Imaging method and imaging apparatus

The present invention contains subject matter related to <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="JP2005269632A"><text>Japanese Patent Application JP 2005-269632</text></patcit> filed in the Japanese Patent Office on SEPTEMBER 16, 2005.

The present invention relates to the field of an imaging method and an imaging apparatus preferred embodiments of which allow a still image, a moving picture, and the like to be obtained in high quality.

Since the small amount of an incident light from the object in low light intensity condition decreases the stored amount of electric charge of an imaging apparatus, a random noise component such as shot noise contained in a signal which is output as a captured signal from an image sensor relatively increases. As a result, the S/N ratio of the captured signal deteriorates. When the image sensor is exposed for a long time, the stored amount of electric charge increases and the random noise component relatively decreases. Thus, the S/N ratio of the captured signal may improve. However, if the image sensor is exposed for a long time, since the imaging apparatus may be shaken by the hand of the user, a blur may take place in the captured image (hereinafter this blur is sometimes referred to as an exposure blur). Thus, in the related art, it was necessary to fix the imaging apparatus with a tripod or the like.

To address the foregoing problem, a related art reference has been disclosed as <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="JP9261526A"><text>Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 9-261526</text></patcit>. In this related art reference, images of an object are consecutively captured at a shutter speed, for example, 1/30 seconds which nearly prevents them from having an exposure blur, and the plurality of captured images are compensated for shaking and the compensated images are combined. The shaking takes place at intervals of an exposure period, for example, one field or one frame. Another related art reference has been disclosed as <patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="JP11075105A"><text>Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 11-75105</text></patcit>. In this related art reference, the entire exposure period is divided into a plurality of exposure segments, images obtained in the exposure segments are compensated for shaking, and the compensated images are combined. As a result, a high quality image can be obtained.

As described in those related art references, a plurality of images which have been compensated for shaking are simply combined. Thus, the memory capacity increases as the number of images to be combined increases. Thus, the number of images which can be combined is restricted depending on the storage capacity of the memory. As a result, as a problem of those related art references, the S/N ratio of a final image may not be sufficiently improved. In addition, if an image contains an unnecessary moving object or the contrast of an image is low, the accuracy of a moving vector with which an image is compensated for shaking becomes low. As a result, the image quality may not be sufficiently improved.

In view of the foregoing, it would be desirable to provide an imaging method and an imaging apparatus which allow an image to be captured in high quality without shaking even in low light intensity condition.

Various respective aspects and features of the invention are defined in the appended claims. Features from the dependent claims may be combined with features of the independent claims as appropriate and not merely as explicitly set out in the claims.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an imaging method. A plurality of images which chronologically differ are captured. Motion of the plurality of images is detected and motion information is generated. Reliability of the motion information is determined. Shaking which takes place among the plurality of images is compensated corresponding to the motion information. An image which has been compensated for shaking is filtered by a recursive filter. A characteristic of the filter process is varied corresponding to the reliability of the motion information.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an imaging apparatus. The imaging apparatus includes an image capturing section, a motion detecting section, a reliability determining section, a shaking compensating section, and a filtering section. The image capturing section captures a plurality of images which chronologically differ. The motion detecting section detects motion of the plurality of images and generating motion information. The reliability determining section determines reliability of the motion information. The shaking compensating section compensates shaking which takes place among the plurality of images corresponding to the motion information. The filtering section filters an image which has been compensated for shaking by using a recursive filter. A characteristic of the filtering section is varied corresponding to the reliability of the motion information.

According to embodiments of the present invention, images are consecutively captured in a storage time which prevents or at least impedes them from having an exposure blur even in low light intensity condition. In this condition, a plurality of images are captured and compensated for shaking. As a result, an image which is free from shaking is generated. In addition, the shaking-free image is processed by a recursive filter. Thus, an image having a high S/N ratio can be generated. Since the recursive filter operates in the time direction, images can be captured for a long time without a restriction of the number of images unlike the method of simply combining images. According to embodiments of the present invention, since the reliability of a moving vector deteriorate with a low contrast image and an unnecessary moving object in a captured image, filter coefficients are controlled depending on the reliability. As a result, an image quality can be improved.

The invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, throughout which like parts are referred to by like references, and in which: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>Fig. 1 is a block diagram showing the overall structure according to an embodiment of the present invention;</li><li>Fig. 2 is a block diagram showing an example of a shaking detecting section according to the embodiment of the present invention;</li><li>Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram describing motion detection according to the embodiment of the present invention;</li><li>Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram showing the three-dimensional relationship of evaluation values and deviations when a moving vector is detected;</li><li>Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram showing the two-dimensional relationship of evaluation values and deviations when a moving vector is detected;</li><li>Fig. 6 is a block diagram showing an example of a filter according to the embodiment of the present invention;</li><li>Fig. 7 is a flow chart showing a process according to the embodiment of the present invention;</li><li>Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram describing a reliability determination process according to the embodiment of the present invention;</li><li>Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram describing blocks according to another embodiment of the present invention; and</li><li>Fig. 10 is a schematic diagram showing the two-dimensional relationship of evaluation values and deviations when a moving vector is detected according to the other embodiment of the present invention.</li></ul>

Next, with reference to the accompanying drawings, an embodiment of the present invention will be described. Fig. 1 shows the overall structure of an embodiment of the present invention. In Fig. 1, reference numeral 110 denotes an imaging optical system. The imaging optical system 110 includes a zoom lens which enlarges and reduces the size of an image captured from an object, a focus lens which adjusts a focus distance, an iris (diaphragm) which adjusts the amount of light, an Neutral Density (ND) filter, and a driving circuit which drives these lenses and iris. The zoom lens, the focus lens, the iris, and the ND filter are driven by a driver 111.

Light of an object enters an image sensor 120 which uses a Charge Coupled Device (CCD), a Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS), or the like through the imaging optical system 110. The image sensor 120 outputs image signals captured corresponding to the light of the object. An example of the imaging apparatus is a digital camera. Instead, the imaging apparatus may be a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a mobile phone, or the like. Instead, the imaging apparatus may be a device which captures a moving picture.

The image sensor 120 may be either a primary color type or a complementary color type. The image sensor 120 photo-electrically converts light of an object which enters the imaging optical system 110 into RGB primary color analog signals or complementary color analog signals. A timing generator (abbreviated as TG in Fig. 1) 121 supplies various types of timing signals to the image sensor 120. The image sensor 120 is driven corresponding to the timing signals supplied from the timing generator 121. The timing generator 121 generates various types of timing signals which cause the image sensor 120 to drive.

Image signals are supplied from the image sensor 120 to an analog signal processing section 130 incorporated within an Integrated Circuit (IC). The analog signal processing section 130 sample-holds color signals, controls the gains of the color signals according to Automatic Gain Control (AGC), and converts the analog signals into digital signals. As a result, the analog signal processing section 130 outputs digital image signals.

Digital image signals are supplied from the analog signal processing section 130 to a memory controller 150, a shaking detecting section 140, and a luminance detecting section 180. The shaking detecting section 140 detects the motions of a plurality of captured images and outputs a moving vector as motion information. The shaking detecting section 140 is composed of a moving vector detecting section 141 and a feature extracting section 142. The moving vector detecting section 141 detects a moving vector from time-series digital image signals which are output from the analog signal processing section 130. The feature extracting section 142 extracts feature information from the time-series digital image signals. The feature information is an evaluation value corresponding to the detected moving vector. The luminance detecting section 180 detects the luminance levels of signals which are output from the analog signal processing section 130.

The detected moving vector, the extracted feature information, and the detected luminance level are supplied to a system controller 170. The system controller 170 calculates the reliability of the detected moving vector based on the feature information and the luminance level.

The memory controller 150 controls an image memory 151. The image memory 151 is a memory with which the phases of shaking detection time and compensation time are adjusted. Digital image signals which are output from the analog signal processing section 130 are stored in the image memory 151 through the memory controller 150. The image memory 151 delays the input digital image signals to detect a moving vector. Thereafter, the delayed digital image signals are read from the image memory 151. In addition, the memory controller 150 compensates the digital image signals for shaking on the basis of the amount of shaking compensation designated by the system controller 170.

The digital image signals whose shaking has been compensated by the memory controller 150 are supplied to a filter 160. The filter 160 is a recursive filter including digital circuits. The filter 160 has a memory for one field or one frame. The filter 160 outputs image signals whose S/N ratios have been improved and which have been compensated for shaking. The output image signals are compressed and recorded in a record medium such as a memory card. In addition, the output image signals are displayed on an image display section such as a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD).

The system controller 170 controls the driver 111, the timing generator 121, and the analog signal processing section 130. The moving vector, the feature information, and the luminance level are supplied from the moving vector detecting section 141, the feature extracting section 142, and the luminance detecting section 180 to the system controller 170, respectively. In addition, the system controller 170 controls the memory controller 150 to compensate image signals for shaking, determines the reliability of the moving vector based on the feature amount and the luminance level supplied from the feature extracting section 142 and the luminance detecting section 180, respectively, and controls a filter coefficient of the filter 160 based on the reliability.

In addition, the luminance detecting section 180 generates an Auto Focus (AF) control signal, an auto exposure signal, and an auto white balance signal. These signals are supplied to the system controller 170. The system controller 170 generates a signal which causes the imaging optical system 110 to be controlled. The generated control signal is supplied to the driver 111.

In addition, for the purpose of reducing shaking of an image of an object which enters the image sensor 120, the system controller 170 controls the timing generator 121 to set an electronic shutter speed at as fast as a speed preventing captured images from having an exposure blur. Generally, it is said that a shutter speed which prevents captured images from having an exposure blur is "1 / focal distance" (35 mm equivalent). The focal distance is a value which the system controller 170 obtains for focus control.

In low light intensity condition, the system controller 170 controls an image capturing operation so that a plurality of images are captured at a shutter speed which prevents the captured images from having an exposure blur at predetermined intervals of one field or one frame rather than a slow shutter speed for long time exposure. The number of images captured depends on the luminance of the object. Alternatively, a predetermined number of images may be captured. When the imaging apparatus is a still image camera, a plurality of images captured are the same image unless the object is changed and the camera is shaken. An output image is obtained by shake compensating a plurality of captured images and filtering the compensated images.

The shaking detecting section 140 detects the entire motion of the image plane according to the representative point matching system, which is one of motion detecting methods using block matching operation. This system assumes that objects are nearly the same among frames to be compared. Thus, this system is not suitable when objects are largely different among frames.

Fig. 2 shows an example of the structure of the shaking detecting section 140. An image input 201 is an input portion for image data whose moving vector is to be detected. Image data which are input from the image input 201 are supplied to a filter processing circuit 210 which removes frequency components which are not necessary to detect motion. An output of the filter processing circuit 210 is supplied to a representative point extracting circuit 220. The representative point extracting circuit 220 extracts pixel data at a predetermined position in each region composed of a plurality of pixels of the input image data (hereinafter the predetermined position is referred to as the representative point) and stores luminance levels of the extracted pixel data.

A subtracting device 230 subtracts the representative point, which is output from the representative point extracting circuit 220, from pixel data, which are output from the filter processing circuit 210. This subtracting process is performed for each region. An absolute value converting circuit 240 calculates the absolute value of a difference signal which is output from the subtracting device 230.

A moving vector detecting circuit 250 detects a moving vector with the absolute value of the difference signal (hereinafter this difference signal is referred to as the residual difference). The moving vector detecting circuit 250 outputs a detected moving vector 260. The moving vector detecting section 141 includes the filter processing circuit 210, the representative point extracting circuit 220, the subtracting device 230, the absolute value converting circuit 240, and the moving vector detecting circuit 250.

An evaluation value of a coordinate position denoted by the moving vector 260 is also supplied to the feature extracting section 142. The feature extracting section 142 outputs an evaluation value corresponding to the detected moving vector 260 as feature information 261.

Fig. 3 shows the moving vector detecting method on the representative point matching system. One captured image, for example an image of one frame, is divided into many regions. In Fig. 3, a detection region 301 is a search region from which a moving vector of a frame at time n is detected. In the example shown in Fig. 3, a region of (5 x 5) pixels is designated. In the detection region 301, a pixel which has the strongest correlation in luminance with the representative point is detected as a moving vector. A representative point 302 is designated in a reference region 306 of a frame at time m. The detection region 301 of the frame at time n corresponds, in spatial position, to the reference region 306 of the frame at time m. The representative point 302 is one pixel of an image at time m which is a basis image of comparison. The interval between time n and time m is an interval at which a plurality of images are consecutively captured, for example one field or one frame.

A pixel 303 denotes any one pixel in the detection region 301. Each pixel of the detection region 301 is compared with the representative point 302. A moving vector 304 denotes an example of a detected moving vector. A hatched pixel 305 is present at coordinates which the moving vector indicates.

Many pairs of the reference region 306 and the detection region 301 are designated in each frame. For each pair, the residual difference between the luminance level of the representative point 302 and the luminance level of each pixel of the detection region 301 is calculated. The residual differences at the positions of the (5 x 5) pixels of the detection region 301 are cumulated. As a result, evaluation values of (5 x 5) pixels of one image are calculated. The coordinates at the position of the minimum value in the distribution of the evaluation values is detected as a moving vector.

The luminance level of the representative point at coordinates (u, v) at time m is denoted by km(u, v). The luminance level at coordinates (x, y) at time n is denoted by kn(x, y). In this case, the residual difference calculation formula for detection of a moving vector according to the representative point matching system can be expressed by the following formula (1). <maths id="math0001" num="(1)"><math display="block"><msup><mi>P</mi><mo>′</mo></msup><mfenced><mi>x</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mi>y</mi></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mfenced open="|" close="|"><msub><mi>k</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><mfenced><mi>u</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mi>v</mi></mfenced><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>k</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mfenced><mi>x</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mi>y</mi></mfenced></mfenced></math><img file="EP1765005A2_D0001.tif" /></maths>

The obtained residual difference is for one pair of the reference region 306 and the detection region 301. The residual differences of many pairs of the entire frame are obtained in the same manner, and the residual differences at coordinates (x, y) are cumulated. As a result, the evaluation values at coordinates (x, y) are obtained. In the example shown in Fig. 3, the evaluation values at 25 (= 5 x 5) pixel positions are generated.

Fig. 4 shows an example of the relationship of deviations and evaluation values. The residual difference between the coordinates at a point "a" whose evaluation value is local minimum and minimum and the coordinates of the representative point becomes a moving vector mv(x, y). When the representative points of the entire image plane of one frame are moved to the position of the coordinates at the point "a", the evaluation value of the coordinates at the point "a" becomes local minimum. This relationship can be expressed by the following formula (2). In formula (2), P(x, y) denotes evaluation values at coordinates (x, y) (namely, a cumulated value of absolute values of residual differences). <maths id="math0002" num="(2)"><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="italic">mv</mi><mo>=</mo><mfenced><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>u</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>y</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>v</mi></mfenced><mo>⁢</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">for min</mi><mfenced open="{" close="}"><mi>P</mi><mfenced><mi>x</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mi>y</mi></mfenced></mfenced></math><img file="EP1765005A2_D0002.tif" /></maths>

When the coordinates of the representative value are (0, 0), the moving vector can be expressed by the following formula (3). <maths id="math0003" num="(3)"><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="italic">mv</mi><mo>=</mo><mfenced><mi>x</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mi>y</mi></mfenced><mo>⁢</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">for min</mi><mfenced open="{" close="}"><mi>P</mi><mfenced><mi>x</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mi>y</mi></mfenced></mfenced></math><img file="EP1765005A2_D0003.tif" /></maths>

The feature extracting section 142 is a circuit which outputs an evaluation value at the point "a" shown in Fig. 4. In other words, the feature extracting section 142 outputs the following formula (4) as feature information L. <maths id="math0004" num="(4)"><math display="block"><mi>L</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">min</mi><mfenced open="{" close="}"><mi>P</mi><mfenced><mi>x</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mi>y</mi></mfenced></mfenced></math><img file="EP1765005A2_D0004.tif" /></maths>

Next, the determination of the reliability of a detected moving vector will be described. Fig. 5 shows the two-dimensional relationship of deviations and evaluation values. The curve in Fig.5 shows variations of evaluation values when the two-dimensional relationship of deviations and evaluation values is viewed from one plane which passes through the point "a", at which the evaluation value is minimum, and is in parallel with one of the x axis and the y axis of Fig. 4.

The local minimum value in deviations is on the coordinate value of the x axis or the y axis of the point "a".

In Fig. 5, a solid line 401 denotes variations of evaluation values when normal shaking takes place. When a moving vector is detected in deviations, the absolute value of the evaluation value at the minimum point is sufficiently small. The correlation of images at other than the minimum point in deviations is small. In this case, it can be determined that the reliability of the detected moving vector be high.

In contrast, it can be determined that the reliability of a moving vector detected on the basis of variations of evaluation values in a low contrast state is low. In Fig. 5, a broken line 402 denotes variations of evaluation values in a low contrast state. When a moving vector is detected in deviations, the absolute value of the evaluation value at the minimum point is sufficiently small. The correlation of images in all deviations is high. However, since the moving vector detected in this case is easily affected by noise, the reliability of the moving vector is low. In the low contrast state, since the difference between the luminance level of the representative point and the luminance level of each pixel in the detection region is generally small, the general evaluation values are small. As a result, since the moving vector is affected by noise, the detection accuracy may deteriorate or a moving vector of other than shaking may be detected. To improve the reliability of a moving vector to be detected, it is necessary to detect the low contrast state and exclude it.

According to this embodiment, with the sum of evaluation values expressed by the following formula (5), it is determined whether the low contrast state takes place. In formula (5), X and Y denote the number of pixels in the horizontal direction of the detection region and the number of pixels in the vertical direction of the detection region, respectively. The sum of evaluation values P(x, y) at coordinates is normalized by the number of pixels (X x Y: it corresponds to the area of the detection region). When the resultant value S is small, it is determined that the contrast of the object is low. <maths id="math0005" num="(5)"><math display="block"><mi>S</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mstyle displaystyle="true"><munderover><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>y</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mi>Y</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></munderover></mstyle><mstyle displaystyle="true"><munderover><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mi>X</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></munderover></mstyle><mi>P</mi><mfenced><mi>x</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mi>y</mi></mfenced></mrow><mrow><mi>X</mi><mo>×</mo><mi>Y</mi></mrow></mfrac></math><img file="EP1765005A2_D0005.tif" /></maths>

Next, with reference to Fig. 8A, a process of obtaining a reliability index Rs with the value S obtained by formula (5) will be described. When the reliability is low, namely the value S is smaller than a threshold value thrA, the reliability index Rs is set to 0. In contrast, when the reliability is high, namely the value S is larger than a threshold value thrB, the reliability index Rs is set to 1. Otherwise, the reliability Rs is set to a value expressed by the following formula (6) as shown in Fig. 8A. <maths id="math0006" num="(6)"><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="italic">Rs</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>S</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">-</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">thrA</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">thrB</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">-</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">thrA</mi></mrow></mfrac></math><img file="EP1765005A2_D0006.tif" /></maths>

In Fig. 5, a dashed line 403 denotes variations of evaluation values in the case that a plurality of images which are being captured contain a moving object. When a moving vector is detected in deviations, the absolute value of the evaluation value at the minimum point is relatively large. The correlation of images in all the deviations is low. When a moving object takes place, since the correlation of images becomes low, the level of the absolute value of the evaluation value at the minimum point becomes large. Since the correlation of images is low, the reliability of the detected moving vector is low. Thus, it may be impossible to use the detected moving vector for compensation. As a result, with an evaluation value L at the minimum point, the reliability is determined. The evaluation value L at the minimum point can be expressed by formula (7). When the evaluation value L is large, it is determined that a moving object take place. <maths id="math0007" num="(7)"><math display="block"><mi>L</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">min</mi><mfenced open="{" close="}"><mi>P</mi><mfenced><mi>x</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mi>y</mi></mfenced></mfenced></math><img file="EP1765005A2_D0007.tif" /></maths>

Next, with reference to Fig. 8B, a process of obtaining a reliability index R_L with the value L obtained by formula (7) will be described. When the reliability is high, namely the value L is smaller than a threshold value thrC, the reliability index R_L is set to 1. In contrast, when the reliability is low, namely the value L is larger than a threshold value thrD, the reliability R_L is set to 0. Otherwise, the reliability index R_L is set to a value expressed by the following formula (8) as shown in Fig. 8B. <maths id="math0008" num="(8)"><math display="block"><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">L</mi></msub><mo mathvariant="italic">=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">L</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">-</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">thrD</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">thrC</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">-</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">thrD</mi></mrow></mfrac></math><img file="EP1765005A2_D0008.tif" /></maths>

The moving vector detecting section 141 outputs a reliability index R into which the foregoing two reliability indexes Rs and R_L are integrated and a moving vector detected according to formula (9) to the system controller 170. When the reliability index R is low, the reliability of the moving vector is low. In contrast, when the reliability index R is large, the reliability of the moving vector is high. Instead, the moving vector detecting section 141 may supply evaluation values to the system controller 170, and the system controller 170 may calculate the reliability indexes. <maths id="math0009" num="(9)"><math display="block"><mi>R</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">Rs</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">×</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">RL</mi></math><img file="EP1765005A2_D0009.tif" /></maths>

Fig. 6 shows an example of the structure of the filter 160 shown in Fig. 1. Data X(z) 501 which are output from the memory controller 150 are input to the filter 160. An output Y(z) 502 is extracted from an adding device 520 of the filter 160. The level of the input data X(z) 501 is amplified by an amplifier 510 at an amplification factor of k and the amplified data are supplied to an adding device 520. The filter coefficient k (where 0 ≤ k ≤ 1) is designated by the system controller 170.

Output data of the adding device 520 are extracted as an output Y(z) and supplied to a delaying device 530. Output data of the delaying device 530 are supplied to the adding device 520 through an amplifier 511. The amplifier 511 amplifies a signal which is output from the delaying device 530 at an amplification factor of (1 - k). The delaying device 530 is a delaying device which delays an output Y(z) 502 by one sample period. One sample period is the difference between the time of the reference region, which contains the representative point, and the time of the detection region. One sample period is for example one field or one frame.

When the filter coefficient k of the filter 160 shown in Fig. 6 is 1 (namely, k = 1), an output component of the preceding time supplied from the amplifier 511 to the adding device 520 is 0. In this case, the input data X(z) 501 are directly extracted as the output data Y(z) 502. When the filter coefficient k of the filter 160 is not 1 (namely, k ≠ 1), the output component of the preceding time supplied from the amplifier 511 to the adding device 520 is not 0. The adding device 520 adds the output component of the preceding time to the input data X(z) 501. Signal components of different times correlate, whereas random noise components do not correlate. Thus, the adding process of the adding device 520 allows noise components to be decreased.

Next, a filter coefficient Ky will be described. The filter coefficient Ky is calculated corresponding to a signal level Y of the image sensor 120, which is output from the luminance detecting section 180, as shown in Fig. 8C. When the luminance level contains a large noise component, namely the signal level Y is smaller than a threshold value thrE, the filter coefficient Ky can be expressed by formula (10). In contrast, when the luminance level does not contain a large noise component, namely the signal level Y is equal to or larger than the threshold value thrE, the filter coefficient Ky is set to a predetermined filter coefficient Kmax. <maths id="math0010" num="(10)"><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="italic">Ky</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">=</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">K</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">MAX</mi></msub><mo mathvariant="italic">-</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">K</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">MIN</mi></msub></mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">thrE</mi></mfrac><mo>⁢</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">Y</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">+</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">K</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">MIN</mi></msub></math><img file="EP1765005A2_D0010.tif" /></maths>

The filter coefficient k of the filter 160 shown in Fig. 6 can be calculated with the filter coefficient Ky corresponding to the reliability index R and the luminance level by formula (11). However, only for an initial image, the filter coefficient k is set to 1 so as to cancel a transient response of the filter. <maths id="math0011" num="(11)"><math display="block"><mi>k</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>R</mi><mo>×</mo><msub><mi>K</mi><mi>Y</mi></msub></math><img file="EP1765005A2_D0011.tif" /></maths>

Next, with reference to Fig. 7, a control operation performed by the system controller 170 will be described. The control operation is executed at intervals of which a plurality of images are captured, for example one field or one frame. The number of execution times is indicated as a counter value. In the low light intensity condition, images are consecutively captured at a shutter speed which prevents them from having an exposure blur. A predetermined number of images are compensated for shaking and filtered. After a predetermined number of images have been processed and the counter value has reached a predetermined value, the process is completed and the resultant image is treated as a finally captured image.

At step S10, it is determined whether the counter value (hereinafter simply referred to as the counter) whose value is incremented by 1 whenever the control operation is performed is 0. When the determined result at step S10 is true, namely the counter is 0, the flow advances to step S11. When the determined result at step S10 is false, namely the counter is not 0, the flow advances to step S20.

At step S11, the shaking compensation is turned off. In other words, the memory controller 150 does not compensate an image stored in the image memory 151 for shaking, but directly outputs the image. If the state of which the reliability is low continues, in the initial state of which the counter is 0, an initial image is captured so that a signal compensated for shaking is output.

At step S12, the filter coefficient k of the filter 160 is set to 1. This setting is performed to cancel a transient response of the filter in the initial state. At step S13, the counter is incremented by 1. Thereafter, the process is completed. The process of the next image which is input one field or one frame later begins at step S10.

At step S20, shaking is detected and compensated. In other words, the system controller 170 informs the memory controller 150 of a compensation amount for cancelling a shaking component corresponding to a moving vector detected by the moving vector detecting section 141. The memory controller 150 causes the image memory 151 to output an image which has been compensated for shaking.

At step S21, the coefficient k of the filter is calculated corresponding to the reliability index R and the filter coefficient Ky as expressed by the foregoing formula (11). At step S13, the counter is incremented by 1. Thereafter, the process is completed. The filter coefficient k calculated by the system controller 170 is supplied to the filter 160. The filter coefficient of the filter 160 is set to a proper value.

According to the foregoing embodiment of the present invention, a moving vector is generated for the entire image plane. Instead, the image plane may be divided into a plurality of blocks. A shaking compensation and a filter process may be performed for each of blocks. According to another embodiment of the present invention, a process is performed for each of blocks.

The overall structure of an imaging apparatus according to this embodiment of the present invention is the same as that according to the foregoing embodiment shown in Fig. 1. Thus, reference numerals of structural elements shown in Fig. 1 are used for the description of this embodiment. According to this embodiment, a shaking detecting section 140, which includes a moving vector detecting section 141 and a feature extracting section 142, performs a process for each of (I x J) blocks which are produced by dividing a captured image plane of an image sensor 120 into J portions in the vertical direction and I portions in the horizontal direction. In each block, a plurality of reference regions and a plurality of detection regions are designated. Thus, the shaking compensation operation of the memory controller 150 and the process of the filter 160 are performed for each block. The luminance detecting section 180 detects the luminance level of a signal which is output from the analog signal processing section 130 for each block.

Like the foregoing embodiment, in the low light intensity condition, images are consecutively captured at a shutter speed which prevents them from having an exposure blur and the obtained plurality of images are compensated for shaking and processed by a recursive filter. However, according to this embodiment, the shaking compensation and filter process are performed for each block.

A structure which detects a moving vector according to the representative point system is the same as the structure according to the foregoing embodiment (refer to Fig. 2). As was described with reference to Fig. 3, the absolute value of the residual difference between the luminance level of a representative point in the reference region and the luminance level of each pixel in the detection region 301 is calculated. In this case, when the luminance level of the representative point of coordinates (u, v) of a block (i, j) (where i = 0, 1, 2, ... I - 1, j = 0, 1, 2, ..., J - 1) at time m is denoted by k_m,i,j(x, y) and the luminance level of coordinates (x, y) at time n is denoted by k_n,i,j(x, y), the residual difference calculation formula for detection of a moving vector according to the representative point matching system can be expressed by the following formula (12). <maths id="math0012" num="(12)"><math display="block"><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">Pʹ</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced><mi>x</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mi>y</mi></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mfenced open="|" close="|"><msub><mi>k</mi><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>i</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced><mi>u</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mi>v</mi></mfenced><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>k</mi><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>i</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced><mi>x</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mi>y</mi></mfenced></mfenced></math><img file="EP1765005A2_D0012.tif" /></maths>

The obtained residual difference is for one pair of the reference region 306 and the detection region 301. Likewise, the residual differences are obtained for many pairs of each block. When the residual differences of coordinates (x, y) are cumulated, evaluation values of coordinates (x, y) are obtained. In this embodiment, evaluation values of 25 (= 5 x 5) pixel positions are obtained for each block.

The relationship of deviations and evaluation values shown in Fig. 4 is obtained for each block. The residual difference between the point "a" whose evaluation value is local minimum and minimum and the coordinates of the representative point is a moving vector mv_i,j(x, y) of a block (i, j). When the representative point of one block is moved to the point "a", the evaluation value of the point "a" becomes local minimum. The moving vector mv_i,j (x, y) of each block can be expressed by the following formula (13). In formula (13), P_ij(x, y) denotes an evaluation value of coordinates (x, y) of a block (i, j) (namely, the cumulated value of the absolute values of the residual differences). <maths id="math0013" num="(13)"><math display="block"><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">mv</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mfenced><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>u</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>y</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>v</mi></mfenced><mo>⁢</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">for min</mi><mfenced open="{" close="}"><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced><mi>x</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mi>y</mi></mfenced></mfenced></math><img file="EP1765005A2_D0013.tif" /></maths>

When the coordinates of the representative value are (0, 0), a moving vector of a block (i, j) can be expressed by the following formula (14). <maths id="math0014" num="(14)"><math display="block"><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">mv</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mfenced><mi>x</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mi>y</mi></mfenced></math><img file="EP1765005A2_D0014.tif" /></maths>

The feature extracting section 142 is a circuit which outputs an evaluation value corresponding to a moving vector obtained for each block. In other words, the feature extracting section 142 outputs the result of the following formula (15) as feature information of a block (i, j). <maths id="math0015" num="(15)"><math display="block"><msub><mi>L</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">min</mi><mfenced open="{" close="}"><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced><mi>x</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mi>y</mi></mfenced></mfenced></math><img file="EP1765005A2_D0015.tif" /></maths>

Fig. 10 shows the two-dimensional relationship of deviations and evaluation values of each block. Like the foregoing embodiment (shown in Fig. 5), in Fig. 10, a solid line 601 denotes variations of evaluation values when normal shaking takes place. When a moving vector is detected in deviations, the absolute value of an evaluation value at the minimum point is sufficiently small. In deviations except for the minimum point, the correlation of images is small. In this case, it can be determined that the reliability of the detected moving vector be high.

On the other hand, it is determined that the reliability of a moving vector detected corresponding to variations of evaluation values in the low contrast state is low. In Fig. 10, a broken line 602 denotes variations of evaluation values in the low contrast state. When a moving vector is detected in deviations, the absolute value of the evaluation value at the minimum point is sufficiently small. In all the deviations, the correlation of images is high. However, since the detected moving vector tends to be easily affected by noise, the reliability of the moving vector is low. In the low contrast state, since the difference between the luminance level of the representative point and the luminance level of each pixel of the detection region becomes generally small, the general evaluation values become small. As a result, since the moving vector is affected by noise or the like, there is a possibility of which the detection accuracy deteriorates and a moving vector of other than shaking may be detected. Thus, to enhance the reliability of the moving vector to be detected, it is necessary to detect the low contrast state and exclude it.

According to this embodiment, it is determined whether the contrast of the object is low with the sum S_i,j of evaluation values of each block expressed by formula (16). In formula (16), X and Y denote the number of pixels in the horizontal direction and the number of pixels in the vertical direction of the detection region, respectively. The value S_i,j is obtained by normalizing the sum of evaluation values P_i,j(x, y) at coordinates by the number of pixels (X x Y: it corresponds to the area of the detection region). When the value S_i,j is small, it is determined that the contrast of the object is low. <maths id="math0016" num="(16)"><math display="block"><msub><mi>S</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mstyle displaystyle="true"><munderover><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>y</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mi>Y</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></munderover></mstyle><mstyle displaystyle="true"><munderover><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mi>X</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></munderover></mstyle><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced><mi>x</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mi>y</mi></mfenced></mrow><mrow><mi>X</mi><mo>×</mo><mi>Y</mi></mrow></mfrac></math><img file="EP1765005A2_D0016.tif" /></maths>

Like the foregoing embodiment, when the value S_i,j of a block (i, j) obtained by formula (16) is smaller than a threshold value thrA, the reliability index Rs_{i, j} is set to 0. When the reliability index Rs_i,j is high, namely, the value S_i,j is larger than a threshold value thrB, the reliability index Rs_i,j is set to 1. Otherwise, the reliability index Rs_i,j is set to a value expressed by the following formula (17). <maths id="math0017" num="(17)"><math display="block"><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">Rs</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub><mo mathvariant="italic">=</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>S</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub><mo mathvariant="italic">-</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">thrA</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">thrB</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">-</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">thrA</mi></mrow></mfrac></math><img file="EP1765005A2_D0017.tif" /></maths>

A moving vector of each block which is output from the moving vector detecting section 141 may contain a component of a moving object other than a shaking component. To reduce malfunction due to a moving object, it is necessary to extract only a shaking component and cause the memory controller 150 to compensate for shaking corresponding to the moving vector. In addition to the compensation for shaking, it is necessary to detect a component other than shaking from the moving vector and calculate the reliability index R_Li,j so that the filter 160 does not integrate the component.

The shaking component can be expressed by formula (18). In formula (18), MD denotes a median filter. The system controller 170 causes the memory controller 150 to compensate the shaking component mv_MD. <maths id="math0018" num="(18)"><math display="block"><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">mv</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">MD</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">MD</mi><mrow><mo>{</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub><mo>}</mo><mo>,</mo></mrow><mi>MD</mi><mfenced open="{" close="}"><msub><mi>y</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub></mfenced></mfenced></math><img file="EP1765005A2_D0018.tif" /></maths>

Next, the detection and reliability of a moving object will be described. The extent to which the relevant block contains a moving object is determined as a degree of deviation between a moving vector component and a shaking component. The degree of deviation L_i,m can be expressed by formula (19). When the degree of deviation L_i,j is large, it is determined that a moving object take place. <maths id="math0019" num="(19)"><math display="block"><msub><mi>L</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mfenced open="|" close="|"><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">mv</mi><mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">i</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">,</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">j</mi></mrow></msub><mo mathvariant="italic">-</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">mv</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">MD</mi></msub></mfenced></math><img file="EP1765005A2_D0019.tif" /></maths>

In this case, the reliability index R_Li,j of a block (i, j) is calculated with the degree of deviation L_i,j as shown in Fig. 8B in the same manner as the foregoing embodiment. When the reliability index R_Li,j is high, namely the degree of deviation L_i,j is smaller than a threshold value thrC, the reliability index R_Li,j is set to 1. When the reliability index R_Li,j is low, namely the degree of deviation L_i,j is larger than a threshold value thrD, the reliability index RL_i,j is set to 0. Otherwise, the reliability index R_Li,j is set to a value expressed by formula (20). <maths id="math0020" num="(20)"><math display="block"><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">R</mi><mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">Li</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub><mo mathvariant="italic">=</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">L</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub><mo mathvariant="italic">-</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">thrD</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">thrC</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">-</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">thrD</mi></mrow></mfrac></math><img file="EP1765005A2_D0020.tif" /></maths>

When the reliability of a moving vector of each block (i, j) which is detected by the moving vector detecting section 141 is denoted by R_i,j, the reliability index R_i,j can be expressed by formula (21). When the reliability index R_i,j is low, the reliability of the moving vector is low. In contrast, when the reliability index R_i,j is large, the reliability of the moving vector is high. <maths id="math0021" num="(21)"><math display="block"><msub><mi>R</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>R</mi><mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">si</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub><mo>×</mo><msub><mi>R</mi><mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">Li</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub></math><img file="EP1765005A2_D0021.tif" /></maths>

The filter to which each block of an image which has been compensated for shaking has the same structure as that of the foregoing embodiment shown in Fig. 6. However, in this embodiment, the filter coefficient is set for each block. A filter coefficient of each block is denoted by k_i,j (where 0 ≤ k_i,j ≤ 1).

Next, a filter coefficient K_yi,j of a block (i, j) will be described. Like the foregoing embodiment, the filter coefficient K_yi,j is calculated with the signal level Y_i,j of the image sensor 120, which is output from the luminance detecting section 180, as shown in Fig. 8C. When the luminance level contains a large noise component, namely the signal level Y_i,j is smaller than a threshold value thrE, the filter coefficient Ky_i,j can be expressed by formula (22). In contrast, when the luminance level does not contain a large noise component, namely the signal level Y_i,j is equal to or larger than a threshold value thrE, the filter coefficient Ky_i,j is set to a predetermined filter coefficient K_max. <maths id="math0022" num="(22)"><math display="block"><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">K</mi><mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">Yi</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub><mo mathvariant="italic">=</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">K</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">MAX</mi></msub><mo mathvariant="italic">-</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">K</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">MIN</mi></msub></mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">thrE</mi></mfrac><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">Y</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub><mo mathvariant="italic">+</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">K</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">MIN</mi></msub></math><img file="EP1765005A2_D0022.tif" /></maths>

Like the foregoing embodiment, the filter coefficient k_i,j is calculated with the filter coefficient index Ky_i,j corresponding to the reliability index R and the luminance level by formula (23). However, only for an initial image, the filter coefficient k is set to 1 so as to cancel a transient response of the filter. <maths id="math0023" num="(23)"><math display="block"><msub><mi>K</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>R</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub><mo>×</mo><msub><mi>K</mi><mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">Yi</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub></math><img file="EP1765005A2_D0023.tif" /></maths>

According to this embodiment, the control operation of the system controller 170 is performed as shown in Fig. 7 in the same manner as the foregoing embodiment. However, according to the foregoing embodiment, the control operation is performed for each field or each frame. In contrast, according to this embodiment, it is necessary to perform the control operation for each block. After all blocks of a predetermined number of images have been processed and the counter value has reached a predetermined value, the process is completed. The resultant image is treated as a finally captured image.

According to this embodiment of the present invention, since each of a plurality of blocks is controlled rather than each frame or each field unlike the foregoing embodiment, the filter coefficient can be controlled corresponding to a local feature of an image. Thus, according to this embodiment of the present invention, the picture quality can be more improved than the picture quality of the foregoing embodiment.

It should be understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications, combinations, subcombinations and alternations may occur depending on design requirements and other factors insofar as they are within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof. For example, a moving vector may be detected by other than the representative point system.

In so far as the embodiments of the invention described above are implemented, at least in part, using software-controlled data processing apparatus, it will be appreciated that a computer program providing such software control and a transmission, storage or other medium by which such a computer program is provided are envisaged as aspects of the present invention.