Electrical connector

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to electrical coupling and, more particularly to electrical connectors having conductive contacts. The invention has particular utility in the field of electrically interconnecting circuit-carrying elements.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Numerous styles of electrical connectors are commonly used to electrically couple two or more circuit-carrying elements. For example, electrical connectors are often used to provide a conductive path between contact pads on an integrated circuit package and conductive traces on a substrate, such as a printed circuit board. A typical connector used for this situation and similar situations includes a low profile, insulative housing that retains a plurality of conductive contacts and can be placed between the integrated circuit package and the substrate. The contacts protrude beyond respective surfaces of the housing to simultaneously touch the contact pads and conductive traces when the integrated circuit package and substrate are pressed together.

Preferably, the contacts have a resilient quality and can thereby deform between and urge back against the pads and traces. As a related issue, the contacts should provide a substantial range of deflection to be compatible with various styles of housings, pads, and traces. It is also preferable that the conductive path which the electric current must travel across the housing be as direct and short as possible. Furthermore, the contact should be shaped and retained in the housing in a manner that optimizes electrical contact between the contact and the pad and conductive trace. Thus, there is a need for an improved electrical contact that provides the desired resiliency, range, shortened electrical path, and optimized contact. US-A-5242314 discloses an electrical connector comprising a housing having a plurality of electrical contact devices. The contacts are spring contacts that have a generally S-shaped configuration. US-A-5152694 discloses an electrical connector comprising an insulative support and a plurality of contacts. The contacts have a relatively flexible S-shaped portion.

SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

The present invention provides a resilient contact that can be retained in an aperture disposed through an insulative housing to form an assembled electrical connector. The contact has a center portion from which two cantilevered spring arms extend in a diverging manner. The ends of each spring arm define a land surface that protrudes beyond the surfaces of the housing to contact a contact pad or conductive trace. To shorten the electrical path through the contact, there is extending from the end of one spring arm in a direction towards the second spring arm an elongated bellows leg. The portion of the bellows leg in proximity to the second spring arm defines a first contact surface that opposes a similar second contact surface defined as part of the second spring arm.

When the contact pad and conductive trace are pressed toward one another, the cantilevered spring arms are likewise deflected towards each other. The two contact surfaces are thereby pressed together to produce the shortened electrical path. To prevent the contact surfaces from abrasively sliding against each other, each contact surface is preferably formed with a curved shape. When pressed together, the apexes of the curved shapes contact each other. To allow the apexes to slide smoothly over each other, the bellows leg is formed to afford a resiliency that allows the second contact surface to slide over the bellows leg thereby providing for continued deflection of the spring arms. Preferably, the direction of sliding motion between the second contact surface and the bellows leg is normal to the plane in which the spring arms deflect

To retain the contact within the insulative housing, the contact has retention members extending outwardly from the sides of the center portion. In an embodiment, the retention members can be configured to engage the insulative housing in a manner that allows the contact to float with respect to the aperture so that the contact can adjust to the locations of the contact pads and the conductive traces. In an embodiment, the retention members can be configured to rigidly join the contact to the insulative housing.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective, exploded view illustrating an electrical connector having a contact according to the present invention for providing electrical communication between an integrated circuit package and a substrate.

FIG. 2 is a detailed view of the indicated section of FIG 1 illustrating the first surface of the housing including a contact inserted into an aperture.

FIG. 3 is a detailed view taken opposite the view illustrated in FIG. 2 illustrating the opposing second surface of the housing.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the electrical contact as formed.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along lines 5-5 of FIG. 2 illustrating the un-deflected contact retained in the aperture of the insulative housing and also illustrating the integrated circuit package and the substrate.

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the cross-sectional view illustrated in FIG 5.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view similar to FIG. 5 illustrating the contact as deflected between the integrated circuit package and the substrate.

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the cross-sectional view illustrated in FIG. 7.

FIG. 9 is a side elevational view illustrating the forces exerted during deflection of the contact.

FIG. 10 is a graph depicting the forces exerted in FIG. 9.

FIG. 11 is a side elevational view of a prior art contact illustrating the forces exerted during deflection of that contact.

FIG. 12 is a graph depicting in FIG. 11.

FIG. 13 is a top plan view of a blank stamped from sheet metal that is to be formed into the contact.

FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional perspective view taken along line 14-14 of FIG. 3 illustrating the contact being retained in the insulative housing.

FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional perspective view taken along line 14-14 of FIG. 3 illustrating protuberances being formed into retention slots.

FIG. 16 is a rear perspective view of an embodiment of the contact configured with bendable retention wings.

FIG. 17 is a top plan view of a blank stamped from sheet metal that is to be formed into the contact of FIG. 16.

FIG. 18 is a detailed perspective view of the second surface of the insulative housing illustrating the contacts of FIG. 16 retained in the apertures.

FIG. 19 is a detailed perspective view taken opposite the view illustrated in FIG. 18 illustrating the first surface of the insulative housing.

FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional perspective view taken along line 20-20 of FIG. 18 illustrating the bendable retention wings abutting against a sidewall.

FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional perspective view taken along line 20-20 of FIG. 18 illustrating the retention wings trapping the sidewall.

FIG. 22 is a rear perspective view of an embodiment of the contact configured with twist wings.

FIG. 23 is a top plan view of a blank stamped from sheet metal that is to be formed into the contact of FIG. 22.

FIG. 24 is a detailed perspective view of the second surface of the insulative housing illustrating the contacts of FIG. 22 retained in the apertures.

FIG. 25 is a detailed perspective view taken opposite the view illustrated in FIG. 24 illustrating the first surface of the insulative housing.

FIG. 26 is a cross-sectional perspective view taken along line 26-26 of FIG. 24 illustrating the contact being retained in the aperture.

FIG. 27 is a rear perspective view of an embodiment of the contact configured with barbed wings.

FIG. 28 is a top plan view of a blank stamped from sheet metal that is to be formed into the contact of FIG. 27.

FIG. 29 is a detailed perspective view of the second surface of the insulative housing illustrating the contacts of FIG. 27 retained in the apertures.

FIG. 30 is a detailed perspective view taken opposite the view illustrated in FIG. 29 illustrating the first surface of the insulative housing.

FIG. 31 is a cross-sectional perspective view taken along line 31-31 of FIG. 29 illustrating the contact being retained in the aperture.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Now referring to the drawings, wherein like reference numbers refer to like features, there is illustrated in FIG. 1 an exemplary electrical connector 102 configured for retaining an electrical contact of the present invention in an exemplary application. The electrical connector is located between an integrated circuit package 104 that includes a plurality of electrically conductive contact pads or lands and a substrate 106 that includes one or more conductive traces. To provide electrical communication between the contact pads of the integrated circuit package 104 and the electrical traces of the substrate 106, the electrical connector 102 includes a plurality of electrical contacts 100 retained in an insulative housing 110. As illustrated in FIG. 1, to retain the contacts 100, the insulative housing 110 includes a plurality of apertures 112 disposed therethrough from a first surface 114 to a second surface 116. The apertures 112 are arranged to correspond to the locations of the contact pads of the integrated circuit package 104 and the conductive traces of the substrate 106. As illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3, when the contact 100 is appropriately inserted into the aperture 112, parts of the contact project from both the first and second surfaces and are therefore capable of making electrical contact with the contact pads and conductive traces.

While the present invention is described in the context of providing electronic coupling between an integrated circuit package and substrate, it will be readily appreciated that the invention is equally applicable to electronic coupling between other types of electrical components, such as, between two circuit-carrying substrates.

An embodiment of the electrical contact 100 is better illustrated in FIG. 4. The electrical contact 100 has a generally planer center portion 120 defined by an upper end 122 and a lower end 124. For purposes of orientation, the upper end 122 will define an upwards direction with respect to the electrical contact and the lower end 124 will define a downwards direction with respect to the electrical contact 100. However, the terms "upwards" and "downwards" are relative and in no way should be construed as a limitation of the inventive electrical contact. The center portion 120 is further defined by a first side 130 and a second side 132 that extend between the upper and lower ends 122, 124 such that the center portion has a given width 136. In the illustrated embodiment, the width of the center portion 120 may be approximately 0.6 mm (.024 inches).

Extending at an angled, upwards direction from the upper end 122 is a first spring arm 140. The first spring arm 140 is attached to the center portion 120 in a cantilevered fashion such that the first spring arm can deflect with respect to the center portion. The first spring arm 140 terminates in a curved first land surface 142 at a location above the upper end 122. Therefore, as illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6, when the electrical contact 100 is correctly placed in the aperture 112, the first land surface 142 projects above the first surface of the housing proximate to a pad 105 on the integrated circuit package 104.

Referring to FIGS. 7 and 8, as the integrated circuit package 104 is pressed or clamped to the first surface 114 of the insulative housing 110, the pad 105 causes the first spring arm 140 to deflect downward with respect to the center portion 120. In fact, the first spring arm 140 may be deflected partially or wholly into the aperture 112. Because of the cantilevered nature of the first spring arm 140 and the resiliency of the contact material, the deflected first spring arm 140 exerts an upward contact force against the pad 105 ensuring an adequate electrical connection.

As shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, the contact pad 105 tangentially contacts the curved first land surface 142 thereby concentrating the contact force produced by the cantilevered first spring arm. Additionally, because of the curved shape of the first land surface 142, there is less of a tendency for the first land surface to pierce or penetrate the contact pad 105. Furthermore, the first land surface 142 and the first spring arm 140 can be formed with substantially the same width as the center portion 120. Thus, in such embodiments, the width of the first land surface 142 provides a sufficient dimension for the contact pad 105 to contact.

Referring to FIG. 4, extending generally downwards from the first land surface 142 is a bellows leg 150. In the illustrated embodiment, the bellows leg 150 includes a first portion 156 that extends generally parallel to the center portion 120 and a second portion 157 that extends generally parallel to the first spring arm 140. The first and second portions 156,157 are joined together at a bend 154 that approximately corresponds to the vertically position of the center portion 120. In the illustrated embodiment, the angle of the bend is less than 90 degrees so that the second portion continues to extend generally downward with respect to the center portion. The bellows leg 150 terminates in a first contact surface 152 that curves slightly upwards toward the first spring arm 140. The first contact surface 152 can be located above or below the lower end 124 of the center portion 120. As illustrated, the first contact surface 152 and the bellows leg 150 can be formed with the same width as the center portion 120 and the first spring arm 140.

Referring to FIG. 4, extending from the lower end 124 of the center portion 120 is a second spring arm 160 that terminates in a second land surface 162. The second spring arm 160 includes a first portion 166 attached to the lower end 124 in a cantilevered fashion. The first portion 166 is also attached to a second portion 167 by a curve 164 that directs the second portion generally downwards. As such, in the illustrated embodiment, the second land surface 162 is below the lower end 124. Therefore, as illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6, when the electrical contact 100 is correctly placed in the aperture 112, the second land surface 162 projects below the second surface 116 of the insulative housing 112 proximate to an electrical trace 107 on the substrate 106. Furthermore, because of the cantilevered fashion in which the second spring arm 160 is attached to the center portion 120, the second spring arm can deflect with respect to the center portion.

Referring to FIGS. 7 and 8, as the substrate 106 is pressed or clamped to the second surface 116 of the insulative housing 110, the electrical trace 107 causes the second spring arm 160 to deflect upwards with respect to the center portion 120. In fact, the second spring arm 160 may be deflected partially or wholly into the aperture 112. Because of the cantilevered nature of the second spring arm 160 and the resiliency of the contact material, the deflected second spring arm exerts a downward contact force against the electrical trace 107 ensuring an adequate electrical connection.

To optimize contact between the electrical trace 107 and the second land surface 162, the second land surface is shaped to curve slightly upwards. As will be appreciated, the electrical trace 107 tangentially contacts the apex of the curved second land surface 162 thereby concentrating the contact force produced by the second spring arm 160. Additionally, because of the smooth, curved shape of the second land surface 162, there is less of a tendency for the second land surface to pierce or penetrate the electrical trace 107. Furthermore, the second land surface 162 can be formed with a width equal to or, as illustrated, greater than the width of the center portion 120. Thus, in such embodiments, the width of the second land surface 162 provides a sufficient dimension for the electrical trace 107 to make contact with.

Referring to FIG. 4, the curve 164 can function as a second contact surface that is located between the first portion 166 and the second portion 167. Preferably, the second contact surface 164 is located approximately below the first contact surface 152 so that the two contact surfaces appear, as illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6, as opposing curves. In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6, the first and second contact surfaces 152,164 are separated by a gap 168. An advantage of providing the gap 168 is that the first and second contact surfaces 152, 164 can be easily plated during production of the contact.

Referring to FIGS. 7 and 8, when the first and second spring arms 140, 160 are deflected towards each other by the integrated circuit package and/or substrate, the first contact surface 152 is pressed against the second contact surface 164 thereby eliminating the gap. This results in shortening the path electric current must travel through the contact 100. Since contact between the bellows leg 150 and spring arm 160 occurs tangentially along the apex of the curved first contact surface 152 and the curved second contact surface 164, abrasion and the likelihood of damaging or fusing together of the first and second contact surfaces is reduced. When the forces causing the spring arms to deflect are removed, the resiliency of the contact material can cause the contact surfaces 152, 164 to separate re-creating the gap 168 illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6. Furthermore, where the widths of the bellows leg 150 and second spring arm 160 are similar to or the same as the center portion 120, the contact surfaces will have an adequate dimension across which contact can occur.

Preferably, referring to FIGS. 2, 3, 5 and 6, the first and second spring arms 140, 160 do not project a substantial amount beyond the first and second surfaces 114, 116 of the insulative housing 110. This reduces the chance that the spring arms 140, 160 will be overly strained during deflection and thereby avoid becoming permanently deformed. This also reduces the chance that the projecting spring arms 140,160 will be bent or otherwise damaged due to unintentional contact with a foreign object.

Referring to FIGS. 5 and 6, it will be noted that because the second contact surface 164 is located within the length of the second spring arm 160 and has substantially the same width as the center portion 120, there is a sufficient amount of surface area for the first contact surface 152 to press against. In other words; precise alignment between the first and second contact surface 152, 164 is not required. Additionally, it will be appreciated that the bellows leg 150 and first contact surface 152 function to press the second spring arm downwards against the electrical trace 107.

Referring to FIGS. 7 and 8, to allow the first and second spring arms 140, 160 to be further deflected toward each other after the initial contact between the first and second contact surfaces 152, 164, the second spring arm and the bellows leg 150 can be configured to allow the second contact surface 164 to slide along the bellows leg. More specifically, the resilient nature of the contact material allows the bellows leg 150 to bend upon itself at the first land surface 142 and the bend 154. Therefore, after the initial contact, the second contact surface 164 can slide along the second portion 157 of the bellows leg 150 as the bellows leg is displaced upwards toward the first spring arm 140. Accordingly, the first contact surface 152 is directed towards the center portion 120 as the bellows leg 150 bends. An advantage of enabling sliding motion of the second contact surface 164 along the first portion 157 is that it provides for a greater range of deflection between the spring arms 140, 160. Another advantage of enabling sliding motion of the second contact surface 164 with respect to the first contact surface 152 is that the contact surfaces can be wiped clean of any built-up debris that could hinder electrical communication across the contact surfaces. When the forces causing deflection of the spring arms are removed, the second contact surface 164 can slide back along the bellows leg 154 thereby causing the contact 100 to recover its initial un-deflected shape.

Another advantage of the inventive contact 100 is demonstrated by reference to FIG. 9, which illustrates the contact 100 in both its initial un-deflected shape 170 and deflected shape 171. In a preferred embodiment, the direction of the sliding motion between the second contact surface 164 and the bellows leg 150 is normal to the plane in which the first and second spring arms 140, 160 deflect. This preferred configuration enhances the contact's ability to recover its initial un-deflected shape when the forces deflecting the first and second spring arms 140, 160 are removed..During the initial deflection, the deflecting forces must exceed the upwards-and downwards resiliency forces generated by the spring arms 140, 160. The vectors representing the deflecting forces and the resiliency forces are oriented in a vertical plane as indicated by the arrow 172.

As the first and second contact surfaces 152, 164 contact and slide along each other, a frictional force is generated that the deflecting forces must additionally overcome. The force vectors for the frictional forces, however, are substantially oriented in a horizontal plane as indicated by arrow 173, and are therefore normal to the deflecting forces. Accordingly, the frictional forces do not substantially oppose the vertical deflecting forces. When the deflecting forces are removed and the resiliency forces displace the first and second spring arms 140, 160 to their initial positions, the frictional forces will attempt to resist the sliding motion of the second contact surface 164 along the bellows leg 150. Again though, because the frictional resistance forces are normal to the resiliency forces, they will not substantially affect recovery of the contact.

The relationship between force and displacement for the illustrated contact can be represented by the graph shown in FIG. 10 in which force 174 is represented by the vertical axis while displacement 175 is represented by the horizontal axis. The graph of FIG. 10 is a representation of data generated by computer-aided finite element analysis simulations of the inventive contact. The curve 176 represents the force and displacement relations for the initial deflection of the spring arms together while curve 177 represents the recovery of the spring arms. As represented, curve 176 originates from the horizontal axis left of where recovery curve 177 intersects the horizontal axis. This discrepancy represents cold working of the metal contact that occurs during the initial deflection cycle after the contact is manufactured. The imparted cold working results in a permanent set preventing the contact from fully recovering its pre-deflection shape.

Curve 178 represents any subsequent deflection of the spring arms together. As will be appreciated, recovery of the spring arms from the subsequent deflections as represented by curve 178 occurs along the subsequent recovery curve 179. Accordingly, after accounting for the initial cold working of the contact, the contact will generally return to the same shape. Moreover, the curve 178 generated during the subsequent deflections is substantially similar to the curve 179 generated during recovery.

It will be appreciated from the above that the inventive contact is a substantial improvement over prior art contacts in which the deflection, resiliency, and frictional forces are all oriented within the same plane. An example of such a prior art contact 180 is illustrated in FIG. 11 in both its initial un-deflected shape 182 and its deflected shape 183. The prior art contact 180 includes a center portion 184, opposing first and second resilient spring arms 185, 186, and inward extending fingers 187, 188 arranged at the free ends of each spring arm 185, 186. The fingers 187,188 engage each other in an overlapping relationship. The deflection, resiliency, and frictional forces are all oriented in a vertical plane designated by the arrow 189. When the deflecting forces are removed and the first and second spring arms 185, 186 attempt to return to their initial positions, the frictional forces will resist the resiliency forces. If the resiliency forces are insufficient to overcome the frictional forces, the spring arms 185, 186 will not return to their initial positions.

The force vs. displacement graph for this contact is illustrated in FIG. 12, with force 190 represented by the vertical axis and displacement 192 represented by the horizontal axis. As before, a discrepancy exists between the curve 194. representing initial deflection and the curve representing recovery 195 due to the initial cold working of the contact and the permanent set induced. Subsequent deflections of the spring arms together are represented by curve 196 while subsequent recoveries are represented by curve 197. As illustrated, a substantial discrepancy exists between the curve 196 generated during subsequent deflections and the subsequent recovery curve 197, causing the two curves 196, 197 to form a hysteresis pattern. This hysteresis represents the resiliency force having to overcome the opposing frictional force. This problem is avoided by configuring the inventive contact 100 illustrated in FIG. 9 such that the friction forces are normal to the resiliency forces.

The electrical contact can be manufactured from any suitable conductive material that possesses the desirable resilient properties. Preferably, the contact is manufactured from metallic sheet material ranging between, for example, 0.038-0.076 mm (.0015 - .0030 inches) in thickness. For example, as illustrated in FIG..13, a planer blank 180 can be stamped from the sheet material that includes, in a flattened out arrangement, all the features of the contact including the center portion 120, spring arms 140, 160, and the bellows leg 150. Accordingly, stamping the blank 180 predetermines the width 136 of those features. The planer blank 180 can then be processed through a series of forming operations to form the shaped contact 100 illustrated in FIG. 4. The forming operations impart the curved shapes of the spring arms 140, 160 and bellows leg 150 by permanently cold-working the sheet material. The use of sheet material provides for some influence over the resilient properties through appropriate selection of the thickness of the chosen sheet material. Preferably, the sheet material and the formed dimensions are such as to allow the spring arms of the electrical contact to be deflected toward each other and recover over numerous cycles.

To retain the contact in the aperture, the contact can include one or more retention members that can engage the insulative housing. For example, in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4, the retention member can be configured as a retention wing 200. The retention wing 200 is a structure projecting from the first side 130 of the center portion 120 that extends between a upper shoulder 204 and a lower shoulder 206 and is vertically co-planer to the center portion. A second retention wing 202 can project from the second side 132 of the center portion and extend between a upper and lower shoulder 208, 210 as well. As illustrated in FIG. 13, the first and second retention wings 200, 202 are preferably formed as integral parts of the planer blank.

As illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 14, the retention wings 200, 202, can be received by vertical slots 220, 222 formed on either side of the aperture 112 that considerably widen the aperture at one end. The slots 220, 222 are disposed from the second surface 116 part way towards the first surface 114 and terminate at two respective ledges 224, 226. When the contact 100 is inserted into the aperture, the upper shoulders 204, 206 of the retention wings abut against the ledges 224, 226. The dimension of the slots 220, 222 from the second surface 116 to the ledges 224, 226 functions to vertically position the contact within the insulative housing 110.

Referring to FIG. 15, to prevent the contact 100 from backing out of the aperture after insertion, two protuberances 228, 230 are formed into the slots proximate to the lower shoulders of the retention wings 200, 202. The protuberances 228, 230 can be formed by deforming the slots 220, 222 after insertion of the contact 100. For this reason, the insulative housing 110 is preferably made from a malleable material that can soften upon localized heating. Accordingly, the retention members 200, 202 are trapped between the ledges 224, 226 and protuberances 228, 230 and the contact is thereby retained in the insulative housing 110.

In a preferred embodiment, the length of the slots 220, 222 between the ledges 224, 226 and the protuberances 228, 230 is slightly larger than the length of the retention wings 200, 202 between the upper shoulders 204, 208 and the respective lower shoulders 206, 210. Also preferably, the size of the slots 220, 222 is larger than the thickness of the sheet metal forming the retention wings 200,202. Accordingly, the contact is capable of slight vertical and/or horizontal movement with respect to the insulative housing 110 and can therefore float within the aperture 112.

As will be appreciated from FIGS. 7 and 8, an advantage of floating the contact 100 is that the contact can reposition itself within the aperture when the first and second spring arms 140, 160 are deflected together. Accordingly, when the pad 105 presses against the first land surface 142, the floating contact can shift within the aperture 112 so that the width of the first land surface lies substantially across the pad. A similar alignment can occur when the electrical trace 107 is pressed against the second land surface 162. As such, misalignment occurring during insertion of the contact is reduced. A related advantage of allowing the contact to reposition itself is the resulting equalization of the incurred forces and strains between the first and second spring arms.

As illustrated in FIG. 16, in another embodiment of the contact 300, the retention members 310, 312 can be bendable retention posts. Prior to insertion, the retention posts 310, 312 are vertical structures that can extend from both sides of the center portion 302. The retention posts 310, 312 each includes a lower segment 314, 316 that is bent at approximately a right angle with respect to the retention posts. Accordingly, the lower segments 314, 316 are normal to the center portion 302 and project therefrom in a direction generally opposite the direction that the first and second springs arms 304, 306 extend. The retention posts 310, 312 each also includes an upper segment 318, 320 that, prior to insertion into the insulative housing, is generally parallel with respect to the plane of the center portion 302. As will be appreciated from FIG. 17, the retention posts 310, 312 can be formed as an integral portion of the stamped blank 324 used to produce the formed contact 300 and accordingly will have the same thickness as the spring arms 304, 306 and center portion 302.

To engage the retention posts, as illustrated in FIG. 18, the aperture 342 disposed into the housing 340 is substantially wider at a second end 350 than at the first end 352. Furthermore, as will be appreciated from FIGS. 18 and 19, the wider second end 350 extends further along the overall length of the aperture 342 at the first surface 344 than at the second surface 346. Referring to FIG. 20, the insulative housing 340 includes a sidewall 348 extending across the rear of the second end 350 that is inset from the first and second surfaces 344, 346. When the contact 300 is inserted into the aperture from the second surface 346, the bent lower segments 314, 316 abut against the sidewall 348. Accordingly, the dimension that the sidewall 348 is inset from the second surface 344 functions to vertically position the contact 300 within the insulative housing 340.

To prevent the contact 340 from backing out of the aperture 342, as illustrated in FIG. 21, the upper segments 318, 320 of the retention posts can be bent over the sidewall 348. The sidewall 348 is thereby trapped between the upper segments 318, 320 and lower segments 314, 316. Furthermore, as will be appreciated from FIG. 21, by locating the upper segments 318, 320 and lower segments 314, 316 within the wider second end 350 of the aperture 342, the segments do not protrude beyond the first and second surfaces 344, 346 of the insulative housing. To bend the upper segments 318, 320, referring to FIG. 19, a tool can be inserted through the wider second end 350 of the aperture 342 to impinge upon the upper segments 318, 320. For this reason, the wider second end 350 makes up a greater portion of the overall length of the aperture 342 along the first surface 344. Additionally, as illustrated in FIG. 17, to facilitate bending of the upper segments 318, 320 the retention posts can be formed with a score or crease 322 at the appropriate locations.

An advantage of using bendable retention posts 310, 312 to retain the contact 300 within the aperture 342 is that the contact can re-position itself with respect to the aperture. Specifically, as illustrated in FIG. 21, because the upper segments 318, 320 and lower segments 314, 316 trap the sidewall 348 without permanently joining to the sidewall, the contact can float to a certain degree with respect to the aperture 342. Floating the contact, as described above, optimizes contact with the pad on the integrated circuit package and conductive trace on the substrate by enabling the contact to align itself with a pad or conductive trace.

In another embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 22, the contact 400 can include a first and second twist wings 410, 412 projecting from either side of the center portion 402. The twist wings 410, 412 each includes a lower segment 414, 416 that is twisted or turned into the plane of the center portion 402. The twist wings each also includes an upper shoulder 418, 420 that is substantially co-planer with respect to the plane of the center portion 402. Referring to FIG. 23, the twist wings 410, 412 are initially formed as integral portions of the stamped blank 424. During the forming operation that shapes the first and second spring arms 404, 406, a mechanical force is imparted to the lower segments 414, 416 to produce the twisted shaped of the formed twist wings 410, 412.

To engage the twist wings, as illustrate in FIG. 24, the aperture 442 disposed through the housing 440 includes two slots 450, 452 formed on either side of the aperture. As will be appreciated from FIGS. 24 and 25, the slots are located at a second end 454 of the aperture 442 and extend from the second surface 446 part way towards the first surface 444. Accordingly, as illustrated in FIG. 26, the slots 450, 452 terminate at two respective ledges 456, 458. When the contact 400 is inserted into the aperture 442, the upper shoulders 418, 420 abut against the ledges 456, 458 which thereby establishes the vertical position of the contact with respect to the housing 440.

To prevent the contact 450 from backing out of the aperture 442, the size of the two slots 450, 452 is preferably such that insertion of the twisted lower segments 414, 416 produces an interference fit. Accordingly, the contact 400 is joined to the insulative housing 440 and cannot float with respect to the aperture 442. An advantage of joining the contact to the insulative housing is that the chances of the contact becoming separated are substantially reduced. Additionally, it will be appreciated that no portion of the twist wings 410, 412 protrudes beyond either the first or second surfaces 444, .446 to interfere in establishing electrical contact with a microchip or substrate. To facilitate insertion of the contact; the second end of the aperture 442 can include a depression 456 disposed into the second surface 446 that permits use of an insertion tool.

In another embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 27, the contact 500 can include first and second barbed wings 510, 512 projecting from either side of the center portion 502. The first and second barbed wings 510, 512 are generally co-planer with the center portion 502 and include generally vertical post structures 514 that are attached to the center portion. Projecting from the post structure 514 opposite the side attached to the center portion are an upper barb 516 and a lower barb 518. Referring to FIG. 28, the barbed wings 510, 512 can be initially formed as integral portions of the stamped blank 524 along with the upper and lower spring arms 504, 506 and the center portion 502.

To engage the barbed wings 510, 512, as illustrated in FIGS. 29 and 30, the aperture 542 disposed through the insulative housing 540 between the first and second surfaces 544, 546 includes two slots 550, 552 at one end. As illustrated in FIG. 31, when the contact 500 is properly inserted into the aperture 542, the barbed wings 510, 512 are received into the slots 550, 552. Preferably, the size of the slots 550, 552 is such as to create an interference fit With the projecting upper barbs 516. Accordingly, the contact is joined to the insulative housing 540 and cannot float in the aperture 552.

As illustrated in FIG. 29, a first depression 556 is formed into the second surface 546. proximate to the end of the aperture 542 in which the slots 550, 552 are formed. As illustrated in FIG. 31, the depression 556 is considerably wider than the distance between the slots 550, 552 thereby creating a pair of ledges 560, 562 where the depression and slots intersect. Accordingly, when the contact 500 is inserted into the aperture, the lower barbs 518 can abut against the ledges and thereby vertically position the contact with respect to the insulative housing 540. Additionally, it will be appreciated that, in part, because of the depression 556, no portion of the barbed wings 510, 512 protrudes beyond either the first or second surfaces 544, 546 to interfere in establishing electrical contact with a microchip or substrate.

As illustrated in FIG. 29, there is also disposed into the second surface 546 proximate to the aperture a second depression 558. The second depression 558 is located opposite the first depression 556 and provides the aperture 542 with a bar-bell shape at the second surface 546. The second depression 558 considerably widens the aperture 542 to accommodate a second land surface 507 at the end of the lower spring arm 506. Accordingly, as illustrated in FIGS. 28 and 29, the second land surface 507 can be wider than the second spring arm 506 and the center portion 502 and thereby provide more surface area over which electrical contact can be made.