Reference oscillator frequency correction system

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of Invention

0001This invention relates to Global Positioning ("GPS") receivers, and in particular to high-sensitivity GPS receivers for use with wireless networks.

2. Related Art

0002The worldwide utilization of wireless devices such as two-way radios, portable televisions, Personal Digital Assistants ("PDAs") cellular telephones (also generally known a "mobile phones" and/or "cell phones"), satellite radio receivers and Global Positioning Systems ("GPS") is growing at a rapid pace. Cellular telephones, including Code Division Multiple Access ("CDMA"), Global System for Mobile Communication ("GSM"), and Personal Communication System ("PCS") devices, have become commonplace in today's society. The use of these and other wireless devices to provide voice, data, and other services, such as Internet access, has provided many conveniences to cellular system users. Additionally, the number of features and applications offered by many wireless devices and wireless service providers is increasingly matching, and in many cases outpacing, the features offered by traditional land-line telephone devices and service providers. Features such as call waiting, call forwarding, caller identification ("caller I.D."), three-way calling, data transmission and others are commonly offered by both land-line and wireless service providers. These features generally operate in a similar manner on both wireless devices and land-line telephones. Additional features and applications such as "free" long distance, Internet access, electronic gaming, built-in cameras, personal data assistants ("PDAs"), and the like make wireless communication devices a popular choice among many consumers.

0003Furthermore, the usage of other wireless communications systems, such as two-way paging, trunked radio, Specialized Mobile Radio ("SMR"), by police, fire, and paramedic departments, has also become common for mobile communications. The explosive growth of wireless communications systems has not stopped there. Emergency response teams use wireless communications to stay in contact with hospitals, fire departments and police departments. Taxicabs, buses, delivery trucks and even tractor trailers use wireless communications to dispatch services, track vehicles and monitor routes. School buses in some communities even use wireless communications to automatically alert parents when they are within a few minutes of a pick-up point. Businesses large and small use wireless communications to deliver services, monitor inventory and manage workforces.

0004GPS systems (also known as Satellite Positioning System "SPS" or Navigation Satellite System) have also become commonplace. In general, GPS systems are typically satellite (also known as "space vehicle" or "SV") based navigation systems. Examples of navigation systems include but are not limited to the United States ("U.S.") Navy Navigation Satellite System ("NNSS") (also know as TRANSIT), LORAN, Shoran, Decca, TACAN, NAVSTAR (an older name for GPS), the Russian counterpart to NAVSTAR known as the Global Navigation Satellite System ("GLONASS") and the future Western European proposed "Galileo" program. As an example, the US NAVSTAR GPS system is described in <nplcit id="ncit0001" npl-type="b"><text>GPS Theory and Practice, Fifth ed., revised edition by Hofmann-Wellenhof, Lichtenegger and Collins, Springer-Verlag Wien New York, 2001</text></nplcit>.

0005Typically, GPS receivers receive radio transmissions from satellite-based radio navigation systems and use those received transmissions to determine the location of the GPS receiver. The nominal GPS operational constellation generally comprises 24 satellites, each of which make a complete orbit of the earth in 12 hours. There are often more than 24 operational satellites as new ones are launched to replace older satellites. The ground track (path followed by the satellite over the ground as the earth rotates beneath it) of each satellite orbit repeats almost exactly, once each day. The orbit altitude is such that the satellites repeat the same track and configuration over any point approximately each 24 hours (4 minutes earlier each day). There are six orbital planes (with nominally four satellites in each), equally spaced (60 degrees apart), and inclined at about fifty-five degrees with respect to the equatorial plane. This constellation provides the user with between five and eight satellites visible from any point on the earth.

0006Generally, each GPS satellite in a GPS satellite-based radio navigation system broadcasts a radio transmission, that contains its location information, and orbit information. More specifically, the information contained in the signal broadcast by the GPS satellite includes time-tagged data bits marking the time of transmission of each of a plurality of subframes at the time they are transmitted by the satellite, a data frame being transmitted every thirty seconds. Three six-second subframes contain orbital and clock data. Satellite Clock corrections as well as precise satellite orbital data sets (ephemeris data parameters) for the transmitting satellite are sent in multiple subframes. Additional subframes transmit different pages of system data. An entire set of twenty-five frames (125 subframes) makes up the complete Navigation Message that is sent over a 12.5 minute period.

0007As an example, each of the orbiting GPS satellites in the United States GPS system contains four highly accurate atomic clocks: two Cesium and two Rubidium. These clocks provide precision timing pulses, which are utilized in generating two unique binary codes (also known as a pseudo random noise "PRN," or pseudo noise "PN" code), that are transmitted from the GPS satellites to Earth. These PN codes identify the specific GPS satellite in the GPS constellation.

0008Each GPS satellite also transmits a set of digitally coded ephemeris data that completely defines the precise orbit of the GPS satellite. The ephemeris data indicates where the GPS satellite is at any given time, and its location may be specified in terms of the GPS satellite ground track in precise latitude and longitude measurements. The information in the ephemeris data is coded and transmitted from the GPS satellite providing an accurate indication of the exact position of the GPS satellite above the earth at any given time. It is appreciated by those skilled in the art that the location of the GPS receiver may be determined by applying the well-known concept of intersection utilizing the determined distances from the GPS receiver to three GPS satellites that have known GPS satellite locations.

0009The GPS receiver produces replicas of a coarse acquisition ("CA") code sequence for a specific satellite with some form of a CA code generator. PRN codes are defined for 32 satellite identification numbers. Some GPS receivers may store a complete set of precomputed CA code chips in locally, but a hardware implementation, such as a shift register, can also be used. The CA code generator produces a different 1023 chip sequence for each phase tap setting. In a hardware implementation, the code chips can be shifted in time, for example by slewing the clock that controls the shift registers. In an implementation where the codes are stored locally, the required code chips are retrieved from memory.

0010The CA code generator repeats the same 1023-chip PRN-code sequence every millisecond. The receiver adjusts the code replica in time until it finds a match, or correction, with the PRN code received from the satellite. Once the codes begin to align, signal power levels begin to be detected. When complete correction is achieved, a spread-spectrum carrier signal is de-spread and full signal power is detected.

0011A phase locked loop ("PLL") that can lock to the signal is used to demodulate a navigation message from the GPS carrier signal. The same loop can be used to measure and track the carrier frequency and any associated Doppler shift. By keeping track of the changes to a numerically controlled oscillator, carrier frequency phase can be tracked and measured as well.

0012The position of the receiver is determined as the point where the pseudo-ranges from a set of GPS satellites intersect, and is found from multiple pseudo-range measurements at a single measurement epoch. The pseudo range measurements are used together with estimates of satellite positions determined by the ephemeris data received from each satellite during the measurement. The ephemerides allows the receiver to compute the satellite positions in three dimensions at the point in time they sent their respective signals. Four satellites can be used to determine three position dimensions and time. Position dimensions are typically computed by the receiver in Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed X; Y; Z ("ECEF XYZ") coordinates.

0013The time measurement is used to correct any offset occurring within the clock in the receiver. Consequently, in most applications, a relatively inexpensive clock can be implemented in the receiver, saving on the cost of the bill of materials for the receiver device. Receiver position can be computed from the determined satellite positions, the measured pseudo-ranges (corrected for clock offsets, latency introduced from ionospheric delays, and relativistic effects), and a receiver position estimate. If a more optimum receiver clock is provided, three satellites can be used to determine three position dimensions. In practice, however, this is rarely achievable, and four satellites are used to compute a three dimensional fix with the user clock error removed, or three satellites are used to compute a two-dimensional, horizontal fix (in latitude and longitude) given an assumed altitude,

0014With the growing widespread use of these technologies, current trends are calling for the incorporation of GPS services into a broad range of electronic devices and systems, including PDAs, cellular telephones, portable computers, radios, satellite radios, trucked radio, SMR, automobiles, two-way pagers and the like. At the same time, electronic device manufacturers constantly strive to reduce costs, enhance performance, augment feature sets, extend battery life, and produce the most cost-attractive product possible for consumers.

0015In cellular telephony, the interest of integrating GPS receivers with cellular telephones stems from a new Federal Communications Commission ("FCC") requirement that cellular telephones be locatable to within 50 meters once an emergency call, such as a "911 " call (also referred to as "Enhanced 911 " or "E911 ") is placed by a given cellular telephone. When emergencies occur, people are accustomed to dialing 9-1-1 (normally referred to as a "911" call) on a land-based (also known as "land-line") telephone via the public switched telephone network ("PSTN"), which contacts an emergency response center that is able to automatically identify the location of the land-based telephone where the call originated.

0016Unfortunately, because wireless devices, such as cellular telephones, are not hard wired into the PSTN and can move about, the emergency response center cannot determine their location as is possible with automatic-number-identification ("ANI") techniques available for use with land-line calls. Furthermore, conventional wireless devices without a position determination capability are unable to automatically determine and communicate their location without a person actively entering or describing their location. In response, the United States Congress, through the FCC, has enacted a requirement that cellular telephones be locatable to within 50 meters once an emergency mobile telephone call, such as an E911 call, is placed by a user on a given cellular telephone. This type of position data would assist police, paramedics, and other law enforcement and public service personnel, as well as other agencies that may need to have legal rights to determine the position of specific cellular telephone. The E911 services, however, operate differently on wireless devices than a 911 call does on land-line telephones.

0017When a 911 call is placed from a land-line telephone, the 911 reception center receives the call and determines the origin of the call. In case the caller fails, or forgets, to identify his or her location, the 911 reception center is able to obtain the location from which the call was made from and send emergency personnel to the location of the call. Thus, even if the caller is unable to give his or her position, emergency personnel can be dispatched to the location from which the call was made.

0018If instead, an E911 call is placed from a wireless device such as a cellular telephone, the E911 reception center receives the call but cannot determine the origin of the call without information provided by the person who made the call. If the caller fails to, forgets to, or simply cannot identify his or her location, the E911 reception center is unable to determine the precise location of the call because the wireless device is only tied to the PSTN at a central location, such as a base-station, for example. At present, the best that the E911 reception center may do is to determine the location of the cell site from which the call was placed. Unfortunately, typical cell sites in a wireless network system may cover an area with approximately a 30-mile diameter. Further refinement of the location may be determinable in a digital network by the power setting of the calling wireless device. But, this still results in an area covering multiple miles. Therefore, emergency personnel cannot be dispatched to the scene without more information.

0019A proposed solution to this problem includes integrating GPS receivers with cellular telephones. An added benefit to this proposed solution is that any position or position-related data produced by an integrated GPS receiver may be utilized by the cellular telephone user for directions, latitude and longitude positions (locations or positions) of other locations or other cellular telephones that the cellular user is trying to locate, determination of relative location of the cellular user to other landmarks, directions for the cellular telephone user via internet maps or other GPS mapping techniques, and the like. Such data may be of use for other than E911 calls, and would be very useful for cellular and PCS subscribers.

0020As an example of the current thrust to integrate GPS receivers with cellular telephony, <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="US5874914A"><text>U.S. Patent Number 5,874,914, issued to Krasner</text></patcit>, describes a method wherein a base station (also known as a base station and/or the Mobile Telephone Switching Office "MTSO") transmits GPS satellite information, including Doppler information, to a remote unit (such as cellular telephone) utilizing a cellular data link, and computing pseudoranges to the in-view GPS satellites without the handset having to receive GPS satellite ephemeris information directly from the satellites. Another patent that concerns assistance between the GPS system and wireless networks is <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="US5365450A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,365,450, issued to Schuchman, et al</text></patcit>.

0021The integration of GPS capabilities with a wireless communication device, however, presents some challenges. For example, due to their mobile nature and because mobile-device designers are striving for smaller packaging as well as longer battery life, wireless communication devices often find themselves in areas where the signal strength of received GPS signals is weaker than desired. As a result, it may be a challenge for the GPS receiver to receive and lock onto the GPS signal received from the GPS satellites. <patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="US2004130484A"><text>US 2004/130 484</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="US2003176204A"><text>US 2003/176204</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0005" dnum="GB2335554A"><text>GB 2 335 554</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0006" dnum="WO03098258A"><text>WO 03/098 258</text></patcit> disclose a system according to the preamble of claim 1.

0022Therefore, there is a need in the art for a GPS receiver that can receive and recognize signals from the GPS constellation in situations where signal strength is weaker than desired. This is achieved by the present invention as defined in claims 1 and 26. Further advantageous features are defined in the sub-claims.

SUMMARY

0023A receiver reference oscillator frequency correction system and method is described that provides a receiver with a greater ability to lock onto relatively weak radio frequency signals. More particularly, the present invention is directed toward a system and method for determining and estimating an amount of frequency error in a local frequency reference of a receiver, and using the error estimate to create or maintain improved frequency coherence with a received signal.

0024The invention may be implemented with receivers in various systems including position determination systems, and is particularly well suited to an environment wherein a wireless communication device is combined with a position determination system, such as, for example, in an Aided Location Communication Device. Various examples of implementations are described that provide tracking of the rate of change of a frequency error Δ<i>f</i> of the frequency reference used by the wireless device (e.g., the ALCD), using the rate of change (and, optionally at times, higher order derivatives) to estimate the frequency error Δ<i>f</i> of the frequency reference at a future point in time, and using the estimation of frequency error Δ<i>f</i> of the frequency reference at a future point in time to maintain frequency coherence while receiving a position signal (e.g., a GPS signal). Determining and estimating frequency changes over time and adjusting the local frequency source appropriately allows tracking over a longer period of time, enabling longer integration times to capture weaker signals without losing frequency coherence. Adjustment of the local frequency source may be achieved, for example, by hardware, software or hybrid techniques.

0025The above described process may be accomplished by obtaining estimates of an actual frequency error of a local reference frequency oscillator, using these estimates to predict estimates of a frequency error of the reference frequency oscillator in the future, and using these estimate predictions to allow the GPS receiver to track the phase of an incoming GPS signal. As a result, longer integration times are possible as the receiver does not loose coherence with the incoming signal. As a result of allowing longer integration times, the receiver has a greater ability to acquire weak signals. The estimates of frequency error may be obtained using a radio frequency signal received by the communications portion of an ALCD, for example, the received signal of a cellular telephone. Alternatively, estimates of frequency error may be obtained using metrics that may indicate a drift in the reference frequency such as, for example the temperature in which the reference frequency oscillator is operating, which may vary over time.

0026A filtering system may be utilized with the present invention to provide a frequency estimate having the best (or at least better) noise characteristics of both radio and GPS receive signals and the original reference source. In one example of an implementation, the filtering system may be an adaptive filter, capable of adapting its characteristics based on the input signals it receives.

0027Application of the frequency coherence system and method may compensate for frequency variations in the reference oscillator frequency as a result of various factors. For example, where the output frequency of the reference oscillator varies as a result of temperature variations, the system and method of the present invention may predict these variations and adjust the reference frequency accordingly.

0028Thus, as a further advantage of the invention, if the reference frequency used -to get a lock on the GPS satellite signal is off by a certain amount, which is referred to as frequency error, the invention determines the frequency error and its drift rate, and uses this characterization data to allow integration of the incoming GPS signal to occur over a longer period of time while maintaining coherence with the incoming signal. As a result, this increases the effective sensitivity of the GPS receiver, allowing detection and measurement of lower signal levels than may otherwise be detected with conventional systems.

0029The present invention may be implemented in an example of an implementation that provides higher order characterization data to be determined such as, for example, phase jerk. Utilizing these higher-order characterization data allow the receiver to inject an improved drift rate correction factor into the correction algorithm during an interval of processing time. This characterization data, including the higher-order characterization data, can be projected in time to allow application to a future processing interval. Additionally, measurements of varying measurement quality and varying sampling intervals can be combined.

0030Other systems, methods, features and advantages of the invention will be or will become apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following figures and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features and advantages be included within this description, be within the scope of the invention, and be protected by the accompanying claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0031The invention can be better understood with reference to the following figures. The components in the figures are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. In the figures, like reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the different views.

0032<figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref> illustrates an example of an implementation of an Aided Location Communication System ("ALCS") using an Aided Location Communication Device ("ALCD") having a GPS receiver located within the ALCD.

0033<figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref> is a block diagram of an example of an implementation of the ALCD shown in <figref idref="f0001">FIG.1</figref>.

0034<figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref> illustrates an example of an implementation of an architecture for the ALCS shown in <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>.

0035<figref idref="f0004">FIG. 4</figref> illustrates another example of an implementation of an architecture for the ALCS shown in <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>.

0036<figref idref="f0005">FIG. 5</figref> illustrates yet another example of an implementation of an architecture for the ALCS shown in <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>.

0037<figref idref="f0006">FIG. 6</figref> is a functional block diagram illustrating the functionality of the frequency oscillator phase correction system in accordance with one example of an implementation of the invention.

0038<figref idref="f0007">FIG. 7</figref> is an operational flow diagram illustrating the operation of the frequency oscillator phase correction system in accordance with one example of an implementation of the invention.

0039<figref idref="f0008">FIG. 8</figref> is an operational flow diagram illustrating a process for estimating a value for the frequency acceleration at a future point in time according to one example of an implementation of the invention.

0040<figref idref="f0009">FIG. 9</figref> is a functional block diagram illustrating the functionality of a frequency oscillator phase correction system in an example environment of a simple ALCD.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

0041In the following description of the preferred and various alternative embodiments, reference is made to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration a specific embodiment in which the invention may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention.

0042The invention is described with reference to various functional block diagrams, which illustrate possible applications of and embodiments of the invention from a functional perspective. These functional block diagrams should not be interpreted to imply or otherwise require a particular physical architecture in accordance with the partitioning of the functionality depicted therein. Instead, it will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that various alternative physical architectures (whether hardware, software or a combination thereof) can be used to implement the described functionality. For example, the invention can be implemented using various hardware and software components, including, for example, using a semiconductor integrated circuit (e.g., a chip) or a combination of semiconductor integrated circuits (e.g., a chipset or multi-chip module), or in associated circuitry, or in the software, firmware, protocol stacks, libraries, algorithms or other processes operating thereon (or in any configuration of one or more of the foregoing). The chip or chipset implementation, may include an integrated circuit, including, for example, any of the following alone or in combination: an application specific integrated circuit, or ASIC, a digital signal processor ("DSP"), or another general-purpose or specific-purpose processor, and associated circuitry (e.g., memory, co-processors, busses, etc.).

OVERVIEW

0043The present invention is directed toward a system and method for determining and estimating an amount of frequency error in a local frequency reference of a receiver in a position determination system, and using the error estimate to correct the local reference frequency signal and thereby maintain frequency coherence with a received signal. While the invention is described herein in terms of various example applications, which include, for example, a GPS receiver integrated with a cellular telephone in an ALCD, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the system and method of the present invention can be implemented with any wireless communication device where it may be desirable to maintain coherence of a reference frequency signal.

0044It is also appreciated by those skilled in the art that position-determination, or navigation, systems can include GPS systems as well as other Satellite Positioning Systems "SPS" and/or Navigation Satellite Systems. In general, such navigation systems can typically be satellite-based (also known as "space vehicle" or "SV") navigation systems. Examples of some navigation systems include, but are not limited to, GPS, the United States ("U.S.") Navy Navigation Satellite System ("NNSS") (also know as TRANSIT), LORAN, Shoran, Decca, TACAN, NAVSTAR (the prior name for GPS), the Russian counterpart known as the Global Navigation Satellite System ("GLONASS") and the future Western-European proposed "Galileo" program. As an example, a position determination system is described in <nplcit id="ncit0002" npl-type="b"><text>GPS Theory and Practice, Fifth ed., revised edition by Hofmann-Wellenhof, Lichtenegger and Collins, Springer-Verlag Wien New York, 2001</text></nplcit>.

0045When integrating GPS system (or other position-determination system) components with wireless communications systems (that may include, for example, cellular, paging, two-way paging, Personal Data Assistant "PDA", Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and PCS systems), it is desirable for the GPS system to have the capability to acquire and track the GPS satellites under conditions that a typical wireless communications system user may encounter with his or her wireless communications device. Some of these conditions may include indoor use, and use in dense urban areas that have limited sky view (such as in downtown areas with skyscrapers blocking satellite views, etc.). Although these conditions are typically somewhat manageable for terrestrial-based wireless communications systems, they are often times more difficult environments for GPS systems. For example, in a traditional "GPS-standalone" mode where a GPS receiver acquires the signals from the GPS satellites, tracks the satellites, and, if desired, performs navigation without any outside information being delivered to the GPS system, typical GPS receivers in these conditions may experience problems with long Time-To-First-Fix ("TTFF") times, and, further, have limited ability to acquire the GPS satellite signals under indoor or limited sky-view conditions.

0046Even with some additional information, TTFF times may be over thirty seconds because ephemeris data must be acquired from the GPS system itself, which typically requires a strong GPS signal to acquire ephemeris data reliably. These conditions usually impact the reliability of the position availability, as well as the power consumption within wireless communication devices such as, for example, cellular telephones. Even more troubling with conventional GPS receivers in these conditions, is the inability to acquire the GPS satellite signals at all due to weak signal strengths associated with these conditions. When weaker signal strengths are encountered, the GPS receiver typically is required to integrate the received signal over longer periods of time to acquire a solid fix on the signal. Unfortunately, as the integration period progresses, the center frequency of the signal may drift, causing the receiver to loose coherence with the signal before a fix can be established. Consequently, in these conditions the GPS receiver is unable to obtain a fix on the GPS satellite signal for these weaker-strength signals.

0047To describe this phenomenon in greater detail, the time code data from the GPS satellite is modulated onto a sinusoidal carrier with a center frequency of <i>f_c</i> Hz to allow transmission from the satellite to the receiver. This modulation is accomplished by multiplying the data signal and the sinusoidal carrier signal together. This multiplication is a frequency conversion process that shifts, or upconverts, the data in frequency so that the spectrum is centered around the carrier frequency of <i>f_c</i> Hz. The signal is then transmitted over the communications channel (the atmosphere in the case of GPS) at this frequency.

0048The frequency-conversion, or upconversion, process is reversed at the GPS receiver in order to bring the data signal back down to baseband. Ideally this step can be accomplished by multiplying the received data signal by a locally generated sinusoid whose frequency is also <i>f_c</i> Hz and whose phase is identical to that of the carrier signal used at the transmitter. This desired signal is centered at DC since the difference of the identical frequencies is 0 Hz. Thus, this process of multiplying the received signal by a locally generated sinusoid of the same frequency as the transmitter's carrier sinusoid, and subsequently low-pass filtering the signal accomplishes the task of bringing the signal back down to baseband. The locally generated sinusoid is typically created by a local reference frequency oscillator in the GPS receiver. In the case of an aided location communications device (ALCD) the local reference frequency oscillator can be that used for the communication portion of the ALCD (e.g., the local oscillator of a cellular telephone).

0049Unfortunately, in real-world applications, the locally generated sinusoidal signal will have both an unknown phase offset and an unknown frequency offset from the transmitter's carrier signal. These offsets can result from conditions such as oscillator drift due to temperature and time, or the inability of a low-cost oscillator to keep accurate time.

0050For example, the frequency of the local oscillator <i>f</i>_LO at the receiver can be described by the expression <i>f</i>_LO= <i>f</i>_C + Δ<i>f</i>, where <i>f</i>_C is the desired center frequency, and Δ<i>f</i> represents the amount of frequency offset, or frequency error, present at the receiver's local oscillator. Because the local oscillator running at a frequency of <i>f</i>_C + Δ<i>f</i> Hz is typically an analog component, one way to remove the residual frequency offset of Δ<i>f</i> Hz is to multiply the signal by another sinusoid with a frequency of Δ<i>f</i> Hz. A multiplier may be used to remove this offset and put the signal back to baseband, which is referred to as a derotator. A derotator can be implemented using the DSP or other hardware of the device, or using software or a hardware/software combination. Another simple method for removing the frequency error offset is to provide appropriate feedback to the reference frequency oscillator (or its associated functionality, such as, for example, a PLL) to adjust its output frequency back to the center frequency <i>f</i>_C. Therefore, it is useful to determine the amount of frequency error Δ<i>f</i> in the reference oscillator's signal to understand the amount of adjustment necessary.

0051In some receivers, the final IF is in the form of a digital signal, and the final de-rotation can be accomplished using digital circuitry. A digital numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) can be used to generate digital complex phasor values having an opposite instantaneous phase relative to the estimated instantaneous received signal phase. The complex valued digital LO sample stream can be multiplied by the digital complex received sample stream in a complex multipler, resulting in a complex baseband value stream. If the de-rotation is done correctly and the digital LO is locked, the resulting sample stream may be a real number, with the imaginary part zero.

0052To address these challenges, various examples of implementations of a frequency correction system and method are described that provide tracking of the rate of change of a frequency error Δ<i>f</i> of the frequency source used by the receiver. The system and method determine the rate of change (and, optionally at times, higher order derivatives) to estimate the frequency error Δ<i>f</i> at a future point in time, or to remove excess noise from a current-time estimate of frequency, and use the estimation of frequency error Δ<i>f</i> to maintain frequency coherence while receiving a GPS signal. Determining and estimating frequency changes over time and adjusting the local frequency source appropriately allows tracking over a longer period of time, enabling longer integration times to capture weaker signals without losing frequency coherence.

0053The example of implementations described herein are suitable for use in various receiver systems, and are described herein in terms of example applications with GPS systems, and ALCD applications. Because the communication portion of the ALCD may typically have a frequency reference (whether internally or externally) utilized by the position determination portion of the ALCD, in these applications the present invention utilizes that frequency reference in performing its measurements. Alternatively the present invention may be implemented in a communication system having its own dedicated frequency reference. In such an example of implementation, a frequency counter or other functionality for measuring the frequency ratio or difference between the frequency reference and the transmitter's frequency can be utilized.

A TYPICAL GPS ARCHITECTURE

0054<figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref> is a functional block diagram illustrating an example implementation of an Aided Location Communication System ("ALCS") 100 utilizing an example ALCD 102 having a communication section (not shown) and a GPS receiver (not shown) located within the position-determination section (not shown) of the ALCD 102. As illustrated in <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>, during operation, the ALCD 102 is in signal-communication with a wireless network 104 via a base station 106 and wireless transmission path 108, and is also in signal-communication with at least one GPS satellite of the GPS satellite constellation 110 via signal communication paths 112, 114, 116 and 118. It is appreciated by those skilled in the art that while only four GPS satellites 120, 122, 124 and 126 are shown, the GPS satellites 120, 122, 124 and 126 may be any number of GPS satellites from the GPS constellation 110 that are visible to ALCD 102.

0055The ALCD 102 may include both a GPS receiver (not shown) in a position-determination section (not shown) and a wireless processing section (not shown), also known as a "call processing" section, in a communication section (not shown). The GPS receiver within the ALCD 102 may receive GPS signals from the GPS satellite constellation 110 via signal communication paths 112, 114, 116 and 118 and the communication section of the ALCD 102 may receive wireless communication signals from the wireless network 104 via signal communication path 108 and base station 106. In some implementations, the ALCD 102 may also send wireless communication signals to the wireless network 104 via signal communication path 108 and base station 106.

0056The ALCD 102 may be a wireless device such as a cellular telephone (also known as a mobile station (MS), wireless handset, cell phone, mobile telephone or mobile phone) or any other type of mobile device, including, but not limited to, personal digital assistants ("PDAs"), pagers, computers and computer equipment, two-way radios, trunked radios, specialized mobile radios ("SMR") or any other device for which it is desirable to determine location information. The ALCD 102 may also be a semiconductor integrated circuit (i.e., a chip) located within the wireless device or a combination of semiconductor integrated circuits (e.g., a chipset - or multi-chip module) located within the wireless device, or the algorithms or processes operating thereon. Examples of the chip or chipset, may include any integrated circuit having a GPS receiver and a transceiver which may include application specific integrated circuit ("ASIC") or ASICs and a processing capability or processor such as, for example, a digital signal processor ("DSP") or DSPs. In the case of a cellular telephone, the ALCD 102 may utilize a cellular transceiver in the communication section that operates at any radio frequency ("RF") band utilizing any transmission schemes including but not limited to CDMA, CDMA-2000, W-CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, GSM, UMTS, AMPS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and/or any combination or extension of these transmission schemes or similar schemes.

0057Base station 106 can be utilized to provide the air interface between ALCD 102 and other communication devices, including, for example, other ALCDs 102, other and traditional wired or land-line type telephones. Base stations 106 thus form the wireless link with the ALCDs 102 at one end as well as interfacing to the wired network infrastructure at the other. For example, with cellular communication systems, there are multiple base stations located throughout a given service area, each base station 106 serving its immediate surrounding area, which is referred to as a cell. When a user places a call, his or her ALCD 102 communicates with a nearby base station 106, which then relays the call via wireless network 104 to a central switching office and then to the conventional land line telephone network, such as the PSTN. Wireless network 104 may comprise a communication network implemented to serve wireless communications devices such as ALCD 102 or may comprise a conventional land-based network such as the PSTN, or may include a combination thereof.

0058<figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref> is a block diagram of an example of an implementation of the ALCD 102 shown in <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>. The example ALCD 102 illustrated in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref>, includes both a communication section 200 and a position-determination section 202. The wireless communication section 200 may include a call processing ("CP") section (not shown) that performs the processing functions for the wireless applications and may include a wireless transceiver. For example, in the case of a cellular telephone, the ALCD 102 would include a CP section with a cellular transceiver.

0059The position-determination section 202 includes a GPS receiver 204 for receiving satellite transmissions 206 from a GPS satellite constellation 110. The position-determination section 202 may also include a non-GPS receiver capable or receiving non-GPS location aiding information as described below. The position-determination section 202 performs the position computation functions for the ALCD 102. By integrating the technology of the communication section 200 with that of the position-determination section 202, the ALCD 102 provides two major service systems: that of a wireless device, such as cellular telephone service, and that of the GPS receiver to provide location information of the ALCD 102. It is appreciated by those skilled in the art that this integration provides for numerous advantages including meeting the E911 requirements as set forth by the Federal Communication Commission ("FCC").

0060Communication section 200 and position determination section 202 can be implemented using separate chips or chipsets, or, alternatively, their functionality can be combined on a common chip or chipset. For example, in the illustrated example of an implementation, algorithms, circuitry and other intellectual property ("IP") performing the GPS functionality may be integrated to run on or operate with the digital signal processor (DSP) of Communication section 200 and associated chips or circuitry, if any.

0061Within the ALCD 102, or, alternatively, between ALCD 102 and an external accessory (not shown) to ALCD 102, communications between the communication section 200 and position-determination section 202 take place. These communications allow signals to be transferred from the communication section 200 to the position-determination section 202, and can take place on a serial or parallel communications link 208 or via hardware lines 210, but other connections or interfaces may be used if desired. Communications link 208 can communicate data in the form of one or more software 'words' if desired. Such words are used to furnish information to a processor or other functionality that has the ability to "read" the communicated word or words. Hardware lines 210, if utilized, can transmit signals, such as a voltage or current level, which signals are used to indicate the property to be communicated.

0062As would be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art after reading this description, in examples of implementations where Communication section 200 and position determination section 202 are implemented on a common chip or chipset, communication between the two "sections" is not necessarily accomplished via a link, as the two sections are not necessarily physically separate. In such examples of implementations, communications may be accomplished, for example, by sharing data in registers accessed by the DSP, communicating over a common bus, or via other intra-chip or intra-chipset means. As further examples, the communication between sections may be made by inter-task communication, and certain data transfers, such as any time or frequency transfers between the communication section 200 and the position-determination section 202.

EXAMPLE APPLICATIONS

0063Before describing the present invention in further detail, it is useful to describe several example applications in which the invention may be implemented. The example applications described herein can either allow the ALCD to determine its position from signals it receives directly from the GPS satellites themselves. Alternatively, these architectures also allow the ALCD to utilize a communication link with the base station to obtain position information from the base station in situations where the GPS signal strength may be to weak for the ALCD to make such a determination on its own.

0064In <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref>, an example of an implementation of an ALCS 300 architecture is shown. The ALCS 300 architecture in this example of an implementation utilizes GPS technology in support of various implementations of the ALCD 302 for the implementation of E911 and geolocation services. By taking advantage of low cost, low power, high performance and high accuracy GPS receivers and the wireless network communication services, the ALCS 300 can provide highly reliable and economical solutions to the ALCD 302. The ALCS 300 can be implemented to support various types of geolocation services including a GPS-standalone mode, a GPS-autonomous mode, a GPS-network-aided mode, a GPS-network-centric mode, a reverse-aiding mode, a network-based and an augmented-aiding mode. The ALCS 300 can also accommodate a wide range of wireless communication technologies including, for example, CDMA, TDMA, AMP, and even pager systems.

0065In <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref>, an example of an implementation of the ALCS system 300 may include a GPS satellite 304 (which is illustrative of the constellation of GPS satellites 304 that are in Earth's orbit), the ALCD 302 that includes a GPS receiver, a base station 306, a geolocation (server) service center 308, a geolocation end application 310, and a Public Safety Answering Point ("PSAP") 312.

0066In an example of operation, the GPS satellite 304 transmits spread spectrum signals 314 that are received at the ALCD 302 and the geolocation server 308. For ease of illustrative purposes, a single GPS satellite 304 is illustrated in <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref>. However, other GPS satellites also are transmitting signals that can be received by the ALCD 302 and the geolocation server 308, depending on their respective positions. If the ALCD 302 receives strong enough signals 314 from one or more GPS satellites 304, the GPS receiver in the ALCD 302 may compute the position of the ALCD 302 in a typical fashion of a conventional GPS system, or through use of the present invention where signals 314 are not strong enough to be received by a conventional GPS receiver.

0067Alternatively, in some examples of implementations, if the ALCD 302 is not able to receive strong enough signals 314, or is not able to receive signals 314 from enough GPS satellites 304 to autonomously compute the position of the ALCD 302, it may still be able to communicate with base station 306 via signal path 316. In this example, the base station 306 may communicate information, via signals 316, to the ALCD 302 to allow the ALCD 302 to compute its location. Alternatively, the base station 306 may communicate information from the ALCD 302 to the geolocation server 308 to allow the geolocation server 308 to compute the position of the ALCD 302. If the base station 306 is transferring information to the ALCD 302 to allow the ALCD 302 to compute its position, the process is known as "wireless-aided GPS," whereas when the base station 306 transfers information from the ALCD 302 to the geolocation server 308 for the geolocation server 308 to compute the position of the ALCD 302, it is known as "network-centric GPS."

0068The geolocation service center (i.e., the geolocation server) 308 also communicates with the geolocation application 310, via signals 318, and with PSAP 312 via signals 320. These signals 318 and 320 may either be via wireless links or may be through the land-line telephone network or other wire-based networks.

0069The ALCS 300 may include two major service systems that include the ALCD 302 with the GPS receiver and the geolocation server 308 having geolocation software modules. In addition, in this example of implementation, there can be two types of supporting systems: the base station ("BS") 306 infrastructure, which provides the network information transfer mechanism, and the PSAP 312 or the geolocation end application 310 system, which may initiate the geolocation network services.

0070The ALCD 302 may include a typical communication section that performs the CP functions, and a position-determination section for position computation, pseudorange measurement, and other GPS functions performed at the ALCD 302. A serial communication link, or other communications link, performs the communications between the communication section and the position-determination section and a collection of hardware lines may be utilized to transmit signals between the two sections.

0071<figref idref="f0004">FIG. 4</figref> illustrates another example of an implementation of an end-to-end system of an example ALCS 400 with which the present invention can be implemented. The ALCS 400 illustrated in <figref idref="f0004">FIG. 4</figref> shows the ALCD 402 receiving GPS signals 404 from GPS satellite constellation 406. The ALCD 402 includes a position-determination section 408 having a GPS receiver client (not shown) and communication section 410 having a CP section (not shown), connected by, for example, an RS232 data link 412. The communication section 410 communicates with base station 414, which communicates with a main server 416 via the cellular and/or cellular/land-based telephone network 415. The main server 416 communicates with the geolocation server 418 and the application 420 via land-based or wireless networks, typically using TCP/IP protocols.

0072The GPS signals 404 can also be received by a series of reference receivers 422 that compute the position of the reference receivers 422 and extract data from the GPS signals 404. The extracted data such as time, Doppler, frequency, etc. is sent to a GPS data center 424, for all of the GPS satellites in the GPS constellation 406. When needed, the geolocation server 418 extracts data from the GPS data center 424 for use by the ALCD 402, and transmits the data to the ALCD 402 or the application 420. The main server 416 may also interface to the PSAP 426 if desired, and the main server 416 and the geolocation server 418 may be co-located if desired or necessary.

0073<figref idref="f0005">FIG. 5</figref> illustrates another example of an application for an ALCS. Referring now to <figref idref="f0005">FIG. 5</figref>, an ALCS 500 is configured to receive GPS signals 502 from GPS constellation 504. The ALCD 506 may include position-determination section 508 having a GPS receiver, also called the client, a server 510, and a CP section 512. The server 510 and CP 512 may be included in the communication section 514. In the ALCS 500, server 510 is usually known as a "thin server," since it will not have the same capabilities of server (i.e., the communication section 410) described in <figref idref="f0004">FIG. 4</figref>. The ALCS 500 utilizes GPS reference receiver 516 to also receive signals 502 from GPS constellation 504, and stores the GPS data in data center 518. This information is transmitted to main server 520 when requested by application 522, or by the ALCD 506, which uses server 510 to transmit the data back and forth between the CP section 512 and client 508. The ALCS 500 allows for some aiding data, such as ephemeris, to be stored in the ALCD 506 at the server 510 and then provided to the client 508 on demand.

0074As would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art after reading this description, the present invention may be implemented with other wireless systems or wireless communication devices. Depending on a number of factors including the wireless network being used such as cellular, PCS, two-way paging, Specialized Mobile Radio ("SMR"), Short Messaging Service ("SMS"), etc. the physical implementation of the ALCS may vary from that shown in <figref idref="f0003">FIGs. 3</figref>, <figref idref="f0004">4</figref> and <figref idref="f0005">5</figref>. <figref idref="f0003">FIGs. 3</figref>, <figref idref="f0004">4</figref> and <figref idref="f0005">5</figref> are provided for illustrative purposes only, and are not meant to limit the application of the present invention to the applications described therein. As discussed, the example applications described in <figref idref="f0003">FIGs. 3</figref>, <figref idref="f0004">4</figref> and <figref idref="f0005">5</figref> can allow the ALCD to determine its position from signals it receives directly from the GPS satellites themselves, or via a communication link with the base station in situations where the GPS signal strength may be to weak for the ALCD to make such a determination on its own. Because the present invention allows the ALCD to determine its position from signals it receives directly from the GPS satellites themselves in situations where the signal strength is weaker than otherwise desired, in these examples of implementations, reliance on the communication link with the base station for position determination can be minimized or even eliminated. As such, the invention may, in some examples of implementations, allow an ALCS to be implemented without the link via the base station for GPS data. Further, the present invention may be utilized with hardwired systems such as the landline telephone system, local area networks, etc., without departing from the scope of the present invention.

REFERENCE OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY CORRECTION

0075Having introduced the invention and presented a few examples of applications, it is useful to now discuss the present invention in greater detail. The present invention is directed toward a system and method for allowing improved Time to First Fix (TTFF) and Availability with reduced errors from a reference oscillator, thereby allowing a reference oscillator of lower cost and quality to be used with little or no reduction in performance of the GPS receiver function. In one example of an implementation, this is accomplished by obtaining estimates of a frequency error of a local reference frequency oscillator, using these estimates to predict frequency error in the future, and using such predictions to allow the GPS receiver to track the phase of an incoming GPS signal. As a result, longer integration times are possible as the receiver can better maintain coherence with the incoming signal and, therefore, the receiver has a greater ability to acquire weak signals. The estimates of frequency error can be obtained using a radio received signal to obtain frequency error measurements that have some favorable statistical noise characteristics as compared to those estimates available within the GPS receiver portion. Alternatively, estimates of frequency error can be obtained using measurements or data that may indicate a drift in the reference frequency. For example, a temperature sensor may be used to estimate a temperature-induced offset based on the ambient temperature of the device.

0076A filtering system can be utilized with the present invention to provide a net frequency estimate having the best (or at least better) noise characteristics of both radio and GPS receive signals and the original reference source. In one example of an implementation, the filtering system is an adaptive filter, capable of "self' adjustment in that it can adapt its characteristics based on the input signals it receives. As a result, the adaptive filter can be advantageous as its filter characteristics can change in response to varying signal conditions.

0077In application, the invention can be utilized to reduce, or at least compensate for, the effects of temperature or other factors that may induce variations of the reference oscillator frequency. For example, consider an application where the GPS receiver is integrated with the functionality of a cellular or other mobile telephone. When the cellular telephone user wishes to make an emergency 911 call, it is possible that his or her cellular telephone was previously powered off, perhaps to prolong battery life or for other reasons. When the cellular telephone user wishes to make the emergency 911 call, he or she must first power on the cellular telephone, and thus apply power to the telephones circuitry, including the transmitter. The transmit process, and powering on the componentry in general, generates some heat, which builds up inside the cellular telephone. This causes the temperature of the reference oscillator to ramp up, which, in turn, causes the reference frequency to accelerate. As a result, the reference frequency used to get a lock on the GPS satellite signal is off by a certain amount, which is referred to as frequency error. Additionally, this frequency error can change over time, for example, as temperature increases or decreases or as other factors change. This frequency error makes it more difficult for the GPS receiver to get a position fix in a timely manner.

0078The invention determines the frequency error and its drift rate, which can be discussed in terms of a phase acceleration (or deceleration), and uses this characterization data to allow integration of the incoming GPS signal to occur over a longer period of time while maintaining coherence with the incoming signal. As a result, this effectively provides a higher sensitivity GPS receiver, allowing detection and measurement of lower signal levels to be achieved.

0079The inclusion of the filtering process allows higher order characterization data to be determined such as, for example, phase acceleration and phase jerk (i.e., rapid acceleration changes). Utilizing these higher-order characterization data allow the receiver to inject a drift rate correction factor into the correction algorithm during an interval of processing time. In one example of an implementation, the characterization data, including the higher-order characterization data can be projected in time to allow application of such a correction factor to a future processing interval. Additionally, in one example of an implementation, the filtering system can also provide the ability to combine (preferably optimally) measurements of varying measurement quality and varying sampling intervals. Such higher-order characteristics may be utilized in either a hardware or software implementation.

0080<figref idref="f0006">FIG. 6</figref> is a functional block diagram illustrating the functionality of the frequency oscillator phase correction system in accordance with one example of an implementation of the invention. Referring now to <figref idref="f0006">FIG. 6</figref>, in the illustrated example of an implementation, a frequency oscillator phase correction system 614 includes a frequency error block 630 and a frequency and time control block 634. Frequency error block 630 and frequency and time control block 634 are implemented to determine frequency characteristics of a frequency reference signal 678 provided to the GPS receiver, usually by a local frequency reference source 624. The frequency characteristics can then be applied by the GPS receiver, for example in an ALCD, to reduce or compensate for the effects of temperature or other factors that may cause variations in the reference oscillator frequency.

0081<figref idref="f0007">FIG. 7</figref> is an operational flow diagram illustrating the operation of the frequency oscillator phase correction system in accordance with one example of an implementation of the invention. Referring now to <figref idref="f0006">FIGs. 6</figref> and <figref idref="f0007">7</figref>, in a step 704, frequency error block 630 determines information about the frequency reference signal 678 to be used by a position determination system for receiving GPS signals. This information can include, for example, an estimate of the frequency error of frequency reference signal 678 at a given time. The estimate of the frequency error of frequency reference signal 678 can be determined by receiving this information from a separate or external source (e.g., external to frequency error block 630) or by computing this information, wherein the computation is performed in part or in whole by frequency error block 630. Computations, whether internal or external to frequency error block 630, can be made through various means, including, for example, utilizing a temperature sensor to estimate frequency error based on the measured ambient temperature in which the device is operating.

0082In another example of an implementation, the estimate of frequency error may be obtained from the communications portion of the ALCD in which the position determination system is operating. In this example of an implementation, for example, a phase-locked loop, automatic frequency control circuitry, or other technology may be operating in a cellular telephone portion of the ALCD to determine the difference between the received cellular communication signal and the frequency reference signal 678.

0083Information about frequency reference signal 678 can also include information regarding the signal quality of a signal received by the ALCD. For example, where the ALCD is a cellular telephone or like device, this additional information can include a measure of the signal quality of the received communication signal of the ALCD. Frequency error block 630 can be tuned based on the expected noise in the frequency estimates, which is a function of the signal quality received by the ALCD - (e.g., the cellular telephone's signal quality).

0084In one example of an implementation, estimates of frequency are received by or determined by frequency error block 630 at periodic intervals, such as, for example, every 45 milliseconds, although other time intervals may be used. A received frequency estimate is compared to the previous estimate, and a difference measurement is taken. The difference measurement is used to make an estimate of the phase acceleration of the frequency error.

0085In a step 708, frequency error block 630 uses the information obtained regarding error in frequency reference signal 678 to determine appropriate frequency characteristics 674 that will be used to correlate the position determination system with received GPS signals. In one example of an implementation, frequency error block 630 is implemented as an adaptive filter, although other implementations are possible. More particularly, in one example of an implementation, frequency error block 630 is implemented as a two-state Kalman filter, which can track phase acceleration and phase jerk over time. Current filtered estimates of phase acceleration and phase jerk can then be used by the Kalman filter to predict phase acceleration at times in the future.

0086Utilizing the Kalman filter or other alternative functionality, the frequency characteristics that are determined in step 708 can include, for example, characteristics such as frequency error (i.e., error expressed in parts-per-billion or other units), the rate of change of the frequency error (i.e., error parts-per-billion/second). Additionally, to allow the system to maintain better coherence during signal acquisition, it may also be desirable to obtain higher order frequency characteristics such as frequency acceleration (i.e., error parts-per-billion/second²) and frequency jerk (i.e., the rate of change of acceleration, or error parts-per-billion/second³).

0087Frequency error block 630 can also be utilized to provide filtering of the input that comes from the communications portion of the ALCD. This may be desirable in certain applications such as, for example, cellular telephones where the baseband processing operates at a relatively high bandwidth (higher than the GPS receiver system) of a few hundred hertz. In such applications, frequency error block 630 can be used to filter broadband noise from the incoming signal. Although illustrated as a separate block, the functionality of frequency error block 630 may alternatively be combined into existing filters in the GPS receiver of the ALCD. As an additional alternative, the functionality of frequency error block 630 may be combined into the processing functions of the ALCD (e.g., the cellular telephone's DSP).

0088In a step 712, given the frequency characteristics determined in step 708, the frequency error is projected into the future. Such projections can be made via various algorithms operating within (or even outside of) frequency oscillator phase correction system 614. However, in one example of an implementation, the projections are made using frequency error block 630, which, as stated, in this example of an implementation is implemented as a Kalman filter or the like. A Kalman filter, commonly known in various signal processing applications, operates using a set of mathematical algorithms to provide a computational set of algorithms for estimating the state of a process, often in a way that minimizes the mean of the squared error. The Kalman filter can provide estimations of past, present, and even future states. In operation, the Kalman filter estimates a process by using a form of feedback control. More particularly, the filter estimates the process state at a given point in time and then obtains feedback from measurements taken and uses this feedback in the estimation process. As a result, the Kalman filter can typically operate in two modes: the time update mode and the measurement update mode. The time update mode utilizes time update algorithms that are capable of projecting the current state and error covariance estimates forward in time to obtain an a priori estimate for a next time step. The measurement update mode utilizes measurement update algorithms that are capable of utilizing the feedback measurements and incorporating a given measurement into the a priori estimate to obtain an improved a posteriori estimate. Therefore, the time update algorithms can be referred to as predictor algorithms, while the measurement update algorithms can be thought of as corrector algorithms.

0089In operation, the Kalman filter typically operates in a cyclical manner. The time update algorithms are used to estimate the process that is going to occur at a future time, and the measurement update algorithms measure the actual performance and adjust the projected estimates as a result of the actual measurement. As a result of this iterative process, prediction estimates can generally be obtained more accurately than would otherwise be obtained without the feedback loop.

0090With the frequency characteristics of reference signal determined, in a step 718, the measurements and predictions determined in step 712 can now be used to allow the GPS receiver to adjust the operating frequency of its local oscillator on an ongoing basis (either continuously or at intervals) to obtain better phase coherence with the GPS signals. In the illustrated example of an implementation, this can be accomplished with frequency and time control block 634 or in other blocks within the ALCD. For example, in another example of an implementation, the frequency characteristics are stored in one or more registers or other locations and utilized by a processor (such as, for example, a DSP of a cellular telephone or other ALCD) to perform the frequency projections and provide an indication to the receiver of the frequency adjustment.

0091<figref idref="f0008">Fig. 8</figref> is an operational flow diagram illustrating a process for estimating a value for the frequency acceleration at a future point in time according to one example of an implementation of the invention. Referring now to <figref idref="f0008">FIG. 8</figref>, in a step 802, the system receives a measurement or estimate of the fractional frequency error, Δ<i>f</i>/f₀. Preferably, the measurement of the fractional frequency error, Δ<i>f</i>/<i>f</i>₀ is received at given time intervals, <i>i.e.</i>, once every Δ<i>t</i> seconds. However, in practice, the uncertainty associated with a given measurement may actually be much larger than the error of the difference of subsequent measurements. Thus, in one example of an implementation, these measurements are considered as the receiver clock acceleration, rather than receiver clock frequency. More particularly, in this example of an implementation, the system utilizes the difference of subsequent measurements and interprets these as an acceleration measurement.

0092In a step 805, the system predicts the acceleration of the frequency error at determined time intervals in the future. To enable the system to predict the acceleration at times in the future, in one example of an implementation the system is implemented to model the acceleration and jerk, and can be implemented to ignore any higher-order terms if desired (which is the example of an implementation described herein). The clock acceleration, <i>a</i>, can be illustrated by the expression, <maths id="math0001"><math display="block"><mi>a</mi><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>⁢</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math><img file="EP1817604B1_D0001.tif" /></maths> in units of, for example, parts-per-billion/second (ppb/s), and where <i>x</i>₁ is the frequency jerk and <i>x</i>₂ is the frequency acceleration, at a given time <i>t</i>=0.

0093Although time <i>t</i> = 0 can be fixed as being some time in the past, in one example of an implementation, <i>t</i> = 0 is defined as the time of the most recently received frequency measurement. Thus, in this example of an implementation, when a new measurement of <i>a</i> is received, this new measurement is defined as time <i>t</i> = 0, and the time of the previous measurement is described as <i>t</i> = -Δ<i>t</i> , and so on. Therefore, in this example of an implementation, to estimate <i>a</i> at a point in the future, say, at a time 200 milliseconds (ms) after the previous measurement, this is referred to as time <i>t</i> = 200 ms .

0094As discussed above, in one example of an implementation, the system is implemented using a Kalman filter for frequency error block 630. In a step 810, the Kalman filter tracks a state that can be illustrated by the expression, <maths id="math0002"><math display="block"><mi>x</mi><mo>≡</mo><mrow><mo>[</mo><mtable><mtr><mtd><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mtd><mtd><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mtd></mtr></mtable><msup><mrow><mo>]</mo></mrow><mi>T</mi></msup></mrow></math><img file="EP1817604B1_D0002.tif" /></maths> and the model that can be used for the propagation of the state through time is, <maths id="math0003"><math display="block"><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mi>A</mi><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><mi>w</mi></math><img file="EP1817604B1_D0003.tif" /></maths> where A is given by, <maths id="math0004"><math display="block"><mi>A</mi><mo>=</mo><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mn>1</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mi>t</mi></mtd><mtd><mn>1</mn></mtd></mtr></mtable></mfenced></math><img file="EP1817604B1_D0004.tif" /></maths> and w is the process noise, distributed <i>N</i>(0,<i>Q</i>). In one example of an implementation, the filter is tuned by adjusting the elements of the process noise covariance matrix, <i>Q</i>.

0095The received measurements of a will be denoted z, and the measurement model is, <maths id="math0005"><math display="block"><msub><mi>z</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mi>H</mi><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">ν</mi><mi>k</mi></msub></math><img file="EP1817604B1_D0005.tif" /></maths> where H is given by, <maths id="math0006"><math display="block"><mi>H</mi><mo>=</mo><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>1</mn></mtd></mtr></mtable></mfenced></math><img file="EP1817604B1_D0006.tif" /></maths> and <i>v</i> is the process noise, distributed, <i>N</i>(0,<i>R</i>). <i>R</i> is the variance of the received measurements of <i>a</i>. For example, <i>R</i> = (2 ppb/<i>s</i>)².

0096The matrix <i>P</i> gives the covariance of the state estimate. In one example of an implementation, in a step 814, a guess is initially assigned to the state, and P is set to reflect the confidence of the assigned guess. For example, <maths id="math0007"><math display="block"><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>[</mo><mtable><mtr><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd></mtr></mtable><msup><mrow><mo>]</mo></mrow><mi>T</mi></msup></mrow></math><img file="EP1817604B1_D0007.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0008"><math display="block"><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mtable><mtr><mtd><msubsup><mi>σ</mi><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><msubsup><mi>σ</mi><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mtd></mtr></mtable></mfenced></math><img file="EP1817604B1_D0008.tif" /></maths> Where here, <maths id="math0009"><math display="inline"><mtable><mtr><mtd><msubsup><mi>σ</mi><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mtd></mtr></mtable></math><img file="EP1817604B1_D0009.tif" /></maths> and <maths id="math0010"><math display="inline"><mtable><mtr><mtd><msubsup><mi>σ</mi><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mtd></mtr></mtable></math><img file="EP1817604B1_D0010.tif" /></maths>are the initial uncertainties regarding the jerk and acceleration.

0097Therefore, in a step 820, the system utilizes measurements received to predict the state at the time of the new measurement. This can be done prior to the new measurement being performed. In one example of an implementation, this prediction is given by the expression, <maths id="math0011"><math display="block"><msubsup><mover><mi>x</mi><mo>^</mo></mover><mi>k</mi><mo>-</mo></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mi>A</mi><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mover><mi>x</mi><mo>^</mo></mover><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math><img file="EP1817604B1_D0011.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0012"><math display="block"><msubsup><mi>P</mi><mi>k</mi><mo>-</mo></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mi>A</mi><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>⁢</mo><msup><mi>A</mi><mi>T</mi></msup><mo>+</mo><mi>Q</mi></math><img file="EP1817604B1_D0012.tif" /></maths>

0098In a step 827, the new measurement, <i>z_k</i>, is added in to the algorithm as illustrated in the following expression, <maths id="math0013"><math display="block"><msub><mi>K</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><msubsup><mi>P</mi><mi>k</mi><mo>-</mo></msubsup><mo>⁢</mo><msup><mi>H</mi><mi>T</mi></msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>H</mi><mo>⁢</mo><msubsup><mi>P</mi><mi>k</mi><mo>-</mo></msubsup><mo>⁢</mo><msup><mi>H</mi><mi>T</mi></msup><mo>+</mo><mi>R</mi><mo>⁢</mo><msup><mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><mo>=</mo><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mtable><mtr><mtd><msubsup><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>,</mo><mn>12</mn></mrow><mo>-</mo></msubsup></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><msubsup><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>,</mo><mn>22</mn></mrow><mo>-</mo></msubsup></mtd></mtr></mtable></mfenced><mo>⁢</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mrow><msubsup><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>,</mo><mn>22</mn></mrow><mo>-</mo></msubsup><mo>+</mo><mi>R</mi></mrow></mfrac></math><img file="EP1817604B1_D0013.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0014"><math display="block"><mtable><mtr><mtd><msub><mover><mi>x</mi><mo>^</mo></mover><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><msubsup><mover><mi>x</mi><mo>^</mo></mover><mi>k</mi><mo>-</mo></msubsup><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>K</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>⁢</mo><mfenced><msub><mi>z</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>-</mo><mi>H</mi><mo>⁢</mo><msubsup><mover><mi>x</mi><mo>^</mo></mover><mi>k</mi><mo>-</mo></msubsup></mfenced><mo>=</mo><msubsup><mover><mi>x</mi><mo>^</mo></mover><mi>k</mi><mo>-</mo></msubsup><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>K</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>⁢</mo><mfenced><msub><mi>z</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>-</mo><msubsup><mover><mi>x</mi><mo>^</mo></mover><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>,</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow><mo>-</mo></msubsup></mfenced></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mfenced><mi>I</mi><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>K</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>⁢</mo><mi>H</mi></mfenced><mo>⁢</mo><msubsup><mi>P</mi><mi>k</mi><mo>-</mo></msubsup></mtd></mtr></mtable></math><img file="EP1817604B1_D0014.tif" /></maths> which yields a current estimate for the frequency jerk <i>x</i>₁, and for the frequency acceleration <i>x</i>₂.

0099In a step 832, the acceleration at some time in the future is estimated as, <maths id="math0015"><math display="block"><mover><mi>a</mi><mo>^</mo></mover><mfenced><mi>t</mi></mfenced><mo>=</mo><msub><mover><mi>x</mi><mo>^</mo></mover><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>⁢</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>+</mo><msub><mover><mi>x</mi><mo>^</mo></mover><mn>2</mn></msub></math><img file="EP1817604B1_D0015.tif" /></maths>

0100The process of predicting the acceleration of the frequency can be done iteratively such that the estimation of this value for given points in the future are computed on an ongoing basis.

0101<figref idref="f0009">FIG. 9</figref> is a functional block diagram illustrating the functionality of the frequency oscillator phase correction system in an example environment of a simple ALCD. Referring now to <figref idref="f0009">FIG. 9</figref>, an example ALCD 902 is illustrated as having a communication section 912 and a position determination section 914. As with the example applications described above, with reference to <figref idref="f0003">FIGs. 3</figref>, <figref idref="f0004">4</figref> and <figref idref="f0005">5</figref>, communication section 912 and position determination section 914 can be implemented using separate chips or chipsets, or, alternatively, their functionality can be combined or shared on a common chip or across multiple chips in a chipset. For example, in one possible application where ALCD 902 is a cellular telephone with E911 capability, the foundational component of such a cellular telephone is a DSP. This DSP is typically tasked with performing functions such as, for example, modulating and demodulating the data stream, coding and decoding the data stream for error detection and correction, encrypting and decrypting for security and privacy purposes, and compressing and decompressing the speech signal. In some applications, ASIC hardware (application specific integrated circuit) is included in the chipset and operate under the control of the DSP. These ASICs can be used to perform functions such as, for example, processing, modulation and demodulation of the signal, and are typically found in systems utilizing spread spectrum techniques. Additionally, RF circuitry is added to provide the transmit and receive functions of the cellular telephone as well as amplification of the radio signals. Some applications may also include a general purpose processor to handle other functions of the cellular telephone as well. For example, in some applications the general purpose microprocessor supports the user interface of the handset and handles the upper layers of the communications protocol stack. Thus, in various examples of implementations, the functionality of the position determination section 914 can be implemented using additional processors, ASICs, or other devices, which are tied to the communication section 912 using various hardware or software interconnect techniques. Alternatively, the position determination section 914 can be implemented by incorporating additional functionality into the DSP and other componentry of the communication section 912. For example, in this latter example of an implementation, algorithms used to determine position information would be included to operate in the chip or chipset provided for communication section 912. Thus, although communication section 912 and position determination section 914 are illustrated as separate functional blocks, in implementation, they may comprise common physical componentry.

0102Position-determination section 914 includes a GPS receiver for receiving the GPS signal transmissions 991 from a GPS satellite in the GPS constellation. Although not illustrated, position-determination section 914 may also include a non-GPS receiver capable or receiving non-GPS location aiding information as in the example applications described above with reference to <figref idref="f0003">FIGs. 3</figref>, <figref idref="f0004">4</figref> and <figref idref="f0005">5</figref>. Position-determination section 914 performs the position computation functions for the ALCD 902 to enable ALCD 902 to determine, for example, a location or position as well as optionally rate and direction of travel.

0103In the example of an implementation illustrated in <figref idref="f0009">FIG. 9</figref>, position determination section includes a frequency error block 630 and a frequency and time control block 634. In the example of an implementation illustrated in <figref idref="f0009">fig. 9</figref>, frequency error block 630 and a frequency and time control block 634 can be implemented to operate as described above with reference to <figref idref="f0006">FIGs. 6</figref>, <figref idref="f0007">7</figref> and <figref idref="f0008">8</figref>.

0104As described above with reference to <figref idref="f0006">FIGs. 6</figref> and <figref idref="f0007">7</figref>, frequency error block 630 obtains information such as frequency error and signal quality to predict frequency acceleration for a given time in the future. In the example of an implementation illustrated in <figref idref="f0009">FIG. 9</figref>, frequency error 975 and signal quality 978 are obtained from communication section 912. For example, in one example of an implementation the frequency error 975 may be obtained from the cellular telephone's automatic frequency control (AFC) subsystem, which, for example, can compare the frequency of a reference signal 977 provided by local reference frequency source 922 with an external frequency received via a received communication signal 972. This approach can be implemented where a reference frequency source 922 provides a common frequency reference signal 977 to both communication section 912 and position determination section 914. Although not illustrated, frequency error 975 may be derived independently of communication section. Such an alternative example of an implementation would be particularly useful where, for example, there is not a common frequency reference shared by both communication section 912 and position determination section 914.

0105In another example of an implementation, commonly known frequency-difference or phase-difference measurement circuits and/or software can be used to determine the frequency error 975. Additionally an AFC or other complex frequency measurement subsystem can, but is not necessarily, utilized to determine the frequency error 975. For example, a temperature sensor can be used to derive a level of error or drift in a frequency reference based on the temperature of the device. In one example of an implementation, frequency error 975 and signal quality 978 are expressed as software words or a data message utilized by a processor (e.g., a DSP) to perform the predictions, although other example of an implementations are possible wherein frequency error 975 and signal quality 978 are expressed as hardware signals rather than software data.

0106The illustrated example of an implementation includes the use of a signal quality 978, which can be derived using received signal strength, phase noise in the loop or other characteristics that can be used to indicate the quality of the received signal. This signal quality 978 can be used to determine, for example, a level of filtering that may be desirable to be performed by frequency error block 630. In examples of implementations where signal quality 978 is not available or otherwise not utilized, a fixed filter value can be utilized instead of using an adaptive filter. Preferably, in most cellular telephone applications, the filtering performed by frequency error block 630 is utilized for the frequency correction system of the present invention, and would typically not by utilized by the AFC loop of the cellular telephone.