Stopcock

Description of equivalent WO 2006025054 A2

STOPCOCK

REFERENCETORELATEDAPPLICATIONS

0003Reference is made to U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/607,113, filed

0004September 2, 2004 entitled "CLOSED STOPCOCK" and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/641,909, filed January 5, 2005 entitled "CLOSED STOPCOCK FOR ARTERIAL MONITORING", the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference and priority of which is hereby claimed pursuant to 37 CFR 1.78(a) (4) and (5Xi).

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

0006The present invention relates to stopcocks generally, and more specifically to swabbable stopcocks.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

0008The following publications are believed to represent the current state of the art: U.S. Patents 5,549,651, RE 37,357 and 6,238,372 and U.S. Patent application 2004/0210162.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

0010The present invention seeks to provide an improved swabbable stopcock device. There is thus provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention a stopcock including a housing element defining at least first, second and third ports, a handle element which is selectably positionable relative to the housing element, at least one fluid passageway communicating between at least two of the at least first, second and third ports, the at least one fluid passageway being selectably defined by at least one of the housing element and the handle element, the at least one fluid passageway being configured for enabling flushing an internal volume of at least one of the first, second and third ports by a fluid flow which does not flow entirely through the port whose internal volume is being flushed.

0011Preferably, the handle element and the housing element are arrangeable in multiple mutual positions wherein the at least one fluid passageway is configured for enabling flushing the internal volume of at least one of the first, second and third ports when the housing element and the handle element are in at least one of the multiple mutual positions.

0012Preferably, the stopcock also includes at least one valve, which is associated with at least one of the first, second and third ports. Additionally, the valve includes an elastomeric element and the at least one fluid passageway is configured for providing a fluid flow which is sealed from the elastomeric element when the housing element and the handle are in another one of the mutual positions.

0013Additionally, the at least one fluid passageway is defined by a shaft portion of the handle element.

0014Preferably, the stopcock also includes a fluid flow guide associated with the at least one fluid passageway for enabling flushing of the internal volume of the at least one of the first, second and third ports when the housing element and the handle element are in the at least one of the mutual positions by the fluid flow which does not flow entirely through the port whose internal volume is being flushed.

0015Preferably, the at least one fluid passageway is defined by at least one recess formed on a peripheral surface of the handle element. Alternatively, the at least one fluid passageway is defined by at least one bore formed within the shaft portion of the handle element. Additionally or alternatively, the fluid flow guide extends radially and partially bifurcates the at least one fluid passageway.

0016Preferably, the fluid flow guide includes a concave outward facing edge. Alternatively, the fluid flow guide includes an outward facing edge adapted to prevent flow of liquid when the fluid flow guide is not located opposite at least one of the ports. Additionally, at least one of the at least one port is bifurcated by the fluid flow guide.

0017Preferably, the housing element includes a side recess located within a central bore of the housing element. There is also provided in accordance with another preferred embodiment of the present invention an arterial monitoring set including an arterial line adapted to be connected at a first end thereof to a source of liquid under pressure and at a second end thereof to an artery of a patient, a pressure transducer disposed along the arterial line for sensing liquid pressure therein, a stopcock disposed along the arterial line, the stopcock including a housing element defining at least first, second and third ports, a handle element which is selectably positionable relative to the housing element, at least one fluid passageway communicating between at least two of the at least first, second and third ports, the at least one fluid passageway being selectably defined by at least one of the housing element and the handle element, the at least one fluid passageway being configured for enabling flushing an internal volume of at least one of the first, second and third ports by a fluid flow which flows through the arterial line to the patient.

0018Preferably, the handle element and the housing element are arrangeable in multiple mutual positions and the at least one fluid passageway is configured for enabling flushing the internal volume of at least one of the first, second and third ports when the housing element and the handle element are in at least one of the multiple mutual positions.

0019Preferably, the stopcock includes at least one valve, which is associated with at least one of the first, second and third ports. Additionally, the valve includes an elastomeric element and the at least one fluid passageway is configured for providing a fluid flow which is sealed from the elastomeric element when the housing element and the handle are in another one of the mutual positions. Preferably, the at least one fluid passageway is defined by a shaft portion of the handle element.

0020Additionally, the arterial monitoring set also includes a fluid flow guide associated with the at least one fluid passageway for enabling flushing of the internal volume of at least one of the first, second and third ports when the housing element and the handle element are in at least one of the mutual positions by the fluid flow which flows through the arterial line to the patient.

0021Preferably, the at least one fluid passageway is defined by at least one recess formed on a peripheral surface of the handle element. Alternatively, the at least one fluid passageway is defined by at least one bore formed within the shaft portion of the handle element. Additionally or alternatively, the fluid flow guide extends radially and partially bifurcates the at least one fluid passageway.

0022Preferably, the fluid flow guide includes a concave outward facing edge. Alternatively, the fluid flow guide includes an outward facing edge to prevent flow of liquid when the fluid flow guide is not located opposite at least one of the ports.

0023Preferably, at least one of the at least one port is bifurcated by the fluid flow guide. Alternatively or additionally, the housing element includes a side recess located within a central bore of the housing element.

0024There is further provided in accordance with yet another preferred embodiment of the present invention a method of providing fluid communication with the circulatory system of a patient including providing a stopcock including a housing element defining at least first, second and third ports, a handle element which is selectably positionable relative to the housing element, at least one fluid passageway communicating between at least two of the at least first, second and third ports, the at least one fluid passageway being selectably defined by at least one of the housing element and the handle element, providing a flow of a first fluid through the stopcock, in communication with the circulatory system of the patient when the handle element and the housing element are in a first mutual position, and providing a flow of a second fluid through the stopcock in communication with the circulatory system of the patient when the handle element and the housing element are in a second mutual position, thereby flushing an internal volume of at least one of the first, second and third ports by the second fluid which does not flow entirely through the port whose internal volume is being flushed.

0025Preferably, the flow of the first fluid passes through the stopcock from the second port to the third port and the flow of the second fluid passes through the stopcock from the first port to the third port. Alternatively, the flow of the first fluid passes through the stopcock from the third port to the second port and the flow of the second fluid passes through the stopcock from the third port to the first port.

0026Preferably, the stopcock also includes at least one valve, which is associated with at least one of the first, second and third ports. Additionally, the valve includes an elastomeric. element and the at least one fluid passageway is configured for providing a fluid flow which is sealed from the elastomeric element when the housing element and the handle are in a third mutual position.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0028The present invention will be understood and appreciated more fully from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the drawings in which:

0029Fig. 1 is a simplified exploded view illustration of a stopcock constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

0030Figs. 2 and 3 are simplified pictorial illustrations of a housing element, and a threaded plug, which form part of the stopcock of Fig. 1 taken in two different directions;

0031Figs. 4 A and 4B are sectional illustrations taken along section lines IVA - IVA and IVB - IVB in Figs. 2 and 3, respectively;

0032Figs. 5A and 5B are simplified pictorial illustrations of a handle element which forms part of the stopcock of Fig. 1 in two orientations;

0033Figs. 6A and 6B are simplified plan view illustrations of the handle element of Figs. 5 A and 5B taken along respective directions A and B in Fig. 5 A;

0034Figs. 7, 8A and 8B are sectional illustrations taken along section lines VII - Vπ, VIIIA - VπiA and VIIIB - VIIIB in Fig. 5B; Figs. 9A, 9B, 9C, 9D and 9E are simplified pictorial illustrations of the stopcock of Fig. 1 in five operative orientations;

0035Figs. 1OA, 1OB, 1OC, 1OD and 1OE are sectional illustrations taken along section lines XA - XA, XB - XB, XC - XC, XD - XD and XE - XE in Figs. 9A, 9B, 9C, 9D and 9E respectively; Fig. 11 is a simplified exploded view illustration of a stopcock constructed and operative in accordance with another preferred embodiment of the present invention;

0036Figs. 12 and 13 are simplified pictorial illustrations of a housing element, which forms part of the stopcock of Fig. 11 taken in two different directions; Figs. 14A and 14B are sectional illustrations taken along section lines

0037XIVA - XTVA and XIVB - XTVB in Figs. 12 and 13, respectively; Figs. 15A and 15B are simplified pictorial illustrations of a handle element which forms part of the stopcock of Fig. 11 in two orientations;

0038Figs. 16A and 16B are simplified plan view illustrations of the handle element of Figs. 15A and 15B taken along respective directions A and B in Fig. 15 A; Figs. 17, 18A and 18B are sectional illustrations taken along section lines

0039XVn - XVn, XViπA - XVmA and XVmB - XVπiB in Fig. 15B;

0040Figs. 19A, 19B, 19C and 19D are simplified pictorial illustrations of the stopcock of Fig. 11 in four operative orientations;

0041Figs. 2OA, 2OB, 2OC and 2OD are sectional illustrations taken along section lines XXA - XXA₅ XXB - XXB, XXC - XXC and XXD - XXD in Figs. 19A, 19B, 19C and 19D respectively;

0042Fig. 21 is a simplified exploded view illustration of a stopcock constructed and operative in accordance with an additional preferred embodiment of the present invention; Figs. 22 and 23 are simplified pictorial illustrations of a housing element, which forms part of the stopcock of Fig. 21 taken in two different directions;

0043Figs. 24A and 24B are sectional illustrations taken along section lines XXTVA - XXrVA and XXIVB - XXTVB in Figs. 22 and 23, respectively;

0044Figs. 25A and 25B are simplified pictorial illustrations of a handle element which forms part of the stopcock of Fig. 21 in two orientations;

0045Figs. 26A and 26B are simplified plan view illustrations of the handle element of Figs. 25 A and 25B taken along respective directions A and B in Fig. 25 A;

0046Figs. 27, 28A and 28B are sectional illustrations taken along section lines XXVn - XXVπ, XXVmA - XXVIHA and XXVΠTB - XXVπm in Fig. 25B; Figs. 29A₅ 29B, 29C and 29D are simplified pictorial illustrations of the stopcock of Fig. 21 in four operative orientations;

0047Figs. 3OA, 30B, 3OC and 3OD are sectional illustrations taken along section lines XXXA - XXXA, XXXB - XXXB, XXXC - XXXC and XXXD - XXXD in Figs. 29A₅ 29B₅ 29C and 29D respectively; Fig. 31 is a simplified exploded view illustration of a stopcock constructed and operative in accordance with a further preferred embodiment of the present invention; Figs. 32 and 33 are simplified pictorial illustrations of a housing element, which forms part of the stopcock of Fig. 31 taken in two different directions;

0048Figs. 34A and 34B are sectional illustrations taken along section lines XXXTVA - XXXTVA and XXXTVB - XXXTVB in Figs. 32 and 33, respectively; Figs. 35 A and 35B are simplified pictorial illustrations of a handle element which forms part of the stopcock of Fig. 31 in two orientations;

0049Figs. 36A and 36B are simplified plan view illustrations of the handle element of Figs. 35 A and 35B taken along respective directions A and B in Fig. 35 A;

0050Figs. 37, 38A and 38B are sectional illustrations taken along section lines XXXVn - XXXVπ, XXXVπiA - XXXVTΠA and XXXVIΠB - XXXVπiB in Fig. 35B;

0051Figs. 39A, 39B, 39C and 39D are simplified pictorial illustrations of the stopcock of Fig. 31 in four operative orientations;

0052Figs. 4OA, 4OB, 4OC and 4OD are sectional illustrations taken along section lines XLA - XLA, XLB - XLB, XLC - XLC and XLD - XLD in Figs. 39 A, 39B₅ 39C and 39D respectively;

0053Fig. 41 is a simplified exploded view illustration of a stopcock constructed and operative in accordance with yet another preferred embodiment of the present invention; Figs. 42 and 43 are simplified pictorial illustrations of a housing element, which forms part of the stopcock of Fig. 41 taken in two different directions;

0054Figs. 44 A and 44B are sectional illustrations taken along section lines XLTVA - XLTVA and XLTVB - XLTVB in Figs. 42 and 43, respectively;

0055Figs. 45 A and 45B are simplified pictorial illustrations of a handle element which forms part of the stopcock of Fig. 41 in two operative orientations;

0056Figs. 46A and 46B are simplified plan view illustrations of the handle element of Figs. 45 A and 45B taken along respective directions A and B in Fig. 45 A;

0057Figs. 47, 48A and 48B are sectional illustrations taken along section lines

0058XLVΠ - XLVΠ, XLVΓΠA - XLVΓHA and XLVΓΠB - XLVΓΠB in Fig. 45B; Figs. 49 A, 49B, 49C and 49D are simplified pictorial illustrations of the stopcock of Fig. 41 in four operative orientations; Figs. 5OA, 5OB, 5OC and 5OD are sectional illustrations taken along section lines LA - LA, LB - LB, LC - LC and LD - LD in Figs. 49A₃ 49B, 49C and 49D respectively;

0059Fig. 51 is a simplified exploded view illustration of a stopcock constructed and operative in accordance with a further preferred embodiment of the present invention;

0060Figs. 52 and 53 are simplified pictorial illustrations of a housing element, which forms part of the stopcock of Fig. 51 taken in two different directions;

0061Figs. 54A and 54B are sectional illustrations taken along section lines LIVA - LIVA and LIVB - LIVB in Fig. 53 ;

0062Figs. 55A and 55B are simplified pictorial illustrations of a handle element which forms part of the stopcock of Fig. 51 in two operative orientations;

0063Figs. 56A and 56B are simplified plan view illustrations of the handle element of Figs. 55A and 55B taken along respective directions A and B in Fig. 55A; Figs. 57, 58A and 58B are sectional illustrations taken along section lines

0064LVn - LVn, LVmA - LVπiA and LVmB - LVπiB in Fig. 55B;

0065Figs. 59A, 59B, 59C and 59D are simplified pictorial illustrations of the stopcock of Fig. 51 in four operative orientations;

0066Figs. 6OA, 6OB, 6OC and 6OD are sectional illustrations taken along section lines LXA - LXA, LXB - LXB, LXC - LXC and LXD - LXD in Figs. 59A, 59B, 59C and 59D respectively; and

0067Figs. 61A, 61B and 61C are simplified pictorial illustrations of an arterial monitoring set constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention in various operative orientations.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

0069Reference is now made to Fig. 1, which is an exploded view illustration of a stopcock, constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. As seen in Fig. I₅ the stopcock comprises a housing element 10 including a main tubular portion 12 and three side ports, designated by reference numerals 14, 16 and 18 respectively. A handle element 20 is arranged to be seated within main tubular portion 12 of housing element 10. A typical threaded plug 23 is adapted to be connected to side port 16.

0070Reference is now made additionally to Figs. 2 and 3 which are pictorial illustrations of housing element 10 and to Figs. 4A and 4B which are sectional illustrations thereof. As seen in Figs. 1 - 4B₅ tubular portion 12 of housing element 10 is generally cylindrical, arranged about an axis 22, and has side ports 14, 16 and 18 extending in different directions therefrom, typically separated by 90 degrees about axis 22. Port 14 is preferably a male port which preferably meets luer standard ISO 594-1, while ports 16 and 18 are preferably female ports, which preferably meet luer standard ISO 594-1. Conventional plugs, nuts and covers may be used in association with ports 14, 16 and 18. As seen particularly in Figs. 1 - 3, threaded plug 23 is shown arranged for sealing engagement with port 16. Tubular portion 12 includes a central bore 24 having a slightly conical configuration, which is formed with a circumferential undercut 26. Port 16 defines an internal volume 25.

0071Reference is now made to Figs. 5 A - 8B, which illustrate handle element 20. As seen in Figs. 5 A - 8B, the handle element includes a shaft portion 30, which is integrally formed with a top portion 32 from which extends a finger-engageable protrusion 34. It is appreciated that any other suitable general configuration of the top portion of the handle element may alternatively be employed.

0072Shaft portion 30 is generally symmetrical about a shaft axis 42 and has a slightly conical outer surface 44, typically having an angle α (as seen particularly in Fig. 6A) of 3 - 4 degrees, which corresponds to the slightly conical configuration of central bore 24 for rotatable sealing engagement therewith. As seen particularly in Figs. 8A and 8B, shaft portion 30 is typically formed with mutually sealed top and bottom cylindrical recesses 46 and 48, which are sealingly separated by a divider 50.

0073Disposed generally between recesses 46 and 48 and sealed therefrom is a partially peripherally-extending recess 52, selectably defining a fluid flow passageway between selectable ones of side ports 14, 16 and 18 depending on the rotational orientation of the handle element 20 relative to the housing element 10. Preferably extending radially and partially bifurcating the recess 52 is a fluid flow guide 54, which directs the flow of liquid between ports 14 and 18 through the passageway defined by recess 52 into the internal volume 25 of port 16 for flushing thereof, when the handle element 20 is suitably positioned. The radially outward facing edge 56 of fluid flow guide 54 is formed with a concave configuration.

0074Reference is now made to Figs. 9A, 9B, 9C, 9D and 9E, which are simplified pictorial illustrations of the stopcock of Fig. 1 in five operative orientations and to Figs. 1OA, 1OB, 1OC, 1OD and 1OE, which are sectional illustrations of the stopcock of Figs. 9A, 9B, 9C, 9D and 9E respectively.

0075Figs. 9 A and 1OA illustrate a first operating position of the stopcock of Fig. 1 when port 16 is sealed as by threaded plug 23. The user typically connects a source of pressurized fluid, such as an TV set, to port 18 and the liquid flows through port 18 and partially peripherally-extending recess 52 and past the concave edge 56 of fluid flow guide 54 via port 14 to the patient, as indicated by an arrow 60.

0076Figs. 9B and 1OB illustrate a second operating position of the stopcock of Fig. 1, which is typically employed for drawing blood or other fluids from the patient. The user typically connects a syringe (not shown) to port 16 and draws blood from the patient through port 14 and partially peripherally-extending recess 52.through port 16 to the syringe, as indicated by an arrow 62. It is appreciated that this operating position may also be used for supplying a medicament to the patient when port 18 is closed, in a flow direction opposite to that indicated by arrow 62.

0077Figs. 9C and 1OC illustrate a third operating position of the stopcock of Fig. 1, which is typically employed for supplying a medicament to the patient when port 16 is open or connected to a secondary line (not shown). A secondary line may be a source of medicament. The medicament flows through port 16 and partially peripherally-extending recess 52 through port 14 to the patient, as indicated by an arrow 63. At the same time, liquid flows via port 18 and partially peripherally-extending recess 52, around fluid flow guide 54, and slightly into the internal volume 25 of port 16, via port 14 to the patient, as indicated by an arrow 64.

0078Figs. 9D and 1OD illustrate a fourth operating position of the stopcock of Fig. 1, which is typically employed for supplying a liquid to the patient from port 18 to port 14, when port 16 is sealed as by threaded plug 23. Liquid flows via port 18 and partially peripherally-extending recess 52, around fluid flow guide 54, and into the internal volume 25 of port 16, flushing residual liquid therefrom, via port 14 to the patient, as indicated by an arrow 66. It is a particular feature of the present invention that the provision of fluid flow guide 54 generally overcomes problems of the presence of residual liquids remaining in the internal volume 25 of port 16. This is important in various therapeutic situations. For example when blood is drawn from the patient through port 16, there remains residual blood in the internal volume 25 of port 16. This blood, if left in internal volume 25 for a period of time, can clot and thus become dangerous if delivered to the patient. In addition, the coagulated blood could occlude the liquid passageway extending through port 16. Various infections could possibly arise as a result of the retained blood.

0079This feature is also useful when a medicament is supplied to a patient through port 16. If a portion of the medicament remains in the internal volume 25 of port 16, the dosage of the medicament that the patient receives is less than the intended dosage by an amount which cannot be readily ascertained. In addition, this residual medicament might be inadvertently supplied to the patient during a subsequent use of the stopcock, which could cause harm to the patient. The present invention provides for automatic flushing of the liquid, such as blood or medicament, from the internal volume 25 and typically returning it to the patient without requiring the use of extra syringes, the manipulation of the threaded plug 23 and opening the medical set to the atmosphere, which could increase the chance of contamination. Figs. 9E and 1OE illustrate a fifth operating position of the stopcock of Fig.

00801, which may be used for flushing the IV set upstream of the stopcock, when port 16 is open to the atmosphere. Liquid flows via port 18, around fluid flow guide 54 and through partially peripherally-extending recess 52, to the atmosphere via port 16, as indicated by an arrow 68. Alternatively, this operating position may be employed for pushing liquid via the side port 16 and through port 18 in a direction opposite arrow 68, for example when it is desired to mix liquid in the pressure bag. Reference is now made to Fig. 11, which is an exploded view illustration of a stopcock constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. As seen in Fig. 11, the stopcock comprises a housing element 110 including a main tubular portion 112 and three side ports, designated by reference numerals 114, 116 and 118 respectively. A handle element 120 is arranged to be seated within main tubular portion 112 of housing element 110.

0081Reference is now made additionally to Figs. 12 and 13 which are pictorial illustrations of housing element 110 and to Figs. 14A and 14B which are sectional illustrations thereof. As seen in Figs. 11 - 14B, tubular portion 112 of housing element 110 is generally cylindrical, arranged about an axis 122, and has side ports 114, 116 and 118 extending in different directions therefrom, typically separated by 90 degrees about axis 122. Port 114 is preferably a male port which preferably meets luer standard ISO 594-1, while port 116 incorporates a normally closed swabbable valve which is configured to receive a male luer and port 118 is preferably a female port, which preferably meets luer standard ISO 594-1. Conventional plugs, nuts and covers may be used in association with ports 114 and 118.

0082Port 116 of housing element 110 includes a valve employing an elastomeric element 123, held in place by a cap 124, which is welded or otherwise fixed to housing element 110. Elastomeric element 123 and cap 124 are commercially available from Halkey-Roberts Corporation of St. Petersburg, Florida, USA and described in one or more of U.S. Patents 6,651,956; 6,089,541 and 6,036,171, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Alternatively, valves and valve elements commercially available from other sources such as Becton-Dickinson, Cardinal, Medegen and Filtertek may be employed.

0083Tubular portion 112 includes a central bore 125 having a slightly conical configuration, which is formed with a circumferential undercut 126. Port 116 defines an internal volume 127. Reference is now made to Figs. 15A - 18B, which illustrate handle element

0084120. As seen in Figs. 15A - 18B, the handle element includes a shaft portion 130, which is integrally formed with a top portion 132 from which extends a frnger-engageable protrusion 134. It is appreciated that any other suitable general configuration of the top portion of the handle element may alternatively be employed.

0085Shaft portion 130 is generally symmetrical about a shaft axis 142 and has a slightly conical outer surface 144, typically having an angle α (as seen particularly in Fig. 16A) of 3 - 4 degrees, which corresponds to the slightly conical configuration of central bore 125 for rotatable sealing engagement therewith. As seen particularly in Figs. 18A and 18B, shaft portion 130 is typically formed with mutually sealed top and bottom cylindrical recesses 146 and 148, which are sealingly separated by a divider 150.

0086Disposed generally between recesses 146 and 148 and sealed therefrom is a partially peripherally-extending recess 152, selectably defining a fluid flow passageway between selectable ones of side ports 114, 116 and 118 depending on the rotational orientation of the handle element 120 relative to the housing element 110. Preferably extending radially and partially bifurcating the recess 152 is a fluid flow guide 154, which directs the flow of liquid between ports 114 and 118 through the passageway defined by recess 152 into the internal volume 127 of port 116 for flushing thereof, when the handle element 120 is suitably positioned. The radially outward facing edge 156 of fluid flow guide 154 is formed with a concave configuration.

0087Reference is now made to Figs. 19A, 19B, 19C and 19D, which are simplified pictorial illustrations of the stopcock of Fig. 11 in four operative orientations and to Figs. 2OA, 20B₉ 20C and 2OD, which are sectional illustrations of the stopcock of Figs. 19A, 19B, 19C and 19D, respectively. Figs. 19A and 2OA illustrate a first operating position of the stopcock of

0088Fig. 11. The user typically connects a source of pressurized fluid, such as an IV set, to port 118 and the liquid flows through port 118 and partially peripherally-extending recess 152 and past the concave edge 156 of fluid flow guide 154 via port 114 to the patient, as indicated by an arrow 160. Figs. 19B and 2OB illustrate a second operating position of the stopcock of Fig. 11, which is typically employed for drawing blood or other fluids from the patient. The user typically connects a syringe to port 116 and draws blood from the patient through port 114 and partially peripherally-extending recess 152 through port 116 to the syringe, as indicated by an arrow 162. It is appreciated that this operating position may also be used for supplying a medicament to the patient when port 118 is closed, in a flow direction opposite to that indicated by arrow 162. Figs. 19C and 2OC illustrate a third operating position of the stopcock of

0089Fig. 11, which is typically employed for supplying a liquid to the patient from port 118 to port 114. Liquid flows via port 118 and partially peripherally-extending recess 152, around fluid flow guide 154, and into the internal volume 127 of port 116 as well as an internal volume 166 of the elastomeric element 123, flushing residual liquid therefrom, via port 114 to the patient, as indicated by an arrow 164.

0090It is a particular feature of the present invention that the provision of fluid flow guide 154 generally overcomes problems of the presence of residual liquids remaining in the internal volume 127 of port 116 as well as in internal volume 166 of the elastomeric element 123. This is important in various therapeutic situations. For example when blood is drawn from the patient through port 116, there remains residual blood in the internal volumes 127 of port 116 and 166 of elastomeric element 123. This blood, if left in internal volumes 127 and 166 for a period of time, can clot and thus become dangerous if delivered to the patient. In addition, the coagulated blood could occlude the liquid passageway extending through port 116. Various infections could possibly arise as a result of the retained blood.

0091This feature is also useful when a medicament is supplied to a patient through port 116. If a portion of the medicament remains in the internal volumes 127 of port 116 and 166 of the elastomeric element 123, the dosage of the medicament that the patient receives is less than the intended dosage by an amount which cannot be readily ascertained. In addition, this residual medicament might be inadvertently supplied to the patient during a subsequent use of the stopcock, which could cause harm to the patient.

0092The present invention provides for automatic flushing of the liquid, such as blood or medicament, from the internal volumes 127 and 166 and typically returning it to the patient without requiring the use of extra syringes and the opening of the medical set to the atmosphere, thereby increasing the chance of contamination.

0093Figs. 19D and 2OD illustrate a fourth operating position of the stopcock of Fig. 11, which may be used for flushing the TV set upstream of the stopcock, when port 116 is open to the atmosphere as by insertion of a male hier connector, such as a syringe tip (not shown), into the elastomeric element 123 of the valve thereof. The insertion of the male luer connector activates the flow of liquid from port 118, around fluid flow guide 154 and through partially peripherally-extending recess 152, to the male luer connector via the elastomeric element 123 of port 116, as indicated by an arrow 165. Alternatively, this operating position may be employed for pushing liquid via the side port 116 and through port 118 in a direction opposite arrow 165, for example when it is desired to mix liquid in the pressure bag.

0094Reference is now made to Fig. 21, which is an exploded view illustration of a stopcock constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. As seen in Fig. 21, the stopcock comprises a housing element 210 including a main tubular portion 212 and three side ports, designated by reference numerals 214, 216 and 218 respectively. A handle element 220 is arranged to be seated within main tubular portion 212 of housing element 210. Reference is now made additionally to Figs. 22 and 23 which are pictorial illustrations of housing element 210 and to Figs. 24A and 24B which are sectional illustrations thereof. As seen in Figs. 21 - 24B, tubular portion 212 of housing element 210 is generally cylindrical, arranged about an axis 222, and has side ports 214, 216 and 218 extending in different directions therefrom, typically separated by 90 degrees about axis 222. Port 214 is preferably a male port which preferably meets luer standard ISO 594-1, while port 216 incorporates a normally closed swabbable valve which is configured to receive a male luer and port 218 is preferably a female port, which preferably meets luer standard ISO 594-1. Conventional plugs, nuts and covers may be used in association with ports 214 and 218. Port 216 of housing element 210 includes a valve employing an elastomeric element 223, held in place by a cap 224, which is welded or otherwise fixed to housing element 110. Elastomeric element 123 and cap 124 are commercially available from Halkey-Roberts Corporation of St. Petersburg, Florida, USA and described in one or more of U.S. Patents 6,651,956; 6,089,541- and 6,036,171, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Alternatively, valves and valve elements commercially available from other sources such as Becton-Dickinson, Cardinal, Medegen and Filtertek may be employed. Tubular portion 212 includes a central bore 225 having a slightly conical configuration, which is formed with a circumferential undercut 226. Port 216 defines an internal volume 227.

0095Reference is now made to Figs. 25A - 28B, which illustrate handle element 220. As seen in Figs. 25A - 28B, the handle element includes a shaft portion 230, which is integrally formed with a top portion 232 from which extends a fmger-engageable protrusion 234. It is appreciated that any other suitable general configuration of the top portion of the handle element may alternatively be employed.

0096Shaft portion 230 is generally symmetrical about a shaft axis 242 and has a slightly conical outer surface 244, typically having an angle α (as seen particularly in Fig. 26A) of 3 - 4 degrees, which corresponds to the slightly conical configuration of central bore 225 for rotatable sealing engagement therewith. As seen particularly in Figs. 28A and 28B, shaft, portion 230 is typically formed with mutually sealed top and bottom cylindrical recesses 246 and 248, which are sealingly separated by a divider 250. Disposed generally between recesses 246 and 248 and sealed therefrom is a partially peripherally-extending recess 252, selectably defining a fluid flow passageway between selectable ones of side ports 214, 216 and 218 depending on the rotational orientation of the handle element 220 relative to the housing element 210. Preferably extending radially and partially bifurcating the recess 252 is a fluid flow guide 254, which directs the flow of liquid between ports 214 and 218 through the passageway defined by recess 252 into the internal volume 227 of port 216 for flushing thereof, when the handle element 220 is suitably positioned. The radially outward facing edge 256 of fluid flow guide 254 is formed with a suitably tapered configuration in order to prevent liquid flow therepast when fluid flow guide 254 is not located opposite a port. Reference is now made to Figs. 29A, 29B, 29C and 29D, which are simplified pictorial illustrations of the stopcock of Fig. 21 in four operative orientations and to Figs. 3OA, 30B, 3OC and 30D, which are sectional illustrations of the stopcock of Figs. 29A, 29B₅ 29C and 29D, respectively.

0097Figs. 29 A and 30A illustrate a first operating position of the stopcock of Fig. 21. As seen, there is no fluid communication between any of the ports. Liquid does not flow from port 218 to port 214, because it is blocked by fluid flow guide 254, whose edge 256 sealingly engages an inner facing wall 257 of bore 225 of housing element 210. This orientation may be utilized to close all three ports.

0098The operative orientation shown in Figs. 29A and 3OA may be advantageously employed when it is desired to prevent all flow of liquid through the stopcock. The procedure currently used requires careful placement of the handle to an angle 45 degrees from one of the ports. Such a procedure is unreliable and requires careful attention of the operator, which may be a doctor or a nurse in the middle of a surgery.

0099Figs. 29B and 3OB illustrate a second operating position of the stopcock of Fig. 21, which is typically employed for drawing blood or other fluids from the patient. The user typically connects a syringe to port 216 and draws blood from the patient through port 214 and partially peripherally-extending recess 252 through port 216 to the syringe, as indicated by an arrow 262. It is appreciated that this operating position may also be used for supplying a medicament to the patient when port 218 is closed, in a flow direction opposite to that indicated by arrow 262.

0100Figs. 29C and 3OC illustrate a third operating position of the stopcock of Fig. 21, which is typically employed for supplying a liquid to the patient from port 218 to port 214. Liquid flows via port 218 and partially peripherally-extending recess 252, around fluid flow guide 254, and into the internal volume 227 of port 216 as well as an internal volume 266 of the elastomeric element 223, flushing residual liquid therefrom, via port 214 to the patient, as indicated by an arrow 264.

0101It is a particular feature of the present invention that the provision of fluid flow guide 254 generally overcomes problems of the presence of residual liquids remaining in the internal volume 227 of port 216 as well as in internal volume 266 of the elastomeric element 223. This is important in various therapeutic situations. For example when blood is drawn from the patient through port 216, there remains residual blood in the internal volumes 227 of port 216 and 266 of the elastomeric element 223. This blood, if left in internal volumes 227 and 266 for a period of time, can clot and thus become dangerous if delivered to the patient. In addition, the coagulated blood could occlude the liquid passageway extending through port 216. Various infections could possibly arise as a result of the retained blood. This feature is also useful when a medicament is supplied to a patient through port 216. If a portion of the medicament remains in the internal volumes 227 of port 216 and 266 of the elastomeric element 223, the dosage of the medicament that the patient receives is less than the intended dosage by an amount which cannot be readily ascertained. In addition, this residual medicament might be inadvertently supplied to the patient during a subsequent use of the stopcock, which could cause harm to the patient.

0102The present invention provides for automatic flushing of the liquid, such as blood or medicament from the internal volumes 227 and 266 and typically returning it to the patient without requiring the use of extra syringes and the opening of the medical set to the atmosphere, thereby increasing the chance of contamination.

0103Figs. 29D and 3OD illustrate a fourth operating position of the stopcock of Fig. 21, which may be used for flushing the TV set upstream of the stopcock, when port 216 is open to the atmosphere as by insertion of a male luer connector, such as a syringe tip (not shown), into the elastomeric element 223 of the valve thereof. The insertion of the male luer connector activates the flow of liquid from port 218, around fluid flow guide 254 and through partially peripherally-extending recess 252, to the male luer connector via the elastomeric element 223 of port 216, as indicated by an arrow 265. Alternatively, this operating position may be employed for pushing liquid via the side port 216, through port 218, in a direction opposite arrow 265 for uses such as mixing liquid in the pressure bag.

0104Reference is now made to Fig. 31, which is an exploded view illustration of a stopcock constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. As seen in Fig. 31, the stopcock comprises a housing element 310 including a main tubular portion 312 and three side ports, designated by reference numerals 314, 316 and 318 respectively. A handle element 320 is arranged to be seated within main tubular portion 312 of housing element 310.

0105Reference is now made additionally to Figs. 32 and 33 which are pictorial illustrations of housing element 310 and to Figs. 34A and 34B which are sectional illustrations thereof. As seen in Figs. 31 - 34B, tubular portion 312 of housing element 310 is generally cylindrical, arranged about an axis 322, and has side ports 314, 316 and 318 extending in different directions therefrom, typically separated by 90 degrees about axis 322. Port 314 is preferably a male port which preferably meets luer standard ISO 594-1, while port 316 incorporates a normally closed swabbable valve which is configured to receive a male luer and port 318 is preferably a female port, which preferably meets luer standard ISO 594-1. Conventional plugs, nuts and covers may be used in association with ports 314 and 318. Port 316 of housing element 310 includes a valve employing an elastomeric element 323 held in place by a cap 324, which is welded or otherwise fixed to housing element 310. Elastomeric element 323 and cap 324 are commercially available from Halkey-Roberts Corporation of St. Petersburg, Florida, USA and described in one or more of U.S. Patents 6,651,956; 6,089,541 and 6,036,171, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Alternatively valves and valve elements commercially available from other sources such as Becton-Dickinson, Cardinal, Medegen and Filtertek may be employed.

0106Tubular portion 312 includes a central bore 325 having a slightly conical configuration, which is formed with a circumferential undercut 326. In this embodiment, a side recess 327 is formed in a wall of bore 325 opposite port 316. Port 316 defines an internal volume 328.

0107Reference is now made to Figs. 35A - 38B, which illustrate handle element 320. As seen in Figs. 35A - 38B, the handle element includes a shaft portion 330, which is integrally formed with a top portion 332 from which extends a finger-engageable protrusion 334. It is appreciated that any other suitable general configuration of the top portion of the handle element may alternatively be employed.

0108Shaft portion 330 is generally symmetrical about a shaft axis 342 and has a slightly conical outer surface 344, typically having an angle α (as seen particularly in Fig. 36A) of 3 - 4 degrees, which corresponds to the slightly conical configuration of central bore 325 for rotatable sealing engagement therewith. As seen particularly in

0109Figs. 38A and 38B, shaft portion 330 is typically formed with mutually sealed top and bottom cylindrical recesses 346 and 348, which are sealingly separated by a divider 350.

0110Disposed generally between recesses 346 and 348 and sealed therefrom is a partially peripherally-extending recess 352. Preferably extending radially and partially bifurcating the recess 352 is a fluid flow guide 354, which directs the flow of liquid between ports 314 and 318 through the passageway defined by recess 352 into the internal volume 328 of port 316 for flushing thereof, when the handle element 320 is suitably positioned. The thickness of fluid flow guide 354 is substantially less than the circumferential extent of side recess 327. The radially outward facing edge 356 of fluid flow guide 354 is formed with a suitably tapered configuration in order to prevent liquid flow therepast when fluid flow guide 354 is not located opposite a port. Reference is now made to Figs. 39 A, 39B₅ 39C and 39D, which are simplified pictorial illustrations of the stopcock of Fig. 31 in four operative orientations and to Figs. 4OA, 4OB, 4OC and 4OD, which are sectional illustrations of the stopcock of Figs. 39A, 39B₅ 39C and 39D₅ respectively.

0111Figs. 39A and 4OA illustrate a first operating position of the stopcock of Fig. 31. The user typically connects a source of pressurized fluid, such as an IV set, to port 318 and the liquid flows from port 318, around fluid flow guide 354, through side recess 327 to port 314, as indicated by arrow 360.

0112Figs. 39B and 4OB illustrate a second operating position of the stopcock of Fig. 31, which is typically employed for drawing blood or other fluids from the patient. The user typically connects a syringe to port 316 and draws blood from the patient through port 314 and partially peripherally-extending recess 352 through port 316 to the syringe, as indicated by an arrow 362. It is appreciated that this operating position may also be used for supplying a medicament to the patient when port 318 is closed, in a flow direction opposite to that indicated by arrow 362. Figs. 39C and 4OC illustrate a third operating position of the stopcock of

0113Fig. 31, which is typically employed for supplying a liquid to the patient from port 318 to port 314. Liquid flows via port 318 and partially peripherally-extending recess 352, around fluid flow guide 354, and into the internal volume 328 of port 316 as well as an internal volume 366 of the elastomeric element 323, flushing residual liquid therefrom, via port 314 to the patient, as indicated by an arrow 364.

0114It is a particular feature of the present invention that the provision of fluid flow guide 354 generally overcomes problems of the presence of residual liquids remaining in the internal volume 328 of port 316 as well as in internal volume 366 of the elastomeric element 323. This is important in various therapeutic situations. For example when blood is drawn from the patient through port 316, there remains residual blood in the internal volume 328 of port 316 and the internal volume 366 of the elastomeric element 323. This blood, if left in internal volumes 328 and 366 for a period of time, can clot and thus become dangerous if delivered to the patient. In addition, the coagulated blood could occlude the liquid passageway extending through port 316. Various infections could possibly arise as a result of the retained blood.

0115This feature is also useful when a medicament is supplied to a patient through port 316. If a portion of the medicament remains in the internal volumes 328 of port 316 and 366 of the elastomeric element 323, the dosage of the medicament that the patient receives is less than the intended dosage by an amount which cannot be readily ascertained. In addition, this residual medicament might be inadvertently supplied to the patient during a subsequent use of the stopcock, which could cause harm to the patient. The present invention provides for automatic flushing of the liquid, such as blood or medicament, from the internal volumes 328 and 366 and typically returning it to the patient without requiring the use of extra syringes and the opening of the medical set to the atmosphere, thereby increasing the chance of contamination.

0116Figs. 39D and 4OD illustrate a fourth operating position of the stopcock of Fig. 31, which may be used for flushing the FV set upstream of the stopcock, when port 316 is open to the atmosphere as by insertion of a male luer connector, such as a syringe tip (not shown), into the elastomeric element 323 of the valve thereof. The insertion of the male luer connector activates the flow of liquid from port 318, around fluid flow guide 354 and through partially peripherally-extending recess 352, to the male luer connector via the elastomeric element 323 of port 316, as indicated by an arrow 365. Alternatively, this operating position may be employed for pushing liquid via the side port 316, through port 318, in a direction opposite arrow 365, for uses such as mixing liquid in the pressure bag.

0117Reference is now made to Fig. 41, which is an exploded view illustration of a stopcock constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. As seen in Fig. 41, the stopcock comprises a housing element 410 including a main tubular portion 412 and three side ports, designated by reference numerals 414, 416 and 418 respectively. A handle element 420 is arranged to be seated within main tubular portion 412 of housing element 410. Reference is now made additionally to Figs. 42 and 43 which are pictorial illustrations of housing element 410 and to Figs. 44 A and 44B which are sectional illustrations thereof. As seen in Figs. 41 - 44B₅ tubular portion 412 of housing element 410 is generally cylindrical, arranged about an axis 422, and has side ports 414, 416 and 418 extending in different directions therefrom, typically separated by 90 degrees about axis 422. Port 414 is preferably a male port which preferably meets luer standard ISO 594-1, while port 416 incorporates a normally closed swabbable valve which is configured to receive a male luer and port 418 is preferably a female port, which preferably meets luer standard ISO 594-1. Conventional plugs, nuts and covers may be used in association with ports 414 and 418.

0118Port 416 of housing element 410 includes a valve employing an elastomeric element 423, held in place by a cap 424, which is welded or otherwise fixed to housing element 410. Elastomeric element 423 and cap 424 are commercially available from Halkey-Roberts Corporation of St. Petersburg, Florida, USA and described in one or more of U.S. Patents 6,651,956; 6,089,541 and 6,036,171, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Alternatively, valves and valve elements commercially available from other sources such as Becton-Dickinson, Cardinal, Medegen and Filtertek may be employed.

0119Tubular portion 412 includes a central bore 425 having a slightly conical configuration, which is formed with a circumferential undercut 426. Port 416 defines an internal volume 427.

0120Reference is now made to Figs. 45A - 48B, which illustrate handle element 420. As seen in Figs. 45A - 48B, the handle element includes a shaft portion 430, which is integrally formed with a top portion 432 from which extends a finger-engageable protrusion 434. It is appreciated that any other suitable general configuration of the top portion of the handle element may alternatively be employed.

0121Shaft portion 430 is generally symmetrical about a shaft axis 442 and has a slightly conical outer surface 444, typically having an angle α (as seen particularly in Fig. 46A) of 3 - 4 degrees, which corresponds to the slightly conical configuration of central bore 425 for rotatable sealing engagement therewith. As seen particularly in Figs. 48A and 48B, shaft portion 430 is typically formed with mutually sealed top and bottom cylindrical recesses 446 and 448, which are sealingly separated by a divider 450. Disposed generally between recesses 446 and 448 and sealed therefrom is a side-to-side extending bore 452 and a side bore 453 extending perpendicularly with respect thereto and communicating therewith. Bore 452 and side bore 453 are bifurcated by a fluid flow guide 454 in such a manner that fluid communication between opposite ends of bore 452 takes place via side bore 453. Bores 452 and 453 and fluid flow guide 454 define a fluid flow passageway between selectable ones of side ports 414, 416 and 418 depending on the rotational orientation of the handle element 420 relative to the housing element 410. Fluid flow guide 454 directs the flow of liquid between ports 414 and 418 through bores 452 and 453 into the internal volume 427 of port 416 for flushing thereof, when the handle element 420 is suitably positioned. The radially outward facing edge 456 of fluid flow guide 454 is formed with a suitably tapered configuration in order to prevent liquid flow therepast when fluid flow guide 454 is not located opposite a port as shown in Fig. 45 A, alternatively it may have many other shapes.

0122Reference is now made to Figs. 49A, 49B, 49C and 49D, which are simplified pictorial illustrations of the stopcock of Fig. 41 in four operative orientations and to Figs. 5OA, 5OB, 5OC and 50D, which are sectional illustrations of the stopcock of Figs. 49A₅ 49B, 49C and 49D, respectively. Figs. 49A and 5OA illustrate a first operating position of the stopcock of

0123Fig. 41. As seen, there is no fluid communication between any of the ports. Liquid does not flow from port 418 to port 414, because it is blocked by fluid flow guide 454, whose edge 456 sealingly engages an inner facing wall 457 of central bore 425 of housing element 410. This orientation may be utilized to close all three ports. The operative orientation shown in Figs. 49A and 50A may be advantageously employed when it is desired to prevent all flow of liquid through the stopcock. The procedure currently used requires careful placement of the handle to an angle 45 degrees from one of the ports. Such a procedure is unreliable and requires careful attention of the operator, which may be a doctor or a nurse in the middle of a surgery.

0124Figs. 49B and 50B illustrate a second operating position of the stopcock of Fig. 41, which is typically employed for drawing blood or other fluids from the patient. The user typically connects a syringe to port 416 and draws blood from the patient through port 414 and bores 453 and 452 through port 416 to the syringe, as indicated by an arrow 462. It is appreciated that this operating position may also be used for supplying a medicament to the patient when port 418 is closed, in a flow direction opposite to that indicated by arrow 462. Figs. 49C and 5OC illustrate a third operating position of the stopcock of Fig. 41, which is typically employed for supplying a liquid to the patient from port 418 to port 414. Liquid flows via port 418 and bores 452 and 453, around fluid flow guide 454, and into the internal volume 427 of port 416 as well as an internal volume 466 of the elastomeric element 423, flushing residual liquid therefrom, via port 414 to the patient, as indicated by an arrow 464.

0125It is a particular feature of the present invention that the provision of fluid flow guide 454 generally overcomes problems of the presence of residual liquids remaining in the internal volume 427 of port 416 as well as in internal volume 466 of the elastomeric element 423. This is important in various therapeutic situations. For example when blood is drawn from the patient through port 416, there remains residual blood in the internal volume 427 of port 416 and the internal volume 466 of the elastomeric element 423. This blood, if left in internal volumes 427 and 466 for a period of time, can clot and thus become dangerous if delivered to the patient. In addition, the coagulated blood could occlude the liquid passageway extending through port 416. Various infections could possibly arise as a result of the retained blood.

0126This feature is also useful when a medicament is supplied to a patient through port 416. If a portion of the medicament remains in the internal volumes 427 of port 416 and 466 of the elastomeric element 423, the dosage of the medicament that the patient receives is less than the intended dosage by an amount which cannot be readily ascertained. In addition, this residual medicament might be inadvertently supplied to the patient during a subsequent use of the stopcock, which could cause harm to the patient.

0127The present invention provides for automatic flushing of the liquid, such as blood or medicament from the internal volumes 427 and 466 and typically returning it to the patient without requiring the use of extra syringes and the opening of the medical set to the atmosphere, thereby increasing the chance of contamination.

0128Figs. 49D and 50D illustrate a fourth operating position of the stopcock of Fig. 41, which may be used for flushing the IV set upstream of the stopcock, when port 416 is open to the atmosphere as by insertion of a male luer connector, such as a syringe tip (not shown), into the elastomeric element 423 of the valve thereof. The insertion of the male luer connector activates the flow of liquid from port 418, around fluid flow guide 454 and through bores 453 and 452, to the male luer connector via the elastomeric element 423 of port 416, as indicated by an arrow 465. Alternatively, this operating position may be employed for pushing liquid via the side port 416, through port 418, in a direction opposite arrow 465, for uses such as mixing liquid in the pressure bag.

0129Reference is now made to Fig. 51, which is an exploded view illustration of a stopcock constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. As seen in Fig. 51, the stopcock comprises a housing element 510 including a main tubular portion 512 and three side ports, designated by reference numerals 514, 516 and 518 respectively. A handle element 520 is arranged to be seated within main tubular portion 512 of housing element 510. Reference is now made additionally to Figs. 52 and 53 which are pictorial illustrations of housing element 510 and to Figs. 54A and 54B which are sectional illustrations thereof. As seen in Figs. 51 - 54B, tubular portion 512 of housing element 510 is generally cylindrical, arranged about an axis 522, and has side ports 514, 516 and 518 extending in different directions therefrom, typically separated by 90 degrees about axis 522. Port 514 is preferably a male port which preferably meets luer standard ISO 594-1, while port 516 incorporates a normally closed swabbable valve which is configured to receive a male luer and port 518 is preferably a female port, which preferably meets luer standard ISO 594-1. Conventional plugs, nuts and covers may be used in association with ports 514 and 518. Port 516 of housing element 510 includes a valve employing an elastomeric element 523, held in place by a cap 524, which is welded or otherwise fixed to housing element 510. Elastomeric element 523 and cap 524 are commercially available from Halkey-Roberts Corporation of St. Petersburg, Florida, USA and described in one or more of U.S. Patents 6,651,956; 6,089,541 and 6,036,171, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Alternatively, valves and valve elements commercially available from other sources such as Becton-Dickinson, Cardinal, Medegen and Filtertek may be employed.

0130Tubular portion 512 includes a central bore 525 having a slightly conical configuration, which is formed with a circumferential undercut 526. Between bore 525 and elastomeric element 523, port 516 is bifurcated by a fluid flow guide 527. Port 516 defines an internal volume 528. Reference is now made to Figs. 55 A - 58B, which illustrate handle element

0131520. As seen in Figs. 55A - 58B₃ the handle element includes a shaft portion 530, which is integrally formed with a top portion 532 from which extends a fmger-engageable protrusion 534. It is appreciated that any other suitable general configuration of the top portion of the handle element may alternatively be employed.

0132Shaft portion 530 is generally symmetrical about a shaft axis 542 and has a slightly conical outer surface 544, typically having an angle α (as seen particularly in Fig. 56A) of 3 - 4 degrees, which corresponds to the slightly conical configuration of central bore 525 for rotatable sealing engagement therewith. As seen particularly in Figs. 58A and 58B₅ shaft portion 530 is typically formed with mutually sealed top and bottom cylindrical recesses 546 and 548, which are sealingly separated by a divider 550.

0133Disposed generally between recesses 546 and 548 and sealed therefrom is a partially peripherally-extending recess 552, selectably defining a fluid flow passageway between selectable ones of side ports 514, 516 and 518 depending on the rotational orientation of the handle element 520 relative to the housing element 510. Preferably extending radially and partially bifurcating the recess 552 is a fluid flow guide 554, which directs the flow of liquid between ports 514 and 518 through the passageway defined by recess 552 into the internal volume 528 of port 516 for flushing thereof, when the handle element 520 is suitably positioned. The radially outward facing edge 556 of fluid flow guide 554 is formed with a suitably tapered configuration in order to prevent liquid flow therepast when fluid flow guide 554 is not located opposite a port as shown in Fig. 55 A, alternatively it may have many other shapes.

0134Reference is now made to Figs. 59A₅ 59B, 59C and 59D, which are simplified pictorial illustrations of the stopcock of Fig. 51 in four operative orientations and to Figs. 6OA, 6OB, 6OC and 6OD, which are sectional illustrations of the stopcock of Figs. 59A, 59B, 59C and 59D, respectively.

0135Figs. 59A and 6OA illustrate a first operating position of the stopcock of Fig. 51. As seen, there is no fluid communication between any of the ports. Liquid does not flow from port 518 to port 514, because it is blocked by fluid flow guide 554, whose edge 556 sealingly engages an inner facing wall 557 of bore 525 of housing element 510. This orientation may be utilized to close all three ports. The operative orientation shown in Figs. 59A and 6OA may be advantageously employed when it is desired to prevent all flow of liquid through the stopcock. The procedure currently used requires careful placement of the handle to an angle 45 degrees from one of the ports. Such a procedure is unreliable and requires careful attention of the operator, which may be a doctor or a nurse in the middle of a surgery.

0136Figs. 59B and 6OB illustrate a second operating position of the stopcock of Fig. 51, which is typically employed for drawing blood or other fluids from the patient. The user typically connects a syringe to port 516 and draws blood from the patient through port 514 and partially peripherally-extending recess 552 through port 516 to the syringe, as indicated by an arrow 562. It is appreciated that this operating position may also be used for supplying a medicament to the patient when port 518 is closed, in a flow direction opposite to that indicated by arrow 562.

0137Figs. 59C and 6OC illustrate a third operating position of the stopcock of Fig. 51, which is typically employed for supplying a liquid to the patient from port 518 to port 514. Liquid flows via port 518 and partially peripherally-extending recess 552, along fluid flow guides 554 and 527, and into the internal volume 528 of port 516 as well as an internal volume 566 of the elastomeric element 523, flushing residual liquid therefrom, via port 514 to the patient, as indicated by an arrow 564. It is a particular feature of the present invention that the provision of fluid flow guides 554 and 527 generally overcomes problems of the presence of residual liquids remaining in the internal volume 528 of port 516 as well as in internal volume 566 of the elastomeric element 523. This is important in various therapeutic situations. For example when blood is drawn from the patient through port 516, there remains residual blood in the internal volume 528 of port 516 and the internal volume 566 of the elastomeric element 523. This blood, if left in internal volumes 528 and 566 for a period of tune, can clot and thus become dangerous if delivered to the patient. In addition, the coagulated blood could occlude the liquid passageway extending through port 516. Various infections could possibly arise as a result of the retained blood. This feature is also useful when a medicament is supplied to a patient through port 516. If a portion of the medicament remains in the internal volumes 528 of port 516 and 566 of the elastomeric element 523, the dosage of the medicament that the patient receives is less than the intended dosage by an amount which cannot be readily ascertained, hi addition, this residual medicament might be inadvertently supplied to the patient during a subsequent use of the stopcock, which could cause harm to the patient.

0138The present invention provides for automatic flushing of the liquid, such as blood or medicament from the internal volumes 528 and 566 and typically returning it to the patient without requiring the use of extra syringes and the opening of the medical set to the atmosphere, thereby increasing the chance of contamination.

0139Figs. 59D and 6OD illustrate a fourth operating position of the stopcock of Fig. 51, which may be used for flushing the IV set upstream of the stopcock, when port 516 is open to the atmosphere as by insertion of a male luer connector, such as a syringe tip (not shown), into the elastomeric element 523 of the valve thereof. The insertion of the male luer connector activates the flow of liquid from port 518, around fluid flow guide 554 and through partially peripherally-extending recess 552, to the male luer connector via the elastomeric element 523 of port 516, as indicated by an arrow 565. Alternatively, this operating position may be employed for pushing liquid via the side port 516, through port 518, in a direction opposite arrow 565, for uses such as mixing liquid in the pressure bag.

0140Reference is now made to Figs. 61 A, 61B and 61 C, which are simplified pictorial illustrations of an arterial monitoring set constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention in various operative orientations. The arterial monitoring set includes a fluid-filled bag 612 and a tube portion 614 leading to a patient's artery. An arterial pressure sensor 616, which is schematically depicted in drawings 61A-61C, is coupled in a series along tube portion 614 and provides a visible output on a conventional monitor 618. Downstream of arterial pressure sensor 616 there is provided a stopcock 620 of the type described hereinabove with reference to any of Figs. 11 - 6OD, including a swabbable valve 622 having an elastomeric element 623.

0141Fig. 61 A shows the stopcock in an operative orientation such as that shown in Figs. 19A and 20A₅ Figs. 29A and 30A, Figs. 39A and 40A, Figs. 49A and 5OA and Figs. 59A and 6OA. As shown in Figs. 19A, 20A, 39A and 40A, a liquid passes through the arterial set, including stopcock 620, from the bag 612 to the artery of the patient. Alternatively, as shown in the stopcocks illustrated in Figs. 29A, 30A, 49 A, 5OA, 59A and 6OA, this operative orientation may be utilized when a medical procedure requires a cessation of the flow of liquid in the arterial set.

0142Fig. 61B shows the stopcock in an operative orientation such as that shown in Figs. 19B and 2OB, Figs. 29B and 30B, Figs. 39B and 4OB, Figs. 49B and 5OB and Figs. 59B and 6OB, which is typically employed for drawing blood or other fluids from the patient, by employing a syringe 624 coupled to the swabbable valve 622. It is appreciated that this operating position may also be used for supplying medicament to the patient via syringe 624.

0143Fig. 61C shows the stopcock in an operative orientation such as that shown, for example in Figs. 19C and 20C, Figs. 29C and 30C, Figs. 39C and 40C₅ Figs. 49C and 5OC and Figs. 59C and 60C₅ which is typically employed for supplying a liquid to the patient from the arterial set. Liquid flows through the stopcock and flushes the internal volume of the swabbable valve and of the port in which it is located, flushing residual liquid therefrom to the patient. Because it enables an operator to easily draw blood without exposing the arterial line to the atmosphere, use of a stopcock shown in any of Figs. 11 - 6OD in a monitoring set reduces both the risk of contamination and the need for extra covers or plugs.

0144For routine use in arterial lines, the stopcock is employed in a position such as that shown in Figs. 19 A, 20A, 39 A, 4OA and 6 IA, where the fluid flows from the arterial line to the patient without making contact with the elastomeric element 623 of the valve 622.

0145To draw blood from the patient, the operator places the handle of the stopcock in the operative orientation shown in Figs. 19B, 20B₅ 29B, 30B, 39B, 4OB, 49B, 5OB, 59B₅ 6OB and 61B, introduces a syringe to the valve, thereby opening it, and draws blood.

0146After blood is drawn, residual blood remains in the internal volumes of the valve and the side port of the stopcock. This residual blood, if not removed from the stopcock, may cause damage to the patient as discussed hereinabove with reference to drawings 9C, 19C, 20C₅ 29C₅ 30C₅ 39C₅ 40C₅ 49C, 50C, 59C and 6OC.

0147In order to clear the residual blood from the internal volumes, the operator places the handle of the stopcock in the operative orientation shown in Figs. 19C₅ 2OC, 29C₅ 3OC, 39C, 4OC, 49C, 5OC, 59C, 6OC and 61C. In this orientation, the flow of liquid in the arterial line flushes the internal volumes of both the valve and the side port of the stopcock and clears the residual blood therefrom.

0148For use of the stopcock in monitoring the arterial blood pressure of the patient, the flow of liquid must not come in contact with the elastomeric component of the valve. Therefore, when the operator has removed the residual blood from the internal volumes of the valve and the side port of the stopcock, he would again place the handle of the stopcock in the operative orientation seen in Fig. 6 IA.

0149It is appreciated that the stopcock structure shown and described hereinabove may have many advantageous uses in addition to those described specifically hereinabove.

0150It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather the scope of the present invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of the various features described hereinabove as well as modifications and variations thereof as would occur to a person of skill in the art upon reading the foregoing specification and which are not in the prior art.