Phase locked loop frequency synthesizer

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a PLL frequency synthesizer including a voltage controlled oscillator and a phase control loop which controls the oscillation frequency of the voltage controlled oscillator, integrated on a semiconductor device, and a method of automatically selecting the oscillation frequency of a voltage controlled oscillator.

2. Description of the Related Art

In various wireless communication systems, frequencies in receiving signals and transmitting signals vary in accordance with the communication systems. A PLL frequency synthesizer including an oscillator and a phase locked loop (PLL) is capable of determining the frequency accepted in the communication system.

Fig. 13 shows an example of a conventional PLL frequency synthesizer.

The conventional circuit includes a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 100, a phase locked loop unit (PLL unit) 200 and a low pass filter (LPF) 300.

The PLL unit 200 includes a buffer 201, a reference frequency divider (REF divider) 202, a buffer 203, a SIG frequency divider (SIG divider) 204, a phase comparator 205, and a charge pump 206. A reference signal having a reference frequency f_ref is input to the REF divider 202 through the buffer 201. The REF divider 202 divides the input signal f_ref by R to output a signal f_ref /R. The signal f_VCO output from the VCO 100 is input to the SIG divider 204 through the buffer 203. The SIG divider 204 divides the input signal f_VCO by N to output a signal f_VCO /N. The signal f_ref /R and the signal f_VCO /N are input to the phase comparator 205. The phase comparator 205 compares the input signals f_ref /R and f_VCO /N to output an output signal based on the frequency error of the signals f_ref /R and f_VCO /N to the charge pump 206. The charge pump 206 outputs an output signal Iout based on the error. The output signal Iout is converted to a voltage value, which becomes the voltage Vtune, by the LPF 300.

The VCO 100 generally includes a voltage-controlled oscillator. When the control voltage Vtune is input to the VCO 100, the VCO 100 outputs a signal having the oscillation frequency f_VCO, which is in turn input to the SIG divider 204 through the buffer 203, based on the input control voltage Vtune. Therefore, the VCO frequency f_VCO is adjustable by controlling the control voltage Vtune.

Here, the PLL unit 200 generates the control current Iout such that the frequencies and the phases of the input signals, f_VCO /N and f_ref /R input to the phase comparator 205 become same. Therefore, the following frequency relationship can be obtained in a steady state "f_VCO = N x f_ref / R".

The value of the dividing ratio N of the SIG-divider 204 is determined by a frequency dividing ratio setting signal externally input to the PLL unit 200. Therefore, an output signal having a desired frequency f_VCO can be obtained by changing the frequency dividing ratio setting signal.

The VCO 100 and the PLL unit 200 shown in Fig. 13 are usually integrated on a semiconductor device. The semiconductor device includes a plurality of circuit elements such as transistors, resistors and condensers where those circuit elements are connected such that the semiconductor device realizes required circuit operations and functions.

Mainly, there are four requirements for the VCO 100 and the PLL unit 200, "high integration", "low noise", "high-speed responsibility" and "wider bandwidth".

"High integration" means that all circuits constructing the VCO and the PLL can be integrated on a semiconductor device. "Low noise" means that the noise components in the output signal VCO from the VCO 100 output in accordance with the input signal controlled by the PLL unit 200 can be decreased. This is determined by the output power ratio CN indicating output power of the carrier component to that of the noise component. "High-speed responsibility" means that the response time required for the output frequency to be stabilized to a desired value after the reference frequency is input to the VCO 100. "Wider bandwidth" means that the bandwidth of the VCO frequency f_VCO of the VCO 100 is increased.

Fig. 14 shows another example of a conventional PLL frequency synthesizer.

The conventional PLL frequency synthesizer shown in Fig.14 includes an oscillator unit (VCO unit) 110, a VCO selector 120, a phase controller (PLL unit) 200A and a low pass filter unit (LPF unit) 300.

The VCO unit 110 includes an LC oscillator. The LC oscillator includes an inductor (L) 111, a variable capacitance Cv and a negative mutual conductance (-G) 113 connected in parallel with each other. The output frequency of the VCO is determined by the resonance frequency of the inductor (L) 111 and the capacitor Cv. The LC oscillator oscillates at the resonance frequency with the function of the negative mutual conductance (-G) 113. In the VCO unit 110, the value of the variable capacitance Cv which includes a varactor diode continuously changes in accordance with the input control-voltage Vcnt, this in turn changes the resonance frequency of the LC resonance circuit. Thus, the VCO frequency f_VCO of the VCO changes and therefore, it is possible to continuously change the output frequency f_VCO of the VCO unit by the control voltage Vcnt.

Furthermore, the VCO unit 110 further includes m fixed-value capacitors C0, C1, C2, ..., and Cm-1 connected to the variable capacitor 112 in parallel through the switches S0, S1, S2, ..., and Sm-1, respectively. By selecting the switches S0, S1, S2, ..., and Sm-1, the resonance frequency of the LC oscillator can be discretely changed and then the output frequency of the VCO unit 110 can be discretely adjustable.

Fig. 15 shows the relationship between the control voltage and the output frequency (Vcnt - f_VCO characteristics) of the VCO unit 110 shown in Fig.14. It is shown that the output frequency f_VCO changes discretely by selecting the fixed value capacitors C0, C1, C2, ..., and Cm-1 and continuously by the variable capacitance (CV) 112. Thus, broadband oscillation of the f_VCO of the VCO unit 110 is realized by a combination of the discrete frequency change depending on the fixed-value capacitors C0, C1, C2, ..., and Cm-1 and the continuous frequency change depending on the variable capacitance Cv.

Referring back to Fig. 14, the VCO-selector unit 120 controls on/off of the switches S0, S1, S2, ..., and Sm-1 of the fixed-value capacitors C0, C1, C2, ..., and Cm-1 of the VCO unit 110, respectively. The input signals to the VCO-selector unit 120 are a signal fCLK obtained by dividing the VCO frequency f_VCO by the prescaler (PSC) 221 of the N-divider 220 and a signal ENCLK obtained by dividing the reference signal by the R-divider 210.

The signal fCLK is an operating clock of the counter 121. The active period of the counter 121 is determined by the signal ENCLK. The counter 121 counts up the signal fCLK during a period provided by the signal ENCLK. The count M' of the counter 121 is determined by the period provided by the signal ENCLK and the frequency fCLK. The count M' is then transferred to the calculation circuit 122.

The calculation circuit 122 calculates the count difference M-M', where M is the count corresponding to the required frequency and M' is the count of the counter 121, and compares the count difference M-M' with the predetermined convergence range ΔM.

In the case when M-M' <ΔM, the process for VCO selection is terminated. However, in the case when M-M'>ΔM, whether the VCO frequency f_VCO is higher than the required frequency or lower is judged and the selection signal VCOSEL[m-1:0] is changed such that the VCO frequency f_VCO approaches to the required frequency. With this, some of the control signals vcosel<0>, vcosel<1>, vcosel<2>, ..., and vcosel<m-1> are generated though the decoder 123 to control the switches S0, S1, S2, ..., and Sm-1 and determine the on/off of fixed-value capacitors C0, C1, C2, ..., and Cm-1.

The PLL unit 200A includes a R-divider 210 which outputs the signal fr obtained by dividing the reference signal f_ref by R, a N-divider 220 which outputs the signal fn obtained by dividing the VCO frequency f_VCO of the VCO unit 110 by N, a phase comparator 230 which compares the phase of the signal fr with the signal fn, and a charge pump 240 which generates the output current Iout based on the phase error obtained by the phase comparison of the phase comparator 230. The output current Iout of the charge pump 240 is converted to the control voltage Vcnt through the LPF 300.

The N-divider 220 includes a prescaler(PSC) 221 and a N/A-counter 222. The PSC 221 receives the VCO frequency f_VCO from the VCO unit 110, divides the VCO frequency f_VCO by the constant value P, and generates a P-divided signal fpsc. The N/A-counter divides the P-divided signal fpsc by the constant value N', and generates a N-divided signal fn (=f_VCO /PN').

The operation of the PLL frequency synthesizer shown in Fig.14 will be explained.

A. Discretely adjusting process for the VCO frequency f

VCO

The discretely adjusting process can be obtained by controlling the VCO unit 110 by the VCO selector unit 120. The VCO selector unit 120 selects some of the fixed-value capacitors C0, C1, C2,..., and Cm-1 to be connected therewith with the control voltage Vcnt for the VCO unit 110 is kept at the constant voltage. At this time, the selection signal VCOSEL[m-1:0] is selected such that the VCO frequency f_VCO approaches nearest to the required frequency. The phase comparator 230 and the charge pump 240 of the PLL unit 200A is not operated at this time. Further, the VCO frequency f_VCO cannot be completely matched with the required frequency as the VCO frequency f_VCO changes discretely.

B. Continuously adjusting process for the VCO frequency f

VCO

The continuously adjusting process for the VCO frequency f_VCO can be obtained by the selection signal CF[m-1:0] of the PLL unit 200A to the VCO unit 110. When the discretely adjusting process for the VCO frequency f_VCO is completed, the selection signal VCOSEL[m-1:0] is fixed at the final result and the operation of the VCO selector unit 120 is terminated. Then, the control voltage Vcnt to the VCO unit 110 is released from the previous fixed voltage. Then, the operation of the phase comparator 230 and the charge pump 240 of the PLL unit 200A is started. Hence, the control voltage Vcnt is controlled by the PLL unit 200A, so that the VCO frequency f_VCO changes continuously. Since the VCO frequency f_VCO continuously changes in this process, the VCO frequency f_VCO can be completely matched with the required frequency.

It is disclosed in Japanese Laid-open patent publication 2001-339301, that the frequency synthesizer is provided with a prescaler and a counter that outputs a frequency division signal of an output of the VCO, a reference frequency divider that frequency-divides the frequency of a reference signal source, a frequency adjustment means that detects a frequency error of an output signal between the counter and the reference frequency divider and provides the output of a signal to switch capacitance or resistance of a resonance circuit of the VCO depending on the result of detection, and a bias control means that applies an optical voltage V1 to a control voltage terminal of the VCO at the operation of the frequency adjustment means to bring the output signal of a charge pump to a high impedance state. It is described in the publication that since the resonance frequency of the resonance circuit is changed in response to the actual oscillated frequency of the VCO, the VCO is phase-locked at a desired frequency and since the VCO can be integrated as an IC, the VCO can be miniaturized at a low cost.

It is disclosed in Japanese Laid-open patent publication 2003-152535, that a VCO, constituting the PLL circuit, is configured to enable it to operate in a plurality of bands. In the state wherein the controlling voltage of the oscillation circuit of the VCO is fastened to a predetermined value, the oscillation frequencies of the oscillation circuit are measured in the respective bands to store them in a memory circuit. Then, by comparing the stored frequency measurement values with the set value for assigning the band given, when operating the PLL circuit, the band used actually in the oscillation circuit is determined from the comparison result thereof.

It is disclosed in Japanese Laid-open patent publication 2003-264461, that in a frequency synthesizer having a voltage-controlled oscillator capable of selecting a plurality of frequency bands by using a control signals CSW1 to 4, the control voltage Vt of the voltage-controlled oscillator is fixed to a constant voltage V2 when a power is applied, the control signals CSW1 to 4 are varied at fixed time intervals on the basis of a reference frequency, the oscillation frequencies of the respective frequency bands at Vt=V2 are detected by a counter and stored in a register. The values of the CSW1 to 4 are determined by converting the division ratio data into frequency data by using a conversion circuit and comparing the resultant frequency data with a value of the register when the division ratio data is inputted.

It is disclosed in Japanese Laid-open patent publication 2003-318732, that an oscillation circuit (VCO) comprising the PLL circuit is constructed operably in several bands. A control voltage (Vc) of the oscillation circuit is fixed to a predetermined value (V DC), and oscillation frequency of the oscillation circuit in each of the bands is measured and stored in a storage circuit. A set value for specifying the band, given during the operation of the PLL and the measured frequency value which is stored in this way, are compared and the band to be actually used in the oscillation circuit is determined by the result of comparison. Also, the frequency difference between the maximum frequency of the selected band and the set frequency is found, and a control voltage which is closest to the set frequency is determined from the frequency difference ad the variable range of frequency of the selected band. The control voltage is applied to the oscillation circuit for starting its oscillation operations, and then a PLL loop is closed and locked.

As for the conventional PLL frequency synthesizer shown in Fig. 14, the repetitive times of a step for detecting a value of a selection signal VCOSEL[m-1:0] by which the desired VCO frequency f_VCO is obtained, in discretely adjusting process, increase in proportion to the number of fixed-value capacitors included in the VCO unit 110. Hence, when the VCO unit 110 includes many fixed-value capacitors, long times are necessary to detect the final objective selection signal VCOSEL[m-1:0], so that the demands of "high-speed responsibility" and "wider bandwidth" for the VCO unit and the PLL unit cannot be obtained.

It means that, in order to realize the demand of "wider bandwidth", it is necessary to increase the number of fixed-value capacitors C0, C1, C2, ..., Cm-1, shown in Fig. 14. However, the increase of the number of the fixed-value capacitors means the extension of the range of the selection signal VCOSEL[m-1:0] shown in Fig. 16. Assuming that the selection signal VCOSEL[m-1:0] is expressed in binary values, the range of the value of the selection signal becomes 0 to 2^m-1. For example, if the number of the fixed-value capacitors is 10, the selection signal VCOSEL[m-1:0] will be expressed in 10 bit-binary values, thus the range of the value of the selection signal becomes 0 to 1023.

As for the PLL frequency synthesizer shown in Fig. 14, discretely adjusting process for the VCO frequency f_VCO is controlled by the VCO selector unit 120. In this case, firstly, the convergence test of the VCO frequency f_VCO at a certain point with an expected value is operated. When the VCO frequency f_VCO at the point does not satisfy the convergence range, a binary test in which the frequency f_VCO is higher (or lower) than the expected value is judged is operated. Then, the selection signal VCOSEL [m-1:0] is changed by 1 on the basis of the binary test. Then the convergence test is operated again. These processes are repeated until the frequency f_VCO satisfies the convergence range.

In the case where the number of the fixed-value capacitors is 10, and the selection signal VCOSEL[m-1:0] is expressed in 10 bit-binary values, as described above, if the initial value of the selection signal VCOSEL[m-1:0] is "0", the convergence test is repeated at most 1023 times. Even if the initial value of the selection signal VCOSEL [m-1: 0] is set as "511" to decrease the number of convergence tests, the test is repeated at most 512 times.

Therefore, it has been a problem in the conventional PLL frequency synthesizer that the demands of "high-speed responsibility" and "wider bandwidth" are incompatible because the time required for the discretely adjusting process for the VCO frequency f_VCO increases in proportion to "wider bandwidth".

In addition, as for the techniques described in the publications mentioned above, it is difficult to actualize the demands of "high-speed responsibility" and "wider bandwidth" at the same time.

A phase locked loop frequency synthesizer according to the preamble of claim 1 is disclosed in US 2003/0224749A1.

US 6563387 B2 discloses a phase locked loop frequency synthesizer having a judging unit which outputs a single pulse to control a bias control means. When a calibration process is finished, the judging unit changes the state of a signal which indicates a completion of the calibration process.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention has been made in view of the foregoing circumstances and an object thereof is to provide a PLL frequency synthesizer and an automatic selection method of frequency to actualize a wider bandwidth and a high-speed responsibility at the same time. This object is achieved by a phase locked loop frequency synthesizer according to claim 1; the dependent claims are related to further developments of the invention.

According to the present invention, since the judgment accuracy can be set externally, the number of repetition time for the convergence can be reduced. Hence, according to the present invention, the number of repetition time for the convergence can be reduced in the digital tuning process so that two demands required for the phase locked loop frequency synthesizer, "high-speed responsibility" and "wider bandwidth", can be compatible with the shortest convergence time.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other objects, advantages and features of the present invention will be more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>Fig. 1 shows a block diagram of a PLL frequency synthesizer of the first embodiment according to the present invention;</li><li>Fig. 2 shows a detailed structure of the VCO unit of the embodiment according to the present invention;</li><li>Fig. 3 shows a relationship between the selection signal CF[m-1:0] and the VCO frequency of the embodiment according to the present invention;</li><li>Fig. 4 shows a relationship between the control voltage Vtune and the VCO frequency in the VCO unit of the embodiment according to the present invention;</li><li>Figs. 5A and 5B show flow charts of the operation of the PLL frequency synthesizer of the embodiment according to the present invention;</li><li>Fig. 6 shows the operation of the first counter and the second counter of the embodiment according to the present invention;</li><li>Fig. 7 shows relationship between the judgment accuracy and the time required for the judgment;</li><li>Fig. 8 shows relationship between the selection signal CF[m-1:0] and the VCO oscillating frequency when the amount of variation generated in manufacturing the PLL frequency synthesizer is taken into consideration;</li><li>Fig. 9 shows a block diagram of a PLL frequency synthesizer of the second embodiment according to the present invention;</li><li>Fig. 10 shows a flow chart of the operation of the PLL frequency synthesizer of the embodiment according to the present invention;</li><li>Fig. 11 shows a flow chart of the operation of the PLL frequency synthesizer of the embodiment according to the present invention;</li><li>Fig. 12 shows the relationship between the selection signal CF[m-1:0] of the VCO unit and the VCO frequency f_VCO, and the internal ideal formula of the embodiment according to the present invention;</li><li>Fig. 13 shows an example of a conventional PLL frequency synthesizer;</li><li>Fig.14 shows another example of a conventional PLL frequency synthesizer; and</li><li>Fig. 15 shows a relationship between the control voltage and the output frequency (Vcnt - f_VCO characteristics) of the VCO unit shown in Fig.14; and</li><li>Fig. 16 shows a relationship between the selection signal VCOSEL[m-1:0] and the oscillating frequency (f_VCO).</li></ul>

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

First Embodiment

Fig. 1 shows a block diagram of a PLL frequency synthesizer of the first embodiment according to the present invention.

As shown in Fig.1, the PLL frequency synthesizer of the embodiment includes an oscillator unit (VCO unit) 1, a phase control unit (PLL unit) 2, a digital tuning control unit 3, a low pass filter unit (LPF unit) 4, a bias circuit 5, and a switch circuit 6.

The VOC unit 1 includes an LC-tank circuit 11, a group of fixed-value capacitors 12 and an oscillator circuit 13.

Fig. 2 shows a detailed structure of the VCO unit 1 shown in Fig. 1. The LC-tank circuit 11 includes an inductor L and two variable capacitors Cv each of which including a varactor diode, where the variable capacitors Cv are connected in series with each other and the inductor L is connected in parallel to the variable capacitors Cv. Thus, the parallel resonance circuit is constructed. Here, the VCO unit 1 includes two groups of fixed-value capacitors 12 each of which including a plurality of fixed-value capacitors C0, C1, C2, ..., and Cm-1. Each of the fixed-value capacitors C0, C1, C2, ..., and Cm-1 becomes effective when it is grounded by the switch connected therewith. Each of the switches is controlled on/off by a selection signal CF[m-1:0]. The oscillating circuit 13 includes a negative mutual conductance (-G) and oscillates with a frequency f_VCO determined by the LC-tank circuit 11 and some of the fixed-value capacitors C0, C1, C2, ..., and Cm-1 selected from the group of fixed-value capacitors 12.

Referring back to Fig. 1, the PLL unit 2 includes a buffer 21, a reference frequency divider (REF divider) 22, a buffer 23, an oscillating signal divider (SIG divider) 24, a phase comparator 25 and a charge pump 26.

The buffer 21 buffers a signal with a reference frequency f_ref (reference signal f_ref) output from a reference signal source 7 and outputs it to the REF divider 22. The REF divider 22 divides the reference signal f_ref by R and outputs the R-divided signal f_ref /R.

The buffer 23 buffers the VCO frequency f_VCO output from the VCO unit 1 and outputs it to the SIG divider 24.

The SIG divider 24 includes a prescaler 24a and a NA counter 24b. The prescaler 24a divides the oscillating signal f_VCO output from the buffer 23 by P and outputs the P-divided signal f_VCO/P. The NA counter 24b includes a two-step counter and divides the oscillating signal f_VCO by N to output the N-divided signal f_VCO/N.

The phase comparator 25 compares the frequency and the phase of the R-divided signal f_ref /R output from the REF divider 22 with that of the N-divided signal f_VCO/N output from the NA counter 24b of the SIG divider 24 to outputs the error component thereof. The charge pump 26 generates an output current Iout based on the error component of the compared result by the phase comparator 25.

The digital tuning control unit (or fixed-value capacitor controlling unit) 3 includes a first counter 31, a second counter 32, a comparator 33, a first calculation circuit 34 and a second calculation circuit 35.

The first counter 31 counts the cycles of the R-divided signal f_ref /R output from the REF divider 22. The first counter 31 outputs the output signal trig set at "High" until the count value becomes "n", and outputs the output signal trig set at "Low" when the count value reaches "n". The count number "n" is a variable value set by the first calculation circuit 34 based on the judgment accuracy given as an external signal.

The second counter 32 counts the cycles of the P-divided signal f_VCO /P while the output signal trig output from the first counter 31 is set at "High" and outputs the counted result "q" to the comparator 33.

The first calculation circuit 34 controls the entire operation of the digital tuning control unit 3. The first calculation circuit 34 inputs a frequency dividing ratio setting signal (or a channel selection signal), a predetermined convergence range, and a judgment accuracy as external signals. In addition, the first calculation circuit 34 inputs an output "error" from the comparator 33. The first calculation circuit 34 outputs a calculated value q_cal' to the comparator 33.

The first calculation circuit 34 calculates an initial value "CF_0' of the selection signal CF[m-1:0] for the switches of the fixed-value capacitors of the VCO unit 1 based on an internal formula and the frequency dividing ratio setting signal. Further, the first calculation circuit 34 outputs a termination signal for terminating the process of digital tuning by comparing the output "error" from the comparator 33 with the predetermined convergence range. Further, the first calculation circuit 34 outputs the dividing number R for the REF divider 22, the dividing number N for the SIG divider 24 and the dividing number P for the prescaler 24a.

The comparator 33 compares the count result "q" output from the second counter 32 with the calculated value q_cal' to output the differential operator as the output "error".

The second calculation circuit 35 corrects the selection signal CF[m-1:0] based on the output "error" from the comparator 33 to output the corrected value to the group of fixed-value capacitors 12 of the VOC unit 1.

The bias circuit 5 outputs a reference voltage as a bias voltage. The switching circuit 6 includes a switch for selectively connecting the LPF unit 4 to the bias circuit 5 or the charge pump 26. The switching circuit 6 connects the LPF unit 4 to the bias circuit 5 at the process of digital tuning and connects the LPF unit 4 to the charge pump 26 at the process of analog tuning.

The LPF unit 4 includes passive circuits such as capacitances (C) and resistances (R). The LPF unit 4 outputs the output voltage output from the bias circuit 5 as it is at the process of digital tuning and converts the output current output from the charge pump 26 to the voltage by charging or discharging the output current to the capacitors in the LPF unit 4 at the process of analog tuning.

The operation of the PLL frequency synthesizer in this embodiment will be explained with reference to Fig.3 and Fig.4.

The operation of the PLL frequency synthesizer in this embodiment includes two processes, the process of digital tuning and the process of analog tuning, where these processes are executed in this order. Although it is not described in the drawing, the PLL frequency synthesizer includes a control unit which controls the operation of the components of the PLL frequency synthesizer such that the process of digital tuning and the process of analog tuning are executed in this order.

Fig. 3 shows a relationship between the selection signal CF[m-1:0] and the VCO frequency f_VCO. In the process of digital tuning, the VCO frequency f_VCO can be discretely changed as the selection signal CF[m-1:0] changes. In this process, the operations of the phase comparator 25 and the charge pump 26 of the PLL unit 2 are stopped and the switching circuit 6 connects the LPF unit 4 to the bias circuit 5. Therefore, the control voltage Vtune of the VCO unit 1 is fixed at a predetermined bias voltage output from the bias circuit 5.

It means that the VCO frequency f_VCO is controlled only by the selection signal CF[m-1:0], hence the digital tuning control unit 3 controls the VCO frequency f_VCO. The selection signal CF[m-1:0] includes a plurality of bits, same bit' s number as the number of the fixed-value capacitors. The combination of the fixed-value capacitors is determined by the value of the respective bits of the selection signal CF[m-1:0], and the selection signal CF[m-1:0] is determined such that the discrete changes of the VCO frequency f_VCO have almost even intervals.

Fig. 4 shows a relationship between the control voltage Vtune and the VCO frequency f_VCO in the VCO unit 1.

In the process of analog tuning, the VCO frequency f_VCO is changed by changing the control voltage Vtune. In this process, the operation of the digital tuning control unit 3 is stopped with holding the selection signal CF[m-1:0] fixed at the final process of the digital tuning. The switching circuit 6 connects the LPF unit 4 to the charge pump 26. At this time, the operations of the phase comparator 25 and the charge pump 26, which were stopped in the process of digital tuning, are started. It means that the VCO frequency f_VCO is controlled only by the control voltage Vtune, hence the PLL unit 2 controls the VCO frequency f_VCO.

The operation of the PLL frequency synthesizer in this embodiment will be explained in more detail with reference to Figs. 5A and 5B. Figs. 5A and 5B show flow charts of the operation of the PLL frequency synthesizer.

A. Process of digital tuning

-Data input (Step S101)

The frequency dividing ratio setting signal is input to the PLL unit 2 and to the digital tuning control unit 3. The predetermined convergence range and the judgment accuracy are also input to the digital tuning control unit 3.

-Calculation of the calculated value "q_cal"' and the initial value "CF_0" by the first calculation circuit 34 (Step S102)

The frequency dividing ratio setting signal, the predetermined convergence range and the judgment accuracy are input to the first calculation circuit 34 and two parameters including the calculated value "q_cal'" and the initial value "CF_0" are calculated. As for calculating the calculated value "q_cal' and the initial value "CF_0", the equations (4) and (6), described hereinafter, are respectively used.

-Switching change of the switching circuit 6 and stopping the operations of the phase comparator 25 and the charge pump 26 (Step S103)

The input of the switching circuit 6 is connected to the bias circuit 5 and the operations of the phase comparator 25 and the charge pump 26 of the PLL unit 2 are stopped such that the output Iout of the PLL unit 2 is not input to the switching circuit 6.

-Setting the repetition number "k" for the judgment to "0" (Step S104)

The repetition number "k" for the judgment is set to "0".

-Resetting the first counter 31 and the second counter 32 (Step S105)

The internal count values in the first counter 31 and the second counter 32 are set to "0".

-Judging whether "k"=0 (Step S106)

Whether the repetition number "k" is equal to zero or not is judged. When the repetition number "k" is "0" (Yes of Step S106), the next step will be Step S108, shown in Fig. 5B. When the repetition number "k" is not "0" (No of Step S106), the next step will be Step S107.

-Correction of the CF[m-1:0] by the second calculation circuit 35 (process of correcting the f

VCO

) (Step S107)

The selection signal CF[m-1:0] to be set in a next step is calculated by the second calculation circuit 35 based on the present selection signal CF[m-1: 0] and the output "error" from the comparator 33. The formula for the correction of the CF[m-1:0] is shown as equation (8) which will be described herein after.

- The present CF[m-1:0] is input to the group of fixed-value capacitors to determine the f

VCO

(Step S108)

The present selection signal CF[m-1:0] is input to the group of fixed-value capacitors 12 of the VCO unit 1 to change the VCO frequency f_VCO.

-Dividing the f

VCO

by the prescaler 24a and inputting the signal f

VCO

/P to the second counter 32 (Step S109)

The VCO frequency f_VCO determined in step S108 is input to the prescaler 24a of the PLL unit 2. Then the divided signal "f_VCO /P" divided by the prescaler 24a is input to the NA counter 24b.

-The second counter 32 counts up the signal f

VCO

/P while the output "trig" output from the first counter 31 is set at "High" (process of detecting f

VCO

) (Step S110)

The output signal "trig" from the first counter 31 is kept at "High" until the count value of the first counter 31 becomes "n" set in the first counter 31. The second counter 32 counts up the P-divided signal "f_VCO /P" during the period while the output signal "trig" is set at "High". The counted result "q" counted by the second counter 32 is output to the comparator 33.

-The comparator 33 outputs the differential operator between the counted result "q" by the second counter 32 and the calculated value "q_cal'" by the first calculation circuit 34 as the output "error" (process of judging the f

VCO

) (Step S111)

The comparator 33 compares the calculated value "q_cal'" obtained in step S102 and the counted value "q" obtained in step S110 to obtain the differential operator therebetween and outputs the result as the output "error" to the second calculation circuit 35.

-Setting k=k+1 (step S112)

"1" is added to the repetition number "k".

-Judging whether the output "error" is within a predetermined convergence range (Step S113)

The output "error" obtained in step S111 is compared with the predetermined convergence range set in step S102. When the output "error" is within the condition (Yes of Step S113), the next step will be step S114. When the output "error" is not within the condition (No of Step S113), the next step will be step S105.

-Process of digital tuning is completed with holding the set selection signal CF[m-1:0] (Step S114)

Process of digital tuning is completed with holding the present selection signal CF[m-1:0] . Then, the next step will be step S115 and the process of analog tuning is started.

B. Process of analog tuning

-Switching change of the switching circuit 6 and starting the operations of the phase comparator 25 and the charge pump 26 (Step S115)

The input of the switching circuit 6 is connected to the charge pump 6 and the operations of the phase comparator 25 and the charge pump 26, which have been stopped during the process of digital tuning, are started.

-Starting the process of analog tuning (where the f

VCO

is controlled by the PLL unit 2) (Step S116)

The PLL unit 2 changes the control voltage Vtune of the VCO unit 1 to make the VCO frequency f_VCO convergent to the frequency provided as the frequency dividing ratio setting signal input in step S101. The entire process is terminated when the VCO frequency f_VCO converges.

Next, the formulas necessary for calculations in the processes described above will be explained. <ol id="ol0001" compact="compact" ol-style=""><li>[1] T1: period or cycle of the input signal to the first counter 31 (T1=R/f_ref).</li><li>[2] T2: period or cycle of the input signal to the second counter 32 (T2=P/ fvco).</li><li>[3] Tg : period while the output "trig" to the first counter 31 is kept at "High" (Tg =T1 x n).</li><li>[4] n: setting value for the first counter 31 set by the first calculation circuit 34.</li><li>[5] q: counted result by the second counter 32.</li><li>[6] q_cal' : calculated ideal value for the counted result q of the second counter 32. The counted result q obtained by the second counter 32 becomes q_cal' when the VCO frequency f_VCO is equal to the frequency set by the frequency dividing ratio setting signal.</li><li>[7] freso: changes in the amount of the VCO frequency f_VCO when the counted result q of the second counter 32 changes "1" (freso = f_VCO (q+1) - f_VCO (q)).</li><li>[8] f_{VCO_}0: the VCO frequency when the selection signal CF[m-1:0] = 0.</li><li>[9] CF_0: the selection signal CF[m-1:0] of the initial state of the process of digital tuning.</li><li>[10] the internal ideal formula: the relationship between the selection signal CF[m-1:0] and the VCO frequency f_VCO defined by a linear equation. (f_VCO = f_{VCO_}0 - freso x CF[m-1:0])</li><li>[11] N: frequency dividing ratio of the SIG-divider 24 of the PLL unit 2 (f_VCO = f_ref x N).</li></ol>

Fig. 6 shows the relationship between the counting operation of the first counter 31 and that of the second counter 32. From the relationship shown in Fig.6, it can be obtained that: <maths id="math0001" num="(1)"><math display="block"><mi>Tg</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">×</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">≈</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">×</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">q</mi></math><img file="EP1583241B1_D0001.tif" /></maths>

Since the counted result q has an error of ±1, the symble "≈" is used in equation (1), however, the term "≈" will be expressed simply as "=" hereinafter.

From the definitions [1] and [2] and the equation (1), (R / f_ref) x n = (P / f_VCO) x q, thus <maths id="math0002" num=""><math display="block"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi><mi>VCO</mi></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">q</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">×</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi><mi>ref</mi></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">×</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">/</mo><mfenced separators=""><mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">×</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi></mfenced></math><img file="EP1583241B1_D0002.tif" /></maths>

Here, in order to simplify the equation, it is assumed that R=1. And then, <maths id="math0003" num="(2)"><math display="block"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi><mi>VCO</mi></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">q</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">×</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi><mi>ref</mi></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">×</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi></math><img file="EP1583241B1_D0003.tif" /></maths>

From the definition [11] and the equation (2), q = (f_VCO / f_ref) x (n/P), thus <maths id="math0004" num="(3)"><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="normal">q</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">×</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi></math><img file="EP1583241B1_D0004.tif" /></maths>

Considering the right side of the equation (3), only "N" is changed when the VCO frequency f_VCO is changed. Hence, it is possible to obtain the calculated ideal value "q_cal'" based on the frequency dividing ratio setting signal with the equation (3).

The calculated value "q_cal"' which is the ideal value for the q can be calculated as follows. <maths id="math0005" num="(4)"><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="normal">q_calʹ</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">×</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi></math><img file="EP1583241B1_D0005.tif" /></maths>

From the definition [7] and the equation (2), <maths id="math0006" num="(5)"><math display="block"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mi>freso</mi></mtd><mtd columnalign="left"><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><mfenced open="{" close="}" separators=""><mfenced separators=""><mi mathvariant="normal">q</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mfenced><mo mathvariant="normal">×</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi><mi>ref</mi></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">×</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi></mfenced><mo mathvariant="normal">-</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">{</mo><mfenced><mi mathvariant="normal">q</mi></mfenced><mo mathvariant="normal">×</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi><mi>ref</mi></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">×</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">}</mo></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mspace width="1em" /></mtd><mtd columnalign="left"><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi><mi>ref</mi></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">×</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi></mtd></mtr></mtable></math><img file="EP1583241B1_D0006.tif" /></maths>

From the definition [10] and the equation (5), <maths id="math0007" num="(6)"><math display="block"><mtable columnalign="left"><mtr><mtd><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi><mi>VCO</mi></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi><mi>VCO</mi></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">_</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">-</mo><mfenced separators=""><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi><mi>ref</mi></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">×</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi></mfenced><mo mathvariant="normal">×</mo><mi>CF</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mfenced open="[" close="]" separators=""><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">:</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn></mfenced></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>CF</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">[</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">:</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">]</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><mfenced separators=""><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi><mi>VCO</mi></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">_</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">/</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi><mi>ref</mi></msub></mfenced><mo mathvariant="normal">×</mo><mfenced separators=""><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi></mfenced><mo mathvariant="normal">-</mo><mfenced separators=""><mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">×</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi></mfenced></mtd></mtr></mtable></math><img file="EP1583241B1_D0007.tif" /></maths>

Here, considering the right side of the equation (6), if the VCO frequency f_{VCO_}0 obtained when the selection signal CF[m-1:0] = 0 is previously stored, only "N" is changed when the VCO frequency f_VCO is changed. Hence, it is possible to calculate the value CF_0 which is the initial value of the selection signal CF[m-1:0] with the equation (6).

The initial value CF_0 of the selection signal CF[m-1:0] is obtained by the following equation. <maths id="math0008" num=""><math display="block"><mi>CF_</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><mfenced separators=""><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi><mi>VCO</mi></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">_</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">/</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi><mi>ref</mi></msub></mfenced><mo mathvariant="normal">×</mo><mfenced separators=""><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi></mfenced><mo mathvariant="normal">-</mo><mfenced separators=""><mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">×</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi></mfenced></math><img file="EP1583241B1_D0008.tif" /></maths>

The output of the second comparator 33 is, <maths id="math0009" num=""><math display="block"><mi>error</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">q</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">-</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">q_calʹ</mi></math><img file="EP1583241B1_D0009.tif" /></maths>

Hence, the following equation is calculated in the second calculation circuit 35, <maths id="math0010" num=""><math display="block"><mi>CF</mi><mfenced><mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi></mfenced><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><mi>CF</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mfenced separators=""><mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mfenced><mo mathvariant="normal">-</mo><mi>error</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">,</mo></math><img file="EP1583241B1_D0010.tif" /></maths>

Where k is the repetition number for the judgment.

Here, as it is necessary to add weighted value to the value of the error based on the set judgment accuracy, the selection signal CF[m-1:0] becomes as follows, <maths id="math0011" num="(8)"><math display="block"><mi>CF</mi><mfenced><mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi></mfenced><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><mi>CF</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mfenced separators=""><mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mfenced><mo mathvariant="normal">-</mo><mi>error</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">×</mo><mi>n_max</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi></math><img file="EP1583241B1_D0011.tif" /></maths>

As mentioned above, there has been a problem that "wider bandwidth" and "high-speed responsibility" cannot be compatible with each other in the conventional PLL frequency synthesizers. However, this trade-off is solved in the PLL frequency synthesizer of the embodiment according to the present invention. The mechanism to solve this trade-off will be explained hereinafter.

The "wider bandwidth" of the PLL frequency synthesizer can be realized by increasing the number of the fixed-value capacitors composing the group of fixed-value capacitors 12 as shown in Fig.2. Increase of the fixed-value capacitors composing the group of fixed-value capacitors 12 means that the range of the selection signal CF[m-1:0], the horizontal axis of the graph shown in Fig.3, is increased, with the gradient characteristic of the VCO frequency f_VCO kept as it is.

For example, when the selection signal CF[m-1:0] is given in binary value, the range of the selection signal CF[m-1:0] becomes 0 to 2^m-1. When m=3 (when three fixed-value capacitances are included, defined by the weighted value in the binary value, in the group of fixed-value capacitors 12), the range of the selection signal CF[m-1:0] becomes 0 to 7. When m=10 (when ten fixed-value capacitances are included, defined by the weighted value in the binary value, in the group of fixed-value capacitors 12), the range of the selection signal CF[m-1:0] becomes 0 to 1023. Assuming that the gradient characteristic of the VCO frequency f_VCO to the selection signal CF[m-1:0] in Fig.3 does not change, the range of the VCO frequency f_VCO is increased by 128 times.

The "high-speed responsibility" of the PLL frequency synthesizer, in addition to the "wider bandwidth" can be realized as follows.

As described above, when m=10 and the selection signal is expressed in 10 bits binary value, where the "wider bandwidth" of the PLL frequency synthesizer is realized, the selection signal CF[9:0] becomes 0 to 1023. In this case, conventionally, the process of judging the VCO frequency f_VCO needs to be repeated 1023 times at a maximum when the initial value of the selection signal CF[m-1:0] is "0". Even if the initial value of CF[m-1:0] is set at "511" in order to reduce the repetition number, the process of judging the VCO frequency f_VCO needs to be repeated 512 times at a maximum.

On the other hand, it is possible to reduce the convergence time of the PLL frequency synthesizer by applying the following three methods in the present embodiment of the PLL frequency synthesizer. <ol id="ol0002" compact="compact" ol-style=""><li>1. The initial value of the selection signal CF[m-1:0] is obtained by the dividing number "N" of the SIG divider 24 of the PLL unit 2 which is determined based on the frequency dividing ratio setting signal input to the PLL unit 2 and the equation (6). It means that the value CF_0 calculated based on the latest value of the VCO frequency f_VCO with the equation (6) is used, the initial value for the process of judging the selection signal CF[m-1:0] can be set close to the final expected value, hence it is possible to reduce a number of repetition time for the convergence time of the PLL frequency synthesizer.</li><li>2.It is possible to calculate the differential operator between the present VCO frequency f_VCO and an expected value of the VCO frequency f_VCO to cause a feedback based on the differential operator. As shown in the flow chart of the present embodiment in Figs. 5A and 5B, if the predetermined convergence range is not satisfied after the process of detecting the VCO frequency f_VCO in step S110 and the process of judging the VCO frequency f_VCO in step S111, the corrected selection signal CF[m-1:0] is calculated with the equation (8) in the process of correcting the VCO frequency f_VCO of step S107. It means that, it is possible to correct the VCO frequency f_VCO by the differential operator between the present VCO frequency f_VCO and the expected value of the VCO frequency f_VCO according to the present embodiment, although the VCO frequency f_VCO can be changed by "+1" or "-1" in the conventional process of correcting the VCO frequency fvcowith the binary test. Therefore, the repetition number for judging the VCO frequency f_VCO can be reduced. </li><li>3. Judgment accuracy can be set externally. As shown in Fig. 7, the judgment accuracy and the time required for the judgment have a trade-off relationship (good accuracy = long time). Therefore, by setting the judgment accuracy bad (rough) at first and good (fine) at last, it is possible to minimize the time required for the judgment. Thus, it is possible to realize "high-speed responsibility" of the PLL frequency synthesizer even if "wider bandwidth" is realized in the present embodiment of the PLL frequency synthesizer. </li></ol>

Second Embodiment

The PLL frequency synthesizer of the present invention includes an oscillator (LC oscillator) with an LC resonator. The VCO frequency of the LC oscillator is determined by the following equation. <maths id="math0012" num=""><math display="block"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi><mi>VCO</mi></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">/</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn><mo>⁢</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Π√</mi><mfenced separators=""><mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">×</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mfenced></math><img file="EP1583241B1_D0012.tif" /></maths>

Where n is Ludolphian number. When the LC oscillator is formed on a semiconductor substrate, variations of the inductor (L) and the capacitor (C) generated in the manufacturing process cause variations of the characteristics of the VCO frequency f_VCO for the same selection signal CF[m-1:0] as shown in Fig. 8.

The initial value CF_0 is calculated by the first calculation circuit 34 based on the above described internal ideal formula shown as the definition [10]. The variations of the products caused during the manufacturing process, as shown in Fig.8, causes the error between the calculated initial value CF_0 and actual characteristics of the relationship between the selection signal CF[m-1:0] and the VCO frequency f_VCO. Such the error causes, in turn, increases of the repetition times for the convergence test. Thus the time required for the convergence is also increased.

In this embodiment, it is possible to prevent increases of the repetition times for the convergence test or the time required for the convergence, even if there is the error between the calculated initial value CF_0 and actual characteristics of the relationship between the selection signal CF[m-1:0] and the VCO frequency f_VCO.

Fig. 9 shows a block diagram of a PLL frequency synthesizer of the second embodiment according to the present invention.

As shown in Fig.9, the present PLL frequency synthesizer includes an oscillator unit (VCO unit) 1, a phase control unit (PLL unit) 2, a digital tuning control unit 3A, a low pass filter unit (LPF unit) 4, a bias circuit 5 and a switching circuit 6. Referring to Fig. 9, similar components to those illustrated in Fig. 1 referred to in the first embodiment are given the identical numerals, and description thereof shall be omitted as the case may be.

The digital tuning control unit 3A includes a first counter 31, a second counter 32, a comparator 33, a first calculation circuit 34, a second calculation circuit 35A and an f_VCO initial value register.

The second calculation circuit 35A corrects the selection signal CF[m-1:0] based on the output "error" from the comparator 33, and calculates the differential value ΔCF of the selection signal CF[m-1:0] based on the output "error" from the comparator 33 at the beginning of the process. The f_VCO initial value register 36 stores the differential value ΔCF of the selection signal CF[m-1:0] calculated by the second calculation circuit 35A.

The operation of the PLL frequency synthesizer in this embodiment will be explained in more detail with reference to Fig. 10 and Fig. 11.

A. Process of digital tuning

-Data input (frequency dividing ratio setting signal, predetermined convergence range, and judgment accuracy) (Step S201)

The frequency dividing ratio setting signal is input to the PLL unit 2 and the digital tuning control unit 3A. The predetermined convergence range and the judgment accuracy are also input the digital tuning control unit 3A.

-Judging whether it is the first operation after the power is on (Step S202)

If it is the first operation (Yes of Step S202), the step goes to step S203. If it is the second or later operation (No of Step S202), the step goes to step S214.

-Setting the center frequency of the objective bandwidth as the expected value of the f

VCO

(Step S203)

The expected value of the f_VCO is a finally obtainable VCO frequency f_VCO after the process of digital tuning and the process of analog tuning. Here, the center frequency of objective bandwidth is set as the expected value of the f_VCO. Then, in the following step, the differential value between the selection signal CF[m-1:0] obtained by the internal ideal formula and the actual selection signal CF[m-1:0] is detected.

-Calculation of the calculated value "q_cal'" and the initial value "CF_0" by the first calculation circuit 34 (Step S204)

Two parameters including the calculated value "q_cal'" and the initial value "CF_0" are calculated based on the expected value of the f_VCO obtained in step S203. The formulas (4) and (6), described above, are respectively used to obtain the "q_cal'" and the "CF_0".

-Switching change of the switching circuit 6 and stopping the operation of the phase comparator 25 and the charge pump 26. (Step S205)

The input of the switching circuit 6 is connected to the bias circuit 5 and the operation of the phase comparator 25 and the charge pump 26 of the PLL unit 2 are stopped such that output Iout of the PLL unit 2 is not input to the switching circuit 6.

-Resetting the first counter 31 and the second counter 32 (Step S206)

The internal count values in the first counter 31 and the second counter 32 are set to "0" (counter reset).

-The VCO frequency f

VCO

is determined as the CF_0 is input to the group of fixed-value capacitors (Step S207)

The initial value "CF_0" of the selection signal CF[m-1:0] is input to the group of fixed-value capacitors 12 of the VCO unit 1. Then, the VCO frequency f_VCO is determined.

-Dividing the f

VCO

by the prescaler 24a and inputting the signal f

VCO

/P to the second counter 32 (Step S208)

The VCO frequency f_VCO determined in step S207 is input to the prescaler 24a of the PLL unit 2. Then the divided signal "f_VCO /P" divided by the prescaler 24a is input to the second counter 32.

-The second counter 32 counts up the signal f

VCO

/P while the output "trig" from the first counter 31 is set at "High" (a first process of detecting f

VCO

) (Step S209)

The output signal "trig" from the first counter 31 is kept at "High" until the count value of the first counter 31 becomes "n" set in the first counter 31. The second counter 32 counts up the P-divided signal "f_VCO /P" during the period while the output signal "trig" is set at "High". The counted result "q" counted by the second counter 32 is output to the comparator 33.

-The comparator 33 outputs the differential operator between the counted result "q" by the second counter 32 and the calculated value "q_cal'" by the first calculation circuit 34 as the output "error" (a first process of judging f

VCO

) (Step S210)

The comparator 33 compares the calculated value "q_cal'" obtained in step S204 and the counted value "q" obtained in step S209 to obtain the differential operator therebetween and outputs the result as the output "error" to the second calculation circuit 35A.

-Obtaining the "ΔCF" from the output "error" and storing it to the f

VCO

initial value-register 36 (Step S211)

The output "error" obtained in step S210 is the differential operator between the internal ideal formula where the f_VCO is the center of the VCO frequency and the actual characteristics of the VCO frequency f_VCO. This difference operator is stored in the f_VCO initial value register as the differential value "ΔCF" of the selection signal CF[m-1:0] . After this, this "ΔCF" will be always used to calculate the initial value "CF_0".

-Resetting the expected value of the f

VCO

to the frequency obtained based on the frequency dividing ratio setting signal (Step S212)

Although the center frequency of the objective bandwidth is set as the expected value of the f_VCO in steps S203 to S211, the expected value of the f_VCO is reset to the frequency obtained based on the frequency dividing ratio setting signal.

-Calculation of the "q_cal' " and the initial value "CF_0", and correction of the "CF_0" with the differential value "ΔCF" by the first calculation circuit 34 (Step S213)

The frequency dividing ratio setting signal, the predetermined convergence range and the judgment accuracy are input to the first calculation circuit 34 and two parameters including the calculated value "q_cal' " and the initial value "CF_0" are calculated. As for calculating the calculated value "q_cal' the formula (4) described above is used. As for calculating the initial value "CF_0", the following equation (9) is used. <maths id="math0013" num="(9)"><math display="block"><mi>CF_</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><mfenced separators=""><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi><mi>VCO</mi></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">_</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">/</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi><mi>ref</mi></msub></mfenced><mo mathvariant="normal">×</mo><mfenced separators=""><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi></mfenced><mo mathvariant="normal">-</mo><mfenced separators=""><mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">×</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi></mfenced><mo mathvariant="normal">-</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">ΔCF</mi></math><img file="EP1583241B1_D0013.tif" /></maths>

Then, the step goes to step S216.

-Calculation of the "n", the calculated value "q_call' ", and the initial value "CF_0" by the first calculation circuit 34 and correction of the "CF_0" with the differential value "ΔCF" (Step S214)

The frequency dividing ratio setting signal, the predetermined convergence range and the judgment accuracy are input to the first calculation circuit 34 and two parameters including the calculated value "q_cal' " and the initial value "CF_0" are calculated. As for calculating the calculated value "q_cal' and the initial value "CF_0", the equations (4) and (9), described above, are respectively used.

-Switching change of the switching circuit 6 and stopping the operations of the phase comparator 25 and the charge pump 26. (Step S215)

The input of the switching circuit 6 is connected to the bias circuit 5 and the operations of the phase comparator 25 and the charge pump 26 of the PLL unit 2 are stopped such that the output of the PLL unit 2 is not input to the switching circuit.

-Setting the repetition number "k" for the judgment to "0" (Step S216)

The repetition number "k" for the judgment is set to "0".

-Resetting the first counter 31 and the second counter 32 (Step S217) The internal count values in the first counter 31 and the second counter 32 are set to "0".

-Judging whether "k"=0 (Step S218)

Whether the repetition number "k" is equal to zero or not is judged. When the repetition number "k" is "0" (Yes of Step S218), the step goes to Step S220. When the repetition number "k" is not "0" (No of Step S218), the step goes to Step S219.

-Correction of the CF[m-1:0] by the second calculation circuit 35A (process of correcting the f

VCO

) (Step S219)

The selection signal CF[m-1:0] to be set in a next step is calculated by the second calculation circuit 35A based on the present selection signal CF[m-1: 0] and the output "error" from the comparator 33 with the equation (8).

-The f

VCO

is determined when the present CF[m-1:0] is input to the group of fixed-value capacitors (Step S220)

The present selection signal CF[m-1:0] is output to the group of fixed-value capacitors 12 of the VCO unit 1 to change the VCO frequency f_VCO.

-Dividing the f

VCO

by the prescaler 24a and inputting the signal f

VCO

/P to the second counter 32 (Step S221)

The VCO frequency f_VCO determined in step S220 is input to the prescaler 24a of the PLL unit 2. Then the divided signal "f_VCO /P" divided by the prescaler 24a is input to the second counter 32.

-The second counter 32 counts up the signal f

VCO

/P while the output "trig" from the first counter 31 is set at "High" (second process of detecting the f

VCO

) (Step S222)

The output signal "trig" from the first counter 31 is kept at "High" until the count value of the first counter 31 becomes "n" set in the first counter 31. The second counter 32 counts up the P-divided signal "f_VCO /P" during the period while the output signal "trig" is set at "High". The counted result "q" counted by the second counter 32 is output to the comparator 33.

-The comparator 33 outputs the differential operator between the counted result "q" by the second counter 32 and the calculated value "q_cal'" by the first calculation circuit 34 (second process of judging the f

VCO

) (Step S223)

The comparator 33 compares the calculated value "q_cal'" obtained in step S213 and the counted value "q" obtained in step S214 to obtain the differential operator therebetween and outputs the result as the output "error" to the second calculation circuit 35A.

-Setting k=k+1 (step S224)

"1" is added to the repetition number "k".

-Judging whether the output "error" is within the predetermined convergence range (Step S225)

The output "error" obtained in step S223 is compared with the predetermined convergence range set in step S201. When the output "error" is within the condition (Yes of Step S225), the next step will be step S226. When the output "error" is not within the condition (No of Step S225), the next step will be step S217.

-Process of digital tuning is completed with holding the set selection signal CF[m-1:0] (Step S226)

Process of digital tuning is completed with holding the present selection signal CF[m-1:0]. Then, the next step will be step S227.

B. Process of analog tuning

-Switching change of the switching circuit 6 and starting the operations of the phase comparator 25 and the charge pump 26 (Step S227)

The input of the switching circuit 6 is connected to the charge pump 6 and the operations of the phase comparator 25 and the charge pump 26, which have been stopped during the process of digital tuning, are started.

-Starting the process of analog tuning (The f

VCO

is controlled by the PLL unit 2) (Step S228)

The PLL unit 2 changes the control voltage Vtune of the VCO unit 1 to make the VCO frequency f_VCO convergent to the frequency provided as the frequency dividing ratio setting signal input in step S201. The entire procedure is terminated when the VCO frequency f_VCO converges.

Thus, as shown in Fig. 12, the characteristics of the internal formula varies in accordance with the differential value ΔCF stored in the f_VCO initial value register 36.

With the PLL frequency synthesizer of the second embodiment, the following merits are obtained in addition to those of the first embodiment.

The initial value "CF_0" of the selection signal CF[m-1:0] close to the expected value of the f_VCO can be obtained by using the differential value "ΔCF" between the internal ideal formula and the actual characteristics of the f_VCO. As the initial value "CF_0" of the selection signal CF[m-1:0] close to the expected value thereof is obtained, it is possible to reduce the judging time.

Therefore, in this embodiment, it is possible to prevent increase of the number or the time for the judging even when the variations of the inductor (L) and the capacitor (C) generated in the manufacturing process cause variations of the characteristics of the VCO frequency f_VCO for the same selection signal CF[m-1:0].

For example, the number of fixed-value capacitors included in each of the group of fixed-value capacitors 12 may be arbitrary set, and a bit length of the selection signal CF[m-1:0] may also be arbitrary set.

The PLL frequency synthesizer according to the present invention is applicable widely in a mobile-phone and various radio communication equipments with multiple sent and received frequencies.