Mobile ad hoc network (manet) providing connectivity enhancement features and related methods

<u>Background of the Invention</u>

0001Wireless networks have experienced increased development in the past decade. One of the most rapidly developing areas is mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Physically, a MANET includes a number of geographically distributed, potentially mobile nodes sharing one or more common radio channels. Compared with other types of networks, such as cellular networks or satellite networks, the most distinctive feature of MANETS is the lack of any fixed infrastructure. The network is formed of mobile (and potentially stationary) nodes, and is created on the fly as the nodes communicate with each other. The network does not depend on a particular node and dynamically adjusts as some nodes join or others leave the network.

0002In a hostile environment where a fixed communication infrastructure is unreliable or unavailable, such as in a battle field or in a natural disaster area struck by earthquake or hurricane, a MANET can be quickly deployed to provide much needed communications. While the military is still a major driving force behind the development of these networks, ad hoc networks are quickly finding new applications in civilian or commercial areas. MANETs will allow people and applications to exchange data in the field or in a class room without using any network structure except that which they create by simply turning on their computers or PDAs.

0003As wireless communication increasingly permeates everyday life, new applications for MANETs will continue to emerge and become an important factor in wireless communications. Yet, MANETs pose serious challenges to designers. Due to the lack of a fixed infrastructure, nodes must self-organize and reconfigure as they move, join or leave the network. All nodes are essentially the same, and there is no natural hierarchy or central controller in the network. All functions have to be distributed among the nodes. Nodes are often powered by batteries and have limited communication and computation capabilities. Also, the bandwidth of the system is usually limited. The distance between two nodes often exceeds the radio transmission range, and a transmission may have to be relayed by other nodes before reaching its destination. Consequently, a MANET network typically has a multi-hop topology, and this topology changes as the nodes move around.

0004The MANET working group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has been actively evaluating and standardizing routing protocols, including multicasting protocols. Because the network topology changes arbitrarily as the nodes move, information is subject to becoming obsolete, and different nodes often have different views of the network, both in time (information may be outdated at some nodes but current at others) and in space (a node may only know the network topology in its neighborhood and not far away from itself).

0005A routing protocol needs to adapt to frequent topology changes, possibly with less than accurate information. Because of these unique requirements, routing in these networks is very different than in others. Gathering fresh information about the entire network is often costly and impractical. Some routing protocols are reactive (i.e., on-demand) protocols. That is, they collect routing information only when necessary and only to destinations to which they need routes, and do not maintain unused routes. In this way the routing overhead may be reduced compared to pro-active protocols, which maintain optimal routes to all destinations at all time. Ad Hoc on Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) are representatives of reactive routing protocols presented at the MANET working group.

0006An example of a proactive routing protocol is found in <nplcit id="ncit0001" npl-type="s"><text>Clausen et al. entitled "Optimized Link State Routing Protocol," Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) MANET Working Group, Internet Draft, October 31, 2001</text></nplcit>. Examples of other various routing protocols include Destination Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV) routing which is disclosed in <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="US5412654A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 5,412,654 to Perkins</text></patcit>, and the Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) which is disclosed in <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="US6304556B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 6,304,556 to Haas</text></patcit>. ZRP is a hybrid protocol using both proactive and reactive approaches.

0007These conventional routing protocols use a best effort approach in selecting a route from the source node to the destination node. Typically, minimizing the number of hops is the main criteria in such approaches.

0008Quality-of-service (QoS) routing in MANETs is gaining interest. To provide quality-of-service, a protocol needs not only to find a route but also to identify and/or secure the resources along the route. Because of the potentially limited, shared bandwidth of the network, and the lack of a central controller which can account for and control these limited resources, nodes must negotiate with each other to manage the resources required for QoS routes. This is further complicated by frequent topology changes. Due to these constraints, QoS routing is more demanding than best-effort or minimum-hop routing.

0009Some examples of QoS routing approaches are set forth by <nplcit id="ncit0002" npl-type="s"><text>Chenxi Zhu in the publication entitled "Medium Access Control and Quality-of-Service Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks," 2001</text></nplcit>, and by <nplcit id="ncit0003" npl-type="b"><text>M. Mirhakkak et al. in the publication entitled "Dynamic Quality-of-Service for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks," MITRE Corp., 2000</text></nplcit>. Zhu discusses establishing bandwidth guaranteed QoS routes in small networks whose topologies change at a low to medium rate. Mirhakkak et al. are concerned with resource reservation requests that specify a range of QoS values while the network makes a commitment to provide service within this range.

0010Document <patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="US20020013856A1"><text>US 2002/0013856 A1</text></patcit> discloses a routing approach for a mobile ad-hoc network. The approach of disclosed therein includes using various cost metrics for a computer network. Among these are measures of interference over time to neighbor nodes of a first node of the computer network per data bit transmitted on a communication link used by the first node. Further disclosed using cost metric as a measure of the quality of a wireless communication link within the computer network. Local routing information maintained by a first node of a computer network may be used to determine whether alternate paths exist to a neighbor node of the first node, using a sequence of one or more links other than a candidate link through the computer network and compute a link quality of the candidate link. Then, if no alternate path exists to the neighbor node, or the link quality of the candidate link exceeds a defined threshold value, the candidate link may be accepted.

0011Document <patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="US20030161268A1"><text>US 2003/0161268 A1</text></patcit> discloses a cross-layer integration of functions on several protocol layers of the network into a single unified mechanism by means of integrated optimization of a single objective function with respect to connection parameters on at least three protocol layers: the network layer, the link layer and the physical layer. Other layers can be also used, for instance the three lowest levels can be optimized in combination with an adaptive application on the application layer. The unified approach partially or completely eliminates the need for a layered representation. Instead of having several separate optimization algorithms executing more or less independently on the different protocol layers, a single unified optimization is performed. Connections are preferably determined by integrated optimization of a given objective function with respect to connection parameters on at least three protocol layers within the network.

0012Document <patcit id="pcit0005" dnum="US20030033394A1"><text>US 2003/0033394 A1</text></patcit> discloses a pair of protocols called Synchronous Collision Resolution (SCR) and Node State Routing (NSR). SCR is an access protocol that creates a random cellular-like network after each signaling period. NSR is a routing protocol that uses the dissemination of node states to predict link availability and to assign metrics to those links for the creation of optimized routes.

0013Since MANETs are still in the initial stages of development, most attempts to implement QoS functionality in MANETs thus far have focused primarily on using QoS parameters to establish routes, as is the case with the above-noted prior art approaches. Yet, as MANETs continue to increase in size and complexity, further QoS functionality may be needed along with ways to efficiently distribute QoS operations among different network protocol hierarchy layers.

<u>Summary of the Invention</u>

0014In view of the foregoing background, it is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a MANET that has enhanced mobile node connectivity features and related methods.

0015This and other objects, features, and advantages in accordance with the present invention are provided by a MANET that may include a plurality of mobile nodes each including a wireless communications device and a controller connected thereto operating in accordance with a multi-layer protocol hierarchy. More particularly, the controller may, at an upper protocol layer, establish a quality-of-service (QoS) threshold. Further, at at least one intermediate protocol layer below the upper protocol layer, the controller may select at least one route for transmitting data to at least one destination mobile node based upon the QoS threshold, and determine whether a QoS metric for the selected route falls below the QoS threshold.

0016In addition, at a lower protocol layer below the at least one intermediate protocol layer, the controller may cooperate with the wireless communications device to determine the QoS metric for the at least one selected route, and transmit data to the at least one destination mobile node via the at least one selected route. The controller may also cooperate with the wireless communications device at the lower protocol layer to adjust signal transmission power based upon a determination that the QoS metric has fallen below the QoS threshold.

0017Similarly, the controller may further cooperate with the wireless communications device at the lower protocol layer to adjust signal transmission gain in a desired direction based upon a determination that the QoS metric has fallen below the QoS threshold. Additionally, the wireless communications device may provide an adjustable signal (i.e., antenna) transmission pattern. As such, at the lower protocol layer, the controller may also cooperate with the wireless communications device to adjust the signal transmission pattern based upon a determination that the QoS metric has fallen below the QoS threshold.

0018By adjusting the signal transmission power, signal transmission gain, and/or signal transmission pattern based upon a determination that the QoS metric has fallen below the QoS threshold, the controller may advantageously adjust its signal range (i.e., by adjusting its transmission power) to incorporate more mobile nodes, or provide greater connectivity to nodes already within its signal range. Moreover, such adjustments may also advantageously be used to adjust signal range so that the controller is not causing interference with an adjacent mobile node or nodes in the network.

0019Additionally, at the at least one intermediate protocol layer, the controller may encode data prior to transmission. The controller may thus adjust the amount of encoding it performs based upon a determination that the QoS metric has fallen below the QoS threshold, which may also be used to improve connectivity and/or reduce interference between nodes.

0020Similarly, at the lower protocol layer, the controller may cooperate with the wireless communications device to modulate the data using a first modulation technique if the QoS metric is greater than or equal to the QoS threshold, and otherwise using a second modulation technique. That is, the controller may switch between modulation techniques to increase signal connectivity or reduce interference as network topology changes to maintain the QoS threshold.

0021Further still, at the lower protocol layer, the controller may cooperate with the wireless communications device to transmit data at a data rate. As such, the controller may also cooperate with the wireless communications device to adjust the data rate based upon a determination that the QoS metric has fallen below the QoS threshold, again providing enhanced connectivity or reduced interference as necessary.

0022By way of example, the upper protocol layer may be an application layer. Further, the at least one intermediate protocol layer may include one or more of a session layer, a transport layer, a network layer, and a radio transport layer. Moreover, the lower protocol layer may be a physical layer. Additionally, the QoS threshold may be based upon at least one of available bandwidth, error rate, end-to-end delay, end-to-end delay variation (i.e., jitter), hop count, expected path durability, and priority, for example.

0023A method aspect of the invention is for operating a mobile node in a MANET, such as the one described briefly above, in accordance with a multi-layer protocol hierarchy. The method may include, at an upper protocol layer, establishing a quality-of-service (QoS) threshold. Furthermore, at at least one intermediate protocol layer below the upper protocol layer, at least one route may be selected for transmitting data to at least one destination mobile node based upon the QoS threshold, and it may also be determined whether a QoS metric for the selected route falls below the QoS threshold.

0024Additionally, at a lower protocol layer below the at least one intermediate protocol layer, the method may also include using the wireless communications device to determine the QoS metric for the at least one selected route, causing the wireless communications device to transmit data to the at least one destination mobile node via the at least one selected route. The wireless communications device may also be caused to adjust signal transmission power at this layer based upon a determination that the QoS metric has fallen below the QoS threshold. The method may further include causing the wireless communications device to adjust signal transmission gain in a desired direction and/or a signal transmission pattern based upon a determination that the QoS metric has fallen below the QoS threshold.

<u>Brief Description of the Drawings</u>

0025<ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li><figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref> is schematic block diagram of a MANET in accordance with the present invention.</li><li><figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref> is a schematic block diagram of an alternate embodiment of the multi-layer protocol hierarchy implemented in the MANET of <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>.</li><li><figref idref="f0003">FIGS. 3 and 4</figref> are schematic block diagrams illustrating a MANET before and after adjusting signal transmission power in accordance with the invention to increase signal connectivity, respectively.</li><li><figref idref="f0004">FIGS. 5 and 6</figref> are schematic block diagrams illustrating a MANET before and after adjusting signal transmission power at a source mobile node in accordance with the invention to decrease signal interference at an adjacent mobile node, respectively.</li><li><figref idref="f0004">FIG. 7</figref> is a schematic block diagram of the MANET of <figref idref="f0004">FIG. 5</figref> after adjusting a signal transmission antenna pattern at a source mobile node in accordance with the invention to similarly reduce interference at an adjacent mobile node.</li><li><figref idref="f0005 f0006">FIGS. 8-11</figref> are flow diagrams illustrating methods for operating a mobile node in a MANET in accordance with the present invention.</li></ul>

<u>Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments</u>

0026The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which preferred embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout, and prime and multiple prime notation are used to indicate similar elements in alternate embodiments.

0027Referring initially to <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>, a MANET <b>20</b> in accordance with the present invention illustratively includes a plurality of mobile nodes <b>21-28.</b> In the illustrated example, the mobile node <b>21</b> functions as a source node, while the mobile node <b>25</b> functions as a destination node with which the source node seeks to communicate. The nodes <b>21-28</b> may be any suitable type of mobile device capable of communicating within a MANET such as computers, personal data assistants (PDAs), etc., including a wireless communications device <b>30,</b> for example, and other devices which will be appreciated by those of skill in the art. Of course, it will also be appreciated that certain of the nodes <b>21-28</b> may optionally be connected to a fixed communication infrastructure in some applications, if desired.

0028The source mobile node <b>21</b> further illustratively includes a controller <b>31,</b> the operation of which will be described below. By way of example, the controller <b>31</b> may be implemented using microprocessors, memory, software, etc., as will be appreciated by those of skill in the art. Furthermore, the wireless communications device <b>30</b> may include wireless modems, wireless local area network (LAN) devices, cellular telephone devices, etc., as well as an associated antenna(s), as illustratively shown. By way of example, one or more phased array antennas (as well as other suitable antennas) may be used, as will be_appreciated by those skilled in the art. It will further be understood that the mobile nodes <b>23-28</b> also preferably include suitable wireless communications devices/controllers as well, which are not shown in <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref> for clarity of illustration.

0029One function that the controller <b>31</b> performs is to establish one or more routes between the source mobile node <b>21</b> and the destination mobile node <b>25</b> for transferring data therebetween. A single route is illustratively shown in the exemplary embodiment that passes through mobile nodes <b>22-24</b> and includes wireless communications links <b>29a-29d.</b> It should be noted that while only a single route is shown for clarity of illustration, any number of routes may be used in accordance with the present invention.

0030As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, MANET routes may include any number of intermediate nodes therein depending upon network size and proximity between the nodes, for example. Each intermediate node along a route is typically referred to as a "hop," thus routes passing through multiple intermediate nodes are sometimes referred to as "multi-hop" routes. It should be noted that while a relatively few number of intermediate nodes <b>22-24</b> are shown in the present example for clarity of illustration, the MANET <b>20</b> may include any number of nodes therein. Furthermore, it will be appreciated that portions of the route to the destination mobile node <b>25</b> could also include wired infrastructure.

0031It will also be appreciated that the way in which the controller <b>31</b> establishes routes will depend upon the particular MANET routing protocol being implemented in the MANET <b>20.</b> As noted above, this may be done using proactive protocols that keep routing information continuously up to date, reactive protocols which discover routes on-demand when there is a need to send data to the destination node <b>22,</b> or by a combination thereof. Any suitable MANET protocols may be used in accordance with the present invention to establish routes, such as those previously discussed above, for example.

0032While MANETs are still in their relative infancy and no universal standards have as yet been adopted, data communications within MANETS will likely follow the open system interconnection (OSI) architecture (or some variation thereof), as do other wireless networks (e.g., wireless LANs). By way of background, the OSI is a network protocol hierarchy which includes seven different control layers, namely (from highest to lowest) the application layer, presentation layer, session layer, transport layer, network layer, data link layer, and physical layer.

0033Generally speaking, in the OSI model control is passed from one layer to the next at an originating node or terminal starting at the application layer and proceeding to the physical layer. The data is then sent across the network, and when it reaches the destination terminal/node, it is processed in reverse order back up the hierarchy (i.e., from the physical layer to the application layer). Furthermore, data corresponding to each particular layer is typically organized in protocol data units (PDUs) referred to as packets at the network level.

0034In accordance with the present invention, the controller <b>31</b> similarly operates in accordance with a multi-layer protocol hierarchy <b>32</b> to provide an integrated framework for QoS operations. Generally speaking, the multi-layer protocol hierarchy includes an upper protocol layer <b>33,</b> one or more intermediate protocol layers <b>34,</b> and a lower protocol layer <b>35</b> over which complementary QoS operations are performed to provide enhanced QoS functionality.

0035More particularly, an exemplary embodiment of the multi-layer protocol hierarchy <b>32'</b> is illustratively shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref>, and related methods for using the same are illustrated in <figref idref="f0005">FIGS. 8 and 9</figref>. It should be noted that the various protocol layers at which the method steps illustrated in <figref idref="f0005">FIGS. 8 and 9</figref> are performed are illustratively shown with dashed lines and labeled for clarity of illustration and understanding. In accordance with the multi-layer protocol hierarchy <b>32',</b> beginning at Block <b>80,</b> the controller <b>31</b> may, at an application layer <b>36',</b> establish a quality-of-service (QoS) threshold for data transfer across the MANET <b>20</b> (Block <b>81</b>). More particularly, the application layer <b>36'</b> is preferably the layer at which the data to be transmitted is created or processed.

0036The QoS threshold (or type of service, TOS) will vary depending upon the particular application that is being run at this upper layer. For example, time sensitive data, such as video or audio data, may require a greater QoS threshold to maintain the integrity thereof than text data files. One common way to define the QoS threshold required for a particular application is by the total end-to-end delay that can be tolerated for data transmissions. However, numerous other QoS parameters may be used in accordance with the present invention for defining a QoS threshold. For example, such parameters may include one or more of available bandwidth, error rate, end-to-end delay variation, hop count, expected path durability, priority, etc., as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art.

0037At a QoS support layer <b>37'</b> below the application layer <b>36',</b> the controller <b>31</b> determines whether to require data reception acknowledgements based upon the QoS threshold and mode, at Block <b>82.</b> That is, in some circumstances it will be desirable to have receiving mobile nodes acknowledge ("Ack") receipt of transmitted data, and/or inform the source mobile node <b>21</b> when correct receipt of the data cannot be acknowledged ("Nack"), as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. The QoS support layer <b>37'</b> may conceptually be thought of as a session and/or transport layer with respect to the OSI model, as illustratively shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref>.

0038Data packet reception acknowledgement may be particularly useful, for example, when the source mobile node <b>21</b> needs to perform a "reliable" multicast operation to adjacent nodes. By way of example, if the mobile nodes are organized into clusters or groups and the source mobile node <b>21</b> serves as a cluster leader node, it may need to send updated network topology information or other control data to the other nodes in its cluster. Thus, the source mobile node <b>21</b> can request that these nodes acknowledge receipt of this important data. Of course, data acknowledgements can be used in many other circumstances as needed based upon the importance of the data and the overhead that will be required for the extra Ack/Nack transmissions.

0039Moreover, another particularly advantageous function that may be performed at the QoS support layer <b>37'</b> is high-level admission control. More particularly, beginning at block <b>89</b> (<figref idref="f0005">FIG. 9</figref>), the controller <b>31</b> may determine whether to admit traffic from other mobile nodes based upon respective QoS route requests received therefrom and an internal QoS metric for the source node <b>21.</b> That is, the controller <b>31</b> essentially determines what type of traffic that it can presently support based upon its own QoS requirements/resources and those of other mobile nodes requesting access to the resources of the source node <b>21.</b>

0040By way of example, the internal QoS metric may include one or more of available power, available bandwidth, recent error rate, and recent delay. For clarity of illustration, the admission control operations are shown as being performed in a block <b>47'</b> separate from the QoS support layer <b>37'</b> in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref>. However, some or all of these operations may be performed by the same controller or processor at the QoS support layer <b>37'</b> (although they could be performed by separate processors and at other layers as well). Further details regarding such admission control operations are provided in co-pending <patcit id="pcit0006" dnum="US13417302A" dnum-type="L"><text>U.S. Application Serial No. 10/134,173 filed April 29, 2002</text></patcit> and assigned to the present Assignee .

0041At a QoS packet coding layer <b>38'</b> below the QoS support layer <b>37',</b> the controller <b>31</b> encodes data from the application layer <b>36'</b> for transmission to the destination mobile node (or nodes) <b>25,</b> at Block <b>83.</b> Of course, it will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that data packets received from other mobile nodes to be used by the controller <b>31</b> of the application layer <b>36'</b> may also be decoded at the QoS packet coding layer <b>38'</b> as well as using a complementary decoding algorithm to the encoding algorithm used by a sending mobile node.

0042One particularly advantageous coding approach is for the controller <b>31</b> to encode data using a forward error correction (FEC) algorithm to generate error correction data for the data based upon the QoS threshold. Moreover, the controller <b>31</b> may also select a plurality of routes for transmitting data to the destination mobile node <b>25.</b> In such case, the controller 31 may advantageously interleave the error correction data and the data packets to be transmitted and distribute the interleaved data across the plurality of selected routes, at Block <b>91.</b>

0043By performing FEC and distributing the interleaved data across a plurality of routes, the MANET thus allows corrupted data packets to be corrected even when one of the routes is lost, allowing transmission to continue while a new route is established, if necessary. Moreover, the additional amount of data associated with the FEC encoding may be spread across the plurality of routes, thus mitigating the increased bandwidth requirements. Further details regarding the FEC/interleaving operations that may be performed at the QoS packet coding layer <b>38'</b> are provided in co-pending <patcit id="pcit0007" dnum="US36931303A" dnum-type="L"><text>U.S. Application Serial No. 10/369,313 filed February 19, 2003</text></patcit> and assigned to the present assigne.

0044Route selection may be performed at a QoS route selection layer <b>39'</b> below the QoS coding layer <b>38',</b> at Block <b>84.</b> Generally speaking, the controller <b>31</b> causes QoS route requests to be sent to adjacent mobile nodes to discover potential routes to a desired destination mobile node (or nodes). Route confirmations are then returned to the source mobile node <b>21</b> which include an indication or metric of what QoS level(s) the route can support or provide. A list of available routes may then be stored in a routing table <b>45',</b> from which the controller <b>31</b> selects a desired route(s) based upon a routing algorithm. Several particularly advantageous approaches for establishing and sending data across one or more routes within a MANET are described in co-pending <patcit id="pcit0008" dnum="US21499702A" dnum-type="L"><text>U.S. Application Serial No. 10/214,997 filed August 8, 2002</text></patcit>, co-pending <patcit id="pcit0009" dnum="US17472102A" dnum-type="L"><text>U.S. Application Serial No. 10/174,721 filed June 19, 2002</text></patcit>, and a co-pending application entitled ROUTE SELECTION IN MOBILE AD-HOC NETWORKS BASED ON TRAFFIC STATE INFORMATION, attorney docket no. GCSD-1468 (51334), all of which are assigned to the present Assignee

0045Furthermore, at Block <b>92,</b> the controller <b>31</b> may optionally perform load-leveling at the QoS route selection layer <b>39'</b> on outgoing data based upon the QoS threshold and an energy usage level (i.e., power) required to transmit the outgoing data. This advantageously allows power consumption, available QoS, and the QoS required by a given application to be appropriately balanced for a given situation. Further details regarding load-leveling operations are provided in a co-pending application entitled LOAD LEVELING IN MOBILE AD-HOC NETWORKS TO SUPPORT END-TO-END DELAY REDUCTION, QoS AND ENERGY LEVELLING, attorney docket no. GCSD-1470 (51336).

0046In addition, at a QoS forwarding layer <b>40'</b> below the QoS route selection layer <b>39',</b> the controller <b>31</b> preferably selects between a unicast communications mode and a multicast communications mode, at Block <b>93.</b> More particularly, the controller <b>31</b> may dictate at the application layer <b>36'</b> the particular type of communications mode to be selected at the QoS forwarding layer <b>40'</b> for a given application (e.g., reliable multicast communications for cluster leader node broadcasts).

0047For other applications, a particular communications mode may not necessarily be specified at the application layer <b>36'.</b> As such, the controller <b>31</b> may determine which communications mode is appropriate based upon the QoS threshold. Of course, this determination may also take into account other factors, such as availability of particular wireless communications device <b>30</b> resources, whether a particular type of transmission is likely to cause unintended interference with other mobile nodes, etc. In particular, even if a particular communications mode has been specified at the application layer <b>36',</b> the controller may determine at the QoS forwarding layer <b>40'</b> that based upon one or more of the above-noted factors a different communications mode should be used.

0048Furthermore, at a QoS traffic layer <b>41'</b> below the QoS forwarding layer <b>40',</b> the controller <b>31</b> preferably controls data traffic flow and may also manage its data queue(s) to maintain the QoS threshold, at Block <b>85.</b> In particular, in one advantageous embodiment the above-noted QoS route requests may have respective traffic flow identifiers and second QoS thresholds or ceilings associated therewith. As such, the controller <b>31</b> may advantageously police admitted traffic based upon respective traffic flow identifiers to ensure that the admitted traffic does not exceed respective second QoS thresholds, at Block <b>94.</b> Further details regarding such traffic policing is provided in co-pending <patcit id="pcit0010" dnum="US13471402A" dnum-type="L"><text>U.S. Application Serial No. 10/134,714 filed April 29, 2002</text></patcit> assigned to the present Assignee.

0049Further, at at least one lower protocol layer below the QoS traffic layer <b>41'</b>, the controller <b>31</b> cooperates with the wireless communications device <b>30</b> to transmit data to the destination mobile node <b>25</b> via the selected route(s) based upon the commands/data provided from the higher layers, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, thus concluding the method illustrated in <figref idref="f0005">FIG. 8</figref> (Block <b>87</b>).

0050Further, when unicast and multicast modes are both implemented by the controller <b>31</b>, the controller may advantageously cooperate with the wireless communications device <b>30</b> to transmit the data based upon the particular communications mode selected. That is, various signal transmission characteristics may be adjusted or tailored depending upon the particular type of communications mode that is being used, as well as QoS metrics for the selected route(s), at Blocks <b>95-98,</b> thus concluding the method illustrated in <figref idref="f0005">FIG. 9</figref> (Block <b>99</b>). Adjustment of signal transmission and reception characteristics will be discussed further below.

0051More specifically, the lower protocol layers of the hierarchy <b>32'</b> preferably include a radio adaptation layer <b>42'</b> below the QoS traffic layer <b>41'</b>, a media access (MAC) layer <b>43'</b> below the radio adaptation layer, and a physical (PHY) layer <b>44'</b> below the MAC layer. The radio adaptation layer <b>42'</b> provides an interface between the upper protocol layers and the MAC and PHY layers, the latter of which is where the controller <b>31</b> physically interfaces with the wireless communications device <b>30.</b> Of course, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other layers may be included within the hierarchy <b>32'</b> as well, such as a link layer, for example, and that certain of the functions described herein may be implemented at different layers in certain embodiments.

0052Accordingly, at the physical layer <b>44'</b>, the controller <b>31</b> preferably cooperates with the wireless communications device <b>30</b> to determine a QoS metric for the selected route(s), at Block <b>95</b>, which may be used to determine whether any QoS adjustments need to be made, or whether communications are simply no longer possible over the route. It will also be appreciated that QoS metrics are not only used for maintaining a QoS for an established route, but they are also typically used for route discovery and selection, which is illustratively shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref> by the operational block <b>46'.</b> Again, it should be noted that although the block <b>46'</b> is shown separate from the radio adaptation layer <b>42'</b> for clarity of illustration, the operations illustrated therein may in fact be performed at the radio adaptation layer (or other layers).

0053By monitoring the QoS metric for a selected route, the controller <b>31</b> at the QoS route selection layer <b>39'</b> may determine if the QoS metric falls below the QoS threshold, at Block <b>96.</b> If it does, at the physical layer <b>44',</b> the controller <b>31</b> may cooperate with the wireless communications device <b>30</b> to adjust one or more signal characteristics to improve the QoS metric, at Block <b>97</b>.

0054Referring now additionally to <figref idref="f0003 f0004">FIGS. 3-7</figref> and <figref idref="f0006">10-11</figref>, specific examples of how signal characteristics can be adjusted to improve QoS will now be described. A first example is when the QoS metric indicates that signal connectivity to a desired mobile node, such as a next mobile node along a selected route, has diminished to an undesirable level (e.g., below the QoS threshold).

0055With respect to the MANET <b>50</b> illustrated in <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref>, which includes a source mobile node <b>51</b> and mobile nodes <b>52-58</b> adjacent thereto, the source mobile node transmits over an area <b>59'</b> defined by the radius <b>r₁.</b> Thus, after establishing the QoS threshold, determining the QoS metric and selecting the desired route(s) (Blocks <b>100-103</b>) as described above, when it is determined that the QoS metric has fallen below the QoS threshold (Block <b>104</b>), the controller <b>31</b> cooperates with the wireless communications device <b>30</b> at the PHY layer <b>44'</b> to increase signal transmission power, as illustratively shown in <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 4</figref>. The determination of reduced signal connectivity can be made based upon one or more QoS factors, such as error rate, received signal strength, etc., as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art.

0056As a result, the transmission area <b>59'</b> of the MANET <b>50'</b> is now defined by a circle with a radius <b>r₂</b> greater than the radius <b>r₁.</b> Thus, for example, if the source mobile node <b>51</b> had initially been communicating with the mobile node <b>54</b> and it moves out of range (as in <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref>), increasing the signal transmission power causes this node to be within the transmission area <b>59'.</b>

0057Of course, the opposite approach may be taken to avoid causing interference to adjacent neighboring mobile nodes unintentionally. Consider the MANET <b>60</b> shown in <figref idref="f0004">FIG. 5</figref>, which illustratively includes a source mobile node <b>61</b> and a neighboring mobile node <b>62</b> that are interfering with one another. In particular, a transmission from the source mobile node <b>61</b> to a mobile node <b>63-67</b> causes unintended interference at the mobile node <b>62.</b> Thus, for example, is the QoS metric indicates that interference from the mobile nodes <b>62</b> is causing the QoS threshold not to be met, the controller <b>31</b> may determine that the mobile node <b>61</b> and <b>62</b> these two nodes are interfering with one another and decrease its signal transmission power accordingly. As such, its signal transmission area <b>68</b> is reduced from the circle defined by the radius <b>r₁₁</b> (<figref idref="f0004">FIG. 5</figref>) to a smaller circle defined by a radius <b>r₂₁</b> (<figref idref="f0004">FIG. 6</figref>), which no longer causes interference to the mobile node <b>62'.</b>

0058In addition to signal power, other signal characteristics may be adjusted as well to achieve similar results (i.e., increased inter-node connectivity or reduced interference). For example, in the case illustrated in <figref idref="f0004">FIG. 7</figref>, the signal transmission antenna pattern (or beam shape) has been changed to exclude the mobile node <b>62"</b> from the transmission area <b>68",</b> as illustratively shown. Another similar technique is to adjust signal transmission gain in a desired direction, which also effects the transmission area, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art.

0059Furthermore, by adjusting the signal transmission power, signal transmission gain, and/or signal transmission pattern based upon a determination that the QoS metric has fallen below the QoS threshold, the controller 31 may also advantageously adjust the signal transmission range to incorporate more mobile nodes. This may be particularly beneficial when additional routes are needed, or when new nodes join a cluster or groups of nodes, for example.

0060Other signal characteristics may optionally be adjusted as well to provide improved QoS, at Block 106. For example, the error coding being performed may be changed, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. Similarly, the controller <b>31</b> may cooperate with the wireless communications device <b>30</b> to modulate data using a first modulation technique if the QoS metric is greater than or equal to the QoS threshold, and otherwise using a second modulation technique. By way of example, suitable modulation techniques may include TDMA, CDMA, FDMA, and SDMA, as well as others. Transmission is then performed in accordance with the adjusted signal characteristics, at Block <b>107,</b> thus concluding the illustrated method (Block <b>108</b>).

0061Further still, the controller <b>31</b> cooperates with the wireless communications device <b>30</b> to transmit data at a desired data rate. As such, the controller <b>31</b> may also cooperate with the wireless communications device <b>30</b> to adjust the data rate as necessary based upon the available QoS, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art.

0062It will also be appreciated that similar techniques may also be used to decrease interference that a particular node receives from an adjacent interfering node. That is, a destination mobile node may determine that the QoS metric for a route over which it is receiving data has fallen below the QoS threshold set at the application layer <b>36'</b> (which could be provided by the source mobile node, agreed upon by both nodes, or independently established). In such case, the controller <b>31</b> can adjust overall signal reception gain and/or a signal reception pattern, for example, as similarly described above, to reduce interference caused by the interfering mobile node when receiving data, at Blocks <b>110'</b> and <b>111'</b> (<figref idref="f0006">FIG. 11</figref>).

0063In addition, the wireless communications device <b>30</b> may also operate over a plurality of channels, illustratively represented by MAC/PHY columns <b>47a'-47c'</b> in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref>. Thus, if a given route is associated with one of the plurality of channels, the controller <b>31</b> may cooperate with the wireless communications device <b>30</b> to scout or monitor one or more other available physical channels when a QoS level of the selected route falls below the QoS threshold. Further details on such channel monitoring and selection are provided in <patcit id="pcit0011" dnum="US13486202A" dnum-type="L"><text>U.S. Application Serial No. 10/134,862 filed April 29, 2002</text></patcit> and assigned to the present Assignee, which is hereby incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. Of course, it should be noted that the columns <b>47a'-47c'</b> could correspond to other physical layer settings or "knobs" as well, such as modulation type, communications mode type, etc.

0064It will therefore be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the protocol hierarchy of the present invention provides a QoS framework for efficiently and conveniently organizing cooperating QoS operations to provide enhanced QoS. Moreover, the present invention provides a total and integrated framework that allows component-based development for particular application and use scenarios. Further, it also provides for the use of traffic state (e.g., utilization, residual capacity, number of hops, transit delays, etc.) to aid in the production of multiple alternative source-to-destination packet routes.

0065Moreover, in accordance with the present invention, the radio adaptation layer <b>42'</b> may advantageously allow the use of multiple radio interfaces (e.g., different radio types, interfaces, physical channels, etc.). Further, the present invention also provides QoS-driven PHY layer adaptation to improve coverage, decrease interference, increase the number of neighboring nodes reached, and improve reliability. Additionally, data packets may be coded at the upper protocol layers to provide greater error correction, etc., as needed, and multiple routes may also advantageously be used to provide greater reliability and throughput, as well as lessening end-to-end delay.