Method of removing radioactive contaminants from a launderable product

0001The present invention relates to a method of removing one or more radioactive contaminants from a launderable product.

0002During the twentieth century, international treaties, congressional acts, and executive orders have resulted in a number of regulations controlling all aspects of the environment and health and safety practices in the workplace. In particular, the disposal of industrial waste has been heavily regulated. Landfills nationwide have been closed and industry has been forced to turn to using alternatives such as conservation, recycling and incineration. A representative example is the medical industry, which generates millions of pounds of waste each year. Much of the generated waste is related to the use of disposable materials, such as personal protective clothing, equipment, and accessories necessary for patient care. These disposable materials become contaminated with bloodborne pathogens and are therefore unsafe for reuse. To prevent the spread of disease, these materials are typically discarded after a single use.

0003<patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="JP60044897A"><text>JP60/044897</text></patcit> relates to disposable, radiation-protective clothing composed of, e.g. polyvinyl alcohol.

0004In addition, the nuclear industry also generates millions of pounds of waste each year. In the nuclear industry, much of the waste is similarly related to the use of disposable materials such as personal protective clothing, bags, mop heads, wipes, and other accessories that become contaminated by radioactive material, and become unsafe or impractical for reuse. The waste disposal and landfilling practices of the nuclear industry are highly regulated, and nuclear burial ground space is limited.

0005Various other industries also generate waste streams with similar characteristics. In seeking alternatives to landfilling and incineration, single-use, water-soluble products have been developed. These products provide desirable protection against contaminants, but are limited to a single use due to safety concerns and structural integrity.

0006Efforts continue to efficiently and effectively handle waste and other contaminants in various industries. There exists a need in the art of effective methods and products for handling and minimizing waste and contaminants from industries, such as the medical and nuclear industries.

0007The present invention addresses some of the difficulties and problems discussed above by the discovery of limited reusable products, which may be laundered and reused after laundering a number of times. Although the limited reusable products contain water-soluble material, the limited reusable products maintain structural integrity during multiple washing cycles so that the product may be reused between washing cycles. Further, the limited reusable products are virtually contaminant-free after washing due to their ability to release contaminants during the washing process. The limited reusable products find particular usefulness in the nuclear industries.

0008In one exemplary method, the limited reusable products are used for a particular purpose, washed to substantially remove any radioactive contaminants on or in the product due to such use, and then reused for the same particular purpose or a different purpose. After experiencing a number of washing cycles, the limited reusable products are disposed of by solubilizing the water-soluble material of the limited reusable product.

0009The present invention is directed to methods of removing one or more radioactive contaminants, from a product containing water-soluble material, wherein the method comprises washing the product in an aqueous bath under washing condition such that the water-soluble material does not become soluble. The method comprises drying the washed product and optionally a number of additional steps. In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the method is used to remove one or more radioactive contaminants from a coverall, such as a coverall used in the nuclear industry.

0010The method is used to reduce the amount of radioactive waste generated by contaminated protective clothing, such as coveralls.

0011These and other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent after a review of the following detailed description of the disclosed embodiments and the appended claims. <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li><figref idref="f0001">FIG. <b>1A</b></figref> depicts a frontal view of an exemplary coverall of the present invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0001">FIG. <b>1B</b></figref> depicts a rear view of the exemplary coverall of <figref idref="f0001">FIG. <b>1A</b></figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0002">FIG. <b>2A</b></figref> depicts a frontal view of an exemplary dosimetry coverall of the present invention; and</li><li><figref idref="f0002">FIG. <b>2B</b></figref> depicts a rear view of the exemplary dosimetry coverall of <figref idref="f0002">FIG. <b>2A</b></figref>.</li></ul>

0012To promote an understanding of the principles of the present invention, descriptions of specific embodiments of the invention follow and specific language is used to describe the specific embodiments. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is intended by the use of specific language. Alterations, further modifications, and such further applications of the principles of the present invention discussed are contemplated as would normally occur to one ordinarily skilled in the art to which the invention pertains.

0013The present invention is directed to water-soluble products and methods of using the water-soluble products.

I

.

Launderable Products Containing Water-Soluble Material

0014The present invention is directed to launderable products containing water-soluble or water-dispersible material. Suitable launderable products are one or more pieces of protective clothing, such as scrubs, coveralls, booties, face masks, and gloves.

0015The launderable products contain water-soluble with or without water-insoluble material. As used herein, the term "water-soluble" refers to materials having a degree of solubility in water at a water temperature of 37°C or above. When the launderable product contains both water-soluble and water-insoluble material, the combined materials are configured so that the mixture is "water-dispersible." As used herein, the term "water-dispersible" refers to a composite material, which typically contains water-soluble material in combination with water-insoluble material, and is capable of forming a dispersion in an aqueous bath at or above ambient temperature (about 20°C) and, in some cases, in an aqueous bath at or above ambient temperature (about 20°C) and having a pH of above 7.0.

0016Suitable water-soluble material for use in the present invention is polyvinyl alcohol with or without acetyl groups, cross-linked or uncross-linked. Suitable polyvinyl alcohol materials are described in <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="US5181967A"><text>U.S. Patents Nos. 5,181,967</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="US5207837A"><text>5,207,837</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="US5268222A"><text>5,268,222</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0005" dnum="US5620786A"><text>5,620,786</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0006" dnum="US5885907A"><text>5,885,907</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0007" dnum="US5891812A"><text>5,891,812</text></patcit>.

0017Suitable water-insoluble materials for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, polyurethane resin, ion exchange resins, sodium polyacrylate, polymaleic acid, ammonium polyacrylate, microbial polyesters, polyhydroxybutyrate, polyhydroxybutyrate-valerate, polyhydroxy-alkanoates, polyesters, polyglycolic acid, polyhydroxy acids, aliphatic polyesters, aromatic polyesters, aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters, aliphatic polyetheresters, aromatic polyetheresters, aliphatic-aromatic copolyetheresters, aliphatic polyesteramides, aromatic polyesteramides, aliphatic-aromatic copolyesteramides, aliphatic polyetherester amides, aromatic polyetherester amides, aliphatic-aromatic copolyetherester amides, polyethylene terephthalate, cellulose acetates, polycaprolactone, starch, starch blends, or mixtures thereof, polystyrene, nylon, polyester, polyolefin, polypropylene, polycarbonate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polyethylene, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene methacrylate copolymer, ethylene olefin copolymer, cotton, rayon, cellulose or a mixture.

0018The launderable products may contain the above-described water-soluble material alone or in combination with any of the above-described water-insoluble materials. Desirably, the construction of the launderable product is such that the launderable product either (1) completely dissolves or (2) breaks up into small particles when exposed to conditions, which cause the water-soluble component of the launderable product to become soluble.

0019The launderable product comprises water-soluble material alone or in combination with water-insoluble material. When water-insoluble materials are used to form a launderable product of the present invention, desirably less than about 50 parts by weight (pbw) of water-insoluble material is used in combination with at least about 50 parts by weight (pbw) of water-soluble material to form the launderable product, based on a total parts by weight of the launderable product. More desirably, the launderable product comprises at least about 70 pbw of water-soluble material and less than about 30 pbw of water-insoluble material, even more desirably, at least about 90 pbw of water-soluble material and less than about 10 pbw of water-insoluble material, based on a total parts by weight of the launderable product.

0020In a further embodiment, the launderable product consists essentially of water-soluble material. In yet a further embodiment, the launderable product consists of water-soluble material.

0021In one embodiment, the launderable product is a nonwoven fabric formed from spunbonded polyvinyl alcohol fibers. Alternatively, the nonwoven fabric may be formed by melt-blowing polyvinyl alcohol fibers. In still a further embodiment, the nonwoven fabric may be formed by dry carding and hydroentangling the polyvinyl alcohol fiber. In yet another embodiment, the nonwoven fabric may be formed by thermally bonding the fiber. In addition, the fabric may be formed by dry laying the fiber. In yet another embodiment, after dry laying, the fiber may be carded to produce a more uniform distribution of fibers and then needle-punched to enhance the strength of the fabric. Finally, after carding and needle-punching, the fibers may, optionally, be thermobonded. In still a further embodiment, the nonwoven fabric can be formed by chemical bonding the fibers.

0022In still a further embodiment, the launderable product is a woven fabric formed by weaving polyvinyl alcohol fibers. In yet another embodiment, the launderable product is a knitted fabric formed by knitting polyvinyl alcohol fibers. Any known technique for knitting and/or weaving fibers may be employed to form the launderable products.

0023In further desired embodiments of the present invention, the launderable product comprises at least one fabric layer, at least one film layer, or a combination thereof, wherein each of the layers comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The polyvinyl alcohol may be in fibrous form or film form. Suitable PVA fibers and films and methods of making PVA fibers and films are disclosed in <patcit id="pcit0008" dnum="US5181967A"><text>U.S. Patents Nos. 5,181,967</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0009" dnum="US5207837A"><text>5,207,837</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0010" dnum="US5268222A"><text>5,268,222</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0011" dnum="US5620786A"><text>5,620,786</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0012" dnum="US5885907A"><text>5,885,907</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0013" dnum="US5891812A"><text>5,891,812</text></patcit>. An example of a suitable polyvinyl alcohol fiber for use in the present invention is a polyvinyl alcohol homopolymer that has been highly crystallized by post-drawing or by heat annealing.

0024In one desired embodiment of the present invention, the launderable product comprises a multiple-use, launderable coverall comprising water-soluble material. As used herein, the term "coverall" refers to a garment, which covers substantially all of a human body. An exemplary coverall is shown in <figref idref="f0001">FIGS. <b>1A</b> and <b>1B</b></figref><b>.</b> As shown in <figref idref="f0001">FIGS.<b>1A</b> and <b>1B</b></figref><b>,</b> exemplary coverall <b>10</b> comprises one or more sheet materials <b>11,</b> collar <b>12</b>, closure system <b>13,</b> sleeves <b>14,</b> pant legs <b>15,</b> and one or more seams <b>17</b> for connecting separate sheet materials <b>11</b> to one another. <figref idref="f0001">FIG. <b>1A</b></figref> depicts a frontal view of exemplary coverall <b>10,</b> while <figref idref="f0001">FIG. <b>1B</b></figref> depicts a rear view of exemplary coverall <b>10.</b> Coverall <b>10</b> covers substantially all of a wearer's body (not shown) except for the wearer's hands, feet and head. In some cases, coverall <b>10</b> may include additional components for covering a wearer's hands (e.g., gloves), feet (e.g., booties) and/or head (e.g., hood). The additional components may be integrally connected to the coverall or may be attachable to the coverall.

0025The launderable coverall may be sold as an unwashed garment or as a pre-washed garment. As used herein, the term "pre-washed" is used to describe garments (i) that have been washed at least one time, typically, only one time, and (ii) that have not yet been used for a particular purpose (i.e., the product has not been exposed to contaminants). The launderable coverall is desirably capable of being washed in an aqueous bath (under washing condition such that the water-soluble material does not become soluble as described below) up to about 20 times without negatively impacting the structural integrity of the coverall. Typically, the launderable coverall is washed up to about 10 times before disposing of the launderable coverall.

0026The launderable coverall comprises polyvinyl alcohol with or without acetyl groups, cross-linked or uncross-linked. The launderable coverall may consist essentially of water-soluble material, or may consist of water-soluble material. The coverall may comprise one or more of the following components: (a) two or more fabric and/or film sheets joined to one another with (b) one or more sheet fastening devices; (c) a closure system used to connect adjacent sheets of fabric and/or film material to one another; one or more pockets; and (e) an optional wash marker indicator, which indicates the number of wash cycles that the coverall has experienced. Suitable fabric and/or film sheets include, but are not limited to, nonwoven fabric sheets, woven fabric sheets, knitted fabric sheets, film sheets, and combinations thereof. Suitable sheet fastening devices include, but are not limited to, thread, adhesives, hoop and loop materials, or a combination thereof. Suitable closure systems include, but are not limited to, one or more zippers, drawstrings, snaps, buttons, adhesives, hoop and loop materials, or a combination thereof. Suitable wash marker indicators include, but are not limited to, a detachable strip of coverall material.

0027The launderable coverall may be pocketless or may comprise one or more pockets. Typically, the launderable coverall comprises up to about 15 pockets. One or more of the pockets may have a flap closure to close the pocket. In one embodiment of the present invention, the launderable coverall may comprise 11 pockets for dosimetry use. An exemplary launderable dosimetry coverall is depicted in <figref idref="f0002">FIGS. <b>2A</b> and <b>2B</b></figref><b>.</b> As shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. <b>2A</b></figref><b>,</b> exemplary dosimetry coverall 10 comprises one or more sheet materials <b>11,</b> collar <b>12,</b> closure system <b>13,</b> sleeves <b>14,</b> pant legs <b>15,</b> pockets <b>16a-16k</b> (pocket <b>16k</b> is shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. <b>2B</b></figref>), and one or more seams <b>17</b> for connecting separate sheet materials <b>11</b> to one another. Pockets <b>16a-16k</b> are located in the following locations: pockets <b>16a-16d</b> are located along sleeves <b>14;</b> pocket <b>16e</b> is located in the chest area of coverall <b>10;</b> pocket <b>16f is</b> located in the groin area of coverall <b>10;</b> pockets <b>16g-16h</b> are located along an upper part of pant legs <b>15;</b> and pockets <b>16i-16j</b> are located along a lower part of pant legs <b>15.</b> As shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. <b>2B</b></figref><b>,</b> pocket <b>16k</b> is located along the back of coverall <b>10.</b>

0028Desirably, the launderable coverall and all of its components (i.e., sheets, sheet fastening devices, closure systems, wash marker indicators, and pockets) comprise water-soluble material, water-dispersible material, or a combination thereof. More desirably, the coverall and all of its components consists essentially of water-soluble material or water-dispersible material. Even more desirably, the coverall and all of its components consist of water-soluble material or water-dispersible material.

0029The launderable coverall may be pre-treated with a chemical treatment to enhance one or more properties selected from impermeability, permeability, flame resistance, moisture vapor permeability, tear strength, and stain resistance.

0030The launderable coverall may be colorless, dyed or printed using conventional dyes and/or colorants. In one embodiment, at least a portion of the launderable coverall is dyed or printed.

0031As discussed above, the launderable coverall may further comprise at least one of an integral hood, integral booties, integral gloves, or a combination thereof.

II

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Methods of Washing Products Containing Water-Soluble Material

0032The present invention is directed to a method of removing one or more radioactive contaminants from a product as described above wherein the method comprises washing the product in an aqueous bath under washing condition such that the water-soluble material does not become soluble. The method may be used to remove one or more contaminants from any of the above-described products.

0033The method may include two or more washing steps, wherein the product is used repeatedly between washing steps. Desirably, the product may be reused and washed up to about 20 times. In some exemplary embodiments of the present invention, the product is used a limited number of times (i.e., reused and washed a limited number of times). In some cases, the product is reused and washed up to about 10 times.

0034The washing step may be performed using commercially available washing machines. Suitable washing machines include, but are not limited to, washing machines available from Pellerin Milnor Corporation (Kenner, LA). Examples of suitable washing machines include, but are not limited to, washing machines available from Pellerin Milnor Corporation having a desired load capacity. Desirably, the washing machine has a load capacity (i.e., weight of garments, not garments with water) of at least about 45 kilograms (kg) (100 lbs.), more desirably, at least about 113 kilograms (kg) (250 lbs.), even more desirably, at least about 227 kilograms (kg) (500 lbs.).

0035The washing step is performed under conditions such that the water-soluble material does not become soluble. Desirably, the aqueous bath has a bath temperature of less than about 90°C during the washing step. More desirably, the aqueous bath has a bath temperature of less than about 75°C, even more desirably, less than about 50°C, and even more desirably, less than about 37°C during the washing step. In one desired embodiment of the present invention, the aqueous bath has a bath temperature of about 15°C during the washing step.

0036The washing step uses an aqueous bath. The aqueous bath may comprise water alone or in combination with one or more additional components. In addition to water, the aqueous bath may include one or more additional components including, but not limited to, surfactants, detergents or other cleaning agents. Commercially available detergents may be used in the washing step. An example of a suitable surfactant is E-500 commercially available from Paragon Corporation (Birmingham, AL). An example of a suitable detergent is ASSERT brand detergent, also commercially available from Paragon Corporation (Birmingham, AL).

0037The method of removing one or more contaminants from a product containing water-soluble material is suitable for removing radioactive contaminants. Optionally a combination of radioactive material with infections waste, bio-hazardous waste and industrial waste containing petroleum-based contaminants can be removed. As used herein, the term "radioactive material" includes, but is not limited to, a transuranic element, a fission product, a natural radioactive element, an activation product from a nuclear process, a medical isotope, or a combination thereof.

0038The method of removing one or more radioactive contaminants from a product containing water-soluble material may comprise one or more additional steps in addition to the above-described washing step. Suitable additional steps include, but are not limited to, soaking and/or agitating the product or aqueous bath during the washing step; dry cleaning the product; extracting water from the product; drying the product; monitoring the product to detect the presence of one or more contaminants (e.g., radioactive material); and marking the product in some manner to identify how many washing cycles the product has experienced. For example, the step of monitoring a washed product to detect the presence of one or more contaminants is a standard procedure in the nuclear industry. Suitable marking steps include, but are not limited to, removing a detachable portion of the product, punching a hole in the product corresponding to the number of washed, and applying a tag to the product.

0039Once the product is washed, the product is further processed to remove water from the product. In one exemplary method, the product is centrifuged in a commercial centrifuge apparatus at a centrifugal force of from about 200 to about 220 g for a period of time to remove excess water from the product. Typically, the product is centrifuged in such an apparatus for about 2 to about 4 minutes to remove excess water from the product. The product may be centrifuged in a separate commercial apparatus or may be centrifuged in the above-mentioned washing machines.

0040After a centrifuge step, the product may be dried in a commercial dryer. Suitable commercial dryers include, but are not limited to, commercial dryers available from Cissell Manufacturing Company (Louisville, KY) and having a load capacity similar to the commercial washing machines described above. Desirably, the product is dried at a drying temperature of at least 38°C (100°F) for a sufficient time to remove residual water. Drying temperatures may be greater than 38°C (100°F), such as at least 49°C (120°F), at least 60°C (140°F), at least 71°C (160°F), at least 91°C (195°F), and as high as 104°C (220°F). Drying times may be greater than 30 minutes at lower temperatures, such as temperatures less than about 60°C (140°F). At higher temperatures, the drying time may be below 30 minutes. Desirably, the drying time is less than about 20 minutes, and as little as 10 minutes.

0041In one embodiment of the present invention, the method of removing one or more radioactive contaminants from a product containing water-soluble material comprises (i) washing the product in an aqueous bath under washing condition such that the water-soluble material does not become soluble; (ii) optionally, agitating the fabric or aqueous bath during the washing step; (iii) extracting water from the washed product (e.g., centrifuging the product); (iv) drying the washed product; (v) using the washed product for a particular purpose, wherein the particular purpose exposes the washed product to one or more contaminants; and (vi) repeating steps (i) to (v) as needed.

0042One desired embodiment of the present invention is a method of removing one or more radioactive contaminants from a coverall containing water-soluble material, wherein the method comprises washing the coverall in an aqueous bath under washing condition such that the water-soluble material does not become soluble. The method may further comprise any of the above-mentioned method steps, such as water extraction (centrifuge) and drying the washed coverall. Desirably, the method of removing one or more contaminants from a coverall comprises two or more of the above-mentioned washing/water extraction/drying steps, and as many as 20 of the above-mentioned washing/water extraction/drying steps. The coverall comprises polyvinyl alcohol with or without acetyl groups, cross-linked or uncross-linked.

0043The above-described method of removing one or more radioactive contaminants from a coverall containing water-soluble material is useful in a variety of applications, and is particularly useful in the nuclear or medical industry, wherein the one or more contaminants comprise radioactive waste and optionally infectious waste, bio-hazardous waste, or a combination thereof.

III. Washed Products Containing Water-Soluble Material

0044As discussed above, the launderable coverall may be pre-washed (i.e., a launderable coverall washed at least once, but not yet used for a particular purpose or exposed to contaminants) using a method as described above. The pre-washed launderable coverall is substantially free of lint and static. Further, the pre-washed launderable coverall is free of substantial shrinkage during subsequent washing/drying cycles. During the initial wash/dry cycle, the materials used to form the launderable coverall may shrink as much as 20%. For example, launderable coveralls formed from spunlaced nonwoven fabrics of PVA fibers typically have a shrinkage of up to about 16% during an initial wash/dry cycle. Such initial shrinkage drastically changes the original size (i.e., the size before washing) of the launderable coverall, which potentially causes problems for the user. In order to avoid these potential problems, (i) the launderable coverall itself is either pre-washed or (ii) the sheets of material used to form the launderable coverall are pre-shrunk (i.e., washed/dried) prior to being incorporated into the launderable coverall.

0045Shrinkage within a coverall may be measured between any two points on the coverall. Typical ways to measure coverall shrinkage include measuring the amount of shrinkage in the following locations: (a) from the center of the back to the end of a sleeve; (b) along a leg inseam; (c) across the chest; and (d) from the back collar seam to the crotch. Other measurements include (e) from the end of one sleeve to the end of the other sleeve; and (f) from the back collar seam to the end of one leg inseam. Desirably, the pre-washed launderable coverall or the pre-shrunk launderable coverall has a cumulative shrinkage of less than about 10% in each of the above-described dimensions (a) to (f) during a second or subsequent washing cycle (i.e., up to 20 washing cycles). In other words, the pre-washed launderable coverall or the pre-shrunk launderable coverall has a shrinkage of less than about 10% in any and all of the dimensions (a) to (f) during the life of the coverall after the initial wash cycle. More desirably, the pre-washed launderable coverall or the pre-shrunk launderable coverall has a cumulative shrinkage of less than about 5% in each of the dimensions (a) to (f) during a second or subsequent washing cycle (i.e., up to 20 washing cycles).

0046The above-described method of removing one or more radioactive contaminants from a product containing water-soluble material results in a pre-washed or washed product, which is substantially free of contaminants. The pre-washed products may be used for the first time and reused after a second or subsequent washing. The washed products may be reused after washing. The reusable, pre-washed and washed products are desirable to workers due to their safe, substantially contaminant-free washed condition.

0047For example, in the nuclear industry, reusable cotton or cotton blend coveralls are washed and reused by workers. Reusable garments are monitored prior to reusing the product to minimize exposure of workers to radioactive material. A measurement of disintegrations per minute (dpm) is used to determine the degree of exposure to radioactive material. A laundry monitor, typically referred to as an "Automated Laundry Monitor" or "ALM", is used to measure the amount of residual radioactive contamination in disintegrations per minute or "dpm". Typically, the laundry monitoring step comprises a procedure, wherein a garment or other product is placed on a wire mesh conveyor belt having a width of about 150 to 180 cm. The garment is spread out on the conveyor belt, which passes between two sets of radiation detectors, with one row of detectors above the belt and another row of detectors below the belt. The detectors may be beta detectors, gamma detectors, or both. Alarm setpoints are set prior to processing each customers clothing. If an item alarms the detector, the item is removed and rewashed and monitored again. If the item fails the second monitoring step, the item is placed in a bag and marked as rejected and returned to a customer.

0048Currently, reusable cotton or cotton blend coveralls typically measure between about 50,000 to about 100,000 dpm on an ALM after washing and prior to reuse. The washed products of the present invention provide much lower measurements, which prior to the present invention, had not been achievable in the nuclear industry. The washed PVA coveralls, of the present invention measure less than about 25,000 dpm on the same ALM. Desirably, the washed PVA coveralls of the present invention measure less than about 5,000 dpm on the same ALM, and more desirably, from about 1,000 dpm to about 5,000 dpm on the same ALM.

IV. Methods of Disposing of the Products Containing Water-Soluble Material

0049The present invention is further directed to methods of disposing of any of the above-described multiple-use products containing water-soluble materials. The methods of disposing of the multiple-use and single-use products will depend on the types of contaminants present on the multiple-use product at the time of disposal. For contaminants in the nuclear industries, the methods of disposing of the multiple-use products may comprise multiple steps in order to separate and control the handling of the contaminants, as well as, the water-soluble materials of the multiple-use product.

0050The one or more contaminants comprise radioactive material, therefore the method of disposing of the multiple-use product is desirably one of the methods disclosed in <patcit id="pcit0014" dnum="US86301401A" dnum-type="L"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 09/863,014, filed on May 23,2001</text></patcit>; International Publication No. <patcit id="pcit0015" dnum="WO0136338A"><text>WO 01/36338</text></patcit> corresponding to PCT Application No. <patcit id="pcit0016" dnum="US0026553W"><text>PCT/US00/26553</text></patcit>; and PCT Application No. <patcit id="pcit0017" dnum="US0216184W"><text>PCT/US02/16184, filed on May 22, 2002</text></patcit>. In these methods of disposal, the method may include one or more of the following steps: <ol id="ol0001" compact="compact"><li>(1) placing the multiple-use product into a disposal reactor;</li><li>(2) introducing water into the reactor to form a solution;</li><li>(3) adding a degradation-enhancing reactant or a precursor of a degradation-enhancing reactant to the solution;</li><li>(4) heating the aqueous solution so as to react the precursor to form the degradation-enhancing reactant, if necessary, and reacting with the water-soluble polymer to form degradation products;</li><li>(5) optionally, filtering non-solubilized material from the aqueous environment;</li><li>(6) optionally, measuring a parameter indicator of the concentration of polymer material in the aqueous environment;</li><li>(7) optionally, filtering material, e.g., radioactive material from the aqueous environment;</li><li>(8) optionally, altering, e.g., neutralizing, the pH of the aqueous environment;</li><li>(9) optionally, biodegrading the resulting degradation products in the aqueous environment, e.g., organic acids form CO₂, H₂O and biomass; and</li><li>(10) removing any insoluble components from the reactor.</li></ol>

0051Suitable degradation-enhancing reactants or precursors thereof include, but are not limited to, oxidizing agents such as H₂O₂, Fe⁺³, Cu⁺², Ag⁺, O₂, Cl₂, ClO^-, HNO₃, KMnO₄, K₂CrO₄, K₂Cr₂O₇, Ce(SO₄)₂, K₂S₂O₈, KIO₃, ozone, peroxides, or any combination thereof. In embodiments employing hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent, the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide can be at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%. However, in a desired embodiment, the hydrogen peroxide used is commercially available 30-35% hydrogen peroxide. A specific example of hydrogen peroxide suitable for use in the present invention is commercially available as CAS No. 7722-84-1, and maybe purchased from a number of sources including VWR Scientific Products, West Chester, PA. 19380, Catalog No. VW 9742-1.

0052In one suitable embodiment, the method of disposal further comprises heating an aqueous solution containing the multiple-use product and a degradation-enhancing reactant/precursor, e.g., oxidizing agent, at a temperature and length of time sufficient to dissolve the water-soluble polymer within the multiple-use product and react the oxidizing agent. This may be accomplished by pressure-cooking the solution in a bath of high-temperature water at a constant volume, such as by autoclaving. The vessel containing the aqueous solution and multiple-use product may be heated to a temperature in a range of between about 100°C (212°F) to about 121°C (250°F) under saturation pressure. Pressure-cooking the aqueous solution and multiple-use product in this manner enables higher solution temperatures than can be achieved in ambient air without boiling. The higher temperature of the solution transfers more heat energy to the solid polymer material, and the increased heat energy more effectively penetrates solid masses of polymer materials to dissolve them completely. Further, the higher temperatures of the autoclave achieve a sterilization of the waste stream that cannot be achieved at lower temperatures. The high temperature used in pressure-cooking the water-soluble polymer solution is sufficient to cause chemical decomposition of the oxidizing agent, especially in the presence of up to 100 ppm of a Fenton Reagent. For example, when the oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide, the high temperature is sufficient to produce hydroxyl radicals, molecular oxygen or a combination of both. When up to 100 ppm of a Fenton Reagent is used in combination with hydrogen peroxide, the production of hydroxyl radicals, molecular oxygen or a combination of both and the degradation of polymer is greatly enhanced, decreasing the reaction time needed to degrade the polymer.

0053The aqueous contents of the reactor vessel are desirably filtered through strainers to remove any undissolved polymer material and water-insoluble polymer constituents in the solution. In a desired embodiment, the strainers will have a mesh size in an approximate range of between about 20 and about 50 mesh. In a more desired embodiment, the strainers will have a mesh size of approximately about 30 mesh. Undissolved polymer material trapped in the strainers may be recirculated for final solubilization. In a desired embodiment, polymer material will constitute an approximate range of greater than 0% to about 10.0% by weight in the solution. In a more desired embodiment, polymer material will constitute an approximate range of between about 4.0% to about 6.0% by weight in the solution. In still a more desired embodiment, polymer material will be present in an amount of about 5.0% by weight in the solution. Additionally, in the one desired embodiment, the temperature of the solution during the filtration process step is maintained at or above about 66°C (150°F) to prevent precipitation of the PVA out of solution prior to its destruction.

0054The polymer may be destroyed by a reaction, e.g., an oxidation-reduction reaction that converts the polymer material into new and uniquely different organic compounds that do not exhibit the same physical or chemical characteristics of the original polymer material. The characteristics of these compounds can be used to determine the extent of the reaction. This step is only necessary when it is necessary to determine the progress or completion of the destruction of the polymer material in the solution. For example, where the polymer is PVA and the degradation-enhancing reactant/precursor is hydrogen peroxide, the resultant solution will include water and organic acids, such as acetic acid. Thus, the pH of the resultant solution will decrease measurably during PVA oxidation. The degree of completion of the reaction can be measured by the decrease of the pH of the solution. A complete reaction (complete destruction of the PVA in solution) can be indicated by a pH below at least about 6.0, alternatively below at least 5.0, or even below at least 4.0, still alternatively below at least 3.0 or even below at lest 2.0. Similarly, the corresponding decrease in the pH can be between about 1.0 units to about 6.0 units below the pH of the solubilized solution. In an alternative embodiment, the desired decrease in pH is between about 2.7 units to about 3.9 units below the pH of the solubilized solution.

0055Alternatively, the destruction of PVA may be confirmed by colorimetric assay of the PVA concentration in solution. Measurement by calorimetric assay may also be done in combination with measurements of pH. Note Amended Assay by <nplcit id="ncit0001" npl-type="s"><text>Joseph H. Finley, "Spectrophotometric Determination of Polyvinyl Alcohol in Paper Coatings," Analytical Chemistry 33(13) (December 1961</text></nplcit>), and the colorimetric iodine solutions taught therein, including a desired solution using 12.0 g boric acid, 0.76 g iodine and 1.5 g potassium iodide per liter. Desirably, spectrophotometric measurement of the polyvinyl alcohol occurs at its absorption maximum of 690 nm. The assay may be completed by: placing 20.0 ml colorimetric iodine solution in cuvette; adding 0.5 ml sample; incubating the solution at 25°C for five minutes. Spectrophotometric measurement can be made at the absorption maximum, 690 nm using a Hach DR2010 or Odysey DR2500 spectrophotometer. Standard solutions of polyvinyl alcohol may be prepared and a standard curve prepared using up to 10.0% concentrations of PVA in solution. The calibration curve may be derived from the absorption values at 690 nm (at 25°C) plotted against the quantity of PVA per assay.

0056In one embodiment, degradation of polymeric material in the solution may also be accomplished by irradiating the solution with electromagnetic radiation. This process step results in a photochemical reaction predetermined as photolysis. Photolysis is chemical decomposition by the action of radiant electromagnetic energy. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation in the wavelengths from about 4 nanometers (nm), to about 400 nm. In a desired embodiment, ultraviolet radiation between the wavelengths of approximately about 180 nm and about 250 nm is used. In this process step, the exposure of the hydrogen peroxide in the solution to electromagnetic energy in the wavelengths of ultraviolet radiation, results in the photolysis of the hydrogen peroxide into hydroxyl free radicals (HO·) as shown in the following equation: <maths id="math0001"><math display="block"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">hυ</mi><mo>→</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>⁢</mo><mi>HO</mi><mn>.</mn></math><img file="EP1583603B1_D0001.tif" /></maths> where "h" represents Planck's constant (6.6261 x 10^-34 joule-second), and "υ" represents the frequency of the ultraviolet radiation. (HO·) is the hydroxyl free radical. The hydroxyl radicals present a very aggressive oxidizing environment in which the hydroxyl free radicals attack the organic constituents of the liquid stream, thereby initiating an oxidative cascade of reactions, including the complete destruction of the polymer material in solution. The components of the polymer material predominantly forms simple organic acids.

0057In another embodiment, degradation of polymeric material in the solution may be accomplished without irradiating the solution with electromagnetic radiation as described above. In this embodiment, at least one degradation-enhancing reactant/precursor, e.g., oxidizing agent, is added to the polymer-containing solution. The solution is then heated at a temperature in a range of between about 100°C (212°F) to about 121°C (250°F) under saturation pressure. The combination of heat, oxidizing agent (e.g., hydrogen peroxide), and optional catalyst (e.g., a Fenton Reagent) results in the production of hydroxyl radicals, molecular oxygen or both, which effectively degrades the polymer.

0058The disposal method may also include at least one filtering step when radioactive material is present in the solution. If the multiple-use product was exposed to radioactivity that affects the disposability of the solution, then this process step should be added. With the addition of this process step, a low-level radioactive waste management system is created. This waste management system can be used as an alternative approach to current dry active radioactive waste treatment methods.

0059The process step of removal of radioactivity typically occurs prior to biological degradation. A more detailed desired embodiment of this process step includes the basic steps of: <ol id="ol0002" compact="compact"><li>(a) filtration of the solution, and</li><li>(b) ion exchange of the solution.</li></ol>

0060At nuclear facilities, radioactivity may be present in process fluids in both elemental and particulate form. Filtration of the solution removes radioactive particulates. In a desired embodiment, the solution is passed through a particulate filter having a nominal pore size ranging approximately between about 10 and about 100 microns. In a more desired embodiment, the solution is then passed through a second particulate filter having a nominal pore size ranging approximately between about 0.1 micron and about 1.0 micron.

0061An ion exchange step may be used to deplete the solubilized radioactive species, or solubilized elemental radioisotopes, that remain after microfiltration, making the solution suitable for disposal or further treatment. In a desired embodiment, the solution is directed through an ion exchange vessel that contains ion exchange resin in the form of anion, cation bed or a combination thereof. During this process step, radioactive ions in solution will exchange places with the non-radioactive ions attached to the resin in solid form. The radioactive material collects on the resin, leaving the solution suitable for discharge or reuse as desired.

0062In one embodiment, the resultant organic acid-containing solution is pH neutralized by addition of a base reagent. In a more desired embodiment, sodium hydroxide is the base reagent used to raise the pH to an approximate range of between about 3.0 and about 10.0. In another more desired embodiment, when the solution will be biologically treated such as described below, sodium hydroxide is the base reagent used to increase the pH to within an approximate range of between about 5.0 and about 8.0. It is believed that the sodium hydroxide combines with the acetate of the acetic acid in the solution to form a sodium acetate buffer, which is important to the biodegrading process step. In the most desired embodiment, the pH of the resultant organic acid-containing waste stream is neutralized to within an approximate range of between about 6.0 and about 7.0.

0063For the purposes of the present invention, the term "altering" refers to adjusting the pH while "neutralization" is intended to mean increasingly adjusting of the pH of an acidic solution to a more basic, less acidic, solution having a pH of approximately between about 3.0 and about 10.0.

0064The method may also include a step of removing dissolved and colloidal organic carbon compounds that remain in the aqueous stream after oxidation. The neutralized solution of destroyed polymer material has a high carbon compound content that may render the solution unfit for discharge to sanitary sewer systems. Total organic carbon (TOC) is a direct measurement of the concentration of the organic material in solution. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is a measure of the oxygen required for the total degradation of organic material and/or the oxygen required to oxidize reduced nitrogen compounds. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is used as a measure of the oxygen equivalent of the organic matter content of a sample that is susceptible to oxidation by a strong chemical oxidant. One or more of these parameters are commonly used by publicly operated treatment facilities to regulate effluent waste streams.

0065Additionally, in instances where the polymer material may contain or have been exposed to radioactivity, it is possible that even after the microfiltration of particulate species and ion exchange depletion of the solubilized radioactive species, the neutralized solution may still contain a level of radioactive material such that the solution is undesirable for disposal or further treatment. Accordingly, depletion of the organic carbon material from solution can further deplete residual radioactive species contained in the neutralized solution.

0066Biodegradation of the organic acids and other organic products in the solution is therefore used to (1) deplete and/or remove organic carbon compounds; and (2) further aid in the depletion of residual radioactive material. In this process step, the neutralized solution is inoculated with microorganisms. The microorganisms utilize the organic acids produced by the oxidation-reduction of the water-soluble polymer material as a carbon and energy source. In a desired embodiment, the microorganisms are comprised substantially of aerobic, heterotrophic bacteria. These forms of bacteria are known to those in the art and are readily available. Treated-PVA Degradation Organisms may include: <ul id="ul0002" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li><i>Arthrobacter ilicis</i></li><li><i>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</i></li><li><i>Bacillus pumilus GC subgroup B</i></li><li><i>Bacillus subtilis</i></li><li><i>Brevibacterium mcbrellneri</i></li><li><i>Comamonas testosteroni</i></li><li><i>Flavobacterium resinovorum</i></li><li><i>Kocuria kristinae</i></li><li><i>Microbacterium liquefaciens</i></li><li><i>Micrococcus luteus GC subgroup C</i></li><li><i>Pseudomonas balearica</i></li><li><i>Pseudomonas chlororaphis</i></li><li><i>Pseudomonas putida biotype A</i></li><li><i>Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes</i></li><li><i>Rhodococcus equi GC subgroup B</i></li></ul>

0067All organisms may be purchased from Advanced Microbial Solutions, 801 Highway 377 South, Pilot Point, TX 76258. The following organisms may be purchased from the American Type Culture Collection, 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rickville, MD 20852 <u style="single">(http://www.atcc.org):</u><ul id="ul0003" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li><i>Arthrobacter ilicis</i></li><li><i>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</i></li><li><i>Bacillus pumilus GC subgroup B</i></li><li><i>Bacillus subtilis</i></li><li><i>Brevibacterium mcbrellneri</i></li><li><i>Comamonas testosteroni</i></li><li><i>Flavobacterium resinovorum</i></li><li><i>Kocuria kristinae</i></li><li><i>Microbacterium liquefaciens</i></li><li><i>Micrococcus luteus GC subgroup C</i></li><li><i>Pseudomonas chlororaphis</i></li><li><i>Pseudomonas putida biotype A</i></li><li><i>Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes</i></li><li><i>Rhodococcus equi GC subgroup B</i></li></ul>

0068The aerobic, heterotrophic bacteria metabolize the organic acids in the solution, thus reducing the COD of the solution and rendering it dischargeable to sanitary sewer systems. A desired Experimental Growth medium used in treated-PVA experiments for a healthy and sustainable bacteria population, per liter H₂O comprises: <tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="none"><tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="28mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="16mm" /><tbody><row><entry>Acetic acid</entry><entry>0.5%</entry></row><row><entry>Molasses</entry><entry>0.002%</entry></row><row><entry>(NH₄)₂SO₄</entry><entry>1.0 g</entry></row><row><entry>KH₂PO₄</entry><entry>1.0 g</entry></row><row><entry>KH₂PO₄</entry><entry>0.8 g</entry></row><row><entry>MgSO₄ 7 KH₂O</entry><entry>0.2 g</entry></row><row><entry>NaCl</entry><entry>0.1 g</entry></row><row><entry>CaCl₂ 2H₂O</entry><entry>0.2 g</entry></row><row><entry>FeSO₄</entry><entry>0.01 g</entry></row><row><entry>Na₂MoO₄ 2H₂O</entry><entry>0.5 mg</entry></row><row><entry>MnSO₄</entry><entry>0.5 mg</entry></row><row><entry>Yeast extract</entry><entry>10.0 g</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0069Desirably, the pH is adjusted to within the approximate range of about 3.0 to about 10.0 prior to the biodegradation step. In a more desired embodiment, it is recommended to adjust the pH to about 7.5 and growing organisms at 25°C. In a more desired embodiment, the solution is directed to a pulverized activated carbon (PAC) chamber comprising an aerated, fluidized bed of PAC. The pulverized carbon becomes a suspended substrate for bacterial growth. When the TOC is reduced to the desired level below local regulatory limitations, the biologically treated solution can be decanted and released for discharge.

V. Methods of Reducing Radioactive Waste

0070The present invention is further directed to methods of reducing an amount of radioactive waste generated by at least one contaminated product, wherein the method comprises (a) washing the at least one contaminated product in an aqueous bath under washing condition such that the at least one product does not become soluble; and (b) disposing of the at least one contaminated product in an aqueous bath under condition such that at least a portion of the product becomes soluble. The method produces a reusable product after washing step (a), and disposes of the reusable product after disposal step (b). The method reduces the amount of radioactive waste by (1) eliminating the volume of radioactive waste associated with conventional reusable products, such as cotton or cotton blend coveralls, which must be disposed of by burying the waste, and/or (2) eliminating the volume of radioactive waste associated with single-use water-soluble products, such as insoluble components (i.e., zippers, thread, etc.), which must also be disposed of by burying the waste.

0071The methods of reducing an amount of radioactive waste generated by at least one contaminated product may comprise any of the above-described method steps associated with washing the product, and disposing of the components of the product. Desirably, the method comprises two or more washing steps (a), and as many as about 20 washing steps (a). In one embodiment of the present invention, the method comprises up to about 10 washing steps (a).

0072As described above, each of the washing steps (a) independently has a desirable bath temperature of less than about 90°C, in some cases, less than about 75°C, in other cases, less than about 50°C, and in other cases, less than about 37°C. In addition to water, each of the washing steps (a) independently contains one or more surfactants detergents or other cleaning agents.

0073In the disposal step, disposal step (b) desirably has a bath temperature of greater than about 37°C, in some cases, greater than about 50°C, in other cases, greater than about 75°C, and in other cases, greater than about 90°C. In addition to water, the disposal step (b) may contain one or more degradation-enhancing reactants, a precursor of a degradation-enhancing reactant, oxidizers, such as ozone, or a combination thereof as described above.

0074The method of reducing an amount of radioactive waste generated by at least one contaminated product is used for protective clothing The method is particularly useful when the at least one contaminated product comprises one or more multiple-use coveralls comprising water-soluble material as described above.

0075The method is suitable for reducing the amount of radioactive waste generated by at least one contaminated product, wherein the at least one contaminated product is contaminated with radioactive material including, but not limited to, a transuranic element, a fission product, a natural radioactive element, an activation product from a nuclear process, a medical isotope, or a combination thereof.

0076In one desired embodiment of the present invention, the method of reducing an amount of radioactive waste generated by at least one contaminated product comprises the following steps: <ul id="ul0004" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>(a) washing the at least one contaminated product in an aqueous bath under washing condition such that the at least one product does not become soluble;</li><li>(b) extracting excess water from the washed product;</li><li>(c) drying the washed product;</li><li>(d) monitoring the dried product for the presence of one or more radioactive materials;</li><li>(e) using the washed product for a particular purpose, wherein the particular purpose exposes the product to one or more radioactive materials;</li><li>(f) washing the at least one contaminated product in an aqueous bath under washing condition such that the at least one product does not become soluble;</li><li>(g) extracting excess water from the washed product;</li><li>(h) drying the washed product;</li><li>(i) monitoring the dried product for the presence of one or more radioactive materials;</li><li>(j) repeat steps (e)-(j) for a desired number of times (typically less than 20) finishing with either step (e) (i.e., at least one contaminated product) or with step (f) or (i) (i.e., a washed product);</li><li>(k) placing the multiple-use product from step (j) into a disposal reactor; <ul id="ul0005" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>(k1) introducing water into the reactor to form an aqueous solution;</li><li>(k2) adding one or more components to the reaction vessel including, but not limited to, a degradation-enhancing reactant, a precursor to a degradation-enhancing reactant, an oxidizer, such as ozone, or a combination thereof;</li><li>(k3) heating the aqueous solution so as to react the precursor to form the degradation-enhancing reactant, if necessary, and reacting with the water-soluble polymer to form degradation products;</li></ul></li><li>(l) filtering non-solubilized material from the aqueous solution;</li><li>(m) optionally, measuring a parameter indicator of the concentration of polymer material in the aqueous solution;</li><li>(n) separating radioactive material from the aqueous solution by a separation technique, such as by filtering;</li><li>(o) collecting the radioactive material for proper disposal;</li><li>(p) optionally, altering or neutralizing the pH of the aqueous solution substantially free of radioactive material;</li><li>(q) biodegrading the resulting degradation products in the aqueous solution substantially free of radioactive material, e.g., organic acids form CO₂, H₂O and biomass; and</li><li>(r) removing any insoluble components from the reactor.</li></ul>

0077The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are not to be construed in any way as imposing limitations upon the scope thereof. On the contrary, it is to be clearly understood that resort may be had to various other embodiments, modifications, and equivalents thereof which, after reading the description herein, may suggest themselves to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention and/or the scope of the appended claims.

EXAMPLE 1

Release Data Comparison Between Cotton

/

Polyester Blend Fabrics and OREX

™

PVA Fabrics

0078Contamination release testing was conducted at an Eastern Technologies, Inc. (ETI) facility in Ashford, AL. ETI is one of a limited number of commercial laundry vendors, which service the U.S. commercial nuclear industry. The tests were performed to determine the relative "release" characteristics between standard 65/35 cotton/polyester blend fabrics and OREX^™ 65 grams per square meter (gsm) nonwoven, non-treated, polyvinyl alcohol based fabrics. The industry currently uses reusable cotton/polyester blend fabrics in personal protective clothing. The "contaminants" used in this test were radioactive surface contaminants typical of that common to nuclear fission fuel cycle facilities. The contaminants used were primarily in solid or particulate form. Some soluble forms were present as well (i.e., Cesium-137, 134). The ETI laundry process is used to (a) decontaminant garments and then (b) filter the contaminants from the process water. These filter deposits were used as the contaminant source for this study. The test patches were highly contaminated, which correlates to several millions dpm (disintegrations per minute). (Most protective garments will never ever get that contaminated in practice.)

0079Several swatches of 65/35 blend fabric and OREX^™ 65 gsm fabric (cut from real coveralls) were used. The swatches measured approximately 0.15 m² each. The fabric swatches were contaminated with the filter deposits. The deposits had a consistency of moist sludge. The sludge was worked into the fabric swatches using moderate hand pressure to replicate field conditions of human contact with surface contamination.

0080The contaminated fabric swatches were then analyzed on gamma spectroscopy equipment located at the ETI facility. The gamma spectroscopy system consisted of a 5.1 cm (2 inches) x 5.1 cm (2 inches) NaI detector mounted in a shielded sample cave. The detector was coupled to a Canberra Industries multichannel analyzer, configured using Canberra's <i>Genie 2000</i> software. All samples were analyzed using a counting geometry calibrated for analysis of 1 liter soil samples. Contamination reduction factors were derived from the analysis data, providing accurate relative results between the two types of samples.

0081Each fabric sample was analyzed both prior to and after washing (decontamination). The decontamination process was completed by performing a normal wash cycle in one of ETI's commercial washing machines. Both types of swatches were washed simultaneously in the same machine in each trial. The machine was a Milnor commercial washing machine available from Pellerin Milnor Corporation (Kenner, LA). Water temperature was 15°C. Following the final spin cycle, the fabric samples were centrifuged at about 200 to 212 g's for about 2-4 minutes, and then dried at a temperature of about 60°C (140°F) in a commercial dryer available from Cissell Manufacturing Company (Louisville, KY) for about 30 minutes

0082Fabric samples were contaminated with enough radioactive material so that the swatches after washing would have at least a lower level of detectability (LLD) detectable by the above-described detector. From the before and after values, accurate decontamination factors (DF's) were determined.

0083Fabric samples were tested using the above-described detector and counted for 60 minutes to determine radioactivity concentrations present (i.e., fabric swatches were mounted in the shielded sample cave for 60 minutes). The results are shown in Table 1 below. <tables id="tabl0002" num="0002"><table frame="all"><title>Table 1. Release Data For 60 Minute Counting Times</title><tgroup cols="5"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="20mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="17mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="18mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="17mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="12mm" /><thead><row><entry valign="top">Substrate</entry><entry valign="top">Isotope</entry><entry valign="top">Before</entry><entry valign="top">After</entry><entry valign="top">DF</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry>Cloth</entry><entry>Mn-54</entry><entry>6.10 E +5</entry><entry>3.52 E+4</entry><entry>17</entry></row><row><entry>OREX^™</entry><entry>Mn-54</entry><entry>3.51 E +5</entry><entry>5.71 E+2</entry><entry>615</entry></row><row><entry>Cloth</entry><entry>Co-58</entry><entry>6.13 E +5</entry><entry>3.54 E+2</entry><entry>17</entry></row><row><entry>OREX^™</entry><entry>Co-58</entry><entry>3.53 E +5</entry><entry>5.74 E+2</entry><entry>615</entry></row><row><entry>Cloth</entry><entry>Co-60</entry><entry>1.08 E +6</entry><entry>6.54 E+4</entry><entry>17</entry></row><row><entry>OREX^™</entry><entry>Co-60</entry><entry>5.82 E +5</entry><entry>1.62 E+3</entry><entry>359</entry></row><row><entry>Cloth</entry><entry>Cs-134</entry><entry>1.30 E+5</entry><entry>7.38 E+3</entry><entry>18</entry></row><row><entry>OREX^™</entry><entry>Cs-134</entry><entry>8.37 E +4</entry><entry>< LLD</entry><entry>> 36</entry></row></tbody></tgroup><tgroup cols="5" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="20mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="17mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="18mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="17mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="12mm" /><tbody><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col5" align="justify">Note: (1) activity: pCi/gm,</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0084As seen in Table 1, the comparative data demonstrates the following surprising improvement over conventional reusable cotton/polyester blend coveralls: <ol id="ol0003" compact="compact"><li>(1) Decontamination factors for 65/35 blend fabric are on the order of 17-20. In other words, post-wash activity is about 1/20th of pre-wash activity.</li><li>(2) Decontamination factors for 65 gsm OREX^™ were greater than 600. In other words, at least 99.8% of the radioactivity is removed during the wash.</li></ol>

0085While the specification has been described in detail with respect to specific embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated that those skilled in the art, upon attaining an understanding of the foregoing, may readily conceive of alterations to, variations of, and equivalents to these embodiments. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention should be assessed as that of the appended claims and any equivalents thereto.