Efficient dynamic stimulation in an implanted device

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

0001The present invention relates generally to electrical pulse generators, and specifically to pulse generators for electrical stimulation of tissue.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

0002Stimulation of tissue of a subject by applying an electrical potential to the tissue is well known in the medical art. Herein, in the specification and in the claims, tissue is to be understood as comprising muscle and/or nerve of a subject. Levels and type of stimulation used depend on a number of factors, such as whether the stimulation is applied externally, and the desired effect of the stimulation. When the tissue is stimulated directly, by one or more electrodes implanted in the tissue, levels of stimulation needed to achieve a specific desired effect are typically orders of magnitude less than the levels needed if the tissue is stimulated externally and/or indirectly. Devices for direct tissue stimulation, such as cardiac pacemakers, are typically implanted into the subject, and typically rely on an internal battery for producing their pulses.

0003Different types of pulses are known in the art for producing muscle stimulation. In the specification and in the claims, a biphasic pulse is assumed to be a pair of pulses having alternating positive and negative potentials, the biphasic pulse being able to stimulate the tissue; a mono-phase pulse is assumed to be a single uni-directional pulse which is able to stimulate the tissue; and alternating pulses are assumed to comprise a sequence of mono-phase pulses having alternating positive and negative potentials, each mono-phase pulse being able to stimulate the tissue. Typically, a time period between the pair of pulses comprising a biphasic pulse is of the order of 500 µs; a time period between sequential alternating pulses is of the order of 25 ms.

0004<patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="US5391191A"><text>U.S. patent 5,391,191</text></patcit>, to Holmstrom, describes an implanted device for tissue stimulation. The device incorporates a current sensing mechanism which is applied to reduce tissue polarization, electrolysis effects, and detect tissue reaction. The device is implemented to deliver biphasic pulses, as well as a mono-phase pulses. Both types of pulses are used for stimulation; to reduce energy consumption, the device implements the mono-phase pulses.

0005Document <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="US5486201A"><text>US 5486201</text></patcit> describes a device according to the preamble of claim 1.

0006It will be appreciated that efficiency in battery utilization in implanted devices is an important consideration, in order to increase battery life before recharging and/or replacement of the battery is required.

0007Anodal break excitation, also known as anode break excitation, may occur at an anode if tissue stimulation is abruptly halted. Such excitation is typically an undesired side effect of the tissue stimulation, and methods to reduce or eliminate the effect have been sought.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

0008It is an object of some aspects of the present invention to provide an apparatus for stimulating tissue of a subject.

0009This object is achieved with an apparatus according to claim 1.

0010It is a further object of some aspects of the present invention to reduce or eliminate anodal break excitation.

0011In a preferred arrangement, a stimulation device comprises charging circuitry for charging a stimulation capacitor to an operating voltage level. Switching circuitry in the device is coupled to the charging circuitry. The switching circuitry generates both biphasic and alternating pulses, herein termed stimulation pulses, from uni-directional pulses which are generated by discharging the stimulation capacitor from the operating voltage level for a pulse period. The stimulation pulses are delivered to tissue of a subject by electrodes implanted therein, generating a tissue stimulation level which is a function of the operating voltage and the pulse period. Initially both the operating voltage and the pulse period are preset by an operator of the device, so as to achieve a desired tissue stimulation level. During operation of the device, a potential is measured on the stimulation capacitor at discharge, so as to measure an impedance of the tissue. Responsive to the impedance, the operating voltage level and/or the preset pulse period are adjusted in order to maintain the tissue stimulation level at the desired tissue stimulation level.

0012The charging circuitry is most preferably driven by an internal battery contained in the device. The charging circuitry, operated by a micro-controller, comprises a direct current (DC) charging circuit and an alternating current (AC) charging circuit which are each able to charge the stimulation capacitor by respective differential potentials. The micro-controller is able to minimize battery energy dissipation by using either or both circuits, and to set the time of use of each circuit in order to charge the stimulation capacitor to the initial operating voltage level. The AC circuit enables the operating voltage to be reached regardless of a voltage delivered by the battery. Similarly, for any adjusted operating voltage or other pulse parameter such as the pulse period, the micro-controller sets the time of use of each circuit so as to charge the stimulation capacitor to the adjusted operating voltage efficiently.

0013Parameters such as tissue impedance and operating voltage level are derived from measured potentials on the stimulation capacitor as it discharges. Thus, no current sensing mechanism, as is used by other tissue stimulators known in the art, is required in preferred embodiments of the present invention. Current sensing mechanisms, typically resistors, drain energy. Not implementing such a mechanism achieves a significant saving in energy supplied by a battery powering the stimulation device.

0014In some preferred arrangement, a resistive element having a controlled resistance is coupled between the electrodes so as to be able to short-circuit an interface capacitance formed in the tissue being stimulated. The resistive element preferably comprises a field effect transistor (FET) having a gate which acts as a control electrode for the resistive element, the gate being activated by a control signal from the micro-controller. By short-circuiting the electrodes and the interface capacitance at times chosen by the micro-controller, electrolysis effects at the electrodes may be reduced and even eliminated, and the tissue stimulation level may be more precisely defined.

0015In preferred arrangements, the micro-controller comprises an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Most preferably, the stimulation device comprises a calibration circuit which generates a DC reference voltage which is substantially invariant even with variation of battery voltage from a battery powering the device. A memory in the micro-controller comprises a look-up table which has a one-to-one mapping between a digital value generated by the ADC responsive to the reference voltage and the battery voltage at which the ADC is operating. The look-up table also comprises a one-to-one mapping between the digital value and a multiplicative correction factor. The micro-controller multiplies other digital values, generated as the ADC is measuring voltages within the stimulation device, in order to adjust the other digital values due to changes in the battery voltage.

0016In an alternative preferred arrangement, the charging circuitry is coupled to current controlled stimulation circuitry, rather than to the switching circuitry. The current controlled stimulation circuitry is configured to apply a pre-determined voltage-time relationship to the tissue. The voltage-time relationship is preferably substantially linear, and is applied to discharge the interface capacitance of the tissue being stimulated. By discharging the interface capacitance in a linear manner with a current limiter, anodal break excitation of the tissue is substantially eliminated.

0017There is also provided, a method for measuring impedance of a tissue, including: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>charging a capacitor to a potential;</li><li>discharging the capacitor for a discharge period through the tissue;</li><li>measuring a voltage drop on the capacitor over the discharge period; and</li><li>determining the impedance of the tissue responsive to the potential, the voltage drop, and the discharge period.</li></ul>

0018Preferably, charging the capacitor includes: <ul id="ul0002" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>providing a first circuit which is adapted to charge the capacitor to a first voltage;</li><li>providing a second circuit which is adapted to charge the capacitor to a second voltage;</li><li>measuring the potential on the capacitor;</li><li>determining a first charging period for the first circuit and a second charging period for the second circuit, responsive to the potential, so that the first and second charging periods substantially total to the predetermined period and so that the first and second voltages substantially total to the predetermined differential potential; and</li><li>operating the first circuit for the first charging period and the second circuit for the second charging period, the circuits being operated sequentially.</li></ul>

0019The first circuit preferably includes a resistive element through which the capacitor is charged by a substantially direct current (DC), and the second circuit preferably includes an inductor, a switching element, and a diode, which are operative to generate a substantially alternating current (AC) and to rectify the AC so as to charge the capacitor.

0020There is also provided, a method for stimulating a tissue, including: <ul id="ul0003" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>charging a capacitor to a first potential;</li><li>discharging the capacitor for a first discharge period through the tissue;</li><li>measuring a voltage drop on the capacitor over the first discharge period;</li><li>determining an impedance of the tissue responsive to the first potential, the voltage drop, and the first discharge period;</li><li>determining a second potential and a second discharge period, responsive to the impedance and a predetermined desired tissue stimulation level;</li><li>charging the capacitor to the second potential; and</li><li>discharging the capacitor for the second discharge period through the tissue.</li></ul>

0021Preferably, discharging the capacitor for the first discharge period and discharging the capacitor for the second discharge period each include discharging alternating pulses through the tissue, each alternating pulse including a positive-going pulse followed by a negative-going pulse, so that a time between the positive-going pulse and the negative-going pulse is substantially equal to half a period of the alternating pulses.

0022Discharging the capacitor for the first discharge period and discharging the capacitor for the second discharge period each preferably include discharging biphasic pulses through the tissue, each biphasic pulse including a positive-going pulse followed by a negative-going pulse, so that a time between the positive-going pulse and the negative-going pulse is substantially less than half a period of the biphasic pulses.

0023Further preferably, discharging the biphasic pulses includes discharging a first biphasic pulse including a first positive-going pulse followed by a first negative-going pulse, followed by a second biphasic pulse including a second negative-going pulse followed by a second positive-going pulse.

0024Preferably, discharging the capacitor for the first discharge period and discharging the capacitor for the second discharge period each include discharging the capacitor responsive to a control signal generated by the tissue.

0025The second discharge period is preferably subsequent to the first discharge period.

0026There is also provides, apparatus for measuring impedance of a tissue, including: <ul id="ul0004" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a capacitor; and</li><li>circuitry which is adapted to: <ul id="ul0005" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>charge the capacitor to a potential,</li><li>discharge the capacitor for a discharge period through the tissue,</li><li>measure a voltage drop on the capacitor over the discharge period, and</li><li>determine the impedance of the tissue responsive to the potential, the voltage drop, and the discharge period.</li></ul></li></ul>

0027Preferably, the circuitry includes: <ul id="ul0006" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a first circuit which is adapted to charge the capacitor to a first voltage;</li><li>a second circuit which is adapted to charge the capacitor to a second voltage;</li><li>and wherein the circuitry is further adapted to measure the potential on the capacitor,</li><li>determine a first charging period for the first circuit and a second charging period for the second circuit, responsive to the potential, so that the first and second charging periods substantially total to the predetermined period and so that the first and second voltages substantially total to the predetermined differential potential, and</li><li>operate the first circuit for the first charging period and the second circuit for the second charging period, the circuits being operated sequentially.</li></ul>

0028The first circuit preferably includes a resistive element through which the capacitor is charged by a substantially direct current (DC), and the second circuit preferably includes an inductor, a switching element, and a diode, which are operative to generate a substantially alternating current (AC) and to rectify the AC so as to charge the capacitor.

0029There is also provided, apparatus for changing a potential across a capacitor by a predetermined differential potential in a predetermined time period, including: <ul id="ul0007" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a first circuit which is adapted to charge the capacitor to a first voltage;</li><li>a second circuit which is adapted to charge the capacitor to a second voltage; and</li><li>a controller which measures the potential on the capacitor, and responsive thereto and to the predetermined differential potential and the predetermined time period operates the first circuit and the second circuit sequentially for respective periods of time substantially totaling the predetermined time period so as to charge the capacitor by the predetermined differential potential substantially totaling the first and the second voltages.</li></ul>

0030The apparatus preferably includes a memory wherein is stored a first charging rate for the first circuit and a second charging rate for the second circuit, and wherein the controller is adapted to determine the respective periods of time responsive to the first and the second charging rates.

0031Preferably, the first circuit dissipates a first energy to charge the capacitor to the first voltage and the second circuit dissipates a second energy to charge the capacitor to the second voltage, and the controller is adapted to determine the respective periods of time responsive to the first and the second energies.

0032The controller is preferably adapted to determine the respective periods so that a sum of the first and the second energies is a minimum.

0033Preferably, the first circuit includes a resistive element through which the capacitor is charged by a substantially direct current (DC), and the second circuit includes an inductor, a switching element, and a diode, which are operative to generate a substantially alternating current (AC) and to rectify the AC so as to charge the capacitor.

0034The apparatus preferably includes a battery supplying a battery voltage, wherein the first circuit includes a resistive element through which the capacitor is charged by a substantially direct current (DC), and wherein the second circuit includes an inductor, a switching element, and a diode, which are operative to generate a substantially alternating current (AC) and to rectify the AC so as to charge the capacitor, wherein the first voltage is a predetermined fraction, greater than 0 and less than 1, of the battery voltage, and wherein the predetermined differential potential is greater than the battery voltage.

0035There is further provided, an apparatus for stimulating a tissue having a tissue capacitance, including: <ul id="ul0008" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a capacitor;</li><li>circuitry which is adapted to: <ul id="ul0009" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>charge the capacitor to a potential,</li><li>discharge the capacitor for a discharge period through the tissue; and</li><li>a resistive element, having a resistance which is controlled by the circuitry, and which is coupled to the circuitry and which is adapted to substantially short-circuit the tissue capacitance responsive to a control signal generated by the circuitry.</li></ul></li></ul>

0036Preferably, the circuitry is adapted to generate the control signal at a time so as to implement a predetermined stimulation level to the tissue, and the time preferably directly follows a completion of the discharge period.

0037Preferably, the resistance includes a value so that substantially no anodal break excitation occurs in the tissue.

0038There is further provided, an apparatus for measuring a voltage, including: <ul id="ul0010" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a battery which supplies a direct current (DC) voltage;</li><li>a DC voltage reference source, which generates a substantially invariant reference voltage, and which is powered by the battery;</li><li>an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) which generates a digital value responsive to receiving the reference voltage as an analog input, and which is powered by the battery;</li><li>a memory, comprising an ADC look-up table having a one-to-one mapping between the digital value and the DC voltage; and</li><li>a processor, which is adapted to use the ADC look-up table to determine the DC voltage responsive to the digital value.</li></ul>

0039Preferably, the ADC look-up table includes a further one-to-one mapping between the digital value and a multiplicative correction factor which is operative to multiply the digital value so as to generate an improved digital value, and the ADC is adapted to receive an alternative DC voltage and to generate an alternative digital value responsive thereto, and the processor is adapted to determine the alternative DC voltage responsive to the alternative digital value and the multiplicative correction factor.

0040The apparatus preferably includes a plurality of resistors acting as a voltage divider which generate the alternative DC voltage, and one of the resistors preferably includes an internal resistance of the ADC.

0041There is further provided, a method for changing a potential across a capacitor by a predetermined differential potential in a predetermined time period, including: <ul id="ul0011" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>providing a first circuit which is adapted to charge the capacitor to a first voltage;</li><li>providing a second circuit which is adapted to charge the capacitor to a second voltage;</li><li>measuring a potential on the capacitor;</li><li>determining a first charging period for the first circuit and a second charging period for the second circuit, responsive to the potential, so that the first and second charging periods substantially total to the predetermined period arid so that the first and second voltages substantially total to the predetermined differential potential; and</li><li>operating the first circuit for the first charging period and the second circuit for the second charging period, the circuits being operated sequentially.</li></ul>

0042The method preferably includes storing a first charging rate for the first circuit and a second charging rate for the second circuit in a memory, wherein determining the first charging period and the second charging period includes determining the charging periods responsive to the first and the second charging rates.

0043Preferably, the first circuit dissipates a first energy to charge the capacitor to the first voltage and the second circuit dissipates a second energy to charge the capacitor to the second voltage, and wherein determining the first charging period and the second charging period includes determining the charging periods responsive to the first and the second energies.

0044Preferably, determining the charging periods includes determining the charging periods so that a sum of the first and the second energies is a minimum.

0045Further preferably, the first circuit includes a resistive element through which the capacitor is charged by a substantially direct current (DC), and the second circuit includes an inductor, a switching element, and a diode, which are operative to generate a substantially alternating current (AC) and to rectify the AC so as to charge the capacitor.

0046The method preferably includes providing a battery that supplies a battery voltage, wherein the first circuit includes a resistive element through which the capacitor is charged by a substantially direct current (DC), and wherein the second circuit includes an inductor, a switching element, and a diode, which are operative to generate a substantially alternating current (AC) and to rectify the AC so as to charge the capacitor, wherein the first voltage is a predetermined fraction, greater than 0 and less than 1, of the battery voltage, and wherein the predetermined differential potential is greater than the battery voltage.

0047There is provided, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, apparatus for stimulating tissue having a capacitance, including: <ul id="ul0012" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>charge circuitry which is adapted to apply a potential to the tissue, causing a voltage to develop across the capacitance of the tissue; and</li><li>discharge circuitry which is adapted to inject a current to the tissue so as to discharge the capacitance, the current being substantially independent of the voltage across the capacitance.</li></ul>

0048Preferably, the charge circuitry includes a stimulation capacitor, an inductor, and a micro-controller which is adapted to apply pulses having a variable duty cycle to the inductor, and wherein the micro-controller causes the inductor to charge the stimulation capacitor to the voltage by altering the variable duty cycle.

0049Preferably, the current is substantially fixed.

0050Preferably, the potential causes a stimulation current in the tissue, and the current injected by the discharge circuitry is preferably a substantially pre-set fraction of the stimulation current.

0051The current includes a value that substantially eliminates anodal break excitation of the tissue, the value is less than a pre-set fraction of a stimulation current caused by the potential, and the pre-set fraction is approximately 5%.

0052The discharge circuitry is preferably adapted to measure the voltage across the capacitance, and is preferably adapted to halt injection of the current to the tissue when the voltage is substantially zero.

0053The apparatus preferably includes: <ul id="ul0013" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a battery having a first battery terminal and a second battery terminal coupled to ground and generating a battery voltage which powers at least a first part of the charge circuitry and at least a second part of the discharge circuitry; and</li><li>a first and a second stimulation electrode between which the capacitance is formed,</li><li>wherein the first battery terminal and the first stimulation electrode are connected, and wherein the charge circuitry generates the potential between the first and the second stimulation electrodes, and wherein the discharge circuitry injects the current between the first and the second stimulation electrodes.</li></ul>

0054The apparatus preferably also includes: <ul id="ul0014" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a stimulation capacitor which receives a stimulation potential generated by the charge circuitry; and</li><li>a detector which monitors a second-stimulation-electrode potential on the second stimulation electrode, the detector being coupled between ground and the stimulation potential.</li></ul>

0055Further preferably, the apparatus includes a micro-controller which receives a Boolean signal from the detector in response to the second-stimulation-electrode potential, and which decrements a targeted voltage set by the micro-controller in response to the signal being true, and which increments the targeted voltage in response to the signal being false.

0056The apparatus preferably includes a micro-controller which is adapted to measure a time to discharge the capacitance, and to generate a measure of the capacitance in response to the time.

0057The apparatus preferably includes a micro-controller which is adapted to measure a time to apply the potential to the tissue, and to generate a measure of the capacitance in response to the time.

0058The apparatus preferably further includes: <ul id="ul0015" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a detector which monitors a state of at least part of the charge circuitry, and which generates a state signal in response to the state; and</li><li>a micro-controller which receives the state signal and which sets the potential in response thereto.</li></ul>

0059Preferably, the micro-controller generates a pulse, at the potential, in a sequence of pulses and sets a target voltage in response to the state signal and the potential, and wherein the charge circuitry is adapted to alter the potential to a future potential in response to the target voltage, and to apply the future potential to a subsequent pulse in the sequence.

0060Further preferably, the charge circuitry is adapted to measure an impedance of the tissue, and to alter the potential applied to the tissue in response to the impedance.

0061There is further provided, a method for stimulating tissue having a capacitance, including: <ul id="ul0016" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>applying a potential to the tissue so as to cause a voltage to develop across the capacitance of the tissue; and</li><li>injecting a current to the tissue so as to discharge the capacitance, the current being substantially independent of the voltage across the capacitance.</li></ul>

0062Preferably, the current is substantially fixed.

0063Preferably, the potential causes a stimulation current in the tissue, and the current injected is a substantially pre-set fraction of the stimulation current, and the current preferably includes a value that substantially eliminates anodal break excitation of the tissue, and the value is preferably less than a pre-set fraction of a stimulation current caused by the potential, and the pre-set fraction is preferably approximately 5%.

0064The method preferably includes measuring the voltage across the capacitance, and halting injection of the current to the tissue when the voltage is substantially zero.

0065The method preferably includes: <ul id="ul0017" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>providing a battery having a first battery terminal and a second battery terminal coupled to ground;</li><li>providing a first and a second stimulation electrode between which the capacitance is formed;</li><li>connecting the first battery terminal and the first stimulation electrode;</li><li>generating the potential between the first and the second stimulation electrodes;</li><li>injecting the current between the first and the second stimulation electrodes;</li><li>providing a stimulation capacitor which receives a stimulation potential in response to applying the potential;</li><li>coupling a detector between ground and the stimulation potential; and</li><li>monitoring with the detector a second-stimulation-electrode potential on the second stimulation electrode.</li></ul>

0066The method preferably includes: <ul id="ul0018" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>receiving a Boolean signal from the detector in response to the second-stimulation-electrode potential;</li><li>setting a targeted voltage;</li><li>decrementing the targeted voltage in response to the signal being true; and</li><li>incrementing the targeted voltage in response to the signal being false.</li></ul>

0067The method preferably includes measuring a time to discharge the capacitance, and generating a measure of the capacitance in response to the time.

0068The method preferably includes measuring a time to apply the potential to the tissue, and generating a measure of the capacitance in response to the time.

0069The method preferably includes: <ul id="ul0019" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>monitoring a state of charge circuitry adapted to apply the potential, and generating a state signal in response to the state; and</li><li>receiving the state signal and setting the potential in response thereto.</li></ul>

0070The method preferably includes: <ul id="ul0020" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>generating a pulse, at the potential, in a sequence of pulses and setting a target voltage in response to the state signal and the potential;</li><li>altering the potential to a future potential in response to the target voltage; and</li><li>applying the future potential to a subsequent pulse in the sequence.</li></ul>

0071The method preferably includes measuring an impedance of the tissue, and altering the potential applied to the tissue in response to the impedance.

0072There is further provided, an apparatus for stimulating tissue having a capacitance, including: <ul id="ul0021" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>charge circuitry which is adapted to apply a potential to the tissue, causing a voltage to develop across the capacitance of the tissue;</li><li>discharge circuitry which is adapted to inject a current to the tissue so as to discharge the capacitance; and</li><li>feedback circuitry which is adapted to monitor the potential and to control the current in response to the potential.</li></ul>

0073There is further provided, a method for stimulating tissue having a capacitance, including: <ul id="ul0022" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>applying a potential to the tissue so as to cause a voltage to develop across the capacitance of the tissue;</li><li>injecting a current to the tissue so as to discharge the capacitance;</li><li>monitoring the potential to generate a monitored potential; and</li><li>controlling the current in response to the monitored potential.</li></ul>

0074The present invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments thereof, taken together with the drawings, a brief description of which follows.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0075<ul id="ul0023" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li><figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref> is a schematic diagram illustrating a stimulation device, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0002">Figs. 2A</figref> and <figref idref="f0003">2B</figref> are electronic diagrams of a circuit comprised in the device of <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref>, according to preferred embodiments of the present invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0004">Fig. 3</figref> shows graphs of voltage versus time for different types of pulses generated in the circuit, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0005">Fig. 4</figref> shows graphs of voltage versus time for elements of the circuit when one of the types of pulses illustrated in <figref idref="f0004">Fig. 3</figref> is generated, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0006">Fig. 5</figref> is a flowchart showing a process for charging a capacitor in the circuit, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0007">Fig. 6</figref> is a schematic diagram illustrating an alternate stimulation device, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0008">Fig. 7</figref> is a schematic electronic diagram of a calibration circuit, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0009">Figs. 8A</figref> and <figref idref="f0010">8B</figref> are electronic diagrams of an alternative circuit comprised in the device of <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref>, according to preferred embodiments of the present invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0011">Figs. 9 and 10</figref> are voltage vs. time graphs for the circuit of <figref idref="f0009">Figs. 8A</figref> and <figref idref="f0010">8B</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0012">Fig. 11</figref> is a flowchart showing steps involved in setting a voltage in the circuit of <figref idref="f0009">Figs. 8A</figref> and <figref idref="f0010">8B</figref>, according to a preferred embodiment of-the present invention; and</li><li><figref idref="f0013">Fig. 12</figref> are voltage vs. time graphs illustrating the operation of the flowchart of <figref idref="f0012">Fig. 11</figref>.</li></ul>

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

0076Reference is now made to <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref>, which is a schematic diagram illustrating a stimulation device 10, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Device 10 comprises a circuit 11 which is used to generate electrical waveforms, the waveforms in turn stimulating tissue 20 of a subject 24. Preferably, tissue 20 comprises a muscle, most preferably a sphincter muscle, or a nerve of the subject, although it will be appreciated that tissue 20 may comprise any tissue of subject 24. Device 10 is preferably implanted in the subject, and after implantation and adjustment, is most preferably operated by a control signal generated by subject 24 and input to circuit 11. Circuit 11 may be implemented as discrete components, or as a custom-built component such as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or as a combination of discrete and custom-built components. By way of example, the description hereinbelow applies when circuit 11 comprises discrete components.

0077An equivalent circuit 21 for tissue 20 comprises an approximately ohmic resistor R2 in series with an interface capacitor having a capacitance C1(f), where f is a frequency of a stimulation applied to the tissue. An approximately ohmic resistor R1 is coupled in parallel with R2 and C1(f). Typical values for R1, R2, and C1(f) are of the order of 1 MΩ, 200Ω, and 40µF. It will be understood that the values for R1, R2, and C1(f) are dependent on factors such as the type, state, and size of tissue 20. Furthermore, the values of R1, R2, and C1(f) are also typically highly dependent on the shape, size, and type of material of the electrodes used to apply stimulation to tissue 20, as well as on the frequency and voltage of the stimulation applied to the interface capacitor.

0078<figref idref="f0002">Figs. 2A</figref> and <figref idref="f0003">2B</figref> are electronic diagrams of circuit 11, according to preferred embodiments of the present invention. Circuit 11 is powered by a battery 26, which preferably has a maximum voltage approximately equal to 3.2 V. Circuit 11 comprises a charging circuitry section 13 (<figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2A</figref>) and a switching circuitry section 15 (<figref idref="f0003">Fig. 2B</figref>). A micro-controller (MC) 22 acts as an overall controller of circuit 11, using as an input the control signal referred to in <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref>. Preferably, MC 22 comprises an XE88LC01 produced by Xemics SA of Neuchatel, Switzerland, although any other suitable micro-controller may be used. MC 22 includes, <i>inter alia,</i> a memory 23 wherein parameters for operating circuit 11 may be stored, and an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 25, which converts analog voltage levels to digital values.

0079Charging circuitry section 13 operates in two modes, a direct current (DC) mode and an alternating current (AC) mode. The DC mode is activated when a switching device 17 (Q6) is connected so that a positive terminal of battery 26 is coupled to parallel resistors R19 and R20, each resistor most preferably having approximate values of 150Ω. In the DC mode the positive terminal is de-coupled from resistor R21, which most preferably has an approximate value of 15Ω. Values of resistors R19 and R20 are chosen so as to prevent a current from battery 26 exceeding an allowed maximum battery current value. Switch 17 is most preferably implemented from an FDC6306P produced by Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation of South Portland, Maine and the DC mode is activated by micro-controller 22 enabling control signal STIM_EN1 and disabling STIM_EN2.

0080In the DC mode, a switch 12 (Q8) - most preferably implemented from a field effect transistor (FET) such as an IRLML2402 produced by International Rectifier Corporation of El Segundo, California - is open, so that battery 26 charges capacitors C13 and C15, which both preferably have a value approximately equal to 22µF, in an RLC circuit formed by resistors R19, R20, an inductor L1, and the capacitors. During operation of circuit 11, the DC mode most preferably operates for a time period, defined by MC 22, no greater than approximately 3•τ seconds, where τ is a charging time constant equal to the RC value of R19, R20, C13, and C15, i.e.,. 75•444•10^-6. It will be understood that by charging the capacitors for this length of time (when the capacitors start in a completely discharged state), C15 achieves approximately 95% of the potential of battery 26.

0081The AC mode is activated when switch 17 couples the positive terminal of battery 26 to R21, while R19 and R20 remain coupled as for the DC mode. MC 22 activates the AC mode by enabling control signals STIM_EN1 and STIM_EN2. In the AC mode switch 12 is rapidly switched closed and open by a rectangular signal STIM_SW, generated by the micro-controller, alternating between on and off states. Most preferably, STIM_SW is on for approximately 4 µs, and off for approximately the same time interval. An alternative timing for STIM_SW is described with reference to <figref idref="f0009">Figs 8A</figref> and <figref idref="f0010">8B</figref> below. When switch 12 is closed, inductor L1, preferably having an approximate value of 68µH, is energized by current through the inductor flowing to ground. When switch 12 is open, current from inductor L1 is diverted via a diode D4 to charge capacitor C 15. Assuming that a combined resistance of an internal resistance of inductor L1 and switch 12 is approximately 600 mΩ, approximately 99.7% of the current flowing in the inductor charges capacitor C15. Preferably, a switch 19, most preferably a Reed switch, is positioned before capacitor C15 for use as a safety cut-out.

0082It will be appreciated that operating circuit 11 in the AC mode as described above enables capacitor C15 to be charged to a high voltage, most preferably of the order of 9 V, which is substantially independent of a voltage supplied from battery 26 and which is only limited by the time during which the AC mode is operative. It will also be appreciated that from an energy efficiency point of view, it is preferable to use the AC mode rather than the DC mode for charging capacitor C15. The charging rates for both modes may be calculated from values of elements of circuit 11, including a potential delivered by battery 26, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The rates are preferably stored in memory 23. In some preferred embodiments of the present invention, which mode is used, and for how long the mode is implemented, is a function of a voltage differential to which capacitor C15 is to be charged, respective rates of charging for the DC and AC modes, and a time during which the capacitor is available for charging. A more detailed description of capacitor C15 charging by utilizing stored charging rates is given below.

0083During operation of circuit 11, micro-controller 22 monitors the voltage across capacitor C15 using resistors R22 and R24 coupled in series across C15, the resistors acting as a voltage divider. The monitored voltage is converted to digital values using ADC 25. Preferably, memory 23 also comprises an ADC look-up table 29, the function and composition of which is described with reference to <figref idref="f0008">Fig. 7</figref> below.

0084In section 15 (<figref idref="f0003">Fig. 2B</figref>), capacitor C15 is used to generate pulses at a first electrode 28 and a second electrode 30 implanted in tissue 20, via operation of switches 14, 16, and 18. Capacitor C15 thus acts as a stimulation source for the implanted electrodes, and is herein also referred to as a stimulation capacitor. Switches 14 and 18 are implemented as single pole single throw (SPST) switches, preferably integrated load switches FDC6324L produced by Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation, although any other suitable switches may be used. Switch 16 comprises two separate SPST switches 34 and 36, preferably implemented from an integrated load switch FDC6324L, produced by Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation.

0085Table I below shows states of switches 14, 18, 34, and 36, and respective control signals, as used to generate a positive-going pulse, where electrode 28 is positive with respect to electrode 30, and a negative-going pulse, where electrode 28 is negative with respect to electrode 30. <tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="all"><title>Table I</title><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="19mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="27mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="34mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="35mm" /><thead><row><entry valign="top">Switch</entry><entry valign="top">Switch Control</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col4" align="center" valign="top">Switch state</entry></row><row><entry valign="top" /><entry valign="top" /><entry valign="top">Positive-going pulse</entry><entry valign="top">Negative-going pulse</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry>Switch 14</entry><entry>STIM_CTRL1 +</entry><entry>closed</entry><entry>open</entry></row><row><entry>Switch 18</entry><entry>STIM_CTRL2 -</entry><entry>open</entry><entry>closed</entry></row><row><entry>Switch 36</entry><entry>STIM_GND1 +</entry><entry>closed</entry><entry>open</entry></row><row><entry>Switch 34</entry><entry>STIM_GND2 -</entry><entry>open</entry><entry>closed</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0086Resistors R29 and R33, each approximately equal to 15Ω, respectively act as current limiting resistors for positive-going and negative-going pulses. Current limitation may typically be required in the event of an inadvertent short between electrode 28 and electrode 30.

0087MC 22 sets switches 14, 18, 36, and 34 according to Table I, in order to produce pulses as required. MC 22 is also able to monitor an impedance of tissue 20, by measuring the discharge of stimulation capacitor C15 as pulses are generated in tissue 20, as described in more detail below.

0088<figref idref="f0004">Fig. 3</figref> shows graphs of voltage versus time for different types of pulses generated in circuit 11, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. A graph 50 illustrates biphasic pulses 55 generated at electrodes 28 and 30, the biphasic pulses having a period of τ₁. Each biphasic pulse 55 is formed from a uni-directional pulse 54 and a uni-directional pulse 56 which are substantially mirror images of each other, having substantially equal pulse width times τ₂. Pulse 54 is a positive-going pulse having an initial potential V_stim, pulse 56 is a negative-going pulse having an initial potential -V_stim. A time τ₃ between pulses 54 and 56 is very much less than the period τ₁ of the pulses.

0089A graph 60 illustrates alternating pulses 64 and 66 generated at electrodes 28 and 30, having a period of τ₄. Pulses 64 and 66 are substantially mirror images of each other, having substantially equal pulse width times τ₅. Pulse 64 is a uni-directional positive-going pulse having an initial potential V_stim, pulse 66 is a uni-directional negative-going pulse having an initial potential -V_stim. However, unlike pulses 54 and 56, a time τ₆ between alternating pulses 64 and 66 is approximately equal to half the period τ₄ of the pulses.

0090Most preferably, initial values for V_stim and times τ₁, τ₂, τ₃, τ₄, τ₅, and τ₆ are implemented by an operator of device 10, in conjunction with feedback from subject 24, in order to correctly stimulate tissue 20, and the values are stored in memory 23. It will be appreciated that more than one set of initial values of V_stim and times τ₁, τ₂, τ₃, τ₄, τ₅, and τ₆ may be stored, and each particular set of values may be implemented by subject 24 or by the operator. For example, if tissue 20 comprises a sphincter muscle of the urinary tract, a first set of values may have V_stim equal to approximately 6V, and times τ₁, τ₂, τ₃, τ₄, τ₅, and τ₆ equal to approximately 25 ms, 1µs, 500µs, 50 ms, 1µs, and 25 ms respectively. A second set of values may have V_stim equal to approximately 2V, and times τ₁, τ₂, τ₃, τ₄, τ₅, and τ₆ equal to approximately 100 ms, 1µs, 500µs, 200 ms, 1µs, and 100 ms respectively. Micro-controller 22 may use either or both sets, and/or other similar sets of parameters, in order to stimulate tissue 20.

0091Micro-controller 22 implements both alternating and biphasic pulses by operating switches 17 and/or 12 to charge stimulation capacitor C15 to a voltage V_stim. Once the capacitor has been charged, switches 14, 16, and 18 are operated, as described with reference to Table I above, to generate the pulses.

0092<figref idref="f0005">Fig. 4</figref> shows graphs of voltage versus time for elements of circuit 11 when the biphasic pulses illustrated in <figref idref="f0004">Fig. 3</figref> are generated, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Generally similar graphs of voltage versus time for the elements apply for generation of alternating pulses. Typically, circuit 11 generates a sequence of pulses (biphasic or alternating) on receipt of the control signal (<figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2A</figref>) at MC 22. Preferably, if tissue 20 comprises a sphincter muscle, the control signal is derived from a pressure sensor activated by subject 24. Most preferably, a level of the control signal is used to determine which type of pulses (biphasic and/or alternating) are produced by circuit 11.

0093The graphs of <figref idref="f0005">Fig. 4</figref> illustrate voltages versus time for capacitor C15 in a period 80 before the capacitor reaches a quasi-steady state, and in a period 82 when the capacitor is in the quasi-steady state. By way of example, τ₁, τ₂, and τ₃ for the biphasic pulses of graph 50 are assumed to be approximately 20ms, 1µs, and 500µs respectively, battery 26 is assumed to supply 3V, and the biphasic pulses have a quasi-steady state amplitude of 3.5V, although it will be appreciated that circuit 11 may implement other values for these parameters.

0094A graph 70 represents the voltage on capacitor C15. At the beginning of a period 84, at which time circuit 11 is required to generate a biphasic pulse, capacitor C15 has been charged to 3V. The biphasic pulse generated in period 84 causes capacitor C 15 to discharge at the end of period 84 to 2V.

0095At the end of period 84, MC 22 preferably evaluates periods during which the DC mode and the AC mode are to be implemented. Preferably, the period for the AC mode is made as large as possible, since charging using the AC mode is more efficient than using the DC mode. The evaluation is based on the charging rates for the DC mode the AC mode (stored in memory 23), a desired voltage differential to be achieved, and an available time for charging. Thus, for a time period 86 following period 84, the desired voltage differential is 1.5V and the available time is approximately 20 ms. By way of example, MC 22 is assumed to set a DC mode period 88 of approximately 8 ms, and an AC mode period 90 of approximately 12 ms.

0096An alternative method by which MC 22 is able to charge stimulation capacitor C 15 is described with reference to <figref idref="f0006">Fig. 5</figref> below.

0097Voltage waveforms for STIM_EN1, STIM_EN2, and STIM_SW are shown in graphs 92, 94, and 96 respectively. Time period 88 is implemented by enabling STIM_EN1. Time period 90 is implemented by enabling STIM_EN1 and STIM_EN2. During period 90, STIM_SW pulses activate switch 12, as described above, and at the end of period 90 capacitor C15 has charged to 3.5V, so that quasi-steady state period 82 begins.

0098During periods 98, circuit 11 generates biphasic pulses of amplitude 3.5V, and capacitor C15 discharges from 3.5V to 2.5V. At the end of each period 98, MC 22 preferably makes an evaluation, substantially similar to that described above for the end of period 84, for charging periods 100. Herein MC 22 is assumed to set an AC mode period of approximately 20 ms, so that the DC mode is not implemented for periods 100, as is illustrated by graphs 92, 94, and 96. If capacitor C15 charges to the required voltage, STIM_EN1 and STIM_EN2 are disabled, and STIM_SW terminates, as shown in periods 101. Alternatively, MC 22 implements the method of <figref idref="f0006">Fig. 5</figref> for charging capacitor C15.

0099It will be appreciated that by being able to use either or both AC and DC charging modes, circuit 11 is able to reach a quasi-steady state quickly and efficiently, and is also able to maintain the quasi-steady state with a minimal waste of energy. Both factors are important for optimal implementation of battery powered implanted devices delivering sequences of pulses.

0100<figref idref="f0006">Fig. 5</figref> is a flowchart showing an alternative process 101 for charging capacitor C15, before generating pulses 55, 64, and 66 (<figref idref="f0004">Fig. 3</figref>), according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Process 101 does not rely on knowledge of charging rates of the DC and AC mode of circuit 11.

0101In an initial step 102 of the process, the voltage V_out across C15 is measured by MC 22 sampling the potential at the junction of R22 and R24.

0102In a first decision step 103, MC 22 compares the value of V_out with a required voltage stimulation value V_stim stored as described above in memory 23. If V_out is greater than or equal to V_stim, process 101 ends. If V_out is less than V_stim, process 101 continues to a second decision step 104.

0103In decision step 104, MC 22 compares the value of V_out determined in step 102 with a limit value which is set to be a function of a voltage delivered by battery 26. Most preferably, the limit value is implemented to be approximately 90% of the battery voltage, although another value, less than the battery voltage, may be used. If V_out is greater than or equal to the limit value, process 101 continues to a third decision step 108. If V_out is less than the limit value, in a DC charging step 106 the DC charging phase of section 13 is implemented, by setting STIM_EN_1, and ensuring that STIM_EN_2 is not set. DC charging step 106 is preferably activated for a period of approximately 1 ms, after which step 102 is implemented. The process of cycling through steps 102, 103, 104, and 106 continues for up to five times, or until step 104 is not satisfied.

0104In third decision step 108, MC 22 compares the value of V_out with V_stim. If V_out &lt; V_stim, then MC 22 initiates an AC charging step 110, during which the AC charging phase of section 13 is implemented, by setting STIM_EN_1 and STIM_EN_2.

0105During step 110, switch Q8 is toggled between on and off states, as described above. When Q8 is in its off state, MC 22 measures V_out, as described for step 102. The process of AC charging continues until step 108 is no longer valid, i.e., V_out = V_stim. Alternatively, the AC charging continues until the time at which a pulse is to be generated, corresponding to the end of periods τ₁ or τ₆ (<figref idref="f0004">Fig. 3</figref>), at which point process 101 terminates.

0106It will be appreciated that, depending on the differential potential to which capacitor C15 is to be charged, and on the time period available for charging, process 101 may invoke operation of the AC or the DC circuits of section 13, or both circuits.

0107Returning to <figref idref="f0002">Figs. 2A</figref>, <figref idref="f0003">2B</figref>, and <figref idref="f0004">3</figref>, MC 22 measures a potential on stimulation capacitor C15 at the end of each pulse. MC 22 uses this value, the initial value V_stim of the pulse, and the period τ₂ for biphasic pulses (or τ₅ for alternating pulses), to evaluate an impedance of tissue 20, most preferably from an impedance look-up table 27 stored in memory 23. (MC 22 may obtain values of V_stim, τ₂ and τ₅ from memory 23.) During periods when MC 22 determines that the impedance of tissue 20 is substantially constant, values of V_stim, τ₂ and τ₅ are not altered In the event that the impedance does alter, MC 22 most preferably alters the value of V_stim so that an average current generated by the pulses is substantially constant. Alternatively or additionally, MC 22 alters the width of the pulses so that the average current is substantially constant. Any altered values are stored in memory 23, and are used by MC 22 in subsequent pulse generation. Measurements of the impedance, as described above, enable MC 22 to detect open or short circuits, such as may occur by misplacement of one of electrodes 28, 30.

0108It will be appreciated that both biphasic and alternating pulses generated by preferred embodiments of the present invention comprise sequential pulses which are substantially equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to each other. Thus, charge transfer when the pulses are applied to tissue 20 is substantially equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. Thus, substantially no electrolysis occurs during stimulation to the tissue, because interface capacitance C1(f) is discharged by the opposite sign pulses comprised in the biphasic or alternating pulses. This is in contrast to prior art systems applying mono-phase pulses to tissue 20, in which cases capacitance C1(f) slowly discharges through resistors R1 and R2, effectively causing electrolysis of tissue 20.

0109It will also be appreciated that by measuring the impedance of tissue 20 as described above, and by adjusting stimulation parameters responsive to the impedance, there is no need for measuring or estimating current in tissue 20 by a separate current-sensing circuit, as is implemented in systems known in the art for stimulating tissue.

0110The biphasic pulses described hereinabove, and illustrated in graph 50 (<figref idref="f0004">Fig. 3</figref> and <figref idref="f0005">Fig. 4</figref>), each comprise a positive-going pulse followed by a negative-going pulse. Such a non-alternating sequence of biphasic pulses may be represented as (+-),(+-),(+-),(+-),.... It will be appreciated that the biphasic pulses may each comprise a negative-going pulse followed by a positive-going pulse, which non-alternating sequence may be represented as (-+),(-+),(-+),(-+),.... It will be further appreciated that the biphasic pulses may be alternated in a regular or an irregular sequence, so that alternating sequences of biphasic pulses of the form (+-), (-+), (+-), (-+),(+-),..., or (+-), (+-), (-+), (+-),(+-),..., or of any other regular or irregular sequence may be generated. The application of alternating sequences of biphasic pulses may reduce electrolysis effects at electrodes 28 and 30 (<figref idref="f0003">Fig. 2B</figref>). All forms and combinations of non-alternating and alternating sequences of biphasic pulses are assumed to be comprised within the scope of the present invention.

0111<figref idref="f0007">Fig. 6</figref> is a schematic diagram illustrating an alternate stimulation device 150, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Apart from the differences described below, the operation of device 150 is generally similar to that of device 10 (<figref idref="f0001">Figs. 1</figref>, <figref idref="f0002">2A</figref>, <figref idref="f0003">2B</figref>, and <figref idref="f0004">3</figref>), so that elements indicated by the same reference numerals in both devices 150 and 10 are generally identical in construction and in operation. Device 150 comprises a controllable element 152 which is connected between electrodes 28 and 30, and which is able to act as an effective short-circuit therebetween, responsive to a control signal from MC 22. Element 152 preferably comprises a resistor in series with an FET such as an IRLML2402, or alternatively any other set of electronic components, such as will be apparent to those skilled in the art, which are able to act as a controllable short-circuit. The resistance of element 152, when it is operating as a short-circuit, is preferably significantly less than R1, typically having a value of the order of hundreds of ohms. Most preferably, the resistance of element 152 is set by MC 22 so that no anodal break excitation occurs in tissue 20.

0112The control signal for element 152 is input to a control electrode 154 of the element, the control electrode comprising a gate of an FET if element 152 is implemented therefrom. Most preferably, MC 22 activates the control signal directly after a biphasic pulse or an alternating pulse has been impressed on electrodes 28 and 30. By activating the control signal directly after the pulses, and thus short-circuiting the electrodes, the level of stimulation to tissue 20 is more effectively controlled. Furthermore, any residual charge on the electrodes from the pulses charging interface capacitance C1(f) is substantially neutralized, so reducing electrolysis caused by discharge of the capacitance.

0113<figref idref="f0008">Fig. 7</figref> is a schematic electronic diagram of a calibration circuit 160, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Circuit 160 is most preferably included in device 10 and device 150, and is used as a reference for correcting inaccuracies in the operation of ADC 25. Apart from the differences described below when circuit 160 is implemented, operations of devices 10 and 150 are generally as described above with reference to <figref idref="f0001">Figs. 1</figref>, <figref idref="f0002">2A</figref>, <figref idref="f0003">2B</figref>, <figref idref="f0004">3</figref> and <figref idref="f0007">6</figref>.

0114Implanted devices such as device 10 and device 150 are expected to operate for a number of years before battery recharging, or before device or battery replacement. The device thus needs to operate over relatively large variations of battery voltage. However, the output of analog-to-digital converters such as ADC 25 is not invariant with battery voltage (applied to MC 22 wherein ADC 25 is located) and so a method of correction of any such variation is highly desirable.

0115Circuit 160 comprises a resistor 164, a zener diode 162, and an FET 170 acting as a switch. The resistor, zener diode, and switch are connected as a series circuit between V+ and V- (<figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref>). A gate electrode 172 is coupled to a control port of MC 22. Thus, MC 22 may effectively toggle the series circuit on or off, by application of a control voltage to electrode 172. When the series circuit is on, the circuit acts as a voltage regulator supplying a substantially invariant voltage, even with variation of voltage from battery 26, at a junction 169 between the zener diode and resistor 164. Other circuits or electronic devices driven by battery 26, for producing a substantially invariant voltage, will be apparent to those skilled in the art. All such circuits and electronic devices are assumed to be comprised within the scope of the present invention.

0116A pair of resistors 166 and 168 are connected in series and shunt zener diode 162, the resistor pair acting as a voltage divider having an output at a junction 167 of the resistor pair. Preferable values for resistors 164, 166, and 168 are approximately 1.5 kΩ, and zener diode 162 preferably has an operating voltage of approximately 1.2 V and a "striking" current of approximately 1 mA. Thus, battery voltages greater than about 2.2 V cause zener diode 162 to strike, and generate a substantially invariant voltage of 0.6 V at junction 167. Typically, battery 26 is considered depleted if the battery voltage is lower than about 2.2 V.

0117The output from junction 167 is fed by an SPDT switch 176 to ADC 25. Switch 176 is controlled by MC 22, and in a first position the switch couples junction 167 to ADC 25. In a second position the switch couples the junction of R22 and R24 to the ADC, as described above with reference to <figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2A</figref>.

0118Before operation of device 10 or device 150, ADC look-up table 29 is stored in memory 23. The table comprises outputs of ADC 25 when input with the voltage from junction 167, respective voltages of battery 26, and respective multiplicative correction factors to be applied to the outputs of the ADC. (It will be understood that when battery 26 is operating at its nominal voltage, the output of ADC 25 will be substantially correct, and the correction factor in this case is 1.) Most preferably, the table allows for changes in actual value of voltage input to the ADC due to an internal resistance 174 of the ADC, the internal resistance typically being a value of approximately 150 kΩ.

0119To calibrate ADC 25 during operation of device 10 or 150, the micro-controller sets switch 176 to be in its first position, and sets FET 170 to conduct so that the voltage of junction 167 is input to the ADC. An output from ADC 25 is recorded by MC 22, and the micro-controller uses table 29 to determine the battery voltage, and to determine the correction factor to be applied to readings derived from ADC 25 due to a change of battery voltage from its nominal value. Most preferably, the battery voltage and the correction factor are determined using linear interpolation of values present in table 29, or by any other method known in the art. As changes in battery voltage occur, MC 22 uses the new values of battery voltage and the correction factor for ADC 25 to ensure that the average current generated by the pulses, described above with reference to <figref idref="f0005">Figs. 4</figref> and <figref idref="f0006">5</figref>, is substantially constant.

0120The calibration described hereinabove may be implemented at any convenient time, as determined by MC 22, most preferably when there is no requirement for device 10 or device 150 to generate stimulation pulses. Because of the generally slow rate of change of battery voltage with time, such calibrations will normally only need to be implemented relatively infrequently, such as at 24 hourly intervals. Such a regular calibration time is preferably programmed into MC 22 at installation of device 10 or 150. Most preferably, MC 22 monitors changes in battery voltage as determined by the calibration, and is adapted to change the times of calibration in the event of any relatively sudden change in battery voltage, such as a relatively sharp voltage decrease. It will be appreciated that the calibration system described hereinabove allows for measuring the voltage output from battery 26, as well as correcting for inaccuracies in ADC 25 output due to changes in the battery output voltage from a nominal output value. Measurements of the voltage output of battery 26 enable determinations of the remaining lifetime of the battery, as well as providing an indication of when the battery is near the end of its life.

0121<figref idref="f0009">Figs. 8A</figref> and <figref idref="f0010">8B</figref> are electronic diagrams of an alternative circuit 200 comprised in device 10 (<figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref>), according to preferred embodiments of the present invention. Circuit 200 comprises a charging circuitry section 202, (<figref idref="f0009">Fig. 8A</figref>) and a current controlled stimulation section 204 (<figref idref="f0010">Fig. 8B</figref>). Apart from the differences described below, charging circuitry section 202 is generally similar to that of the AC elements of charging circuitry section 13 (<figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2A</figref>), such that elements indicated by the same reference numerals in both sections 13 and 202 are generally identical in construction and in operation. Elements R21, C13, C14, L1, C16, R22, and R24 in section 13 correspond respectively to R42, C19, C20, L2, R43, and R45 in section 202. A pair of capacitors C21 and C22 act as stimulation capacitors, corresponding to stimulation capacitor C15 (<figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2A</figref>). In contrast to capacitor C15 which is connected to ground, a first side of stimulation capacitors C21 and C22 is connected to the positive supply of battery 26, so that components in section 204 have sufficient operating voltage.

0122Section 202 charges stimulation capacitors C21 and C22 generally as described for the AC mode operation of section 13. However, rather than pulses STIM_SW having approximately equal on and off times, MC 22 is configured to vary the off time according to a look-up table 206 in memory 23. Table 206 comprises values of VCAP_DIV, i.e., the voltage measured by the resistance divider formed by R43 and R45, and corresponding to the charged voltage VCAP of capacitors C21 and C22. Table 206 gives "off" times for STIM_SW for different values of VCAP_DIV. MC 22 receives VCAP_DIV as an input, and uses the table to find the off time for STIM_SW.

0123Values for table 206 are most preferably determined experimentally, or alternatively by simulation of circuit 200, prior to installation of device 10 in subject 24. Typical off times are in a range from approximately 20 µs to approximately 50 µs to generate voltages up to approximately 25 V. By implementing variable off times for STIM_SW, the inventors have found that charge times for stimulation capacitors C21 and C22 are substantially reduced compared to having the off time fixed. It will be appreciated that reduced charge times for the stimulation capacitors means that operations of MC 22 may be substantially reduced during times when the capacitors are not being charged, leading to further overall improvements in efficiency of device 10.

0124In section 204 (<figref idref="f0010">Fig. 8B</figref>) complementary npn transistors Q6A, Q6B, and pnp transistors Q3A, Q3B, typically BC847 and BC857 transistors produced by Philips Semiconductors of Eindhoven, The Netherlands, are used to develop stimulation levels for electrodes 28 and 30. Section 204 receives VCAP at the emitter of Q3A. MC 22 generates pulse width modulated pulses CURRENT_PWM, having a variable duty cycle. The CURRENT_PWM pulses are filtered in a low pass filter comprised of R32 and C18, generating a substantially constant voltage which is input to the base of Q6A. The higher the duty cycle of CURRENT_PWM, the higher the voltage input to Q6A, and thus the higher the current through Q6A, providing a level PULSE is set to ground. If PULSE is set high, current through Q6A effectively reduces to zero. Thus, PULSE acts as a switching level for section 204, and CURRENT_PWM acts to set the current level of the section when the section is supplying current.

0125The current from Q6A is input to the base of Q3A, which multiplies the base current, so that Q6A and Q3A together act as a current source. The current source is activated by setting PULSE to ground, whereupon stimulation current is injected into tissue 20 via J11 through electrode 28. The stimulation current returns through electrode 30 via J9.

0126When Q3A is active, i. e., is conveying stimulation current through J11, V_CE, the potential between the emitter and collector of Q3A, has a pre-determined value. A transistor Q4B, preferably a field effect transistor (FET) Si1539 produced by Vishay Siliconix, acts as a detector to monitor V_CE. Q4B preferably has its source coupled to the emitter of Q3A, and its gate to the collector of Q3A. The drain of Q4B is coupled, via a voltage divider formed by R33 and R36, to ground. If V_CE is higher than a threshold voltage of Q4B, then Q4B conducts and a signal DC_SUFFICIENT, from the voltage divider formed by R33 and R36, is generated. MC 22 uses DC_SUFFICIENT to monitor and set the voltage VCAP developed by section 202, as described in more detail below with respect to <figref idref="f0012">Fig. 11</figref>.

0127A discharge phase of section 204 is activated when PULSE is set high. During this phase discharge is implemented by setting VREG, into the base of transistor Q6B, high. Typically, VREG is connected to V+. Alternatively, VREG may be connected to the filtered value of CURRENT_PWM. Q6B then passes a current having a value dependent on R41, and on the potential developed by the filtered value of CURRENT_PWM if VREG is connected thereto. The current passed by Q6B is injected to the base of Q3B where it is multiplied to form a discharge current between electrodes 28 and 30. The discharge current, opposite in direction to the stimulation current, effectively discharges interface capacitance C1(f) of tissue 20. The value of R41 is most preferably set so that the discharge current is significantly less than the charge current, typically by a factor approximately equal to ten or twenty. R41 in section 204 is, by way of example, 390 kΩ. However, R41 may be set to any other suitable fixed value, or may be implemented as an adjustable resistor, or as a resistor having a value that may be programmed by MC 22. The discharge provided by section 204 is an "active" discharge mechanism which is substantially independent of any charge on C1(f), or of the voltage between electrodes 28 and 30. Advantages of this active discharge are described in more detail below.

0128Discharge continues until the output of a comparator U5, preferably a MAX920 produced by Maxim Integrated Products, Inc., of Sunnyvale, CA, goes high. U5 is configured so that its output remains low while there is a substantially non-zero potential at its input, i.e., while there is a substantially non-zero potential across capacitance C1(f), and so that its output goes high when the potential across the capacitor is substantially equal to zero. It will be appreciated that U5 comprises a feedback loop that governs the discharge of capacitance C1(f).

0129<figref idref="f0011">Figs. 9 and 10</figref> are voltage vs. time graphs illustrating operation of circuit 200. A graph 250 shows the voltage between electrodes 28 and 30, and graphs 252 and 254 respectively show voltages of PULSE and the output of U5. In a period 256, PULSE is set high, so that there is no charge current to electrodes 28 and 30, and thus the potential between the electrodes is zero. At a time T1, MC 22 sets PULSE to be low and initiates pulses CURRENT_PWM, causing charge to flow between the electrodes at a rate set by the duty cycle of CURRENT_PWM. The voltage between the electrodes thus rises to an initial value VA, typically approximately 4 V, and the output of U5 consequently goes low. During a period 258, also herein termed Δt₁ and typically having a value of approximately 1 ms, PULSE remains low, so that charge continues to flow between electrodes 28 and 30 and the voltage between the electrodes rises further, in a substantially linear manner, to a value VB, typically approximately 4.2 V. It will be appreciated that the slope of the graph in period 258 is directly proportional to the stimulation capacitance formed by C21 and C22, and to the stimulation current generated by Q3A.

0130At a time T2 MC 22 sets PULSE high, so that charge no longer flows to the electrodes, and so that the voltage across the electrodes falls to a value VC, typically approximately 0.2 V. This non-zero voltage maintains the output of U5 low, so that discharge of C1(f) occurs via Q3B. The discharge lowers the voltage across the electrodes during a period 260, also herein termed Δt₂ and typically having a value of approximately 10 ms, in a substantially linear manner. The discharge continues until the voltage across the electrodes, detected by U5, is zero, at a time T3. At time T3 the output of U5 thus goes high, cutting off further discharge of C1 (f).

0131It will be appreciated that the slope of the graph in period 260, generated by the active discharge mechanism described hereinabove, is directly proportional to the stimulation capacitance and to the discharge current generated by Q3B, so that the discharge current is a substantially fixed fraction of the stimulation current. Also, the active discharge mechanism ensures that C1(f) is substantially completely discharged, regardless of the dependence of R1, R2, and C1(f) on parameters described above with reference to <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref>, by effectively monitoring the charge on the interface capacitance during discharge. The active discharge mechanism provides a substantially linear voltage-time discharge of the interface capacitance, in contrast to "passive" discharge systems which use a resistance, and which exponentially reduce their rate of discharge as the charge on the capacitance reduces.

0132Furthermore, the inventors have found that application of the active discharge mechanism, as exemplified above, to actively limit the discharge current to a maximum value, typically approximately 5% of the stimulation current, substantially eliminates anodal break excitation.

0133C1(f) may be calculated from the measured value of Δt₂. During discharge of C1(f), i.e., in period 260, the total charge Q delivered to the interface capacitor is given by: <maths id="math0001" num="(1)"><math display="block"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Q</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mfenced><mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi></mfenced><mo>⋅</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi></msub></mrow></math><img file="EP1578266B1_D0001.tif" /></maths> where V_S is the voltage on the interface capacitor during discharge.

0134Also, <maths id="math0002" num="(2)"><math display="block"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Q</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi><mo>⋅</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math><img file="EP1578266B1_D0002.tif" /></maths> where I is the discharge current to the interface capacitor from Q3B.

0135Combining equations (1) and (2) gives: <maths id="math0003" num="(3)"><math display="block"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mfenced><mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi></msub></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi><mo>⋅</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow></math><img file="EP1578266B1_D0003.tif" /></maths>

0136Inspection of equation (3) shows that the interface capacitance C1(f) is inversely proportional to Δt₂, i.e., the time of discharge, and that C1(f) may be calculated from the values of Δt₂, I, and V_S. A method for determining V_S is described with reference to equation (4) below.

0137As stated above, the value of interface capacitance C1(f) is a function of frequency f applied to tissue 20. Since f is inversely proportional to pulse width Δt₁, the value of C1(f) varies as Δt₁ varies. Thus, by charging the interface capacitor for different times Δt₁, and measuring the discharge time of Δt₂ in each case, the value of C1(f) for different frequencies f may be determined.

0138Use of equation (3), and the measurement of the variation of the interface capacitance as described above, allow for measurement of the impedance of the interface formed by electrodes 28 and 30 with tissue 20 by methods which will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Measurement of the impedance enables detection of electrode open and short circuits, for example, in cases where the electrode ruptures or moves to a new location. Such open and short circuits typically cause relatively rapid changes of impedance with time, and MC 22 may be implemented to detect the changes and alter or halt the stimulation applied by the electrodes in response to the detected changes.

0139Knowledge of the values of C1(f) also allows settings to be made for the charge and discharge currents that improve the overall efficiency of operation of circuit 200.

0140A graph 280 (<figref idref="f0011">Fig. 10</figref>) shows the voltage between electrodes 28 and 30, and graphs 282 and 284 respectively show voltages of PULSE and the output of U5 for an alternative type of stimulation that may be provided by circuit 200. A time period 286 corresponds to periods 256, 258 and the first part of 260 (<figref idref="f0011">Fig. 9</figref>). In periods 288 and 290, however, MC 22 sets PULSE to be low and operates pulses CURRENT_PWM, implementing the charging cycle before the voltage across electrodes 28 and 30 has reduced to zero. In a period 292, discharge is allowed between the electrodes, substantially as described above for period 260, until at a time T4 the voltage across the electrodes becomes zero, whereupon the output of U5 goes high. Typically a time between periods 288 and 290 is approximately 5 ms, and period 292 is approximately 20 ms.

0141It will be appreciated that stimulation pulses other than those exemplified by <figref idref="f0011">Fig. 9 and Fig. 10</figref> may be generated by circuit 200, using alternative times for PULSE to be high and low. All such stimulation pulses are assumed to be comprised within the scope of the present invention.

0142In operating circuit 200, high efficiency is achieved by maintaining stimulation capacitors C21 and C22 at a minimum potential sufficient to drive section 204. Preferred embodiments of the present invention use DC_SUFFICIENT to regulate the potential of the stimulation capacitors so as to achieve such high efficiency, as is described with reference to <figref idref="f0012">Fig. 11</figref> below.

0143<figref idref="f0012">Fig. 11</figref> is a flowchart 300 showing steps involved in setting the voltage on stimulation capacitors C21 and C22, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Implementing the steps of the flowchart allows circuit 200 to attempt to minimize an absolute difference between the actual voltage VCAP on the stimulation capacitor and a targeted voltage V_REQ for the capacitor, set by MC 22. In following the flowchart, both V_REQ and VCAP may vary so as to attempt to minimize the difference.

0144Referring back to circuit 200, the following condition holds: <maths id="math0004" num="(4)"><math display="block"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">VCAP</mi><mo>=</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">CE</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi></msub></mrow></math><img file="EP1578266B1_D0004.tif" /></maths> where V_S is the stimulation potential applied between electrodes 28 and 30, and V_CE is the potential between the emitter and collector of transistor Q3A.

0145It will be appreciated that V_S may be determined from values of VCAP and V_CE.

0146During operation of circuit 200, V_S must be sufficient to provide current through tissue 20, and the current is controlled by transistor Q3A. In order to act as a controller, Q3A must be in a conducting state, so that MC 22 must ensure that V_CE must be greater than a minimum transistor operating voltage, typically approximately 0.2 V. In addition, MC 22 adjusts V_CE to accommodate changes in VCAP, so as to maintain V_STIM at the required potential. The state of Q3A is monitored by transistor Q4B, which generates DC_SUFFICIENT. DC_SUFFICIENT acts as a Boolean signal indicating whether Q3A is conducting or not. Preferably, DC_SUFFICIENT is set to be TRUE or FALSE according to the following condition: <maths id="math0005" num="(5)"><math display="block"><mrow><mtable columnalign="left"><mtr><mtd><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">CE</mi></msub><mo>≥</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">OP</mi></msub><mo>,</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">DC_SUFFICIENT is TRUE</mi><mo>,</mo></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">CE</mi></msub><mo>&lt;</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">OP</mi></msub><mo>,</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">DC_SUFFICIENT is FALSE</mi></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow></math><img file="EP1578266B1_D0005.tif" /></maths> where V_OP is an operating potential at which Q3A is maintained.

0147Typically, MC 22 sets V_OP to be approximately 1.5 V. In the description below, V_OP is assumed to be 1.5 V.

0148MC 22 preferably implements the steps of flowchart 300 at the end of each charging period when PULSE goes high, e.g., at T2 (<figref idref="f0011">Fig. 9</figref>) and at the end of periods 288 and 290 (<figref idref="f0011">Fig. 10</figref>).

0149In a first comparison 306, MC 22 checks the value of DC_SUFFICIENT. If DC_SUFFICIENT is FALSE, then in a second comparison 304 MC 22 checks that V_REQ was reached during the charging period. If V_REQ was not reached during the charging period the flowchart ends. If V_REQ was reached, then in a step 308 V_REQ is incremented, typically by a value approximately equal to 0.5V. In a step 316 the value of V_REQ is checked to ensure it is less than a limiting operational maximum voltage V_max. The process of incrementing V_REQ thus applies when VCAP &lt; V_S + 1.5 V.

0150If comparison 306 returns DC_SUFFICIENT as TRUE, then VCAP > V_S + 1.5 V. When DC_SUFFICIENT is TRUE, in a third comparison 310 MC 22 compares the value of VCAP with V_REQ, using the output VCAP_DIV. If VCAP > V_REQ, then the flowchart ends. If VCAP ≤ V_REQ, then in a step 312 MC 22 decreases V_REQ, typically by approximately 0.25V. In a step 314 the value of V_REQ, is checked to ensure it is greater then a limiting operationla minimum voltage V_min.

0151It will be appreciated that implementation of flowchart 300 leads to a system wherein MC 22 varies VCAP by varying V_CE about V_OP. By implementing flowchart 300, MC 22 maintains the stimulation capacitors at a potential that is only slightly greater than the minimum voltage necessary for circuit 200 to operate, leading to very efficient operation of the circuit.

0152<figref idref="f0013">Fig. 12</figref> shows graphs illustrating the operation of flowchart 300, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The graphs are simulations of voltages vs. time when circuit 200 has reached a steady state, assuming a value of V_OP = 1.5 V and a value of V_S = 4 V. A graph 354 shows values of V_REQ set by MC 22; a graph 356 shows values of VCAP on the stimulation capacitor; and a graph 358 shows values of signal DC_SUFFICIENT, a value of 5V corresponding to TRUE, and 4V corresponding to false.

0153MC 22 operates flowchart at times 352 and 360, corresponding to times just after stimulation has been applied, as shown by the sharp drop in values of VCAP. At a first time 352 (150 ms), DC_SUFFICIENT is TRUE and VCAP &lt; V_REQ, so that step 312 of flowchart 300 is reached, and MC 22 decrements V_REQ. The same conditions hold at other times 352, so that in each case V_REQ is decremented.

0154At a first time 360 (550 ms) DC_SUFFICIENT is FALSE and V_REQ was reached during the charging period, as shown by VCAP being greater than VREQ in the immediately preceding pulse. Step 308 of flowchart 300 is thus reached, so that MC 22 increments V_REQ. The same conditions hold at other times 360, in each case V_REQ being incremented.

0155As illustrated by graph 356, operation of flowchart 300 causes VCAP to vary about a value approximately equal to 5.5 V (V_OP + V_S), by effectively incorporating a feedback effect between VCAP and V_REQ. The feedback effect enables future values of VCAP to correspond with values of V_REQ. As also illustrated by the graphs, operation of flowchart 300 causes VCAP to always be sufficient for MC 22 to generate stimulation, but never to rise above a maximum value, approximately equal to 6.3 V in the simulation shown.