Unified interest layer for user interface

Description of equivalent WO 2006012343 A2

UNIFIEDINTERESTLAYERFORUSERINTERFACE

0002Inventors: lmran A. Chaudhri

0003John Louch Andrew M. Grignon Gregory N. Christie

0004Cross -Reference to Related Applications

0005[0001] The present application claims priority as a continuation-in-part of U.S.

0006Utility patent application serial no. 10/877,968, for "Unified Interest Layer For User Interface," filed June 25, 2004 (Attorney Docket 8957), the disclosure of which is in¬ corporated herein by reference, and U.S. Utility patent application serial no. (not yet known), for "Unified Interest Layer for User Interface," filed June 23, 2005 (Attorney Docket 10236), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. [0002] The present application further claims priority from U.S. Provisional patent application serial no. 60/642,025, for "Unified Interest Layer Widgets/' filed January 7, 2005 (Attorney docket 9920), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

0007[0003] The subject matter of the invention is generally related to the following jointly owed and co-pending patent applications, each incorporated herein by refer¬ ence in its entirety:

0008• U.S. Provisional patent application serial no. xx/xxx,xxx, for "Pro- cedurally Expressing Graphic Objects for Web Pages," filed June 25, 2004);

0009• U.S. Utility patent application serial no. yγ/yγy_>yYY_> f°^r "User In¬ terface for Assisting in the Installation of an Asset," filed June 22, 2004; • U.S. Utility patent application serial no. 10/826,762, for "High-Level Program Interface for Graphics Operations/' filed April 16, 2004;

0010• U.S. Utility patent application serial no. 10/866,360, for "System and Method for Processing Graphics Operations with Graphics Processing Unit," filed June 11, 2004;

0011• U.S. Utility patent application serial no. 10/826,596, for "Improved Gaussian Blur," filed April 16, 2004;

0012• U.S. Utility patent application serial no. 10/826,744, for "System for Emulating Graphics Operations," filed April 16, 2004;

0013• U.S. Utility patent application serial no. aa/aaa,aaa, for "User- Interface Design," filed June 24, 2004;

0014• U.S. Utility patent application serial no. bb/bbb,bbb, for "Gaussian Blur Approximation Suitable for GPU," filed June 24, 2004;

0015• U.S. Utility patent application serial no. 10/825,694, for "System for Optimizing Graphics Operations," filed April 16, 2004;

0016• U.S. Utility patent application serial no. 10/826,773, for "System for Reducing the Number of Programs Necessary to Render an Image," filed April 16, 2004; and

0017• U.S. Utility patent application serial no. cc/ccc,ccc, for "Fast Ap¬ proximation Functions for Image Processing Filters," filed June 24, 2004.

0018Field of the Invention

0019[0004] The present invention relates generally to graphical user interfaces, and more particularly to a user-activatable, configurable, unified layer containing items of interest to a user.

0020Background of the Invention

0021[0005] A hallmark of modern graphical user interfaces is that they allow a large number of items to be displayed on a screen at the same time. The leading per¬ sonal computer operating systems, such as Apple MacOS X and Microsoft Windows XP, provide user interfaces in which a number of windows can be displayed, over¬ lapped, resized, moved, configured, and reformatted according to the needs of the user. Taskbars, menus, and other UI elements provide mechanisms for accessing and activating windows even when they are hidden behind other windows. [0006] Although many users appreciate the ability of such user interfaces to present such a wealth of information on the screen simultaneously, the resulting "in¬ formation overload" can be somewhat overwhelming. Users often find that it is dif¬ ficult to navigate to a particular UI element or window, or to even locate a desired element, among a large number of onscreen elements. The problem is further com¬ pounded when user interfaces allow users to position the onscreen elements in any desired arrangement, including overlapping, minimizing, maximizing, and the like. Such flexibility may be useful to some users but may result in chaos for other users. Having too many items on the screen simultaneously leads to information overload, and can act as an inhibiting factor in the effective use of the computer equipment. [0007] Some user interfaces dedicate certain areas of the screen for holding certain user interface elements that are commonly used (such as a menu bar, or icons that activate commonly-used programs or files). However, such areas are generally limited in size, so as not to occupy too much valuable screen real estate that could otherwise be devoted to the main workspace area of the display screen. Although small elements, such as a digital clock element or taskbar, may be well suited for display in such dedicated screen areas, other types of elements cannot be usably pre¬ sented in such a small screen area; thus they must be activated, or enlarged, before they can be used or viewed. This causes yet another level of confusion, since the items need to be activated and dismissed. Furthermore, the items may overlap or otherwise add to the number of onscreen elements that must be dealt with and or¬ ganized by the user.

0022[0008] These problems cause many users to fail to use their computers to their full potential, and can further result in frustration or confusion, particularly in nov¬ ice users.

0023[0009] What is needed is a mechanism for providing easy access to commonly used user interface elements, without introducing additional clutter or confusion. What is further needed is a mechanism for providing such access in a user- configurable manner that allows the user to activate and dismiss the UI elements at will and with a minimum of confusion. What is further needed is a mechanism that allows users to easily activate and dismiss certain user interface elements regardless of the number of open windows currently on the user's screen, and without requir¬ ing the user to search for particular user interface elements among a set of open win¬ dows.

0024[0010] What is further needed is a mechanism for addressing the above-stated problems in a convenient, easy-to-use manner that is likely to be readily adopted by users, and that fits within the framework of existing graphical user interfaces.

0025Summary of the Invention

0026[0011] According to the techniques of the present invention, a user-activatable dashboard (also referred to as a unified interest layer) is provided. The dashboard can contain any number of user interface elements, referred to herein as "widgets," for quick access by a user. In response to a command from a user, the dashboard is invoked and the widgets are shown on the screen. In one aspect of the invention, the user can activate the dashboard at any time, causing the dashboard to temporarily replace or overlay the existing user interface display on the user's screen. [0012] Once the dashboard has been activated, the user can interact with any or all of the widgets, and can configure the dashboard by adding, deleting, moving, or configuring individual widgets as desired. When the user wishes to return to the normal user interface, the user issues a command causing the dashboard to be dis¬ missed. Once the dashboard has been dismissed, the previous user interface state is restored, allowing the user to resume normal interactions with the operating system. [0013] In one aspect, the dashboard, when activated, temporarily replaces the existing user interface display. In another aspect, the dashboard partially obscures the existing user interface display, but allows some part of the existing display to be visible so as to remind the user of its presence. In another aspect, the existing user interface display is faded, blurred, and/ or darkened while the dashboard is active. [0014] In one aspect, a transition effect is displayed during activation and/ or dismissal of the dashboard, so as to assist the user in understanding what is happen¬ ing when the dashboard appears and disappears. [0015] In one aspect, the user can select from any number of widgets to be placed on the dashboard in any desired arrangement. Whenever the dashboard is activated, the widgets appear in the locations where the user placed them previ¬ ously.

0027[0016] Widgets can be of any type. They can communicate with a remote server to provide information to the user (for example, a weather report), or they can provide commonly needed functionality (for example, a calculator), or they can act as an information repository (for example, a notepad or calendar). Some widgets can provide a combination of these types of functions. In one aspect, an application programming interface (API) is provided so as to allow third-party developers to create and distribute additional widgets that provide different types of functionality.

0028Brief Description of the Drawings

0029[0017] The accompanying drawings illustrate several embodiments of the in¬ vention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the in¬ vention.

0030[0018] Fig. 1 is a block diagram depicting an overall architecture for imple¬ menting the present invention according to one embodiment. [0019] Fig. 2 is a flowchart depicting a method for activating and using a dashboard according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0020] Fig. 3 is a block diagram depicting a software architecture for imple¬ menting the present invention according to one embodiment.

0031[0021] Fig. 4 is a screen shot depicting a desktop user interface prior to activa¬ tion of a dashboard.

0032[0022] Fig. 5 is a screen shot depicting an initial state for a dashboard, accord¬ ing to one embodiment.

0033[0023] Fig. 6 is a screen shot depicting a configuration bar for a dashboard, according to one embodiment.

0034[0024] Fig. 7 is a screen shot depicting user selection of a widget from the con¬ figuration bar, according to one embodiment. [0025] Fig. 8 is a screen shot depicting a dashboard including a calculator widget, according to one embodiment.

0035[0026] Fig. 9 is a screen shot depicting a dashboard including a calculator widget and a music player widget, according to one embodiment. [0027] Fig. 10 is a screen shot depicting activation of a music player applica¬ tion as invoked by a music player widget, according to one embodiment. [0028] Fig. 11 is a screen shot depicting a dashboard including a calculator widget, a music player widget, and an address book widget, according to one em¬ bodiment.

0036[0029] Fig. 12 is a screen shot depicting operation of an address book widget, according to one embodiment.

0037[0030] Fig. 13 is a screen shot depicting a dashboard including a number of widgets including a notes widget, according to one embodiment. [0031] Fig. 14 is a screen shot depicting a dashboard where the configuration bar has been closed, according to one embodiment.

0038[0032] Fig. 15 is a screen shot depicting a dashboard wherein widgets have been moved to new positions.

0039[0033] Figs. 16A through 16C are screen shots depicting a transition animation for dismissing the dashboard, according to one embodiment. [0034] Figs. 17A through 17D are screen shots depicting a transition anima¬ tion for activating the dashboard, according to one embodiment. [0035] Fig. 18 is an example of a calendar widget according to one embodi¬ ment.

0040[0036] Fig. 19 is an example of a stock quote widget according to one em¬ bodiment.

0041[0037] Fig. 20 is an example of a weather widget according to one embodi¬ ment.

0042[0038] Fig. 21 is an example of a traffic webcam widget according to one em¬ bodiment.

0043[0039] Fig. 22 is an example of a music player widget according to one em¬ bodiment. [0040] Fig. 23 is an example of a package tracking widget according to one embodiment.

0044[0041] Fig. 24 is an example of an address book widget according to one em¬ bodiment.

0045[0042] Fig. 25 is an example of a clock widget according to one embodiment.

0046[0043] Fig. 26 is a screen shot depicting a dashboard where the configuration bar has been closed, according to one embodiment.

0047[0044] Fig. 27 is a screen shot depicting a dashboard where the configuration bar has been opened to show favorite widgets, according to one embodiment. [0045] Fig. 28 is a screen shot depicting a dashboard where the configuration bar has been opened to allow access to additional widgets, according to one em¬ bodiment.

0048[0046] Fig. 29 is a screen shot depicting a dashboard including rollover icons for closing and configuring a widget, according to one embodiment. [0047] Fig. 30 is a screen shot depicting a dashboard wherein some labels in the configuration bar have changed in appearance, according to one embodiment. [0048] Fig. 31 is a screen shot depicting a dashboard wherein some labels in the configuration bar have changed in appearance, and wherein the dashboard in¬ cludes rollover icons for closing and configuring a widget according to one embodi¬ ment.

0049[0049] Fig. 32 is a screen shot depicting a dashboard showing preferences con¬ trols for two widgets, according to one embodiment.

0050[0050] Fig. 33 is an example of a calculator widget according to one embodi¬ ment.

0051[0051] Figs. 34A and 34B depict an example of a dictionary/ thesaurus widget according to one embodiment.

0052[0052] Fig. 35 depicts a screen shot wherein the configuration bar is inactive.

0053[0053] Fig. 36 depicts a screen shot wherein the configuration bar is active.

0054[0054] Fig. 37 depicts a screen shot wherein the configuration bar is active, and wherein an indicator is shown as to how many other pages of widgets exist within the configuration bar. [0055] Fig. 38 depicts a screen shot wherein the configuration bar is active, and wherein two widgets including close boxes are displayed. [0056] Fig. 39 depicts a Terms of Use agreement.

0055[0057] Fig. 40 depicts a flight tracker widget.

0056[0058] Fig. 41 depicts a stock quote widget.

0057[0059] Figs. 42A and 42B depict a movie listings widget.

0058[0060] Figs. 43 A through 43D depict a widget for managing a DVD rental queue.

0059[0061] Fig. 44 depicts a translation widget.

0060[0062] Figs- 45A through 45C depict a metric conversion widget.

0061[0063] Figs. 46A through 46F depict a weather widget.

0062[0064] Figs. 47A through 47C depict a telephone directory widget.

0063[0065] One skilled in the art will recognize that these Figures are merely ex¬ amples of the operation of the invention according to one embodiment, and that other user interface arrangements and modes of operation can be used without de¬ parting from the essential characteristics of the invention.

0064Detailed Description of the Embodiments

0065[0066] The present invention is now described more fully with reference to the accompanying Figures, in which several embodiments of the invention are shown. The present invention may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be complete and will fully convey the invention to those skilled in the art. Hardware Architecture

0066[0067] In one embodiment, the present invention is implemented as part of an operating system for a personal computer. One example of an implementation of the present invention is in a Macintosh personal computer running the MacOS X operat¬ ing system. Referring now to Fig. 1, there is shown an example of an architecture for a system 100 for implementing the present invention. Personal computer 102 in¬ cludes processor 103, memory 105, input devices 114 such as keyboard and mouse, and output device 115 such as a display screen. A graphics module 113, such as a graphics card, may be provided for generating output for output device 115. User 101 interacts with system 100 by providing input via device 114 and viewing output via device 115. Computer 102 also includes local storage 106, such as a hard drive, and can also include network connection 108 for accessing remote server 107. These components are well-known hardware components commonly used for running software applications. In one embodiment, software embodying the invention is provided on a computer-readable medium such as local storage 106. [0068] In another embodiment, the present invention is implemented as a plug-in that can be installed and run on personal computer 102, and that interacts with the operating system of personal computer 102 to perform the functions de¬ scribed herein. In yet another embodiment, the present invention is implemented as functionality in a software application running on a personal computer. [0069] For illustrative purposes, in the following description the invention is described as a feature of an operating system; however, one skilled in the art will recognize that the techniques of the present invention can be implemented in other contexts as well, including those described above. Method of Operation

0067[0070] Referring now to Fig. 2, there is shown a flowchart depicting a method for activating and using a dashboard according to one embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, the user can activate the functionality of the present invention at any time, for example by hitting a designated function key or key com¬ bination, or by clicking on an icon, or by selecting a command from an onscreen menu, or by moving an onscreen cursor to a designated corner of the screen. In re¬ sponse to the user performing such an action 202, the current state of the user inter¬ face is saved 203, the user interface is temporarily inactivated (and/ or faded 204), an animation is played 205 to introduce the dashboard, and the dashboard of the pre¬ sent invention is displayed 206. If applicable, a previous state of the dashboard is retrieved, so that the dashboard can be displayed in the same configuration as the last time the user saw it.

0068[0071] In one embodiment, the dashboard is overlaid on the existing desktop user interface; the user interface may be darkened, brightened, blurred, distorted, or otherwise altered so as to emphasize that it is temporarily inactivated. The existing desktop may be visible behind the dashboard. In another embodiment, the existing desktop is not visible while the dashboard is active. In another embodiment, the desktop is shrunk to a small portion of the screen while the dashboard is active, and can be reactivated by clicking on it. In another embodiment, the desktop is shrunk and presented as a widget similar to the widgets described herein; the desktop can be reactivated by clicking on the widget.

0069[0072] The dashboard (also referred to herein as a "unified interest layer") in¬ cludes a number of elements, referred to herein as "widgets". These widgets gener¬ ally include software accessories for performing useful, commonly needed functions. Examples of widgets include, without limitation, a calendar, a calculator, an address book, a package tracker, a weather module, and the like. In one embodiment, some widgets may interact with remote sources of information, such as servers, to provide information; for example, a weather module may retrieve live weather data from a remote server. Widgets may be interactive, so that a user performs common input operations (such as clicking a mouse or typing on a keyboard) to utilize the func¬ tionality of a widget.

0070[0073] The user interacts with and/ or configures widgets as desired 207. In one embodiment, the user can move widgets around the screen, and can resize wid¬ gets if applicable. Some widgets may be resizable, and some may be of fixed size; the widget author may specify whether a widget can be resized. Some widgets may automatically resize themselves based on the amount or nature of the data being dis¬ played. In one embodiment, widgets may overlap one another. In another em¬ bodiment, widgets do not overlap one another; if the user attempts to move one widget to the position occupied by another widget, one of the widgets may auto¬ matically move out of the way to make room. In one embodiment, the position, configuration, and size of widgets are saved when the dashboard is dismissed, so that the same state can be restored the next time the dashboard is invoked. [0074] When the user wishes to dismiss 208 the dashboard and return to the normal user interface, he or she does so by invoking a dismissal command. In vari¬ ous embodiments, the user hits a function key or key combination (which may be the same or different than the key or combination used to activate the dashboard), or clicks on a close box or other icon, or clicks on negative space within the dashboard (in other words, a space between widgets), or moves an onscreen cursor to a prede¬ fined corner of the screen. In another embodiment, the dashboard is automatically dismissed after some predetermined period of time without any user activity, or upon some other trigger event. An animation may be played 209 to provide a transi¬ tion as the dashboard is dismissed.

0071[0075] In one embodiment, when the dashboard is dismissed, the current con¬ figuration of the widgets is stored so that it can be retrieved the next time the dashboard is activated. In one embodiment, an animation is played to dismiss the dashboard and re-introduce the user interface. The user interface is restored 210 to its previous state, so that the user can resume normal interaction with the software applications and operating system of the computer.

0072[0076] In one embodiment, the dashboard is configurable. The user can select any number of widgets to be displayed, for example by dragging the widgets from a configuration bar (or other user interface element) onto a location on the dashboard. In one embodiment, the configuration bar can include different types of widgets, and can be categorized and/ or hierarchically organized. In one embodiment, in re¬ sponse to the user dragging a widget onto the configuration bar, the widget is downloaded from a server and installed (if it is not already installed on the user's machine). In one embodiment, certain widgets may cost money, so that the user must provide a credit card or some other payment means before the widget is in¬ stalled on the user's machine. In another embodiment, widgets are already installed on the user's machine, but are only made visible when they have been dragged from the configuration bar onto the dashboard. One skilled in the art will recognize that the configuration bar is merely an example of one type of user interface element for configuring the dashboard, and that other configuration mechanisms can be used without departing from the essential characteristics of the present invention. [0077] As mentioned above, various types of animations can be used to em¬ phasize and clarify transitions in connection with the present invention. For exam¬ ple, activation of the dashboard can be signaled by a "fly-in" animation, wherein the widgets move from the edge of the screen inwards to their respective positions in the dashboard. Simultaneously_/ the user interface can be darkened, blurred, distorted, or otherwise altered to indicate that it is temporarily inactive. Dismissal of the dashboard can be signaled by a "fly-out" animation, wherein the widgets move to¬ wards the edge of the screen and then appear to fly off the screen. Simultaneously, the user interface is restored to its normal state. In one embodiment, when the user drags a widget from the configuration bar onto the desktop, an animation such as a ripple effect can be shown, to emphasize that the widget has been placed onto the desktop in the selected location. The ripple effect distorts the background temporar¬ ily to give the impression that the widget is being placed into water. In one em¬ bodiment, the effect is implemented according to animation and distortion tech¬ niques described in detail in the related cross-referenced patent applications. In one embodiment, such animations are configurable by the user.

0073[0078] In one embodiment, more than one dashboard is available. For exam¬ ple, the user can configure one dashboard to contain widgets related to work, and another for widgets related to personal matters. Different trigger events (such as dif¬ ferent key combinations) can be used for triggering the various dashboards; alterna¬ tively, the user can select from a pop-up menu which dashboard he or she wishes to activate. The system of the present invention stores state information for each of the dashboards. Different dashboards can contain one or more of the same widgets; state information for a widget can be maintained separately for each dashboard in which the widget appears, or it can be commonly maintained across all dashboards in which the widget appears. In addition, different dashboards can be available for different users of computer 102, so that each user can only access the dashboard(s) he or she created. A user can specify a dashboard as being available to other users, if desired. A user can also specify, for any or all of the dashboards he or she creates, whether other users are permitted to make changes to the dashboard (s). [0079] In one embodiment, some or all widgets are associated with related, fully functional applications providing expanded versions of the functionality of the corresponding widgets. These widgets include a button, or icon, or other element, for quickly launching the associated application. When the user clicks on the button, the dashboard is dismissed, the normal desktop user interface is reactivated, and the associated application is automatically launched. For example, as will be described in more detail below, a music player widget can include a button for launching a fully functional music player application containing additional features beyond what is available in the widget.

0074[0080] In one embodiment, a button can be provided for accessing a website, web page, or web-based application having functionality or information related to a widget. When the user clicks on the button, the dashboard is dismissed, the normal desktop user interface is reactivated, a web browser is launched, and the web page (or the like) associated with the widget is automatically launched. For example, a stock quote widget may include a button for accessing a website that includes more detailed information on a portfolio or on a particular stock. In another embodiment, related fully functional applications, websites, web pages, or web-based applications can be accessed by other means than a button within the widget. For example, such functionality can be launched via an on-screen icon or menu, or via a keystroke or key combination.

0075[0081] In one embodiment, the fully functional application or related website provides context for a launched widget. For example, if the user has highlighted a word in a document before activating a dictionary widget, the dictionary widget's text field is automatically populated with the highlighted word. In one embodiment, a word search is automatically activated, and the results automatically displayed, so that activating the dictionary widget causes a definition to be displayed without any further user interaction. Similarly, if an email message is open on the user's screen when an address book widget is launched, the address book is automatically opened to a page corresponding to the contact information for the sender of the email mes¬ sage. In one embodiment, such prepopulation or automatic opening is not per¬ formed under certain situations, such as for example if the widget is already open to another page or entry. In one embodiment, the user can configure the operation of the widget, including whether or not such prepopulation or automatic opening oc¬ curs and under what circumstances it should occur. One skilled in the art will rec- ognize that there are many other situations where a widget can use context informa¬ tion from a currently-running application or website.

0076[0082] In one embodiment, some or all widgets have rollover elements; these are user interface elements that appear when the onscreen cursor is moved over the widget. The rollover elements disappear when the onscreen cursor is moved so that it is no longer over the widget. In one embodiment, rollover elements only appear if the cursor is held over the widget for at least a predetermined period of time, such as half a second. An example of a rollover element is a volume ring (not shown) for music player application.

0077[0083] Figs. 4 through 17D and 26 through 32 depict examples of dashboard operations in response to various user commands; these Figures illustrate various techniques and capabilities of the present invention.

0078[0084] Fig. 4 depicts a desktop user interface 400 prior to activation of the dashboard. Desktop user interface 400 (referred to herein as "desktop") is a conven¬ tional user interface as may be provided by an operating system such as MacOS X. Desktop 400 has a background image, menu bar 401, and other standard features. As is known in the art, desktop 400 may also include windows, icons, and other ele¬ ments (not shown).

0079[0085] The user activates the dashboard by selecting an item from a menu, or by clicking on an icon, or by pressing a function key or key combination, or by some other means for invoking a command. Fig. 5 depicts an initial state for a dashboard, according to one embodiment. In the example of Fig. 5, a configuration icon 501 is initially displayed. Alternatively, upon activation, the dashboard can include one or more default widgets. Alternatively, if the dashboard has previously been activated and configured, the widgets are displayed as previously configured. As shown in Fig. 5, the dashboard itself is not necessarily visible as a distinct layer; rather its vari¬ ous components (such as widgets, icon 501, and other features) are visible. In one embodiment, these components are displayed in a transparent layer that allows desktop 400 to be seen through it. In one embodiment desktop 400 and its compo¬ nents are darkened (or blurred, or otherwise visually modified) while the dashboard is active, so as to emphasize that desktop 400 is temporarily inactive. The user can easily reactivate desktop 400 and dismiss the dashboard by simply clicking on an area of the screen where no dashboard element is being displayed; in one embodi¬ ment, clicking on this "negative space" causes the dashboard to be dismissed accord¬ ing to techniques described in more detail below. In another embodiment, other commands, key combinations, icons, or other user input is used to cause the dashboard to be dismissed. In another embodiment, desktop 400 is not visible while the dashboard is active.

0080[0086] In one embodiment, the user can move icon 501 to any location on the screen by dragging it, and the position of icon 501 is persistent from one invocation of the dashboard to the next.

0081[0087] The user clicks on icon 501 to activate configuration bar 601, as shown in Fig. 6. Configuration bar 601 provides access to various widgets that can be placed on the dashboard. In one embodiment, a text label is shown for each avail¬ able widget. In another embodiment, an icon is shown for each available widget. If many widgets are available, they may be arranged hierarchically by type, or alpha¬ betically, or by any other categorization methodology. For example, a number of categories may be displayed; clicking on one of the categories causes a pull-down menu to be displayed, listing a number of widgets in that category. In one embodi¬ ment, a buy command 602 is also available, allowing the user to select widgets from an online store or website. One skilled in the art will recognize that the particular configuration and appearance of configuration bar 601 in Fig. 6 is merely exemplary, and that many other arrangements are possible. The user can dismiss configuration bar 601 by clicking on dismissal icon 603. Referring now briefly to Fig. 31, a Done button 3101 can also be provided for dismissing configuration bar 601. [0088] In one embodiment, the user can move configuration bar 601 to any location on the screen by dragging it, and the position of configuration bar 601 is persistent from one invocation of the dashboard to the next. Also, in one embodi¬ ment the state of configuration bar 601 (open or closed) is persistent from one invo¬ cation of the dashboard to the next.

0082[0089] The user can drag widgets from configuration bar 601 onto the surface of the dashboard (in other words, anywhere on the screen), using standard drag- and-drop functionality for moving objects on a screen. Fig. 7 depicts user selection of a calculator widget from the configuration bar, according to one embodiment. Calculator label 701 is highlighted, to indicate that it has been selected by the user. Fig. 8 depicts the dashboard after the calculator widget 801 has been placed on the screen. In one embodiment, an animation, such as a ripple animation, is shown when the user "drops" widget 801 by releasing a mouse button (or equivalent input device) to place widget 801 at the desired location. The user can move widget 801 after it has been placed, to any other desired location, or can remove widget 801 from the screen, for example by dragging it off the screen, or dragging it back onto configuration bar 601, or by invoking a remove command. The position, state, and configuration of widget 801 are preserved when the dashboard is dismissed, so that these characteristics are restored the next time the dashboard is activated. [0090] In one embodiment, multiple instances of some widgets can be acti¬ vated, by dragging the widget from configuration bar 601 onto the dashboard sur¬ face two or more times. In another embodiment, only one instance of each widget can be activated. In another embodiment, some widgets can have multiple instances and others cannot.

0083[0091] Once calculator widget 801 has been placed on the dashboard, the user can interact with it by entering numbers via a mouse or other pointing device, or via a keyboard. Conventional operations for calculator applications are available. [0092] Fig. 9 depicts the screen after the user has dragged both a calculator widget 801 and a music player widget 901 onto the dashboard, according to one em¬ bodiment. Music player widget 901 is placed by clicking and dragging from "iTunes" label 903 in configuration bar 601. Music player widget 901, in this em¬ bodiment, provides a subset of the functionality associated with a fully functional music player application. In one embodiment, music player widget 901 includes button 902 for activating a fully functional music player application. Thus, the user can easily launch an application that provides enhanced functionality with respect to a widget.

0084[0093] In one embodiment, in response to the user clicking button 902 to acti¬ vate the full music player application, the dashboard is dismissed, the normal desk- top 400 is restored, and the full music player application is launched. AU of these steps take place automatically, without requiring additional user intervention. Fig. 10 depicts the screen after the user has activated the full music player application 1001 by clicking on button 902 in music player widget 901, according to one em¬ bodiment. The dashboard has been dismissed, and the various elements of desktop 400, including menu bar 401, are once again active.

0085[0094] In Fig. 11, the user has reactivated the dashboard (thus restoring wid¬ gets 801 and 901 in their previous states and locations), and has placed an address book widget 1101 by dragging it from label 1102. Again, in one embodiment, a rip¬ ple animation is displayed when widget 1101 is dropped onto its location on the dashboard.

0086[0095] The user can interact with address book widget 1101 as he or she would normally interact with an address book application. For example, as shown in Fig. 12, the user can type in the first few letters of a person's name in field 1201; once sufficient information has been entered to identify an individual, that individ¬ ual's address card is displayed.

0087[0096] Fig. 13 depicts the dashboard after a number of widgets have been placed, including notes widget 1301, calculator widget 801, music player widget 901, and address book widget 1101. In one embodiment, double-clicking in notes widget 1301 causes it to enter an edit mode wherein text can be entered or edited. When not in edit mode, widget 1301 can be moved around the dashboard. In other embodi¬ ments, other types of user actions (for example pressing modifier keys) can be used to distinguish between text editing operations and widget-dragging operations. [0097] The user can dismiss configuration bar 601 by clicking on dismissal icon 603. Fig. 14 depicts a dashboard after configuration bar 601 has been closed, ac¬ cording to one embodiment. Configuration icon 501 is displayed, which allows the user to reactivate configuration bar 601 as desired.

0088[0098] The user can move widgets around the screen as desired. Widget loca¬ tions are preserved when the dashboard is dismissed, so that the widgets reappear at the same location where they were left, when the dashboard is activated. Fig. 15 de- picts the dashboard after widgets 801, 901, 1101, 1301 have been moved to new posi¬ tions.

0089[0099] As discussed above, in one embodiment a transition animation is played when the dashboard is dismissed. Figs. 16A through 16C are screen shots depicting a "fly-out" transition animation, wherein widgets 801, 901, 1101, 1301 ap¬ pear to fly off the edges of the screen when the dashboard is dismissed. While they are flying off the edges of the screen, widgets 801, 901, 1101, 1301 grow in size and fade, so as to reinforce the appearance of movement and transition. At the same time, desktop 400 and its features (such as menu bar 401) are restored to their nor¬ mal, non-faded appearance.

0090[0100] As discussed above, in one embodiment a transition animation is played when the dashboard is activated. Figs. 17A through 17D are screen shots de¬ picting a "fly-in" transition animation, wherein widgets 801, 901, 1101, 1301 appear to fly in from the edges of the screen when the dashboard is activated. Widgets 801, 901, 1101, 1301 are faded and enlarged when they first appear at the screen edges; they reduce in size and become more solid in appearance while they are flying in, so as to reinforce the appearance of movement and transition. At the same time, desk¬ top 400 and its features (such as menu bar 401) gradually fade into the background. [0101] In one embodiment, the system of the present invention includes the capability to alert the user when a widget needs attention or has new information to display to the user, even if the dashboard is not currently active. For example, an icon on a "Dock", or taskbar, or other user interface element commonly associated with a desktop user interface, can blink or bounce or otherwise indicate an alert con¬ dition. A distinctive sound can also be played. Alternatively, a dialog box can be presented, or a text alert can be displayed. Whatever form it may take, the alert can be of a generalized type or it may indicate the specific widget that issued the alert, and may even have additional information specifying the nature of the alert. The user can then activate the dashboard (either by a dashboard activation command as described above, or by clicking on an icon or button associated with the alert) to see the widget that issued the alert. Alternatively, the dashboard can automatically be activated in such a situation, or a dialog box can be presented to allow the user to indicate whether or not the dashboard should be activated. [0102] For example, a package tracking widget may issue an alert when a package has been delivered. The alert may be generalized, or it may indicate that the package tracking widget is the source of the alert, or it may even provide the de¬ livery information. The user can dismiss the alert, or activate the dashboard to see the widget and interact with it to obtain more information. As another example, a traffic webcam widget can issue an alert when an accident has occurred on the route covered by the webcam.

0091[0103] In one embodiment, configuration bar 601 has several possible states.

0092Referring now to Fig. 26, there is shown an example of the dashboard where the con¬ figuration bar is closed, so that configuration icon 501 is displayed. Two stickies widgets 1301 are currently being displayed, along with two clock widgets 2500A, 2500B.

0093[0104] Clicking on configuration icon 501 causes configuration bar 601 to be displayed in a first state, as shown in Fig. 27. The first state includes labels 2701 for various widgets that are designated as "favorites"; in one embodiment, these are a subset of all of the widgets currently installed on the user's machine. Thus, in this state, the user is presented with only those widgets that are commonly needed. As will be seen, the user is able to configure this view so that it includes any desired subset of installed widgets. In one embodiment, configuration bar 601 in this state includes a "More" label or icon. The user clicks on this label or icon to cause con¬ figuration bar 601 to expand to its second state, as shown in Fig. 28. Dismissal icon 603 causes configuration bar 601 to be dismissed, reverting to configuration icon 501 as shown in Fig. 26. In one embodiment, the on-screen position of icon 603 matches that of icon 501, so that the user can easily open and close configuration bar 601 without moving the cursor around.

0094[0105] The user can drag labels 2701 onto the dashboard surface to place wid¬ gets onto the dashboard. As described above, in one embodiment a distinctive ani¬ mation, such as a ripple effect, is shown to reinforce the notion that the widget is be¬ ing placed at the specified location. [0106] Referring now to Fig. 28, there is shown an example of configuration bar 601 in its second, expanded state, providing access to additional widgets as well as the favorite widgets that were presented in the first state. In this state, configura¬ tion bar 601 has two sections 2802, 2803. Section 2802 includes labels 2701 for favor¬ ite widgets; this includes the same subset of widgets that is included in the first state of configuration bar 601, as shown in Fig. 27. Section 2803 includes labels 2701 for other widgets that are not included in the set of favorite widgets. Dragging a label 2701 from section 2802 to 2803 causes the corresponding widget to be removed from the favorites subset. Dragging a label 2701 from section 2803 to 2802 causes the cor¬ responding widget to be added to the favorites subset. Dragging a label 2701 from either section 2802 or 2803 onto the dashboard surface causes the corresponding widget to be placed at the specified location. Dragging a label 2701 from either sec¬ tion 2802 or 2803 onto trash icon 2801 causes the label 2701 to be removed from con¬ figuration bar 601; in one embodiment, this also causes the corresponding widget to be removed from the dashboard (if it is currently open). In one embodiment, drag¬ ging a label 2701 onto trash icon 2801 also causes the corresponding widget to be de¬ leted from the user's machine, or made unavailable. In one embodiment, the user is presented with a dialog box to confirm that he or she wishes to delete the widget. In one embodiment, the user can also drag widgets onto trash icon 2801 to cause the widgets to be closed, dismissed, and/ or uninstalled. More gadgets label 2602 pro¬ vides access to a website, online store, or other resource for obtaining and installing additional widgets; in one embodiment it offers functionality that is similar to buy command 602 as described above in connection with Fig. 6.

0095[0107] In one embodiment the state of configuration bar 601 is persistent from one invocation of the dashboard to the next.

0096[0108] Referring now to Fig. 30, there is shown an example of a dashboard wherein some labels 2701A in configuration bar 601 have changed in appearance, while other labels 2701B, 2701C are unchanged, according to one embodiment. In one embodiment, when a widget is open, its corresponding label 2701 on configura¬ tion bar 601 changes in appearance; for example, it is grayed out or displayed in some other color. In another embodiment, label 2701 is grayed out (or otherwise changed) only if the widget is a single-instance widget (as described above); for mul¬ tiple-instance widgets, label 2701 remains unchanged when the widget is opened. Such a technique provides an indication to the user as to which labels 2701 can be used to activate a widget (either because they are not currently open or because they are multiple-instance widgets) and which labels 2701 are currently inactive (because they correspond to single-instance widgets that have already been opened). In the example of Fig. 30, address book 1101, calculator 801, calendar 1801, music player 901, and stock quote widget 1901 are open, single-instance widgets; therefore their corresponding labels 2701A are grayed-out. Stickies 1301 and clock 2500 are open, multiple-instance widgets; therefore their corresponding labels 2701B are un¬ changed. Labels 2701C are also unchanged, since they correspond to widgets that are not currently open.

0097[0109] In another embodiment, labels 2701 corresponding to open multiple- instance widgets have a different appearance than labels 2701 corresponding to wid¬ gets that are not currently open.

0098[0110] In another embodiment, when a widget is opened, its label 2701 is re¬ moved from configuration bar 601. When the widget is closed, its label 2701 is re¬ stored in configuration bar 601. In another embodiment, when a single-instance widget is opened, its label 2701 is removed from configuration bar 601, but when a multiple-instance widget is opened, its label 2701 remains on configuration bar 601. When the single-instance widget is closed, its label 2701 is restored in configuration bar 601. Removing and/ or restoring labels 2701 can be accompanied by animations to reinforce the transition from configuration bar 601 onto dashboard surface and vice versa. For example, when closing a widget, the widget can appear to be sucked into configuration bar 601 as the corresponding label 2701 is restored. [0111] If a widget is deleted or removed (by dragging it or its label to trash icon 2801, for example), its label 2701 is removed from configuration bar 601. [0112] In one embodiment, the user can close a widget by clicking on a close icon, or by dragging the widget back to configuration bar 601. Referring now to Fig. 29, there is shown a screen shot depicting a dashboard including close icon 2901 for closing widget 2500B. In one embodiment, icon 2901 is a rollover icon; it appears when the user has positioned the cursor over widget 2500B, and it disappears when the cursor is no longer positioned over widget 2500B. In one embodiment, rollover icon 2901 only appears if the cursor is held over widget 2500B for at least a prede¬ termined period of time, such as half a second. In one embodiment, when a widget is closed, an animation is played to reinforce the notion that the widget is closing. For example, the widget may be momentarily distorted in such a way that it appears to be sucked into close icon 2901, or onto configuration bar 601, before it disappears from the screen. Other types of animations or effects may also be used, such as a fade, or a wipe, or a shrinking effect. In one embodiment, the user can configure which effect is desired, or if no effect is desired.

0099[0113] Widget 2500B also includes preferences icon 2902 for accessing prefer¬ ences controls for widget 2500B. In one embodiment, icon 2902 is a rollover icon; it appears when the user has positioned the cursor over widget 2500B, and it disap¬ pears when the cursor is no longer positioned over widget 2500B (although it con¬ tinues to be visible when the cursor is moved over to icon 2902). In one embodi¬ ment, icon 2902 only appears if the cursor is held over widget 2500B for at least a predetermined period of time, such as half a second. Clicking on icon 2902 causes preferences controls to be displayed. In one embodiment, preferences are entered using a conventional dialog box (not shown) as is known in the art. In another em¬ bodiment, clicking on icon 2902 causes widget 2500B to appear to flip over, revealing its reverse side, which contains preferences controls.

0100[0114] Referring now to Fig. 32, there is shown an example of the dashboard where two widgets 2500A and 1301 A have been flipped over, revealing preferences controls 3201. In the example, preferences controls 3201 include menus for selecting a location (for clock widget 2500A), and paper color selector and font selector (for stickies widget 1301A). One skilled in the art will recognize that any type of con¬ trols, menus, fields, or other elements can be included in preferences controls 3201. The user can dismiss preferences controls 3201 by clicking on Done button 3203 or on close box 3202. In one embodiment, close box 3202 is a rollover icon, so that it is only visible when the cursor is positioned over widget 1301 A (although it continues to be visible when the cursor is moved over to close box 3202). In one embodiment, when preferences controls 3201 are dismissed, a flip-over animation is again played, and the normal appearance of the widget is restored (reflecting any changes that were made via preferences controls 3201).

0101[0115] Referring now to Fig. 31, there is shown another example of a dashboard wherein some labels 2701 A in configuration bar 601 have changed in ap¬ pearance, while other labels 2701B, 2701C are unchanged, according to one embodi¬ ment. Address book 1101, calculator 801, calendar 1801, music player 901, and stock quote widget 1901 are open, single-instance widgets; therefore their corresponding labels 2701A are grayed-out. Stickies 1301A and 1301B are open, multiple-instance widgets; therefore their corresponding label 2701B is unchanged. Labels 2701 C, in¬ cluding world clock label, are also unchanged, since they correspond to widgets that are not currently open. In Fig. 31, the cursor (not shown) is positioned over stickies widget 1301B, so that close box 2901 and preferences icon 2902 are displayed, as de¬ scribed above in connection with Fig. 29.

0102[0116] In the example of Fig. 31, configuration bar 601 includes Done button

01033101, which dismisses configuration bar 601 and restores configuration icon 501. Thus, Done button 3101 performs the same action as dismissal icon 603. [0117] In one embodiment, flipping a widget over reveals other information, fields, or controls in addition to (or instead of) preferences fields and controls. One skilled in the art will recognize that the reverse side of a widget can include any type of auxiliary information, fields, or controls, and is not limited to a mechanism for ac¬ cessing preferences controls. Widget Installation

0104[0118] In one embodiment, widgets are preinstalled on the user's computer, so that dragging them onto the dashboard merely makes them active. In another embodiment, widgets are not preinstalled, but are installed in response to the user dragging them onto the dashboard. In another embodiment, dragging a widget onto the desktop causes code for the widget to be downloaded from a remote server and installed on the user's machine. In another embodiment, installing a widget in this manner also causes a fully functional application containing related functionality to be automatically installed as well (although the user can be given the option to de- cline such an installation); for example, installing a music player widget can cause a fully functional music player application to be installed as well. Authentication and payment may be prerequisites for such operations in some embodiments. [0119] For example, referring briefly to Fig. 28, in one embodiment the user clicks on more gadgets label 2602 to access an online widget store or website where widgets are available for purchase or for free download. The user selects widget(s) for installation on his or her machine, and pays via credit card (if required). The online store or website is dismissed, the selected widget(s) are downloaded and in¬ stalled, the dashboard is automatically reactivated, and the selected widget appears in configuration bar 601, ready to be dragged onto the dashboard surface. Alterna¬ tively the new widget can automatically be placed on the dashboard surface. Thus, the present invention provides an easy, seamless way to install widgets. [0120] In one embodiment, an online store or free distribution site is provided for making widgets 303 available. Available widgets 303 can be viewed, previewed, selected and installed from a website, or from a configuration option within the dashboard. In one embodiment, users can pay for widgets 303 using a credit card or any other conventional means for online purchases. Widgets 303 are transmitted and installed on the user's computer according to conventional means. In one em¬ bodiment, widgets 303 are installed according to techniques describe in related U.S. Utility patent application yy/yyγ,yγγ, for "User Interface for Assisting in the Instal¬ lation of an Asset," filed June 22, 2004, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

0105[0121] In one embodiment, widgets such as 801 are implemented using

0106HTML technology with enhancements that are more fully described below and in the related cross-referenced applications. One skilled in the art will recognize, how¬ ever, that any graphics technology can be used for implementing widgets such as 801.

0107[0122] In one embodiment, widgets 303 are encrypted into a flat file that is expandable in memory, either in whole or in parts. Widget 303 contents are indexed so that particular resources can be accessed as needed. Widgets 303 may be en¬ crypted according to any conventional encryption technology. [0123] In one embodiment, clients 302 have complete control of resource load¬ ing of the Web View. When a relative resource is requested, the client 302 converts the protocol to one specific to the process. In one embodiment, the NSURL Protocol in Foundation is used to fetch data from the encrypted source. Software Architecture

0108[0124] Referring now to Fig. 3, there is shown an example of a software archi¬ tecture 300 for implementing the present invention according to one embodiment. In the embodiment, the present invention operates in connection with an operating system 109 as described above.

0109[0125] In one embodiment, software architecture 300 includes dashboard server 301, dashboard client(s) 302, and widget(s) 303. Dashboard configuration in¬ formation 304 is used by server 301 and/ or clients 302 to specify the configuration options for displaying widgets 303. AU of the dashboard configuration information, including access levels and the like (if applicable), is stored in dashboard configura¬ tion information 304. As described above, such information may include dashboard configuration information for two or more dashboards configured by the same user or by different users.

0110[0126] In one embodiment, widgets 303 are displayed using HTML and re¬ lated web technology. Dashboard server 301 manages and launches dashboard cli¬ ent 302 processes. Each dashboard client 302 loads a widget 303, which in one em¬ bodiment is an HTML webpage and related resources needed to display the page. In one embodiment, a client 302 is initiated for each widget 303 to be displayed. In one embodiment, clients 302 display widgets 303 without a conventional window frame, menu bar, or other components typically associated with on-screen windows; this provides a clean, straightforward display of the overall dashboard that avoids con¬ fusion and clutter. Clients 302 display widgets 303 by rendering web pages into a "Web View"; the size of each Web View is defined as metadata associated with the corresponding widget 303. Server 301 is a window server that provides data for rendering a layer that can be overlaid on the normal desktop of the user interface. Widgets 303 are rendered into the separate layer, and then that layer is drawn on top of the normal desktop, so as to partially or completely obscure the desktop while the dashboard is active. Dashboard Server 301

0111[0127] Dashboard server 301 is a lightweight process that can stand alone or be imbedded in another process. Server 301 can be located at computer 102, or at remote server 107. Server 301 provides the following functionality: [0128] Non-widget UI. In one embodiment, server 301 handles user interface functionality that is not directly related to widgets. This includes, for example: acti¬ vation; deactivation; dashboard background; background animations; and the like. [0129] Window management. In one embodiment, server 301 acts as a light¬ weight window server for the dashboard client 302 processes. Windows are created in server 301 process and then passed to dashboard clients 302. Operations per¬ formed on windows go through dashboard server 301. Such operations include, for example: resizing; moving; fetching of position and size; and the like. One advan¬ tage to having window operations pass through server 301 is that server 301 can then react to widget 303 changes and update the overall environment. For example, server 301 can cause displayed widgets 303 to bounce off of each other, stick to sides of the screen, snap to grids, or the like.

0112[0130] Fast login. In one embodiment, dashboard clients 302 are launched and then rendered into a window from dashboard server 301. Since this can take some time, dashboard server 302 provides an initial image to be rendered in the window while client 302 is launched, so as to improve visual feedback and to make initial activation animation appear instantaneous. As dashboard clients 302 load and render, they take over the window and draw their content.

0113[0131] Event management. In one embodiment, server 301 acts as an event server as well as a window server. Events come from the operating system window server to dashboard server 301 and are routed to the appropriate dashboard client 302. This indirection allows for a variety of features, including: server-side dragging (even if a dashboard client 302 is hung); filtering of events; insertion of server- generated events; and the like. Dashboard clients 302 communicate with server 301 to describe control regions, so that server 301 can initiate server-side drags correctly. [0132] Loading widgets 303. In one embodiment, server 301 is responsible for loading widgets 303. It maintains the list of widgets 303 to load when starting up. In one embodiment, the dashboard client 302 corresponding to a particular widget 303 is not launched until the first time the dashboard is activated.

0114[0133] Arbitration of widgets 303. In one embodiment, server 301 is the arbi¬ trator of dashboard clients 302. It controls the process and passes information to and from each widget 303. If a widget 303 crashes, dashboard server 301 re-launches the process automatically. It also prevents crash loops where a widget 303 crashes re¬ peatedly at startup. In one embodiment, all communication to a widget 303 goes through dashboard server 301 first.

0115[0134] Corelmage integration. In one embodiment, server 301 uses Core-

0116Image technology, as described in related U.S. Utility patent applications cross- referenced above. Filters are applied to the background window of the server to provide spotlight and ripple effects.

0117[0135] Widget 303 preference management. In one embodiment, server 301 stores, in configuration information 304 that is stored according to a conventional file system, preferences associated with widgets 303, and vends those preferences to widgets 303. Dashboard Client 302

0118[0136] In one embodiment, each client 302 is a lightweight process that uses, for example, objects defined as part of a development environment such as Cocoa Application Framework (also referred to as the Application Kit, or AppKit), de¬ scribed for example at Mac OS X Panther Release Notes Cocoa Application Frame¬ work, available at

0119"http://developer.apple.com/documentation/ReleaseNotes/Cocoa/AppKit.html") . Clients 302 can be implemented as simplified browser screens that omit conven¬ tional interface features such as a menu bar, window frame, and the like. In one embodiment, clients 302 provide the following functionality in implementing the present invention:

0120[0137] Control of the Web View. Client 302 creates a Web View and attaches the HTML of widget 303 to the WebView. Client 302 acts as the delegate for user interface requests made by the Web View. In one embodiment, client 302 overrides much of AppKit's default behavior as it regards to communication to server 301 and event handling. Web Views are generic controls for viewing and manipulating HTML and XHTML; they are described, for example, at Web Kit Reference for Ob- jective-C, available at

0121"http : / / developer .apple .com / documentation /Cocoa / Reference / WebKit / ObjC cla ssic / index .html" .

0122[0138] JavaScript extensions. In one embodiment, client 302 inserts a custom object in the JavaScript runtime of the Web View. This allows for a variety of exten¬ sions for widgets 303, including without limitation: copy/ cut/ paste; getting/ setting preferences; notifications when preferences have changed; opening a linked applica¬ tion (for example, a widget 303 may include a button or other trigger that causes a corresponding application to be launched); quitting; moving/ resizing; and the like. [0139] Managing Plug-ins. Some widgets 303 use native code as part of their implementations. In one embodiment, client 302 includes the capability to interface with such native code and/ or with databases and data stores available locally or re¬ motely. In one embodiment, widgets 303 also have the ability to create a custom AppKit NSView. A widget developer can use a custom view to enable other types of animations, such as OpenGL views, plug-ins such as Flash, and the like. [0140] In one embodiment, plug-ins are implemented as follows. An Obj-C bundle is loaded from a resources folder associated with widget 303. The bundle has two methods on its Principal Class:

0123[0141] • -(id) initWithWebView:(WebView*)webview;

0124[0142] • -(void) windowScriptObjectAvailable:(WebScriptObject

0125*)windowScriptObject (this allows the plugin to add JavaScript extensions before the web page has loaded).;

0126[0143] initWith Web View is called when the Dashboard Client starts up, and webViewLoaded is called when the page finishes loading. The developer of a plug- in can use the WebKit' s scripting APIs to extend the JavaScript for a particular wid¬ get 303. Widget 303 format

0127[0144] In one embodiment, each widget 303 is implemented as an HTML file.

0128The HTML file can reference other local and remote resources such as style sheets, other HTML files, JavaScript files, images, and the like. Widgets 303 can be imple¬ mented using, for example, a flat bundle file format or a packaged HTML file format. [0145] Flat Bundle. The Flat Bundle format has the following directory struc¬ ture:

0129[0146] -My .widget (directory/ Bundle)

0130[0147] -Info.plist (file)

0131[0148] -My .html (file)

0132[0149] -My.png (file)

0133[0150] -English.lproj (optional directory)

0134[0151] -Localizable.strings (file)

0135[0152] The Info.plist describes widget 303. It also provides an identifier for widget 303, and points to the main HTML file and default PNG file. The default PNG file is used as a temporary display while dynamic elements are loaded from server 301. An example of a structure for Info.plist is as follows:

0136<img file="WO2006012343A2_D0001.tif" /> [0153] My .html can reference any other local resource as well. In one em¬ bodiment, the resources are specified relative to the HTML file's location. [0154] My.png can have any name, based on the "Defaultlmage" key in the

0137Info.plist. This image is rendered by server 301 if there is no cached representation. [0155] The English.lproj and other localizable directories are for localizable strings.

0138Widget 303 location

0139[0156] In one embodiment, widgets 303 are stored locally in storage device

0140106 such as a hard drive. Per-machine widgets 303 are stored at, for example: [0157] • /Library/ Widgets/

0141[0158] • /Applications/ Widgets/

0142[0159] Widgets 303 can also be made available on a per-user basis, particu¬ larly in situations where more than one user uses the same computer 102. Per-user widgets 303 are stored, for example, at: [0160] • -/Widgets

0143[0161] • -/Library/ Widgets/

0144[0162] One skilled in the art will recognize that these configurations are merely exemplary, and that any other file format or directory structure can be used. Widget 303 development

0145[0163] In one embodiment, widgets 303 can be developed using WebKit, de¬ scribed, for example, at Web Kit Reference for Objective-C, available at "http://developer.apple.com/ documentation/ Cocoa/Reference/WebKit/ObjC_cla ssic/ index.html". Additional functionality can also be provided, such as the ability to drag to and from web pages, detect control regions, stop plug-ins and timers from firing when the dashboard is hidden, and the like. In one embodiment, such addi¬ tional functionality is provided using an enhanced Canvas architecture, as described in related U.S. Provisional patent application xx/xxx,xxx, for "Procedurally Express¬ ing Graphic Objects for Web Pages," filed June 25, 2004, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. In addition, web extensions that are well known in the art can be used for providing additional functionality such as drag-and-drop ca¬ pability, detection of control regions, and the like. [0164] For widgets that involve additional, more detailed rendering than is available from WebKit/HTML, a <canvas> tag is provided. A CoreGraphics context is fetchable from the <canvas> tag, and JavaScript is then used to draw into the con¬ text and effectively the HTML page. Detailed description of this implementation can be found in the related applications. Remote server 107 access

0146[0165] In one embodiment, some or all widgets 303 communicate with a re¬ mote server 107 in order to perform their functions. For example, a weather widget requests current weather data from a remote server 107, while a package tracking widget requests current data regarding package locations from a remote server 107. Such communication takes place according to well-known techniques for requesting and receiving information across a network such as the Internet: widget 303 or client 302 forms a request for data, and transmits the request according to HTTP or some other network protocol; server 107 responds to the request with the information; and widget 303 uses the information in forming the output that will be displayed to the user. In one embodiment, these operations take place in response to JavaScript code within widget 303. Server 107 can be a resource that is available generally to the public, or it can be a proprietary source of information to which the user has been given access. Where appropriate, authorization and/ or user verification can be re¬ quired before server 107 transmits requested information. If desired, the information can be transmitted across a secure channel and/ or encrypted prior to transmission, according to techniques that are well known in the art. Examples of Widgets 303

0147[0166] The following is a list of examples of widgets 303 that can be provided using the techniques of the present invention. One skilled in the art will recognize that many other types of widgets 303 can be provided.

0148• buddy list

0149• calculator

0150• date book

0151• dictionary

0152• online music store and music player • movie show times

0153• news feed

0154• package tracker

0155• rolodex

0156• sports scores

0157• stickies

0158• stock quotes

0159• webcam

0160• weather

0161• world clock

0162• currency converter

0163• online auction viewer and tool

0164• lottery

0165• mini inbox for receiving email

0166• puzzle

0167• telephone directory (e.g., yellow pages)

0168[0167] Figs. 18 through 25 depict examples of some of these types of widgets

0169303. One skilled in the art will recognize that the particular layout, appearance, and arrangement of each of these widgets 303 are merely exemplary. In particular, any or all of these widgets 303 can include a button for accessing a fully functional appli¬ cation having expanded functionality, as described above in connection with Figs. 9 and 10.

0170[0168] Fig. 18 depicts an example of a calendar widget 1801 according to one embodiment, including current date 1802, calendar display 1803 showing current month, and appointments 1803A. In one embodiment, data for the calendar is stored locally at computer 102; in another embodiment, widget 1801 retrieves calendar data from a remote server 107.

0171[0169] Fig. 19 depicts an example of a stock quote widget 1901 according to one embodiment, including several stock quotes 1902, a graph 1903 for a selected stock, and an edit button 1904 for making changes to the stocks to be included in widget 1901. In one embodiment, widget 1901 retrieves stock quote data from a re¬ mote server 107.

0172[0170] Fig. 20 depicts an example of a weather widget 2001 according to one embodiment, including current temperature conditions 2002, current time 2003, and forecast 2004. Widget 2001 can be configured to show weather information for any^¬ one or more locations of interest to the user. In one embodiment, widget 2001 re¬ trieves weather data from a remote server 107.

0173[0171] Fig. 21 depicts an example of a traffic webcam widget 2100, including a current photograph 2102 (or live video feed) of a specified location, and an identifier 2101 of the location according to one embodiment. Widget 2100 can be configured to show images for any one or more locations of interest to the user. In one embodi¬ ment, widget 2100 retrieves photographs and/ or video from a remote server 107. [0172] Fig. 22 depicts an example of a music player widget 901 according to one embodiment, including now-playing indicator 909, counter 2202, controls 2201 for pausing, playing, rewinding and fast-forwarding, and button 902 for accessing a fully functional music player application, as described above in connection with Figs. 9 and 10. In one embodiment, widget 901 retrieves music data from a remote server 107.

0174[0173] Fig. 23 depicts an example of a package tracking widget 2300 according to one embodiment, including a list of delivery services 2303, one of which is cur¬ rently selected. Package tracking information 2301 for the selected delivery service is shown, including a name for each item being delivered, current status, tracking number, and the date of the last update for that item. Detailed tracking info 2302 is shown for a selected item in 2301. The user can configure widget 2300 to add items to be tracked, format the results, and the like. In one embodiment, widget 2300 re¬ trieves package tracking data from a remote server 107.

0175[0174] Fig. 24 depicts an example of an address book widget 1101 according to one embodiment. Widget 1101 includes the following information for an individual: a name 2402, photograph 2401, and contact information 2403. Arrows 2404 allow the user to navigate to other records in the address book. Search field 1201 allows the user to search for names that begin with or include the search terms. In one em- bodiment, data for the address book is stored locally at computer 102; in another embodiment, widget 1101 retrieves address book data from a remote server 107. [0175] Fig. 25 depicts an example of a clock widget 2500 according to one em¬ bodiment, including a current time display 2501 (which can take any form, digital and/ or analog), and a location 2502 corresponding to the current time display 2501. The user can configure widget 2500 to change the time, location, and/ or format of the display.

0176[0176] In one embodiment, clock widget 2500 changes in appearance accord¬ ing to the time of day. For example, a light-colored face can be shown during the day, and a dark face can be shown at night. Referring again to Fig. 26, clock widget 2500A has a light-colored face because the local time in San Francisco is 11:28 am, while clock widget 2500B has a dark face because the local time in London is 7:28 pm. In one embodiment, other distinguishing visual characteristics are used to de¬ note day and night. In one embodiment, local times from 6:00 am to 6:00 pm are in¬ dicated as being daytime, while local times from 6:00 pm to 6:00 am are indicated as being night time. In another embodiment, actual sunrise and sunset times are used for controlling the appearance of clock widget 2500 (based on the selected location for the clock widget 2500, and further based on sunrise/ sunset information retrieved from stored tables or from a resource such as a website). In another embodiment, a continuous gradation is used, so that times near sunset or sunrise are shown in some gradation between the dark and light-colored faces; such times may also be shown in a pinkish hue to further reinforce the sunset or sunrise time period. [0177] Fig. 33 depicts an example of a calculator widget 801 according to one embodiment, including numeric display 3301, keypad 3304, arithmetic operator keys 3302, memory keys 3305, and equals key 3303. Keys 3302, 3303, 3304, and 3305 gen¬ erally function in a manner similar to that of conventional calculators and calculator accessories, except as noted herein. Display 3301 shows results of calculations in a manner similar to that of conventional calculators and calculator accessories, except as noted herein.

0177[0178] In one embodiment, display 3301 lights up, or otherwise changes in appearance, to indicate that calculator widget 801 is active. For example, display 3301 may light up when the user first clicks somewhere within widget 801, and may stay lit until the user dismisses widget 801 or clicks somewhere outside widget 801. While display 3301 is lit, widget 801 is active and can receive user input via the on¬ screen cursor or via a keyboard or other input device.

0178[0179] In one embodiment, operator keys 3302 light up when lit, and stay lit until the next key is pressed, so as to remind the user what operation is being per¬ formed. For example, in Fig. 33 the division operator key 3302 is lit, signifying that the user has clicked on that key, and reminds the user that the current operation is a division operation. In one embodiment, operator key 3302 stays lit until another operator key 3302 is pressed, or until the clear button is pressed, or until equals key 3303 is pressed; in another embodiment, operator key 3302 stays lit until any other key is pressed.

0179[0180] Referring now to Figs. 34A and 34B, there is shown an example of a dictionary/ thesaurus widget 3400 according to one embodiment. A user can type a word in text input field 3403, and can select dictionary or thesaurus functionality by clicking on text labels 3401 or 3402, respectively, to see either definition 3406 or synonyms 3408. If either definition 3406 or synonyms 3408 do not fit within the bounds of widget 3400, widget 3400 can auto-resize accordingly, or can display ar¬ rows 3407 for accessing the rest of the information. Thumb index 3405 can also be presented, allowing the user to quickly access other words that appear on the same dictionary page as the entered word. In one embodiment, a reverse lookup diction¬ ary (not shown) can also be provided (the user enters a definition or part thereof, and widget 303 responds with one or more words that match the entry). In one em¬ bodiment, data for the dictionary/ thesaurus is stored locally at computer 102; in an¬ other embodiment, the dictionary/ thesaurus widget retrieves its data from a remote server 107.

0180[0181] In one embodiment, the dashboard is also available to a user from a remote location. Configuration information for the user's dashboard is stored at a remote server, pursuant to a user command or automatically. The user can then log in from a remote computer or other device, and be presented with a web page that duplicates the user's dashboard as it would be viewed from his or her own com¬ puter. Widgets 303 are provided via HTML pages per the extended functionality de¬ scribed above. The user can interact with widgets 303 in the same manner as from his or her own computer.

0181Alternative Configuration Bar

0182[0182] In one embodiment, an alternative design for configuration bar 601 such as shown in Fig. 36 is presented. In one embodiment, whenever configuration bar 601 is invoked, an animation is played that causes configuration bar 601 to ap¬ pear to rise up from the bottom edge of the screen. Similarly, when configuration bar 601 is dismissed, an animation is played that causes configuration bar 601 to ap¬ pear to descend back into the bottom edge of the screen. Arrows 3601 provide access to additional widgets not currently shown on the screen.

0183[0183] Fig. 37 is similar to Fig. 36, but includes a "1 of 2" indicator 3701 to in¬ form the user that two pages of widgets are available, and that the currently dis¬ played page is the first of the two. In one embodiment, indicator 3701 is displayed only when the user rolls over one of the arrows 3601 for navigating to another page of widgets. In another embodiment, indicator 3701 is shown at all times when it is applicable.

0184[0184] In one embodiment, as shown in Figs. 36 and 37, when configuration bar 601 is active, a More Widgets button 3602 appears. Button 3602 provides direct access to functionality for downloading (and/ or accessing) additional widgets, for example from a widget server.

0185[0185] In one embodiment, when the user interface layer is active but configu¬ ration bar 601 is closed (inactive), a screen such as that of Fig. 35 is displayed. Con¬ figuration icon 501 containing an X provides access to the configuration bar; clicking on it causes configuration bar 601 to appear.

0186[0186] In one embodiment, "close" buttons 2901 on widgets appear only when configuration bar 601 is active. An example is shown in Fig. 38. In another embodiment, "close" buttons 2901 on widgets are always available, or are available when the user rolls over a widget. In one embodiment, only the "close" button 2901 for the widget being rolled over appears. In yet another embodiment, the user can configure whether "close" buttons 2901 always appear or only appear at certain times.

0187Terms of Use

0188[0187] In one embodiment, upon initial activation of widget (or user interest layer) functionality, a Terms of Use agreement 3901 is displayed, as shown in Fig. 39. The user can click on Accept 3904, Decline 3903, or Print 3902. If the user accepts the terms of use, the widget functionality described herein is activated. If the user de¬ clines the terms of use, the widget functionality is made unavailable to the user. If the user clicks on Print 3902, the Terms of Use agreement is printed. [0188] In one embodiment, the Terms of Use agreement 3901 is only dis¬ played upon initial activation of the widget functionality or unified interest layer functionality; on subsequent activations, it is not displayed. In another embodiment, it is displayed if another user activates the widget functionality or unified interest layer functionality. In yet another embodiment, it is displayed subsequent to any reinstallation or upgrade of the widget functionality or unified interest layer func¬ tionality.

0189Additional Widgets

0190[0189] In one embodiment, the present invention provides any or all of the following widgets, either alone or in any combination. In one embodiment, the in¬ vention provides some or all of the following in combination with some or all of the widgets and other functionality described herein and/ or in the above-referenced re¬ lated patent applications.

0191[0190] For most of the widgets described below, the system of the present in¬ vention obtains information from online data sources via a network, in response to queries generated based on user input. The online data sources provide information that is used to generate the widget display. In one embodiment, those widgets that obtain their information via a network include a visual indicator to let the user know whether or not the displayed data is live. In one embodiment, such widgets also dis¬ play the date and time of the most recent data update. [0191] Fig. 40 depicts a flight tracker widget 4000. The user can enter what¬ ever information is known, including any combination of flight number, arrival city, departure city, airline, date, and time. The widget communicates with online flight data sources to obtain gate information, flight status, and the like, hi one embodi¬ ment, the widget displays any or all of airline 4001, flight number 4002, departure city 4008, departure time (scheduled) (not shown in Fig. 40), departure time (actual) 4003, departure time (expected) (not shown in Fig. 40), departure airport code 4004, arrival city 4009, arrival time (scheduled) (not shown in Fig. 40), arrival time (actual) (not shown in Fig. 40), arrival time (expected) 4006, arrival airport code 4005, depar¬ ture gate (not shown in Fig. 40), arrival gate 4007, on-time/ late/ early status 4010, aircraft type (not shown in Fig. 40), speed 4011, and altitude 4012. In one embodi¬ ment, it displays a map 4013 including an arc 4014 between origin and destination that approximates the travel trajectory. An indicator 4015 is shown on arc 4014 that denotes the aircraft's approximate current location. In one embodiment, this display 4013 is based on actual position data for the aircraft; in another embodiment, it is an interpolation based on the origin, destination, and remaining flying time. [0192] Fig.41 depicts a stock quote widget 4100. The user can enter a portfo¬ lio of stocks (or other securities), or the widget can extract the user's stock holdings from an online data source, locally stored file, or other source. Alternatively, the user can enter an individual ticker symbol. The widget displays the ticker symbol(s) 4101, current stock price(s) 4102, change since previous day 4103, and the like. In one embodiment, the widget displays a graph 4104 showing stock performance for a stock or portfolio. In one embodiment, the graph can be shown in any of a number of different formats and time ranges. In one embodiment, an Edit button 4105 is pro¬ vided to allow access to input/ output elements for changing characteristics of the displayed portfolio or stock quotes, or other preferences. In one embodiment, a last updated indicator 4106 is included. In one embodiment, the user can click on a but¬ ton (not shown) to initiate a Buy or Sell operation for the displayed stock, or to find out more information about the stock.

0192[0193] Figs. 42A and 42B depict a movie listings widget. As shown in Fig.

019342A, a user can select from a list of movie titles 4201 or a list of theaters 4202, and can see show times 4203, ratings 4204, and the like. A button 4209 is provided for select¬ ing between titles and theaters. A button 4205 is provided for selecting the date the user is interested in (today, tomorrow, or another date). An information button 4206 is provided for obtaining more information about the selected movie, including for example a synopsis, photos, reviews, website links, or the like. A ticket purchase button 4207 is provided for purchasing tickets to the selected show time. A preview button 4208 is provided for accessing a video preview of the movie. [0194] In one embodiment, the theaters shown are based on a target location

0194(for example a ZIP code entered by the user, or known to the widget based on previ¬ ously entered or derived user data). Theaters within a predefined or user-specifiable radius of the target location are shown.

0195[0195] The user can click on the information button 4206 to see a synopsis

01964211, movie poster representation 4210, and other information 4212, as depicted in Fig. 42B. The user can click on back button 4213 to return to the previous display. The user can click on the ticket purchase button 4207 or the preview button 4208 to purchase tickets or view the video preview.

0197[0196] Figs. 43A through 43D depict a widget 4300 for managing a DVD rental queue. As shown in Fig. 43A, the user can browse various categories 4301 of movies by clicking on the categories 4301 in the left side of widget 4300. The user can type in the Search field 4302 to search for a movie title. The user can click on Rec¬ ommendations 4303 to see personalized recommendations based on previous rentals or on other information provided by the users. The user can click on Queue 4304 to see the current rental queue.

0198[0197] When a movie 4305 is selected in the list 4309, a quality rating 4306 ap¬ pears (one to five stars). The user can click on an information button 4307 to see more information about the movie, or can click on Add Movie 4308 to add the se¬ lected movie to the user's queue.

0199[0198] Fig. 43B shows the widget 4300 after the user has clicked on the infor¬ mation button 4307. A description 43010 of the selected movie is shown, along with a movie poster representation 43020, rating 43030, quality rating 4306, and the like. Previous and next buttons 4310, 4311 allow the user to jump directly to other movies in the queue or list. The user can click on back button 4213 to return to the previous screen, or can click on Add Movie 4308 to add the movie to the user's queue. [0199] Figs. 43C and 43D show the widget 4300 after the user has clicked on the Queue button 4304. The widget shows DVDs currently in the queue 4312, along with DVDs currently out 4313 (i.e. in the user's possession or on their way to the user). Availability 4314, ship dates 4315, and ETA 4316 are shown. A total number of movies 4317 in the rental queue is shown.

0200[0200] Fig. 44 depicts a translation widget 4400. The user can select a "from" language and a "to" language (via pop-up menus 4401, 4402), and can enter text in the upper box 4403. The translated text appears in the lower box 4404. In one em¬ bodiment, text is translated as it is typed, so the user need not hit Enter or some other button to activate translation. In one embodiment, the widget waits for a typ¬ ing pause of some particular length (for example one second) before performing translation. In one embodiment, the widget 4400 transmits the entered text to an online translation resource; in another embodiment, translation is performed locally using software installed at the user's computer. In one embodiment, reverse transla¬ tion is also performed, so that the user can see the end result of translating the en¬ tered text to the other language and back; in this way the user can gauge the overall quality of the translation.

0201[0201] Figs. 45A through 45C depict a metric conversion widget 4500. The user can select the type of conversion from Convert pop-up menu 4501 (e.g. length, volume, area, speed, temperature, weight, or the like), and can select the from/ to units for the conversion via two other pop-up menus 4502, 4503. The user can enter numbers in either of the two fields 4504, 4505, and the converted value appears in the other field. In one embodiment, values are converted as numbers are entered, so the user need not hit Enter or some other button to initiate the conversion. In one embodiment, the widget waits for a typing pause of some particular length (for ex¬ ample one second) before performing conversion.

0202[0202] In one embodiment, a distinctive graphic 4506 appears within the wid¬ get (for example along the top edge of the widget) to denote the type of conversion being performed. For example, for length conversion a ruler graphic 4506A is shown (Fig. 45A), for speed conversion a speedometer graphic 4506B is shown (Fig. 45B), and for temperature conversion a thermometer graphic 4506C is shown (Fig. 45C). One skilled in the art will recognize that these graphics 4506 can take any form, and that the Figures are merely exemplary. In one embodiment, these graphics 4506 are animated.

0203[0203] Figs- 46A through 46F depict a weather widget 4600. In one embodi¬ ment, weather widget 4600 shows information for a given location 4606; location 4606 can be provided by the user or extracted from other information such as the user's ZIP code or address. In one embodiment, weather widget 4600 shows current temperature 4601, high 4602 and low 4603 for the day, and a forecast 4604. Graphic elements 4605 depict the current conditions and the forecast conditions. For exam¬ ple, a sun, clouds, rain, or any combination thereof can be shown to indicate condi¬ tions. In one embodiment, these graphic elements 4605 can be combined as needed to accurately represent the weather conditions. In one embodiment, some or all of the graphic elements 4605 are animated; for example clouds can be shown to move slightly in the wind, in order to indicate how much wind there is. [0204] In one embodiment, the weather widget 4600 can be expanded or col¬ lapsed in response to rollover or in response to the user clicking on a button for ex¬ panding and collapsing. For example, Fig. 46A shows a weather widget in an ex¬ panded state, while Fig. 46B shows it in a collapsed state where forecast 4604 is not shown.

0204[0205] In one embodiment, the graphic element 4605 shows a moon when it is night (Fig. 46D), and sun when it is day (assuming that conditions are clear). The widget 4600 uses the local machine's internal clock, or obtains current time informa¬ tion over a network, to determine the time of day or night. In one embodiment, when the moon is shown, the correct current phase of the moon is depicted. Fig. 46C shows a number of widget states 4615 for various phases of the moon. [0206] Other examples are shown in Fig. 46E, in which graphic element 4605 depicts rain, and Fig. 46F, in which graphic element 4605 depicts lightning. Any or all of these can be animated if desired. Sound effects can also be provided, for ex¬ ample when the user rolls over the widget or clicks on it. [0207] Figs. 47A through 47C depict a telephone directory widget 4700, im¬ plemented as a Yellow Pages function. The user can type in a business name or cate¬ gory (or portion thereof) in field 4701 as shown in Fig. 47B, and listings 4702 are dis¬ played in the widget as shown in Fig. 47A. Fig. 47C shows another example wherein the user-entered query is a name rather than a category.

0205[0208] In one embodiment, the lookup is based on a target location (for exam¬ ple a ZIP code entered by the user, or known to the widget based on previously en¬ tered or derived user data). Listings 4702 within a predefined or user-specifiable ra¬ dius of the target location are shown. In one embodiment, listings 4702 are dis¬ played as the user types (updated automatically with each keystroke), so the user need not hit Enter or some other button to activate the lookup operation. In one em¬ bodiment, the widget 4700 waits for a typing pause of some particular length (for example one second) before looking up and displaying listings 4702. In one em¬ bodiment, each listing 4702 includes the name of the business, telephone number, distance from the target location, and address. The user can click on a listing 4702 to see more information, including for example a map, reviews, or the like. In one em¬ bodiment, the user can add any displayed listing 4702 to a personalized address book, for example by clicking on a button (not shown) adjacent to the listing 4702. [0209] In one embodiment, any or all of the above-described widgets, and/ or any or all of the widgets described in the above-referenced related application, in¬ clude animation or other motion-based elements. For example, a clock widget can include moving hands and other elements.

0206[0210] In the above description, for purposes of explanation, numerous spe¬ cific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the inven¬ tion. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the invention can be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the invention. [0211] In particular, one skilled in the art will recognize that other architec¬ tures and graphics environments may be used, and that the present invention can be implemented using graphics tools and products other than those described above. In particular, the client/ server approach is merely one example of an architecture for providing the dashboard functionality of the present invention; one skilled in the art will recognize that other, non-client/ server approaches can also be used. [0212] Reference in the specification to "one embodiment" or "an embodi¬ ment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in con¬ nection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the inven¬ tion. The appearances of the phrase "in one embodiment" in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. [0213] Some portions of the detailed description are presented in terms of al¬ gorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are the means used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of steps leading to a desired result. The steps are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like.

0207[0214] It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely conven¬ ient labels applied to these quantities. Unless specifically stated otherwise as appar¬ ent from the discussion, it is appreciated that throughout the description, discussions utilizing terms such as "processing" or "computing" or "calculating" or "determin¬ ing" or "displaying" or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer sys¬ tem, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system's registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage, transmis¬ sion or display devices. [0215] The present invention also relates to an apparatus for performing the operations herein. This apparatus may be specially constructed for the required purposes, or it may comprise a general-purpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. Such a computer pro¬ gram may be stored in a computer readable storage medium, such as, but is not lim¬ ited to, any type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, CD-ROMs, and mag¬ netic-optical disks, read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions, and each coupled to a computer system bus. [0216] The algorithms and modules presented herein are not inherently re¬ lated to any particular computer or other apparatus. Various general-purpose sys¬ tems may be used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may prove convenient to construct more specialized apparatuses to perform the method steps. The required structure for a variety of these systems will appear from the de¬ scription below. In addition, the present invention is not described with reference to any particular programming language. It will be appreciated that a variety of pro¬ gramming languages may be used to implement the teachings of the invention as described herein. Furthermore, as will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the relevant art, the modules, features, attributes, methodologies, and other aspects of the invention can be implemented as software, hardware, firmware or any combina¬ tion of the three. Of course, wherever a component of the present invention is im¬ plemented as software, the component can be implemented as a standalone pro¬ gram, as part of a larger program, as a plurality of separate programs, as a statically or dynamically linked library, as a kernel loadable module, as a device driver, and/ or in every and any other way known now or in the future to those of skill in the art of computer programming. Additionally, the present invention is in no way limited to implementation in any specific operating system or environment.

0208[0217] It will be understood by those skilled in the relevant art that the above- described implementations are merely exemplary, and many changes can be made without departing from the true spirit and scope of the present invention. Therefore, it is intended by the appended claims to cover all such changes and modifications that come within the true spirit and scope of this invention.