning time t(n) in the second storage section 1150. The positioning time t(n) is also called the present time t(n).

0099The positioning program 1114 is also a program for causing the control section 1100 to calculate the moving velocity of the terminal 1020 based on the signals G1 and the like.

0100In more detail, the control section 1100 calculates the relative velocities of the GPS satellites 12a and the like and the terminal 1020 based on the Doppler shift and the like of the signals G1 and the like from the GPS satellites 12a and the like, and calculates the moving velocity v(n) of the terminal 1020 (see paragraphs [0016] to <b>[0018]</b> of <patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="JP8068651A"><text>JP-A-8-68651</text></patcit>, for example).

0101The control section 1100 stores moving velocity information 1158 indicating the moving velocity v(n) in the second storage section 1150. The moving velocity v(n) is also called the present velocity v(n).

0102As shown in <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref>, the terminal 1020 stores an elapsed time evaluation program 1116 in the first storage section 1110.

0103The elapsed time evaluation program 1116 is a program for causing the control section 1100 to determine whether or not the elapsed time between each of the times t(n-1) and the like in the buffer Buff and the present time t(n) is equal to or less than a time threshold value α. The time threshold value α is specified in advance. The time threshold value a is 180 seconds (s), for example. A time range within 180 seconds (s) exemplifies an allowable time range.

0104As shown in <figref idref="f0003">FIG 3</figref>, the terminal 1020 stores a velocity evaluation program 1118 in the first storage section 1110.

0105The velocity evaluation program 1118 is a program for causing the control section 1100 to determine whether or not the present velocity v(r) and the velocities v(n-1) and the like in the buffer Buff are equal to or less than a velocity threshold value β. The velocity threshold value β is specified in advance. The velocity threshold value β is 0.5 meters per second (m/s), for example. A velocity range within 0.5 meters per second (m/s) exemplifies a velocity allowable range.

0106As shown in <figref idref="f0003">FIG 3</figref>, the terminal 1020 stores a distance evaluation program 1120 in the first storage section 1110.

0107The distance evaluation program 1120 is a program for causing the control section 1100 to determine whether or not the distance between each of the positions P(n-1) and the like in the buffer Buff and the present position Pg(n) is equal to or less than a distance threshold value γ. The distance threshold value γ is specified in advance. The distance threshold value γ is 15 meters (m), for example. A distance range within 15 meters (m) exemplifies an allowable distance range.

0108As shown in <figref idref="f0003">FIG 3</figref>, the terminal 1020 stores a cumulative distance evaluation program 1122 in the first storage section 1110. The cumulative distance evaluation program 1122 is a program for causing the control section 1100 to determine whether or not the cumulative distance which is the path length between each of the positions P(n-1) and the like and the present located position Pg(n) is equal to or less than a predetermined cumulative distance threshold value γs.

0109<figref idref="f0005">FIG. 6</figref> is a view illustrative of the process based on the cumulative distance evaluation program 1122.

0110For example, the true position of the terminal 1020 moves from the position P(n-5) to the position P(n-4), moves from the position P(n-4) to the position P(n-3), moves from the position P(n-3) to the position P(n-2), moves from the position P(n-2) to the position P(n-1), and moves from the position P(n-1) to the located position Pg(n), as shown in <figref idref="f0005">FIG 6A</figref>.

0111When the terminal 1020 moves circularly in this manner and the located position Pg(n) indicates the coordinates of the center of the circle, the d: stance between the located position Pg(n) and each of the positions P(n-5) to P(n-1) may be equal to or less than the distance threshold value γ.

0112Therefore, whether or not the terminal 1020 moves cannot be accurately determined even if the conditions are merely satisfied that the distance between the located position Pg(n) and each of the positions P(n-5) to P(n-1) is equal to or less than the distance threshold value γ.

0113As shown in <figref idref="f0005">FIG 6B</figref>, the control section 1100 determines whether or not the distance al between the position P(n-1) and the present position Pg(n) is equal to or less than the cumulative distance threshold value γs based on the cumulative distance evaluation program 1122. The control section 1100 then determines whether or not the cumulative distance a1+a2 obtained by adding the distance a2 between the position P(n-2) and the present position Pg(n) to the distance al is equal to or less than the cumulative distance threshold value γs. The control section 1100. then determines whether or not the cumulative distance a1+a2+a3 obtained by adding the distance a3 between the position P(n-3) and the present position Pg(n) to the cumulative distance a1+a2 is equal to or less than the cumulative distance threshold value γs.

0114As described above, the control section 1100 calculates the path length (cumulative distance) between each of the positions P(n-1) and the like and the present located position Pg(n) and determines whether or not the cumulative distance is equal to or less than the cumulative distance threshold value γs. The cumulative distance threshold value γs is specified in advance. The cumulative distance threshold value γs is 20 meters (m), for example. The range of the cumulative distance threshold value γs exemplifies an allowable cumulative distance range.

0115As shown in <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref>, the terminal 1020 stores a stationary state determination program 1124 in the first storage section 1110. The stationary state determination program 1124 is a program for causing the control section 1100 to determine whether or not each of the positions P(n-1) and the like in the buffer Buff satisfies stationary conditions B. The stationary state determination program 1124 and the control section 1100 exemplify a stationary condition determination section.

0116<figref idref="f0006">FIG 7</figref> is a view illustrative of the process based on :he stationary state determination program 1124.

0117As shown in <figref idref="f0006">FIG. 7</figref>, the stationary conditions B are satisfied when all of a condition 1, a condition 2, a condition 3, and a condition 4 are satisfied. The stationary conditions B exemplify stationary conditions.

0118The condition 1 is a condition whereby the present velocity v(n) and the velocities v(n-1) and the like in the buffer Buff are equal to or less than the velocity threshold value β. For example, the condition 2 is satisfied when the present velocity v(n) and the velocity v(n-1) are equal to or less than the velocity threshold value β.

0119The condition 2 is a condition whereby the elapsed time is equal to or less than the time threshold value α.

0120The condition 3 is a condition whereby the distance between the present located position Pg(n) and each of the positions P(n-1) and the like is equal to or less than the distance threshold value γ.

0121The condition 4 is a condition whereby the cumulative distance is equal to or less than the cumulative distance threshold value γs.

0122The control section 1100 determines whether or not the positions in the buffer Buff satisfy the stationary conditions B based on the stationary state determination program 1124 in the order from the latest position.

0123In more detail, the control section 1100 determines whether or not the present moving velocity v(n) is equal to or less than the velocity threshold value β. When the control section 1100 has determined that the present moving velocity v(n) is not equal to or less than the velocity threshold value β, the control section .100 terminates the determination of the stationary conditions B without determining whether or not each position P(n-1) satisfies the stationary conditions B.

0124When the control section 1100 has determined that the present moving velocity v(n) is equal to or less than the velocity threshold value β, the control section 1100 determines whether or not each position P(n-1) satisfies the stationary conditions B with respect to the relationship with the present located position Pg(n). The control section 1100 then determines whether or not the present located position Pg(n) and the position P(n-2) satisfy the stationary conditions B. As described above, the control section 1100 determines whether or not the positions P(n-1) and the like satisfy the stationary conditions B in the order from the latest position, and terminates the determination of the stationary conditions B when the control section 1100 has determined that the positions P(n-1) and the like do not satisfy the stationary conditions 3.

0125As shown in <figref idref="f0003">FIG 3</figref>, the terminal 1020 stores an average position calculation program 1126 in the first storage section 1110. The average position calculation program 1126 is a program for causing the control section 1100 to average the positions P(n-1) and the like satisfying the stationary conditions B and the present located position Pg(n) calculated by positioning to calculate the average position Pav. The average position Pav exemplifies an average position. The average position calculation program 1126 and the control section 1100 exemplify an average position calculation section.

0126<figref idref="f0006">FIG. 8</figref> is a view illustrative of the process based on the average position calculation program 1126.

0127As shown in <figref idref="f0006">FIG. 8</figref>, when the positions P satisfying the stationary conditions B are the positions P(n-1), P(n-2), P(n-3), P(n-4), and P(n-5), the control section 1100 calculates the average position of the positions P(n-1) to P(n-5) and the located position Pg(n).

0128The control section 1100 calculates the average position of all of the positions P satisfying the stationary conditions B and the located position Pg(n). For example, when all of the positions P in the buffer Buff satisfy the stationary conditions B, the control section 1100 averages eleven positions including the located position Pg(n).

0129The control section 1100 stores average position information 1160 indicating the average position Pav in the second storage section 1150.

0130As shown in <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref>, the terminal 1020 stores a position output program 1128 in the first storage section 1110. The position output program 1128 is a program for causing the control section 1100 to output the average position Pav or the located position Pg(n). The position output program 1128 and the control section 1100 exemplify a position output section.

0131In more detail, the control section 1100 displays the average position Pav on the display device 1036 (see <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref>) when the position P satisfies the stationary conditions B.

0132On the other hand, the control section 1100 displays the located position Pg(n) on the display device 36 when the position P does not satisfy the stationary conditions B.

0133As shown in <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref>, the terminal 1020 stores a position storage program 1130 in the first storage section 1110. The position storage program 1130 is a program for causing the control section 1100 to store the average position Pav on the located position Pg(n) in the buffer Buff. The position storage program 1130 and the control section 1100 exemplify a position storage section.

0134When the control section 1100 has displayed the average position Pav on the display device 1036, the control section 1100 stores the average position Pav in the buffer Buff as the new position P(n-1).

0135When the control section 1100 has displayed the position Pg(n) on the display device 1036, the control section 1100 stores the position Pg(n) in the buffer Buff as the new position P(n-1).

0136<figref idref="f0006">FIG. 9</figref> shows an example of the buffer Buff.

0137The terminal 1020 is configured as described above.

0138As described above, the terminal 1020 can average the positions P(n-1) and the like satisfying the stationary conditions B and the present located position Pg(n) calculated by positioning to calculate the average position Pav. Specifically, the terminal 1020 does not average (correct) the expected position estimated from the preceding located position, the preceding velocity vector, and the lapsed time and the present located position Pg(n). The terminal 1020 averages the positions P(n-1) and the like satisfying the stationary conditions B and the present located position Pg(n) calculated by positioning to calculate the average position Pav. Therefore, the accuracy of the preceding velocity vector does not affect the correction of the present located position Pg(n).

0139When the terminal 1020 remains stationary, the located position Pg(n) is continuously indicated by the coordinates near the true position. The average position Pav is located closer to the true position since the variation has been reduced by averaging. On the other hand, the true position does not necessarily exist near the expected position.

0140Specifically, the position P satisfying the stationary conditions B is highly reliable. Moreover, a plurality of positions P may satisfy the stationary conditions B.

0141Therefore, the output position becomes very close to the true position by averaging the positions P(n-1) and the like and the present located position Pg(n) and outputting the average position Pav in comparison with the case of outputting a position obtained by averaging the expected position and the present located position Pg(n).

0142This allows a reliable and accurate position to be output.

0143Since the stationary state of the terminal 1020 is determined based on the stationary conditions B using a plurality of criteria (i.e. moving velocity, elapsed time, and distance), whether or not the terminal 1020 is in a stationary state can be accurately determined.

0144Since the stationary conditions B include the condition whereby the cumulative distance is equal to or less than the cumulative distance threshold value γs, the terminal 1020 can determine the stationary state based on the cumulative distance, even when the terminal 1020 moves circularly within a short range and the stationary state of terminal 1020 cannot be determined based on the distance.

0145The configuration of the terminal 1020 according to this embodiment has been described above. An operation example of the terminal 1020 is described below mainly using FICz 10.

0146<figref idref="f0007">FIG 10</figref> is a schematic flowchart showing an operation example of the terminal 1020 according to this embodiment.

0147The following description is given on the assumption that the terminal 1020 performs single-shot positioning (see <figref idref="f0004">FIG 5A</figref>) in <figref idref="f0007">FIG. 10</figref>.

0148The terminal 1020 locates the position (step STA1 in <figref idref="f0007">FIG. 10</figref>).

0149The terminal 1020 determines whether or not each of the positions P(n-1) and the like in the buffer Buff satisfies the stationary conditions B (step STA2). The step STA2 exemplifies a stationary condition determination step.

0150The terminal 1020 determines whether or not the positions P(n-1) and the like satisfying the stationary conditions B exist (step STA3).

0151When the terminal 1020 has determined that the positions P(n-1) and the like satisfying the stationary conditions B exist in the step STA3, the terminal 1020 averages all of the positions P(n-1) and the like satisfying the stationary conditions B and the located position Pg(n) to calculate the average position Pav (step STA4). The step STA4 exemplifies an average position calculation section.

0152The terminal 1020 outputs the average position Pav (step STA5). The step STA5 exemplifies a position output step.

0153The terminal 1020 stores the final average position Pav obtained by single-shot positioning in the buffer Buff as the position P(n-1) (step STA6). The step STA6 exemplifies a position storage step.

0154When the terminal 1020 has determined that the positions P(n-1) and the like satisfying the stationary conditions B do not exist in the step STA3, the terminal 1020 outputs the present located position Pg(n) (step STA5A).

0155When the terminal 1020 has not calculated the average position Pav in the final positioning operation during single-shot positioning, the terminal 1020 stores the final located position Pg(n) in the buffer Buff (step STA6A).

0156The above steps allow a reliable and accurate position to be output in a stationary state.

0157Since the terminal 1020 outputs the located position Pg(n) when the terminal 1020 is not in a stationary state, a position corresponding to the moving state can be output.

<First modification of first embodiment>

0158A first modification of the first embodiment is described below. The configuration of a terminal 1020A (see <figref idref="f0001">FIG 1</figref>) according to this modification is similar to the configuration of the terminal 1020 according to the first embodiment. Therefore, the same sections are indicated by the same symbols, and description thereof is omitted. The following description mainly focuses on how the terminal 1020A differs from the terminal 1020 according to the first embodiment.

0159<figref idref="f0008">FIG. 11</figref> is a view showing the velocity threshold value β, the distance threshold value γ, and the like of the terminal 1020A.

0160In the terminal 1020A, the velocity threshold value β is set at 0.5 meters per second (m/s) in an intense electric field, as shown in <figref idref="f0008">FIG 11</figref>. The velocity threshold value β is set at 0.75 meters per second (m/s) in an intermediate electric field. The velocity threshold value β is set at 2 meters per second (m/s) in a weak electric field.

0161The intense electric field refers to a signal strength of -135 dBm or more, for example.

0162The intermediate electric field refers to a signal strength of -150 dBm or more and less than -135 dBm, for example.

0163The weak electric field refers to a signal strength of less :han -150 dBm, for example.

0164In the terminal 1020A, the distance threshold value γ is set at 15 meters (m) in an intense electric field. The distance threshold value γ is set at 30 meters (m) in an intermediate electric field. The distance threshold value γ is set at 100 meters (m) in a weak electric field.

0165As described above, the velocity threshold value β and the distance threshold value are specified corresponding to the reception environment.

0166This enables the terminal 1020A to appropriately determine the stationary state corresponding to the reception environment.

0167Note that the time threshold value α and the cumulative distance threshold value γs are fixed values.

0168<figref idref="f0009">FIG. 12</figref> is a view illustrative of the process based on a position storage program 1130A (see <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref>).

0169As shown in <figref idref="f0009">FIG. 12</figref>, the control section 1100 stores the located position Pg in the buffer Buff based on the position storage program 1130A until the number of positions Pg in the buffer Buff reaches a predetermined number "5''. The number "5" is specified in advance.

0170In more detail, the control section 1100 stores the located position Pg in the buffer Buff until the number of positions Pg reaches five, as indicated by (1) to (5) in <figref idref="f0009">FIG. 12</figref>.

0171After the number of positions Pg has reached five, the control section 1100 stores the average position Pav in the buffer Buff when the control section 1100 has calculated the average position Pav, as indicated by (6) to (10) in <figref idref="f0009">FIG. 12</figref>.

0172<figref idref="f0010">FIG. 13</figref> is a view showing a comparative example of the first modification.

0173As shown in <figref idref="f0010">FIG. 13A</figref>, the initial located position Pg is stored in the buffer Buff as the initial position P(0), and the position near the true position is located to calculate the located position Pg(1). In this case, the average position of the positions P(0) and Pg(1) is the position Pav(1).

0174As shown in <figref idref="f0010">FIG. 13B</figref>, the average position Pav(1) is stored in the buffer Buff as the position P(1), and the position near the true position is located to calculate the located position Pg(2). In this case, the average position of the positions P(0), P(1), and Pg(2) is the position Pav(2).

0175Specifically, if the average position Pav is stored in the buffer Buff in the initial stage of storing the position P in the buffer Buff, the average position Pav may not promptly approach the true position due to significant effects of the initial position P(0).

0176<figref idref="f0011">FIG. 14</figref> is a view showing an example of the method of storing the position in the buffer Buff according to the first modification.

0177As shown in <figref idref="f0011">FIG 14A</figref>, the located position Pg is stored in the buffer Buff as the initial position P(0), and the position near the true position is located to calculate the located position Pg(1). In this case, the average position of the positions P(0) and Pg(1) is the position Pav(1).

0178As shown in <figref idref="f0011">FIG 14B</figref>, the located position Pg(1) is stored n the buffer Buff as the position P(1), and the position near the true position is located to calculate the located position Pg(2). In this case, the average position of the positions P(0), P(1), and Pg(2) is the position Pav(2A). The average position Pav(2A) is closer to the true position than the average position Pav(2) of the comparative example.

0179Specifically, the effects of the initial position P(0) can be reduced by storing the located position Pg in the buffer Buff instead of the average position Pav in the initial stage of storing the position P in the buffer Buff, whereby the average position Pav can be promptly brought close to the true position.

0180As described above, even if the position P initially stored in the buffer Buff differs from the true position to a large extent, the terminal 1020A can promptly reduce its effects.

<Second modification of first embodiment>

0181A second modification of the first embodiment is described below. The configuration of a terminal 1020B (see <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>) according to the second modification is similar to the configuration of the terminal 1020 according to the first embodiment. Therefore, the same sections are indicated by the same symbols, and description thereof is omitted. The following description mainly focuses on the difference from the terminal 1020 according to the first embodiment.

0182<figref idref="f0012">FIG 15</figref> is a view illustrative of the process based on a posit on storage program 1130B (see <figref idref="f0003">FIG 3</figref>) stored in the first storage section 1110 of the terminal 1020B.

0183The position storage program 1130B functions during multi-shot positioning (see <figref idref="f0004">FIG. 5B</figref>).

0184As shown in <figref idref="f0012">FIG. 15A</figref>, ten positions P are held in the buffer Buff. When the terminal 1020B has started multi-shot positioning in this state, the control section 1100 stores the average position Pav (stable position Pst) initially calculated within the positioning time in the buffer Buff based on the position storage program 1130B.

0185The control section 1100 updates the stable position Pst with the last calculated average position Pav when finishing multi-shot positioning.

0186When the control section 1100 has output the located position Pg without last calculating and outputting the average position Pav, the control section 1100 updates the stable position Pst with the last located position Pg.

0187The variation in the located position Pg may fall within a predetermined convergence range during multi-shot positioning. However, the terminal 1020B stores the stable position Pst in the buffer Buff without storing the located position Pg when the variation falls within a predetermined convergence range in the buffer Buff. Specifically, even if the variation in the located position Pg falls within a predetermined convergence range, the located position Pg when the variation falls within a predetermined convergence range may differ from the true position to a large extent ("position jump") due to positioning errors. If such a position is stored in the buffer Buff, the subsequent averaging may be adversely affected.

0188Since the terminal 1020B stores the stable position Pst in the buffer Buff, as described above, the terminal 1020B can promptly store the new position P in the buffer Buff. Therefore, the terminal 1020B can promptly store the new position in the buffer Buff without waiting for the multi-shot positioning finish time This allows the subsequent average position Pav to promptly reflect the new position.

0189Moreover, since the terminal 1020B updates the stable position Pst with the last calculated average position Pav, the terminal 1020B can store an accurate position in the buffer Buff when the positioning time expires.

0190<figref idref="f0013">FIG 16</figref> is a view showing the velocity threshold value β, the distance threshold value γ, and the like of the terminal 1020B.

0191In the terminal 1020B, the velocity threshold value β in an intense electric field is changed from 0.5 meters per second (m/s) to 0.3 meters per second (m/s) after calculating the stable position Pst, as shown in <figref idref="f0013">FIG 16</figref>. The velocity threshold value β in an intermediate electric field is changed from 0.75 meters per second (m/s) to 0.6 meters per second (m/s). The velocity threshold value β in a weak electric field is changed from 2 meters per second (m/s) to 1.2 meters per second (m/s).

0192In the terminal 1020B, the distance threshold value γ in an intense electric field is changed from 15 meters (m) to 10 meters (m) after calculating the stable position Pst. The distance threshold value γ in an intermediate electric field is changed from 30 meters (m) to 20 meters (m). The distance threshold value γ in a weak electric field is changed from 100 meters (m) to 70 meters (m).

0193As described above, the velocity threshold value β and the distance threshold value γ are reduced after calculating the stable position Pst. In other words, the stationary conditions are made more severe after calculating the stable position.

0194If the average position Pav is calculated and held in the buffer Buff, the position in the buffer Buff used to determine the stationary conditions B reflects the latest position.

0195Therefore, the terminal 1020B can more accurately determine the stationary state by causing the latest position to be reflected and making the stationary conditions B more severe.

0196<figref idref="f0014">FIG 17</figref> is a view illustrative of the process based on the stationary state determination program 1124B stored in the first storage section 1110 of the terminal 1020B.

0197As shown in <figref idref="f0014">FIGS. 17A and 17B</figref>, when the present velocity v(n) is equal to or less than the velocity threshold value β, the control section 1100 determines whether or not the positions in the buffer Buff satisfy the stationary conditions B based on the stationary state determination program 1124B in the order from the latest position.

0198In more detail, the control section 1100 determines whether or not the stationary conditions B are satisfied in the order from the latest position, such as determining whether or not the position P(n-1) in the buffer Buff(1) satisfies the stationary conditions B, and then determining whether or not the position P(n-2) in the buffer Buff(2) satisfies the stationary conditions B.

0199As shown in <figref idref="f0014">FIG. 17A</figref>, even if the position P(n-3) in the buffer Buff(3) does not satisfy the stationary conditions B, the control section 1100 contnuously determines whether or not the position P (n-4) in the buffer Buff(4) and the like satisfy the stationary conditions B based on the stationary state determination program 1124B.

0200In the example shown in <figref idref="f0014">FIG 17A</figref>, all of the positions P other than the position P(n-3) in the buffer Buff(3) which does not satisfy the stationary conditions B are used to calculate the average position Pav.

0201As shown in <figref idref="f0014">FIG 17B</figref>, when the position P(n-3) in the buffer Buff(3) does not satisfy the stationary conditions B and the subsequent position P(n-4) in the buffer Buff(4) does not satisfy the stationary conditions B, the control section 1100 stops determining whether or not the stationary conditions B are satisfied based on the stationary state determination program 1124B.

0202The control section 1100 does not use the positions P held in the buffers Buff(3), Buff(4), Buff(5) and the like to calculate the average position Pav, and uses only the positions P held in the buffers Buff(1) and Buff(2) satisfying the stationary conditions B to calculate the average position Pav.

0203As described above, the control section 1100 averages the positions using the position P satisfying the stationary conditions B as long as a state in which the position P in the buffer Buff does not satisfy the stationary conditions B does not continuously occur.

0204Therefore, even if one position (position P in the buffer Buff(3) in <figref idref="f0014">FIG. 17A</figref>) has a large error and the control section 1100 has erroneously determine d that the stationary conditions B are not satisfied, since the positions P calculated before the above position can be used for averaging, a sufficient number of positions P can be provided for averaging, whereby the accuracy of the average position Pav can be improved.

(Program, computer-readable recording medium, and the like)

0205A program for controlling a positioning device may be provided which causes a computer to execute the stationary condition determination step, the average position calculation step, the position output step, the position storage step and the like of the above-described operation example.

0206A computer-readable recording medium having such a program for controlling a positioning device recorded thereon and the like may also be provided.

0207A program storage medium used to install the program for controlling a positioning device and the like in a computer to allow the program and the like to be executable by the computer may be implemented by a packaging medium such as a flexible disk such as a floppy disk (registered trademark), a compact disc read only memory (CD-ROM), a compact disc-recordable (CD-R), a compact disc-rewritable (CD-RW), or a digital versatile disc (DVD), a semiconductor memory, a magnetic disk, or a magnetooptical disk in which the program is stored temporary or permanently, or the like.

<Second embodiment>

0208<figref idref="f0015">FIG. 18</figref> is a schematic view showing a terminal 2020 and the like according to a second embodiment of the invention.

0209As shown in <figref idref="f0015">FIG. 18</figref>, the terminal 2020 is held by a user A. The terminal 2020 can receive signals G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, G6, G7, and G8 from GPS satellites 12a, 12b, 12c, 12d, 12e, 12f, 12g, and 12h (positioning satellites), for examp e. The signals G1 and the like exemplify satellite signals. The terminal 1020 exemplifies a positioning device.

0210The user A has met with an accident on a mountain path MR and awaits rescue, for example. When the user A remains stationary, the terminal 2020 also remains stationary. The true position of the terminal 2020 is a position r1. The terminal 2020 can allow the user A to be reliably rescued by outputting a position close to the true position r1 as much as possible in a state in which the terminal 2020 actually remains stationary.

0211When the user A walks away, the terminal 2020 moves at a low speed. In this case, the true position of the terminal 2020 gradually moves away from the position r1. The terminal 2020 can allow the user A to be reliably rescued by outputting a position corresponding to the low-speed movement in a state in which the terminal 2020 moves at a low speed.

0212However, the GPS satellite 12a and the like move in the satellite orbits, and the reception state of the signal G1 and the like changes from moment to moment. Therefore, the located position also changes from moment to moment. Accordingly, even if the terminal 2020 remains stationary, the located position changes in the order of located positions P0, P1, P2, P3, and P4 with the passage of time, for example.

0213Moreover, even if the terminal 2020 moves at a low speed, continuously calculated located positions may differ to a large extent, for example.

0214The terminal 2020 can output a reliable and accurate position corresponding to the movement state in a stationary state or a low-speed movemert state as described below.

0215In this embodiment, a state in which the terminal 2020 remains stationary and a state in which the terminal 2020 moves is generically called a movement state.

0216The terminal 2020 is a portable car navigation system which can calculate (locate) the position and display the acquired position information together with map information, for example.

0217The terminal 2020 is a portable telephone, for example. The terminal 2020 may be a car navigation system, a personal handy-phone system. (PHS), a personal digital assistance (PDA), or the like. Note that the terminal 2020 is not limited thereto.

0218The number of OPS satellites 12a and the like is not limited to eight. For example, the number of GPS satellites may be three or more and seven or less, or nine or more.

(Main hardware configuration of terminal 2020)

0219<figref idref="f0016">FIG. 19</figref> is a schematic view showing the main hardware configuration of the terminal 2020.

0220As shown in <figref idref="f0016">FIG. 19</figref>, the terminal 2020 includes a computer which includes a bus 22.

0221A central processing unit (CPU) 2024, a storage device 2026, an external storage device 2028, and the like are connected with the bus 2022. The storage device 2026 is a random access memory (RAM), a read only memory (ROM), or the like. The external storage device 2028 is a hard disk drive (HDD) or the like.

0222An input device 2030 for inputting various types of information and the like, a GPS device 2032 for receiving the signals G1 and the like from the GPS satellites 12a and the like, a communication device 2034, a display device 2036 for displaying various types of information, a clock 2038, and a power supply device 2040 are also connected with the bus 2022.

(Main software configuration of terminal 2020)

0223<figref idref="f0017">FIG 20</figref> is a schematic view showing the main software configuration of the terminal 2020.

0224As shown in <figref idref="f0017">FIG. 20</figref>, the terminal 2020 includes a control section 2100 which controls each section, a GPS section 2102 corresponding to the GPS device 2032 shown in <figref idref="f0016">FIG 19</figref>, a clock section 2104 corresponding to the clock 2038, and the like.

0225The terminal 2020 also includes a first storage section 2110 which stores various programs, and a second storage section 2150 which stores various types of information.

0226As shown in <figref idref="f0017">FIG 20</figref>, the terminal 2020 includes a buffer Buff in the second storage section 2150. The buffer Buff is a storage area allocated in the second storage section 2150.

0227<figref idref="f0017">FIG. 21</figref> is a view showing an example of the buffer Buff.

0228As shown in <figref idref="f0017">FIG. 21</figref>, positions P(n-1) to P(n-10) are held in the buffer Buff. The positions P(n-1) and the like may be generically called positions P.

0229The positions P(n-1) and the like are positions stored in the buffer Buff during previous positioning (single-shot positioning or multi-shot positioning described later).

0230Calculation times t(n-1) and the like of the positions P(n-1) and the like are held in the buffer Buff respectively corresponding to the positions P(n-1) and the like.

0231Moving velocities v(n-1) and the like of the terminal 2020 when calculating the positions P(n-1) and the like are held in the buffer Buff respectively corresponding to the positions P(n-1) and the like.

0232The positions P(n-1) and the like exemplify reference positions. The buffer Buff exemplifies a position holding section.

0233As shown in <figref idref="f0017">FIG. 20</figref>, the terminal 2020 stores satellite orbital information 2152 in the second storage section 2150. The satellite orbital information 2152 includes an almanac 2152a and an ephemeris 2152b.

0234The almanac 2152a is information indicating the approximate orbits of all the GPS satellites 12a and the like (see <figref idref="f0015">FIG 18</figref>). The almanac 2152a can be decoded and acquired from any of the signals G1 and the like from the GPS satellites 12a and the like.

0235The ephemeris 2152b is information indicating the accurate orbit of each of the GPS satellites 12a and the like (see <figref idref="f0015">FIG. 18</figref>). In order to acquire the ephemeris 2152b of the GPS satellite 12a, it is necessary to receive the signal G1 from the GPS satellite 12a and decode the signal G1, for example.

0236The terminal 2020 utilizes the satellite orbital information 2152 for positioning.

0237As shown in <figref idref="f0017">FIG. 20</figref>, the terminal 2020 stores a satellite signal reception program 2112 in the first storage section 2110. The satellite signal reception program 2112 is a program for causing the control section 2100 to receive th: signals G1 and the like from the GPS satellites 12a and the like.

0238In more detail, the control section 2100 determines the GPS satellites 12a and the like which can be observed at the present time referring to the almanac 2152a, and receives the signals G1 and the like from the observable GPS satellites 12a and the like. In this case, the control section 2100 uses the preceding position P(n-1) held in the buffer Buff as the position of the terminal 2020 (reference), for example.

0239As shown in <figref idref="f0017">FIG 20</figref>, the terminal 2020 stores a positioning program 2114 in the first storage section 2110. The positioning program 2114 is a program for causing the control section 2100 to calculate the present located position Pg(n) based on the signals G1 and the like received by the GPS section 2102. The located position Pg(n) exemplifies the present located position.

0240In more detail, the control section 2100 receives the signals G1 and the like from three or more GPS satellites 12a and the like, and calculates the pseudo-range (i.e. distance between each of the GPS satellites 12a and the like and the terminal 2020) from the delay time which is the difference between the time at which the signals G1 and the like are transmitted from the GPS satellites 12a and the like and the time at which the signals G1 and the like reach the terminal 2020. The control section 2100 calculates (locates) the present position using the pseudo-range and the positions of the GPS satellites 12a and the like in the satellite orbits calculated using the ephemeris 2152b of the GPS satellites 12a and the like.

0241The control section 2100 stores located position information 2154 indicating the present located position Pg(n) in the second storage section 2150. The located positions Pg(n) and the like at the respective times may be generically called a located position Pg,

0242<figref idref="f0018">FIG. 22</figref> is a view showing the types of positioning performed based on the positioning program 2114.

0243The types of positioning are classified into single-shot positioning shown in <figref idref="f0018">FIG. 22A</figref> and multi-shot positioning shown in <figref idref="f0018">FIG. 22B</figref>.

0244As shown in <figref idref="f0018">FIG. 22A</figref>, single-shot positioning is a positioning mode in which positioning is terminated when the variation in the located position Pg has fallen within a predetermined convergence range or a stable position Pst has been calculated. The term "predetermined convergence range" used herein refers to a range in which the variation in two or more located positions Pg(n) is 100 meters (m) or less, for example. The term "stable position Pst" used herein refers to an average position Pa or Pb initially calculated by the terminal 2020. The average positions Pa and Pb are described later.

0245As shown in <figref idref="f0018">FIG. 22B</figref>, multi-shot positioning is a positioning mode in which positioning is terminated when the variation in the located position Pg has fallen within the predetermined convergence range or the stable position Pst has been calculated, and positioning has been performed for a predetermined period of time or a predetermined number of times.

0246As described above, single-shot positioning and multi-shot positioning include a plurality of positioning operations. Since the positioning operations are performed within a predetermined period of time, single-shot positioning and multi-shot positioning are performed within a positioning time involving a plurality of positioning operations.

0247Note that continuous positioning may be added in which positioning is continuously performed after the variation in the located position Pg has fallen within a predetermined convergence range or the stable position Pst has been calculated until the user inputs a positioning finish instruction, differing from this embodiment.

0248The control section 2100 calculates the positioning time t(n), at which the located position Pg(n) is calculated, based on the positioning program 2114. The positioning time t(n) is the GPS time calculated during the positioning process.

0249The control section 2100 stores positioning time information 2156 indicating the positioning time t(n) in the second storage section 2150. The positioning time t(n) is also called the present time t(n).

0250The positioning program 2114 is also a program for causing the control section 2100 to calculate the moving velocity of the terminal 2020 based on the signals G1 and the like.

0251In more detail, the control section 2100 calculates the relative velocities of the GPS satellites 12a and the like and the terminal 2020 based on the Doppler shift and the like of the signals G1 and the like from the GPS satellites 12a and the like, and calculates the moving velocity v(n) of the terminal 2020 (see paragraphs [0016] to [0018] of <patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="JP8068651A"><text>JP-A-8-68651</text></patcit>, for example),

0252The control section 2100 stores moving velocity information 2158 indicating the moving velocity v(n) in the second storage section 2150. The moving velocity v(n) is also called the present velocity v(n).

0253As shown in <figref idref="f0017">FIG 20</figref>, the terminal 2020 stores an elapsed time evaluation program 2116 in the first storage section 2110.

0254<figref idref="f0018">FIG 23</figref> is a view illustrative of the process based on the elapsed time evaluation program 2116.

0255As shown in <figref idref="f0018">FIG. 23</figref>, the control section 2100 determines whether or not the elapsed time between each of the times t(n-1) and the like in the buffer Buff and the present time t(n) is equal to or less than a time threshold value α1 based on the elapsed time evaluation program 2116. The time threshold value α1 is specified in advance. The time threshold value α1 is 180 seconds (s), for example.

0256The control section 2100 then determines whether or not the elapsed time between the latest time t(n-1) in the buffer Buff and the present time t(n) is equal to or less than a time threshold value α2. The time threshold value α2 is specified in advance. The time threshold value α2 is 60 seconds (s), for example

0257As shown in <figref idref="f0017">FIG 20</figref>, the terminal 2020 stores a velocity evaluation program 2118 in the first storage section 2110.

0258<figref idref="f0019">FIG 24</figref> is a view illustrative of the process based on the velocity evaluation program 2118.

0259As shown in <figref idref="f0019">FIG. 24</figref>, the control section 2100 determines whether or not the present velocity v(n) and the velocities v(n-1) and the like in the buffer Buff are equal to or less than a velocity threshold value β1 based on the velocity evaluation program 2118. The velocity threshold value β1 is specified in advance. The velocity threshold value β1 is 0.5 meters per second (m/s), for example.

0260The control section 2100 then determines whether or not :he present velocity v(n) and the latest velocity v(n-1) in the buffer Buff are equal to or less than a velocity threshold value β2. The velocity threshold value β2 is specified in advance. The velocity threshold value β2 is 2.0 meters per second (m/s), for example.

0261As shown in <figref idref="f0017">FIG. 20</figref>, the terminal 2020 stores a distance evaluation program 2120 in the first storage section 2110.

0262The distance evaluation program 2120 is a program for causing the control section 2100 to determine whether or not the distance between each of the positions P(n-1) and the like in the buffer Buff and the present position Pg(r) is equal to or less than a distance threshold value γ. The distance threshold value γ is specified in advance. The distance threshold value γ is 15 meters (m), for example.

0263As shown in <figref idref="f0017">FIG 20</figref>, the terminal 2020 stores a cumulative distance evaluation program 2122 in the first storage section 2110. The cumulative distance evaluation program 2122 is a program for causing the control section 2100 to determine whether or not the cumulative distance which is the path length between each of the positions P(n-1) and the like and the present located position Pg(n) is equal to or less than a predetermined cumulative distance threshold value γs.

0264<figref idref="f0020">FIG 25</figref> is a view illustrative of the process based on the cumulative distance evaluation program 2122.

0265For example, the true position of the terminal 2020 moves from the position P(n-5) to the position P(n-4), moves from the position P(n-4) to the position P(n-3), moves from the position P(n-3) to the position P(n-2), moves from the position P(n-2) to the position P(n-1), and moves from the position P(n-1) to the located position Pg(n), as shown in <figref idref="f0020">FIG 25A</figref>.

0266When the terminal 2020 moves circularly in this manner and the located position Pg(n) indicates the coordinates of the center of the circle, the distance between the located position Pg(n) and each of the positions P(n-5) to P(n-1) may be equal to or less than the distance threshold value γ.

0267Therefore, whether or not the terminal 2020 moves cannot be accurately determined even if the conditions are merely satisfied that the distance between the located position Pg(n) and each of the positions P(n-5) to P(n-1) is equal to or less than the distance threshold value γ.

0268As shown in <figref idref="f0020">FIG 25B</figref>, the control section 2100 determines whether or not the distance al between the position P(n-1) and the located position Pg(n) is equal to or less than the cumulative distance threshold value γs based on the cumulative distance evaluation program 2122. The control section 2100 then determines whether or not the cumulative distance a1+a2 between the position P(n-2) and the located position Pg(n) is equal to or less than the cumulative distance threshold value γs. The control section 2100 then determines whether or not the cumulative distance a1+a2+a3 between the position P(n-3) and the located position Pg(n) is equal to or less than the cumulative distance threshold value γs.

0269Specifically, the control section 2100 calculates the path length (cumulative distance) between each of the positions P(n-1) and the like and the present located position Pg(n) and determines whether or not the cumulative distance is equal to or less than the cumulative distance threshold value γs. The cumulative distance threshold value γs is specified in advance. The cumulative distance threshold value γs is 20 meters (m), for example.

0270As shown in <figref idref="f0017">FIG. 20</figref>, the terminal 2020 stores a movement state determination program 2124 in the first storage section 2110. The movement state determination program 2124 is a program for causing the control section 2100 to determine the movement state of the terminal 2020. The movement state determination program 2124 and the control section 2100 exemplify a movement state determination section.

0271<figref idref="f0021">FIG 26</figref> is a view illustrative of the process based on the movement state determination program 2124.

0272As shown in <figref idref="f0021">FIG 26</figref>, the control section 2100 determines whether or not the movement state of the terminal 2020 satisfies stationary conditions B1 based on the movement state determination program 2124, and then determines whether or not the movement state of the terminal 2020 satisfies low-speed movement conditions B2.

0273The stationary conditions B1 are satisfied when all of a condition 1, a condition 2, a condition 3, and a condition 4 are satisfied. The stationary conditions B1 are conditions for the control section 2100 to determine that the terminal 2020 remains stationary. The stationary conditions B1 exemplify stationary conditions.

0274The condition 1 is a condition whereby the present velocity v(n) and the velocities v(n-1) and the like in the buffer Buff are equal to or less than the velocity threshold value β1. For example, the condition 1 is satisfied when the present velocity v(n) and the velocity v(n-1) are equal to or less than the velocity threshold value β1.

0275The condition 2 is a condition whereby the elapsed time is equal to or less than the time threshold value α1.

0276The condition 3 is a condition whereby the distance between the present located position Pg(n) and each of the positions P(n-1) and the like is equal to or less than the distance threshold value γ.

0277The condition 4 is a condition whereby the cumulative distance is equal to or less than the cumulative distance threshold value γs.

0278The control section 2100 determines whether or not the positions in the buffer Buff satisfy the stationary conditions B1 based on the movement state determination program 2124 in the order from the latest position.

0279In more detail, the control section 2100 determines whether or not the present moving velocity v(n) is equal to or less than the velocity threshold value β. When the control section 2100 has determined that the present moving velocity v(n) is not equal to or less than the velocity threshold value β, the control section 2100 terminates the determination of the stationary conditions B1 without determining whether or not each position P(n-1) satisfies the stationary conditions B.

0280When the control section 2100 has determined that the present moving velocity v(n) is equal to or less than the velocity threshold value β1, the control section 2100 determines whether or not each position P(n-1) satisfies the stationary conditions B1 with respect to the relationship with the present located position Pg(n), The control section 2100 then determines whether or not the present located position Pg(n) and the position P(n-2) satisfy the stationary conditions B1. As described above, the control section 2100 determines whether or not the positions P(n-1) and the like satisfy the stationary conditions B1 in the order from the latest position, and terminates the determination of the stationary conditions B1 when the control section 2100 has determined that the positions P(n-1) and the like do not satisfy the stationary conditions B1.

0281The low-speed movement conditions B2 are satisfied when a condition 5 and a condition 6 are satisfied.

0282The low-speed movement conditions B2 are conditions for the control section 2100 to determine that the terminal 2020 moves at a low speed. The low-speed movement conditions B2 exemplify low-speed movement conditions.

0283The condition 5 is a condition whereby the present velocity v(n) and the latest velocity v(n-1) in the buffer Buff are equal to or less than the velocity threshold value β2.

0284The condition 6 is a condition whereby the elapsed time between the latest time t(n-1) and the present time t(n) is equal to or less than the time threshold value α2.

0285The control section 2100 determines whether or not the movement state of the terminal 2020 satisfies the stationary conditions B1, and determines whether or not the movement state of the terminal 2020 satisfies low-speed movement conditions B2 when the movement state of the terminal 2020 does not satisfy the stationary conditions B1.

0286As shown in <figref idref="f0017">FIG. 20</figref>, the terminal 2020 stores an average position calculation program 2126 in the first storage section 2110. The average position calculation program 2126 is a program for causing the control section 2100 to average at least one of the positions P(n-1) and the like and the present located position Pg(n) calculated by positioning to calculate the average position Pa or Pb. The average positions Pa and Pb exemplify average positions. The average position calculation program 2126 and the control section 2100 exemplify an average position calculation section.

0287The average position calculation program 2126 includes a f rst average position calculation program 2126a and a first average position calculation program 2126b.

0288<figref idref="f0021">FIG 27</figref> is a view showing an example of the process based on the average position calculation program 2126.

0289As shown in <figref idref="f0021">FIG. 27A</figref>, the control section 2100 averages all of the positions P satisfying the stationary conditions B1 and the located positions Pg(n) based on the first average position calculation program 2126a.

0290For example, when the positions P satisfying the stationary conditions B are the positions P(n-1), P(n-2), P(n-3), P(n-4), and P(n-5), the control section 2100 calculates the average position of the positions P(n-1) to P(n-5) and the located position Pg(n).

0291The control section 2100 calculates the average position of all of the positions P satisfying the stationary conditions B1 and the located position Pg(n). For example, when all of the positions P in the buffer Buff satisfy the stationary conditions B2, the control section 2100 averages eleven positions including the located position Pg(n).

0292The control section 2100 stores first average position information 2160 indicating the average position Pa in the second storage section 2150.

0293As shown in <figref idref="f0021">FIG. 27B</figref>, when the low-speed movement conditions B2 are satisfied, the control section 2100 averages the latest position P(r-1) and the located position Pg(n) to calculate the average position Pb based on the second average position calculation program 2126b.

0294The control section 2100 stores second average position information 2162 indicating the average position Pb in the second storage section 2150.

0295Since the control section 2100 determines whether or not the low-speed movement condition B2 are satisfied only when the stationary conditions B1 are not satisfied, the control section 2100 averages the positions based on the second average position calculation program 2126b only when the control section 2100 does not calculate the average position Pa based on the first average position calculation program 2126a.

0296As shown in <figref idref="f0017">FIG 20</figref>, the terminal 2020 stores a position output program 2128 in the first storage section 2110. The position output program 2128 is a program for causing the control section 2100 to output the average position Pa or Pb or the located position Pg(n). The position output program 2128 and the control section 2100 exemplify a position output section.

0297In more detail, the control section 2100 displays the average position Pa on the display device 36 (see <figref idref="f0016">FIG. 19</figref>) when the position P satisfying the stationary conditions B1 exists.

0298The control section 2100 displays the average position Pb on the display device 2036 (see <figref idref="f0016">FIG 19</figref>) when the position P satisfying the stationary conditions B1 does not exist and the movement state of the terminal 2020 satisfies the low-speed movement conditions B2.

0299The control section 2100 displays the located position Pg(n) on the display device 36 when the position P satisfying the stationary conditions B1 does not exist and the movement state of the terminal 2020 does not satisfy the low-speed movement conditions B2.

0300As shown in <figref idref="f0017">FIG 20</figref>, the terminal 2020 stores a position storage program 2130 in the first storage section 2110. The position storage program 2130 is a program for causing the control section 2100 to store the average position Pa or Pb or the located position Pg(n) in the buffer Buff. The position storage program 2130 and the control section 2100 exemplify a position storage section.

0301<figref idref="f0022">FIG 28</figref> is a view showing an example of the buffer Buff in the process based on the position storage program 2130.

0302As shown in <figref idref="f0022">FIG 28</figref>, the control section 2100 stores the average position Pa or Pb or the located position Pg(n) last output during single-shot positioning or multi-shot positioning in the buffer Buff as the new position P(n-1).

0303When the control section 2100 has displayed the average position Pa on the display device 2036, the control section 2100 stores the average position Pa in the buffer Buff as the new position P(n-1).

0304When the control section 2100 has displayed the average position Pb on the display device 36, the control section 2100 stores the average position Pb in the buffer Buff as the new position P(n-1).

0305When the control section 2100 has displayed the position Pg(n) on the display device 2036, the control section 2100 stores the position Pg(n) in the buffer Buff as the new position P(n-1).

0306The terminal 2020 is configured as described above.

0307The terminal 2020 can calculate the average position Pa or Pb based on the movement state of the terminal 2020. Specifically, the terminal 2020 does not average (correct) the expected position estimated from the last located position, the last velocity vector, and the elapsed time and the present located position. The terminal 2020 averages the positions in the buffer Buff and the present located position Pg(n) calculated by positioning to calculate the average position Pa. cr Pb based on the movement state of the terminal 2020. Therefore, the accuracy of the preceding velocity vector does not affect the correction of the present located position Pg(n).

0308When the terminal 2020 remains stationary, the located position Pg(n) is continuously indicated by the coordinates near the specific position. When the terminal 2020 moves at a low speed, the located position Pg(n) is indicated by the coordinates which gradually move away from the specific position.

0309Since the variation in the located positions Pg(n) is reduce by averaging, the position P is indicated by the coordinates near the true position when the terminal 2020 remains stationary or moves at a low speed. On the other hand, the true position does not necessarily exist near the expected position.

0310Therefore, the output position becomes very close to the true position by averaging the positions P and the present located position Pg(n) and outputting the average position Pa or Pb in comparison with the case of outputting a position obtained by averaging the expected position and the present located position Pg(n).

0311This allows a reliable and accurate position to be output.

0312Since the stationary state of the terminal 2020 is determined based on the stationary conditions B1 using a plurality of criteria (i.e. moving velocity, elapsed time, and distance), whether or not the terminal 2020 is in a stationary state can be accurately determined.

0313Since the stationary conditions B1 include the condition whereby the cumulative distance is equal to or less than the cumulative distance threshold value γs, the terminal 2020 can determine the stationary state based on the cumulative distance, even when the terminal 2020 moves circularly within a short range and the stationary state of terminal 2020 cannot be determined based on the distance.

0314Since the low-speed movement state of the terminal 2020 is determined based on the low-speed movement conditions B2 using a plurality of criteria (i.e. moving velocity and elapsed time), whether or not the terminal 2020 is in a low-speed movement state can be accurately determined.

0315The configuration of the terminal 2020 according to this embodiment has been described above. An operation example of the terminal 2020 is described below mainly using <figref idref="f0022">FIGS. 29</figref> and <figref idref="f0023">30</figref>.

0316<figref idref="f0022">FIGS. 29</figref> and <figref idref="f0023">30</figref> are schematic flowcharts showing an operation example of the terminal 2020 according to this embodiment.

0317The following description is given on the assumption that the terminal 2020 performs multi-shot positioning (see <figref idref="f0018">FIG. 22B</figref>) in <figref idref="f0022">FIGS. 29</figref> and <figref idref="f0023">30</figref>. The following description is given on the assumption that multi-shot positioning is configured so that positioning is terminated when the positioning operation has been performed ten times (predetermined number) after the stable position Pst has been calculated (or, when the variation in the located position Pg has fallen within a predetermined convergence range).

0318The terminal 2020 locates the position (step STB1 in <figref idref="f0022">FIG. 29</figref>).

0319The terminal 2020 determines whether or not each of the positions P(n-1) and the like in the buffer Buff satisfies the stationary conditions B1 (step STB2). The step STB2 exemplifies a movement state determination step.

0320When the terminal 2020 has determined that the position P satisfying the stationary conditions B1 exists in the step STB3, the terminal 2020 averages all of the positions P(n-1) and the like satisfying the stationary conditions B1 and the located position Pg(n) to calculate the first average position Pa (step STB 3). The step STB3 exemplifies an average position calculation section.

0321The terminal 2020 outputs the first average position Pa (step STB5). The step STB5 exemplifies a position output step.

0322In the step STB3, the first average position Pa may be calculated only when five or more positions P are held in the buffer Buff, differing from this embodiment. The located position Pg(n) may be output in the step STB4 when five or more positions P are not held in the buffer Buff.

0323The terminal 2020 determines whether or not the positioning operation is the final positioning operation in single-shot positioning (step STB5). In more detail, the terminal 2020 determines whether or not the positioning operation has been performed ten times (predetermined number) after the stable position Pst has been calculated (or, when the variation in the located position Pg has fallen within a predetermined convergence range).

0324When the terminal 2020 has determined that the positioning operation is the final positioning operation in the step STB5, the terminal 2020 stores the average position Pa in the buffer Buff as the position P(n-1) (step STB6). The step STB6 exemplifies a position storage step.

0325When the terminal 2020 has determined that the positions Pm-1) and the like do not satisfy the stationary conditions B1 in the step STB2, the terminal 2020 determines whether or not the located positions Pg(n) are within the convergence range (step STB101 in F1G. 30). A state in which the located positions Pg(n) are within the convergence range refers to a state in which the variation in the located positions Pg(n) is within a predetermined range (e.g. 100 meters (m)).

0326When the terminal 2020 has determined that the located positions Pg(n) are not within the convergence range, the terminal 2020 returns to the step STB1 and continues calculation of the located position Pg(n).

0327When the terminal 2020 has determined that the located positions Pg(n) are within the convergence range in the step STB101, the terminal 2020 determines whether or not the movement state of the terminal 2020 satisfies the low-speed movement conditions B2 (step STB102).

0328When the terminal 2020 has determined that the movement state of the terminal 2020 satisfies the low-speed movement conditions B2 in the step STB102, the terminal 2020 averages the latest position P and the located position Pg(n) to calculate the second average position Pb (step STB103). The step STB103 also exemplifies the average position calculation step.

0329The terminal 2020 outputs the second average position (step STB104). The step STB104 also exemplifies the position output step.

0330The terminal 2020 determines whether or not the position ng operation is the final positioning operation in single-shot positioning (step STB105), and stores the second average position Pb in the buffer Buff when the positioning operation is the final positioning operation (step STB106). The step STB106 also exemplifies the position storage step.

0331When the terminal 2020 has determined that the positioning operation is not the final positioning operation in single-shot positioning in the step STB105, the terminal 2020 returns to the step STB1.

0332When the terminal 2020 has determined that the movement state of the terminal 2020 does not satisfy the low-speed movement conditions B2 in the step STB101, the terminal 2020 outputs the present located position Pg(n) (step STB201).

0333The terminal 2020 determines whether or not the position ng operation is the final positioning operation in single-shot positioning (step STB202), and stores the located position Pg(n) in the buffer Buff when the positioning operation is the final positioning operation (step STB203).

0334When the terminal 2020 has determined that the positioning operation is not the final positioning operation in single-shot positioning in the step STB202. the terminal 2020 returns to the step STB1.

0335Since average position Pa is calculated by the above steps in a stationary state, a reliable and accurate position can be output.

0336Since the average position Pb is calculated when the terminal 2020 moves at a low speed, a position corresponding to the movement state can be output in a low-speed movement state.

0337Since the located position Pg(n) is output when the terminal 2020 is not in a stationary state or a low-speed movement state, a position can be output which promptly follows the true position during movement.

0338As described with reference to the step STB102, the terminal 2020 calculates the second average position Pb when the variation in the located positions Pg(n) has fallen within the predetermined range. Therefore, the average position Pb can be calculated after the located position Pg has become stable to ensure reliability.

0339On the other hand, the terminal 2020 calculates the first average position Pa without waiting for the variation in the located positions Pg(n) to fall within the predetermined range. Specifically, since the first average position Pa is averaged with one or more positions P, the first average position Pa is obtained as a reliable position close to the true position without waiting for the variation in the located positions Pg(n) to fall within the predetermined range.

(Program, computer-readable recording medium, and the like)

0340A program for controlling a positioning device may be prov ded which causes a computer to execute the movement state determination step, the average position calculation step, the position output step, the position storage step, and the like of the above-described operation example.

0341A computer-readable recording medium having such a program for controlling a positioning device recorded thereon and the like may also be provided.

0342A program storage medium used to install the program for controlling a positioning device and the like in a computer to allow the program and the like to be executable by the computer may be implemented by a packaging medium such as a flexible disk such as a floppy disk (registered trademark), a compact disc read only memory (CD-ROM), a compact disc-recordable (CD-R), a compact disc-rewritable (CD-RW), or a digital versatile disc (DVD), a semiconductor memory, a magnetic disk, or a magnetooptical disk in which the program is stored temporary or permanently, or the like.

0343The invention is not limited to the above embodiments. The above embodiments may be configured in combination.

0344Although only some embodiments of the invention have been described above in detail, those skilled in the art would readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the embodiments without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of the invention. Accordingly, such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the invention.