Wiping products having a low coefficient of friction in the wet state and process for producing same

<u>BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION</u>

0001Many textile materials have an increased coefficient of friction on their surfaces when wet. For example, clothing such as shirts and other garments are harder to put on or take off when wet or when going on over wet skin. In a like manner, many wiping products, such as facial tissues, bath tissues, paper towels, and the like, also experience this same phenomenon. For instance, tissue products typically have more drag across the surface when wet than when in the dry state. Increased drag can be noticed even if the tissue product has a smooth surface and/or has been chemically treated so as to have a very low coefficient of friction in the dry state. Thus, a tissue that is used in the wet state may have an actual tactile sensory feel that is quite different than the same tissue used in the dry state. This increased coefficient of friction may not only be less desirable to the user but may also lead to a high level of slough when wet.

0002As such, a need currently exists for a wiping product that has a reduced coefficient of friction in the wet state.

0003<patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="US6172177B"><text>US 6,172,177</text></patcit> discloses modified poly(ethylene oxide) compositions having improved melt processability and films made therefrom.

0004<patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="US3073849A"><text>US 3,073,849</text></patcit> discloses absorbent products having improved liquid flow and liquid absorbing characteristics.

0005<patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="US6342297B"><text>US 6,342,297</text></patcit> discloses an adhesive composition comprising functionalised polymeric polyols.

0006<patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="US5298335A"><text>US 5,298,335</text></patcit> discloses coating compositions containing polyethylene oxides for use on substrates such as paper.

0007<patcit id="pcit0005" dnum="WO02066089A"><text>WO 02/066089</text></patcit> discloses a dispersible absorbent product comprising a mechanically weakened fibrous web.

<u>SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION</u>

0008A treated wiping product is disclosed having an improved feel when wet. The treated wiping product includes a base sheet comprising fibers, the base sheet having a first and a second and opposite side. The base sheet may have a bulk density of at least 2 cc/g. In accordance with the present invention, a wet anti-friction composition is applied to at least one side of the base sheet. The wet anti-friction composition is applied in an amount sufficient for the treated side of the base sheet to have a lower coefficient of friction in the wet state. In other embodiments, for instance, the anti-friction composition is applied in an amount sufficient for the treated side of the base sheet to have a wet coefficient of friction that is no more than 3 percent greater than the dry coefficient of friction. In fact, in one embodiment, the treated side of the base sheet can have a wet coefficient of friction that is actually less than the dry coefficient of friction.

0009The wet anti-friction composition of the present invention comprises a derivatized polyethylene oxide in which the polyethylene oxide has a molecular weight of greater than about 20,000, or an acrylate copolymer containing polyethylene oxide moieties.

0010Particular examples of anti-friction agents useful in the present invention include derivatized polyethylene oxides having silanol functional groups. In other embodiments, the anti-friction composition contains a poly(ethylene glycol) alkyl ether methacrylate or 2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate.

0011The anti-friction composition can be topically applied to the base sheet or can be used to pre-treat fibers that are used to form the base sheet. In general, the wet anti-friction composition is applied to the base sheet in an amount from about 0.03 percent to about 3 percent by weight of fibers contained in the base sheet.

0012The treated wiping product formed in accordance with the present invention can be a facial tissue, a bath tissue, a paper towel, an industrial wiper, and the like. In an alternative embodiment, the present invention is directed to treating pre-moistened wipes, including pre-moistened bath tissue.

0013Other features and aspects of the present invention are discussed in greater detail below.

<u>BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS</u>

0014A full and enabling disclosure of the present invention, including the best mode thereof to one of ordinary skill in the art, is set forth more particularly in the remainder of the specification, including reference to the accompanying figures in which: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a process for forming paper webs that can be used in the present invention; and</li><li>Figure 2 is a perspective view of another alternative embodiment of a process for producing paper webs that may be used in the present invention.</li></ul>

0015Repeat use of reference characters in the present specification and drawings is intended to represent same or analogous features or elements of the present invention.

<u>DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS</u>

0016It is to be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the present discussion is a description of exemplary embodiments only, and is not intended as limiting the broader aspects of the present invention, which broader aspects are embodied in the exemplary construction.

0017In general, the present invention is directed to a treated wiping product with a wet anti-friction composition that reduces the coefficient of friction of a surface of the wiping product when the material is in the wet state. Of particular advantage, the anti-friction composition can also be hydrophilic. Thus, once incorporated into a wiping product, the anti-friction composition does not appreciably alter the absorbency rate or absorbent capacity of the product. By reducing the coefficient of friction in the wet state, wiping products made in accordance with the present invention have a more soothing feel against a person's skin when in use. For example, facial tissues and bath tissues treated in accordance with the present invention will feel softer and smoother to the touch when used in the wet state.

0018In addition to facial tissues and bath tissues, however, various other wiping products can be produced according to the present invention. For example, the present invention is also directed to the construction of paper towels, industrial wipers, and the like. Further, properties of pre-moistened wipes including pre-moistened bath tissue can also be improved when treated in accordance with the present invention.

0019The present inventors have discovered that various different compounds and chemical agents can be used in the composition of the present invention for improving the wet properties of the wiping product. In general, the composition contains derivatized polyethylene oxide in which the polyethylene oxide has a molecular weight of greater than about 20,000, or an acrylate copolymer containing polyethylene oxide moieties. The second class of compounds includes acrylate copolymers containing polyethylene oxide moieties.

0020Once a wiping product is treated in accordance with the present invention, the coefficient of friction of the wiping product in the wet state can be very similar to the coefficient of friction of the wiping product in the dry state. For example, wiping products treated in accordance with the present invention can have a static or dynamic coefficient of friction in the wet state that is no more than about 10 percent greater than the dry static or dynamic coefficient of friction of the treated product. For example, in one embodiment, the wet static or dynamic coefficient of friction of the treated product can be no more than about 3 percent greater than the dry static or dynamic coefficient of friction, and particularly can have a wet static or dynamic coefficient of friction that is no greater than the dry static or dynamic coefficient of friction. In some embodiments, it is even believed that wiping products can be produced having a wet coefficient of friction that is actually less than the dry coefficient of friction of the treated base sheet.

0021As described above, compounds that can be used in the wet anti-friction composition of the present invention include derivatized polyethylene oxides, particularly derivatized high molecular weight polyethylene oxides.

0022Polyethylene oxides to be derivatized according to the present invention can have the following general formula:         R¹O- (CH₂CH₂O)_n R² wherein R¹ and R² are hydrogen or organofunctional groups. R¹ and R² can be the same or different.

0023In general, the high molecular weight polyethylene oxide to be derivatized can have a molecular weight of greater than about 20,000, and particularly greater than about 50,000. As used herein, molecular weight can be determined by rheological measurements. In one embodiment, the high molecular polyethylene oxide can have a molecular weight of from about 400,000 to about 2,000,000.

0024High molecular weight polyethylene oxides are available from various commercial sources. Examples of polyethylene oxide resins that can be used in the present invention are commercially available from the Union Carbide Corporation and are sold under the trade designations POLYOX N-205, POLYOX-N-750, POLYOX WSR N-10 and POLYOX WSR N-80. The above four products are believed to have molecular weights of from about 100,000 to about 600,000 (g-mol). Polyethylene oxide resins may optionally contain various additives such as plasticizers, processing aids, rheology modifiers, antioxidants, UV light stabilizers, pigments, colorants, slip additives, antiblock agents, etc.

0025A derivatized polyethylene oxide may be formed by reacting a polyethylene oxide with one or more monomers to provide a functional group on the polyethylene oxide polymer. The derivative groups can be placed in the backbone of the polyethylene oxide or can be pendent groups. The derivative groups can be present in the polymer in an amount from about 0.5 percent to about 25 percent by weight, such as from about 0.5% to about 10% by weight.

0026In one embodiment, a derivatized polyethylene oxide for use in the present invention can be formed by grafting monomers onto the polyethylene oxide. The grafting is accomplished by mixing polyethylene oxide with one or more monomers and an initiator and applying heat. Such treated polyethylene oxide compositions are disclosed in <patcit id="pcit0006" dnum="US6172177B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 6,172,177 to Wang et al.</text></patcit>

0027In this embodiment, a variety of polar vinyl monomers may be useful in the practice of the present invention. The term "monomer" as used herein includes monomers, oligomers, polymers, mixtures of monomers, oligomers, and/or polymers, and any other reactive chemical species which is capable of covalent bonding with polyethylene oxide. Ethylenically unsaturated polar vinyl monomers that may be used to derivatize a polyethylene oxide can include as a functional group hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, carbonyl, halo, thiol, sulfonic, sulfonate, amine, amide, aldehyde, epoxy, silanol, azetidinium groups and the like.

0028In one embodiment, the unsaturated monomers include acrylates and methacrylates. Such monomers include 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (referred to as HEMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate. For example, a poly(ethylene glycol) alkyl ether methacrylate can be used, such as poly(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether methacrylate or poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate.

0029When forming a derivatized polyethylene oxide in this embodiment, an initiator may be useful in forming the polymer. The initiator can generate free radicals when subjected to energy, such as the application of heat. Compounds containing an O-O, S-S, or N=N bond may be used as thermal initiators. Compounds containing O-O bonds; i.e., peroxides, are commonly used as initiators for graft polymerization. Such commonly used peroxide initiators include: alkyl, dialkyl, diaryl and arylalkyl peroxides such as cumyl peroxide, t-butyl peroxide, di-t-butyl peroxide, dicumyl peroxide, cumyl butyl peroxide, 1,1-di-t-butyl peroxy-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexane, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexane, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis(t-butylperoxy)hexyne-3 and bis(a-t-butyl peroxyisopropylbenzene); acyl peroxides such as acetyl peroxides and benzoyl peroxides; hydroperoxides such as cumyl hydroperoxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, p-methane hydroperoxide, pinane hydroperoxide and cumene hydroperoxide; peresters or peroxyesters such as t-butyl peroxypivalate, t-butyl peroctoate, t-butyl perbenzoate, 2,5-dimethylhexyl-2,5-di(perbenzoate) and t-butyl di(perphthalate); alkylsulfonyl peroxides; dialkyl peroxymonocarbonates; dialkyl peroxydicarbonates; diperoxyketals; ketone peroxides such as cyclohexanone peroxide and methyl ethyl ketone peroxide. Additionally, azo compounds such as 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile abbreviated as AIBN, 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylpentanenitrile) and 1,1'-azobis(cyclohexanecarbonitrile) may be used as the initiator. Graft copolymers that are useful in the subject coatings have been demonstrated in the following Examples by the use of a liquid, organic peroxide initiator available from R.T. Vanderbilt Company, Inc. of Norwalk, CT, sold under the trade designation VAROX DBPH peroxide which is a free radical initiator and comprises 2,5-bis(tert butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethyl hexane along with smaller amounts of di(tert butylperoxide). Other initiators may also be used, such as LUPERSOL^® 101 and LUPERSOL^® 130 available from Elf Atochem North America, Inc. of Philadelphia, PA.

0030In one embodiment, the formation of a derivatized polyethylene oxide for use in the present invention can be illustrated as follows: <chemistry id="chem0001" num="0001"><img file="EP1573128B1_D0001.tif" /></chemistry> where R¹, R^1', R^1" are independently H or a C_1-4 alkyl, Z is any bridging radical whose purpose is to incorporate the R⁰ moiety into the ethylenically unsaturated monomer, and R⁰ is any group capable of forming covalent and / or hydrogen bonds with cellulose or with the polymer itself. Examples of suitable Z groups include but are not limited to -0-, -S-, -OOC-, -COO-, -HNOC-, -CONH. Suitable R⁰ functional groups include amine, amide, carboxyl, hydroxyl, aldehyde, epoxy, silanol, and azetidinium groups. The materials may incorporate a second ethylenically unsaturated monomer whose purpose is to provide a charge or basis for charge development within the polymer. The charge is preferably cationic but may be anionic or amphoteric. Incorporation of such charge now makes the material substantive to cellulose in a wet end application.

0031In one particular embodiment, the polyethylene oxide polymer is grafted with an amount of an organic moiety that includes a group that reacts with water to form a silanol group. For example, one such functional group that can react with water to form a silanol group is a trialkoxy silane functional group. The trialkoxy silane functional group can have the following structure: <chemistry id="chem0002" num="0002"><img file="EP1573128B1_D0002.tif" /></chemistry> wherein R₁, R₂ and R₃ are the same or different alkyl groups, each independently having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

0032In forming derivatized polyethylene oxides that form a silanol group, the polyethylene oxide can be reacted with a monomer containing, for instance, a trialkoxy silane functional group as illustrated above. For example, in one embodiment, the monomer is an acrylate or methacrylate, such as methacryloxypropyl trimethoxy silane. Methacryloxypropyl propyl trimethoxy silane is commercially available from Dow Coming out of Midland, Michigan under the trade designation Z-6030 Silane.

0033Other suitable monomers containing a trialkoxy silane functional group include, but are not limited to, methacryloxyethyl trimethoxy silane, methacryloxypropyl triethoxy silane, methacryloxypropyl tripropoxy silane, acryloxypropylmethyl dimethoxy silane, 3-acryloxypropyl trimethoxy silane, 3-methacryloxypropylmethyl diethoxy silane, 3-methacryloxypropylmethyl dimethoxy silane, and 3-methacryloxypropyl tris(methoxyethoxy) silane. However, it is contemplated that a wide range of vinyl and acrylic monomers having trialkoxy silane functional groups or a moiety that reacts easily with water to form a silanol group, such as a chlorosilane or an acetoxysilane, provide the desired effects to PEO and are effective monomers for grafting in accordance with the copolymers of the present invention.

0034When reacting a polyethylene oxide with methacryloxypropyl trimethoxy silane to form a derivatized polyethylene oxide, the equation can be represented as follows: <chemistry id="chem0003" num="0003"><img file="EP1573128B1_D0003.tif" /></chemistry>

0035When treating base webs with a wet anti-friction composition containing a derivatized polyethylene oxide, the composition can be applied to the base web topically or can be incorporated into the base web by being premixed with the fibers that are used to form the web. In general, any suitable topical application process can be used to apply the composition. For example, in one embodiment, the derivatized polyethylene oxide can be combined with a solvent to form a solution and applied to a base sheet. It is believed that almost any liquid can be used as a solvent. For instance, the solvent can be an organic solvent, such as an alcohol, ketone, aldehyde, alkane, alkene, aromatic, or mixtures thereof.

0036Alternatively, the solvent can be water. For example, many derivatized polyethylene oxides can be dissolved in water under high shear. When applied as a solution, the composition can be sprayed onto the base sheet or printed onto the base sheet. Any suitable printing device, for instance, may be used. For example, an ink jet printer or a rotogravure printing machine may be used. When applied as a solution, the derivatized polyethylene oxide can be contained within the solution in an amount from about 0.5 percent to about 50 percent by weight. It should be understood, however, that more or less derivatized polyethylene oxide can be contained in the solution depending on the molecular weight of the derivatized polyethylene oxide and the type of application process that is used. In an alternative embodiment, a viscous aqueous or neat solution of the derivatized polyethylene oxide may be applied via a melt blowing or modified melt blowing technique. For example, the derivatized polyethylene oxide viscous aqueous solution may be extruded from a die head such as UFD spray tips, such as those available from ITW-Dynatec located in Henderson, Tennessee.

0037In one embodiment, the anti-friction composition containing the high molecular weight derivatized polyethylene oxide can be heated prior to or during application to a base web. Heating the composition can lower the viscosity for facilitating application. In one embodiment, the derivatized polyethylene oxide can be heated and extruded onto a base sheet. Any suitable extrusion device can be used, such as a meltblown die. Extruding the composition containing the polyethylene oxide onto a base sheet can provide some advantages in applications where the viscosity of the composition is relatively high. For instance, in one embodiment, the derivatized polyethylene oxide can be applied in a neat form when extruded onto the base sheet.

0038When topically applied, the anti-friction composition containing derivatized polyethylene oxide can be applied to one side or to both sides of the base sheet. Further, the composition can be applied to cover 100 percent of the surface area of the base sheet or can be applied in a pattern that includes treated areas and untreated areas. For example, if applied in a pattern, the composition can cover from about 20 percent to about 99 percent of the surface area of one side of the base sheet, such as from about 40 percent to about 90 percent of the surface area.

0039In general, the derivatized polyethylene oxide composition can be applied to the base sheet at different points in the production of the wiping product. For example, if the wiping product is a paper product, the derivatized polyethylene oxide composition can be applied while the sheet is still wet or after the sheet has been dried during formation. Alternatively, the derivatized polyethylene oxide composition can be applied after formation of the base sheet during a converting operation.

0040When the derivatized polyethylene oxide is applied to fibers prior to formation of a base web, the derivatized polyethylene oxide can be formulated such that the composition forms a bond with the fibers during formation of the web. In particular, one or more monomers can be reacted with the polyethylene oxide during formation of the derivatized polyethylene oxide to provide charge or basis for a charge development within the polymer. The charge is typically cationic, but can also be anionic or amphoteric. The presence of a charge makes the material substantive to cellulose fibers when applied to the fibers in the wet end of the process.

0041For example, in one embodiment, the derivatized polyethylene oxide can be added to an aqueous suspension of fibers that are used to form a paper web. The derivatized polyethylene oxide can bond to the fibers and become incorporated into a web formed from the fibers. If the derivatized polyethylene oxide does not bond with the fibers, a substantial amount of the composition may be removed from the fibers when the aqueous suspension of fibers are formed into a web and drained.

0042The second category of compounds that can be used in the wet anti-friction composition of the present invention is an acrylate copolymer or polymer derived from ethylenically unsaturated monomers wherein at least one monomer comprises a pendant polyethylene oxide moiety. The method by which the polymers are made is not overly critical to the invention. The polymers may be made by any of the methods broadly known in the art for preparing addition polymers from ethylenically unsaturated monomers. The individual monomers making up the polymer may be arranged in a random or block pattern or a mixture of random and block patterns. The weight average Mw of the polymers can vary but specifically have a weight average Mw greater than about 20,000 and most specifically greater than about 50,000. The polyalkylene oxide moiety pendant group has a degree of polymerization greater than 2, more specifically greater than 3 and most specifically greater than about 5. That is, the pendant polyalkylene oxide group will contain 2 or more polyalkylene oxide units in the pendant chain.

0043Such compounds will have the general formula:         -{-[Q¹]_a-[Q²]_b-[Q³]_c-}_w- wherein: <ul id="ul0002" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a and b are integers greater than or equal to 0</li><li>c is an integer > 0</li><li>w is an integer greater than or equal to 1.</li><li>Q¹ is a monomer unit containing a functionality capable of hydrogen or covalently bonding with cellulose or any other polar or non-polar monomer not containing a pendant polyalkylene oxide functionality.</li><li>Q² is a monomer unit containing a charge functionality.</li><li>Q³ is a monomer unit or mixture of monomer units containing pendant polyalkylene oxide functionality wherein said pendant polyalkylene oxide functionality has a degree of polymerization greater than about 2.</li></ul> The ratio of c to (a+b+c) may vary such that the weight ratio of Q³ to [Q¹+Q²+Q³] is from about 5 to 100%, more specifically from about 10 to 100% and most specifically from about 20 to 100%.

0044In a specific embodiment the charge functionality Q² is cationic. Examples of suitable monomers for incorporating the charge functionality include but is not limited to [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium methosulfate (METAMS); dimethyldiallyl ammonium chloride (DMDAAC); 3-acryloamido-3-methyl butyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (AMBTAC); trimethylamino methacrylate; vinyl benzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (VBTAC); 2-[(acryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride; [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride.

0045In another embodiment, such compounds include cationic acrylamide copolymers with ethylenically unsaturated monomers having pendant ethylene oxide functionality. Such materials particularly have a molecular weight of greater than about 20,000, such as greater than about 50,000. These compounds can be represented as follows: <chemistry id="chem0004" num="0004"><img file="EP1573128B1_D0004.tif" /></chemistry> wherein R¹, R^1", R², R^2', R^2", R³, R^3', R^3" are independently H, or C_1-4alkyl. Z¹, Z², Z³ are any bridging radicals, the same or different whose purpose is to incorporate the R<i>ⁱ</i> moieties into the ethylenically unsaturated polymer backbone. Suitable radicals include but are not limited to -CONH-, NHCO-, -O-, -S-, -CH₂-, -aryl-, - COO-, -OOC- and the like. R⁴ can be any functional group incorporated as part of an ethylenically unsaturated monomer, R⁵ is any cationically charged species, and R⁶ is a polyoxyethylene or polyoxyalkylene derivative of the formula - (CHR⁷CHR⁸O)_s-(CH₂CH₂O)_t(CHR⁹CHR¹⁰O)_v-R¹¹ wherein R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰ are independently C_1-4 alkyl groups; s, t, v are integers such that t>0 and s+t+v > 3. R¹¹ can be any suitable terminating radical including H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl and substituted aryl. Values of p & q are ≥ 0 while the value or r > 0. The percent of R⁶ in the polymer should range from 5 to 100 weight percent, particularly from 10 to 100 weight percent and still more particularly from about 20 to 100 weight percent of the total polymer. In theory, any -[Q]^j- elements such [Q]^j elements representing any ethylenically unsaturated monomer unit can be built into the polymer without interfering with the perceived tactile properties as long as the R⁶ units are present in the polymer at the stated level.

0046In another embodiment the cationic group of the polymer is derived from incorporation of a diallydimethylammonium cationic monomer. Incorporated in this manner the cationic functionality in the polymer will have the structure: <chemistry id="chem0005" num="0005"><img file="EP1573128B1_D0005.tif" /></chemistry> Wherein X^- is any suitable anion including but not limited to chloride, bromide, fluoride, iodide, methylsulfate, ethylsulfate and the like.

0047The above polymer can be a block copolymer or a random copolymer. The compounds are water dispersible or water-soluble. Further, the compounds can be substantive to cellulose fibers and, therefore, can be applied topically to a base web or can be applied to the fibers prior to formation of the base web, such as being incorporated into the wet end of a paper making process. For example, in one embodiment, when incorporated into an aqueous suspension of fibers during formation of a base web. Depending upon the compound used, however, greater or lesser amounts may be added.

0048For topical applications, p and q in the formula above can be zero. For wet end application, however, p can be zero but q is greater than zero. In the formula above, the upper limits of p, q and r are defined by the molecular weight of the polymer.

0049Particular acrylate copolymers containing polyethylene oxide moieties that can be used in this embodiment include 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate copolymers and poly(ethylene glycol) alkyl ether methacrylate copolymers, such as poly(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether methacrylate copolymers or poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate copolymers.

0050In one embodiment, the wet anti-friction composition can include the following compound: <chemistry id="chem0006" num="0006"><img file="EP1573128B1_D0006.tif" /></chemistry>

0051In one particular embodiment of the above polymer, p = 0.8, q = 0.1 and r = 0.1. In this embodiment, the monomers can be incorporated in random fashions. Such a polymer can be made from commercially available monomers by standard polymerization techniques known to those skilled in the art.

0052In general, any suitable base web may be treated in accordance with the present invention for reducing the wet coefficient of friction on the surface of the web. For example, in one embodiment, the base sheet can be a tissue product, such as a bath tissue, a facial tissue, a paper towel, an industrial wiper, and the like. Tissue products typically have a bulk density of at least 2 cc/g. The tissue products can contain one or more plies and can be made from any suitable types of fiber.

0053Fibers suitable for making paper webs comprise any natural or synthetic cellulosic fibers including, but not limited to non-woody fibers, such as cotton, abaca, kenaf, sabai grass, flax, esparto grass, straw, jute hemp, bagasse, milkweed floss fibers, and pineapple leaf fibers; and woody fibers such as those obtained from deciduous and coniferous trees; including softwood fibers, such as northern and southern softwood kraft fibers; hardwood fibers, such as eucalyptus, maple, birch, and aspen. Woody fibers can be prepared in high-yield or low-yield forms and can be pulped in any known method, including kraft, sulfite, high-yield pulping methods and other known pulping methods. Fibers prepared from organosolv pulping methods can also be used, including the fibers and methods disclosed in <patcit id="pcit0007" dnum="US4793898A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 4,793,898, issued Dec. 27, 1988, to Laamanen et al.</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0008" dnum="US4594130A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 4,594,130, issued June 10, 1986, to Chang et al.</text></patcit>; and <patcit id="pcit0009" dnum="US3585104A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 3,585,104, issued June 15, 1971, to Kleinert</text></patcit>. Useful fibers can also be produced by anthraquinone pulping, exemplified by <patcit id="pcit0010" dnum="US5595628A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 5,595,628, issued January 21, 1997, to Gordon et al.</text></patcit> A portion of the fibers, such as up to 50% or less by dry weight, or from about 5% to about 30% by dry weight, can be synthetic fibers such as rayon, polyolefin fibers, polyester fibers, bicomponent sheath-core fibers, multi-component binder fibers, and the like. An exemplary polyethylene fiber is Pulpex®, available from Hercules, Inc. (Wilmington, DE). Any known bleaching method can be used. Synthetic cellulose fiber types include rayon in all its varieties and other fibers derived from viscose or chemically modified cellulose. Chemically treated natural cellulosic fibers can be used such as mercerized pulps, chemically stiffened or crosslinked fibers, or sulfonated fibers. For good mechanical properties in using papermaking fibers, it can be desirable that the fibers be relatively undamaged and largely unrefined or only lightly refined. While recycled fibers can be used, virgin fibers are generally useful for their mechanical properties and lack of contaminants. Mercerized fibers, regenerated cellulosic fibers, cellulose produced by microbes, rayon, and other cellulosic material or cellulosic derivatives can be used. Suitable papermaking fibers can also include recycled fibers, virgin fibers, or mixes thereof. In certain embodiments capable of high bulk and good compressive properties, the fibers can have a Canadian Standard Freeness of at least 200, more specifically at least 300, more specifically still at least 400, and most specifically at least 500.

0054Other papermaking fibers that can be used in the present invention include paper broke or recycled fibers and high yield fibers. High yield pulp fibers are those papermaking fibers produced by pulping processes providing a yield of about 65% or greater, more specifically about 75% or greater, and still more specifically about 75% to about 95%. Yield is the resulting amount of processed fibers expressed as a percentage of the initial wood mass. Such pulping processes include bleached chemithermomechanical pulp (BCTMP), chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP), pressure/pressure thermomechanical pulp (PTMP), thermomechanical pulp (TMP), thermomechanical chemical pulp (TMCP), high yield sulfite pulps, and high yield Kraft pulps, all of which leave the resulting fibers with high levels of lignin. High yield fibers are well known for their stiffness in both dry and wet states relative to typical chemically pulped fibers.

0055In general, any process capable of forming a paper web can also be utilized in the present invention. For example, a papermaking process of the present invention can utilize creping, wet creping, double creping, embossing, wet pressing, air pressing, through-air drying, creped through-air drying, uncreped through-air drying, air layering, hydroentangling, as well as other steps known in the art.

0056Also suitable for products of the present invention are tissue sheets that are pattern densified or imprinted, such as the tissue sheets disclosed in any of the following <patcit id="pcit0011" dnum="US4514345A"><text>U.S. Patent Nos.: 4,514,345, issued on April 30, 1985, to Johnson et al.</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0012" dnum="US4528239A"><text>4,528,239, issued on July 9, 1985, to Trokhan</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0013" dnum="US5098522A"><text>5,098,522, issued on March 24, 1992</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0014" dnum="US5260171A"><text>5,260,171, issued on November 9, 1993, to Smurkoski et al.</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0015" dnum="US5275700A"><text>5,275,700, issued on January 4, 1994, to Trokhan</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0016" dnum="US5328565A"><text>5,328,565, issued on July 12, 1994, to Rasch et al.</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0017" dnum="US5334289A"><text>5,334,289, issued on August 2, 1994, to Trokhan et al.</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0018" dnum="US5431786A"><text>5,431,786, issued on July 11, 1995, to Rasch et al.</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0019" dnum="US5496624A"><text>5,496,624, issued on March 5, 1996, to Steltjes, Jr. et al.</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0020" dnum="US5500277A"><text>5,500,277, issued on March 19, 1996, to Trokhan et al.</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0021" dnum="US5514523A"><text>5,514,523, issued on May 7, 1996, to Trokhan et al.</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0022" dnum="US5554467A"><text>5,554,467, issued on September 10, 1996, to Trokhan et al.</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0023" dnum="US5566724A"><text>5,566,724, issued on October 22, 1996, to Trokhan et al.</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0024" dnum="US5624790A"><text>5,624,790, issued on April 29, 1997, to Trokhan et al.</text></patcit>; and, <patcit id="pcit0025" dnum="US5628876A"><text>5,628,876, issued on May 13, 1997, to Ayers et al.</text></patcit> Such imprinted tissue sheets may have a network of densified regions that have been imprinted against a drum dryer by an imprinting fabric, and regions that are relatively less densified (e.g., "domes" in the tissue sheet) corresponding to deflection conduits in the imprinting fabric, wherein the tissue sheet superposed over the deflection conduits was deflected by an air pressure differential across the deflection conduit to form a lower-density pillow-like region or dome in the tissue sheet.

0057For example, referring to Figure 1, one embodiment of a process for producing a base web that may be used in accordance with the present invention is illustrated. The process illustrated in the figure depicts a wet-lay process, although, as described above, other techniques for forming the base web of the present invention may be used.

0058As shown in Figure 1, the web-forming system includes a headbox <b>10</b> for receiving an aqueous suspension of fibers. Headbox <b>10</b> spreads the aqueous suspension of fibers onto a forming fabric <b>26</b> that is supported and driven by a plurality of guide rolls <b>34.</b> A vacuum box <b>36</b> is disposed beneath forming fabric <b>26</b> and is adapted to remove water from the fiber furnish to assist in forming a web.

0059From forming fabric <b>26,</b> a formed web <b>38</b> is transferred to a second fabric <b>40,</b> which may be either a wire or a felt. Fabric <b>40</b> is supported for movement around a continuous path by a plurality of guide rolls <b>42.</b> Also included is a pick up roll <b>44</b> designed to facilitate transfer of web <b>38</b> from fabric <b>26</b> to fabric <b>40.</b> The speed at which fabric <b>40</b> can be driven is approximately the same speed at which fabric <b>26</b> is driven so that movement of web <b>38</b> through the system is consistent. Alternatively, the two fabrics can be run at different speeds, such as in a rush transfer process, in order to increase the bulk of the webs or for some other purpose.

0060From fabric <b>40,</b> web <b>38,</b> in this embodiment, is pressed onto the surface of a rotatable heated dryer drum <b>46,</b> such as a Yankee dryer, by a press roll <b>43.</b> Web <b>38</b> is lightly pressed into engagement with the surface of dryer drum <b>46</b> to which it adheres, due to its moisture content and its preference for the smoother of the two surfaces. As web <b>38</b> is carried through a portion of the rotational path of the dryer surface, heat is imparted to the web causing most of the moisture contained within the web to be evaporated.

0061Web <b>38</b> is then removed from dryer drum <b>46</b> by a creping blade <b>47.</b> Creping web <b>38</b> as it is formed reduces internal bonding within the web and increases softness.

0062In an alternative embodiment, instead of wet pressing the base web <b>38</b> onto a dryer drum and creping the web, the web can be through-air dried. A through-air dryer accomplishes the removal of moisture from the base web by passing air through the web without applying any mechanical pressure.

0063For example, referring to Figure 2, an alternative embodiment for forming a base web for use in the process of the present invention containing a through-air dryer is illustrated. As shown, a dilute aqueous suspension of fibers is supplied by a headbox <b>10</b> and deposited via a sluice <b>11</b> in uniform dispersion onto a forming fabric <b>26</b> in order to form a base web <b>38.</b>

0064Once deposited onto the forming fabric <b>26</b>, water is removed from the web <b>38</b> by combinations of gravity, centrifugal force and vacuum suction depending upon the forming configuration. As shown in this embodiment, and similar to Figure 1, a vacuum box <b>36</b> can be disposed beneath the forming fabric <b>26</b> for removing water and facilitating formation of the web <b>38.</b>

0065From the forming fabric <b>26,</b> the base web <b>38</b> is then transferred to a second fabric <b>40.</b> The second fabric <b>40</b> carries the web through a through-air drying apparatus <b>50.</b> The through-air dryer <b>50</b> dries the base web <b>38</b> without applying a compressive force in order to maximize bulk. For example, as shown in Figure 2, the through-air drying apparatus <b>50</b> includes an outer rotatable cylinder <b>52</b> with perforations <b>54</b> in combination with an outer hood <b>56.</b> Specifically, the fabric <b>40</b> carries the web <b>38</b> over the upper portion of the through-air drying apparatus outer cylinder <b>52.</b> Heated air is drawn through perforations <b>54</b> which contacts the web <b>38</b> and removes moisture. In one embodiment, the temperature of the heated air forced through the perforations <b>54</b> can be from about 77°C (170°F) to about 260°C (500°F).

0066In one embodiment, the second fabric <b>40</b> can be moving at a slower speed than the forming fabric <b>26</b> in a process known as rush transfer. The base web is transferred from the forming fabric to the dryer fabric (optionally a transfer fabric can be interposed between the forming fabric and the dryer fabric) traveling at a slower speed than the forming fabric in order to impart increased stretch into the web. Transfer can be carried out with the assistance of a vacuum shoe and a fixed gap or space between the forming fabric and the dryer fabric or a kiss transfer to avoid compression of the wet web. The second fabric <b>40</b> can be traveling at a speed, for instance, that is from about 5 percent to about 60 percent slower than the forming fabric.

0067The treated wiping product of the present invention may comprise tissue sheet which may be blended or layered sheets, wherein either a heterogeneous or homogeneous distribution of fibers is present in the z-direction of the sheet. At times it may be advantageous to add the wet friction reducing agent to all the fibers in the sheet. At other times it may be advantageous to add the wet friction reducing agent only selective fibers in the sheet, such methods being well known to those skilled in the art. In a specific embodiment of the present invention the tissue sheet is a layered tissue sheet comprising two or more layers comprising distinct hardwood and softwood layers, wherein the wet friction reducing agents of the present invention are added to only the hardwood fibers. In another specific embodiment the tissue product is a single ply tissue product, comprising either a blended or layered sheet, wherein the wet friction reducing agent is selectively applied to the exterior surface or exterior layers of the tissue ply. In another specific embodiment, the tissue product is a multi-ply tissue product wherein the wet friction reducing agents of the present invention are selectively applied to the two exterior facing surfaces of the multi-ply tissue product or to the exterior facing layer of each tissue ply.

<u>OPTIONAL CHEMICAL ADDITIVES</u>

0068Optional chemical additives may also be added to the aqueous papermaking furnish or to the embryonic tissue sheet to impart additional benefits to the product and process and are not antagonistic to the intended benefits of the present invention. The following materials are included as examples of additional chemicals that may be applied to the treated wiping product of the present invention. The chemicals are included as examples and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Such chemicals may be added at any point in the papermaking process.

<u>CHARGE CONTROL AGENTS</u>

0069Charge promoters and control agents are commonly used in the papermaking process to control the zeta potential of the papermaking furnish in the wet end of the process. These species may be anionic or cationic, most usually cationic, and may be either naturally occurring materials such as alum or low molecular weight high charge density synthetic polymers typically of molecular weight of about 500,000 or less. Drainage and retention aids may also be added to the furnish to improve formation, drainage and fines retention. Included within the retention and drainage aids are microparticle systems containing high surface area, high anionic charge density materials.

<u>STRENGTH AGENTS</u>

0070Wet and dry strength agents may also be applied to the treated wiping product. As used herein, "wet strength agents" refer to materials used to immobilize the bonds between fibers in the wet state. Typically, the means by which fibers are held together in paper and tissue products involve hydrogen bonds and sometimes combinations of hydrogen bonds and covalent and/or ionic bonds. In the present invention, it may be useful to provide a material that will allow bonding of fibers in such a way as to immobilize the fiber-to-fiber bond points and make them resistant to disruption in the wet state. In this instance, the wet state usually will mean when the product is largely saturated with water or other aqueous solutions, but could also mean significant saturation with body fluids such as urine, blood, mucus, menses, runny bowel movement, lymph, and other body exudates.

0071Any material that when added to the treated wiping product results in providing a wiping product with a mean wet geometric tensile strength:dry geometric tensile strength ratio in excess of about 0.1 will, for purposes of the present invention, be termed a wet strength agent. Typically these materials are termed either as permanent wet strength agents or as "temporary" wet strength agents. For the purposes of differentiating permanent wet strength agents from temporary wet strength agents, the permanent wet strength agents will be defined as those resins which, when incorporated into paper or tissue products, will provide a paper or tissue product that retains more than 50% of its original wet strength after exposure to water for a period of at least five minutes. Temporary wet strength agents are those which show about 50% or less than, of their original wet strength after being saturated with water for five minutes. Both classes of wet strength agents find application in the present invention. The amount of wet strength agent added to the pulp fibers may be at least about 0.1 dry weight percent, more specifically about 0.2 dry weight percent or greater, and still more specifically from about 0.1 to about 3 dry weight percent, based on the dry weight of the fibers.

0072Permanent wet strength agents will typically provide a more or less long-term wet resilience to the structure of a tissue sheet. In contrast, the temporary wet strength agents will typically provide tissue sheet structures that had low density and high resilience, but would not provide a structure that had long-term resistance to exposure to water or body fluids.

<u>WET AND TEMPORARY WET STRENGTH AGENTS</u>

0073The temporary wet strength agents may be cationic, nonionic or anionic. Such compounds include PAREZ™ 631 NC and PAREZ® 725 temporary wet strength resins that are cationic glyoxylated polyacrylamide available from Cytec Industries (West Paterson, New Jersey). This and similar resins are described in <patcit id="pcit0026" dnum="US3556932A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 3,556,932, issued on January 19, 1971, to Coscia et al.</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0027" dnum="US3556933A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 3,556,933, issued on January 19, 1971, to Williams et al.</text></patcit> Hercobond 1366, manufactured by Hercules, Inc., located at Wilmington, Delaware, is another commercially available cationic glyoxylated polyacrylamide that may be used in accordance with the present invention. Additional examples of temporary wet strength agents include dialdehyde starches such as Cobond® 1000 from National Starch and Chemical Company and other aldehyde containing polymers such as those described in <patcit id="pcit0028" dnum="US6224714B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 6,224,714, issued on May 1, 2001, to Schroeder et al.</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0029" dnum="US6274667B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 6,274,667, issued on August 14, 2001, to Shannon et al.</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0030" dnum="US6287418B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 6,287,418, issued on September 11, 2001, to Schroeder et al.</text></patcit>; and, <patcit id="pcit0031" dnum="US6365667B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 6,365,667, issued on April 2, 2002, to Shannon et al.</text></patcit>

0074Permanent wet strength agents comprising cationic oligomeric or polymeric resins can be used in the present invention. Polyamide-polyamine-epichlorohydrin type resins such as KYMENE 557H sold by Hercules, Inc., located at Wilmington, Delaware, are the most widely used permanent wet-strength agents and are suitable for use in the present invention. Such materials have been described in the following <patcit id="pcit0032" dnum="US3700623A"><text>U.S. Patent Nos.: 3,700,623, issued on October 24, 1972, to Keim</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0033" dnum="US3772076A"><text>3,772,076, issued on November 13, 1973, to Keim</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0034" dnum="US3855158A"><text>3,855,158, issued on December 17, 1974, to Petrovich et al.</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0035" dnum="US3899388A"><text>3,899,388, issued on August 12, 1975, to Petrovich et al.</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0036" dnum="US4129528A"><text>4,129,528, issued on December 12, 1978, to Petrovich et al.</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0037" dnum="US4147586A"><text>4,147,586, issued on April 3, 1979, to Petrovich et al.</text></patcit>; and, <patcit id="pcit0038" dnum="US4222921A"><text>4,222,921, issued on September 16, 1980, to van Eenam</text></patcit>. Other cationic resins include polyethylenimine resins and aminoplast resins obtained by reaction of formaldehyde with melamine or urea. It is often advantageous to use both permanent and temporary wet strength resins in the manufacture of tissue products with such use being recognized as falling within the scope of the present invention.

<u>DRY STRENGTH AGENTS</u>

0075Dry strength agents may also be applied to the product of the invention without affecting the performance. Such materials used as dry strength agents are well known in the art and include but are not limited to modified starches and other polysaccharides such as cationic, amphoteric, and anionic starches and guar and locust bean gums, modified polyacrylamides, carboxymethylcellulose, sugars, polyvinyl alcohol, chitosans, and the like. Such dry strength agents are typically added to a fiber slurry prior to tissue sheet formation or as part of the creping package. It may at times, however, be beneficial to blend the dry strength agent with the cationic synthetic co-polymers of the present invention and apply the two chemicals simultaneously to the tissue sheet.

<u>SOFTENING AGENTS</u>

0076Softening agents, sometimes referred to as debonders, can be used to enhance the softness of the wiping product and such softening agents can be incorporated with the fibers before, during or after formation of the aqueous suspension of fibers. Such agents can also be sprayed or printed onto the web after formation, while wet. Suitable agents include, without limitation, fatty acids, waxes, quaternary ammonium salts, dimethyl dihydrogenated tallow ammonium chloride, quaternary ammonium methyl sulfate, carboxylated polyethylene, cocamide diethanol amine, coco betaine, sodium lauryl sarcosinate, partly ethoxylated quaternary ammonium salt, distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, polysiloxanes and the like. Examples of suitable commercially available chemical softening agents include, without limitation, Berocell 596 and 584 (quaternary ammonium compounds) manufactured by Eka Nobel Inc., Adogen 442 (dimethyl dihydrogenated tallow ammonium chloride) manufactured by Sherex Chemical Company, Quasoft 203 (quaternary ammonium salt) manufactured by Quaker Chemical Company, and Arquad 2HT-75 (di(hydrogenated tallow) dimethyl ammonium chloride) manufactured by Akzo Chemical Company. Suitable amounts of softening agents will vary greatly with the species selected and the desired results. Such amounts can be, without limitation, from about 0.05 to about 1 weight percent based on the weight of fiber, more specifically from about 0.25 to about 0.75 weight percent, and still more specifically about 0.5 weight percent.

0077Additional softeners may be applied topically to enhance the surface feel of the product. An especially preferred topical softener for this application is polysiloxane. The use of polysiloxanes to soften tissue sheets is broadly taught in the art. A large variety of polysiloxanes are available that are capable of enhancing the tactile properties of the finished tissue sheet. Any polysiloxane capable of enhancing the tactile softness of the tissue sheet is suitable for incorporation. Examples of suitable polysiloxanes include but are not limited to linear polydialkyl polysiloxanes such as the DC-200 fluid series available from Dow Corning, Inc., Midland, Michigan as well as the organofunctional polydimethyl siloxanes such as the preferred amino functional polydimethyl siloxanes. Examples of suitable polysiloxanes include those described in <patcit id="pcit0039" dnum="US6054020A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 6,054,020, issued on April 25, 2000, to Goulet et al.</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0040" dnum="US6432270B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 6,432,270, issued on August 13, 2002, to Liu et al.</text></patcit> Additional exemplary aminofunctional polysiloxanes are the Wetsoft CTW family manufactured and sold by Wacker Chemie, Munich, Germany.

<u>MISCELLANEOUS AGENTS</u>

0078It may be desirable to treat the treated wiping product with additional types of chemicals.

0079Such chemicals include, but are not limited to, absorbency aids usually in the form of cationic, anionic, or non-ionic surfactants, humectants and plasticizers such as low molecular weight polyethylene glycols and polyhydroxy compounds such as glycerin and propylene glycol.

0080In general, materials and chemicals that are not antagonistic to the intended use of the treated wiping product of the invention may be used. Examples of such materials and chemicals include, but are not limited to, odor control agents, such as odor absorbents, activated carbon fibers and particles, baby powder, baking soda, chelating agents, zeolites, perfumes or other odor-masking agents, cyclodextrin compounds, oxidizers, and the like. Superabsorbent particles, synthetic fibers, or films may also be employed. Additional options include cationic dyes, optical brighteners, polysiloxanes and the like. A wide variety of other materials and chemicals known in the art of papermaking and tissue production may be included in the products of the present invention including lotions and other materials providing skin health benefits such as aloe extract and tocopherols such as vitamin E.

0081The basis weight of paper webs used in the present invention can vary depending upon the particular application. In general, for most applications, the basis weight can be from about 6 gsm to about 140 gsm, and particularly from about 10 gsm to about 80 gsm. For example, bath tissues and facial tissues typically have a basis weight of less than about 40 gsm. Paper towels, on the other hand, typically have a basis weight of greater than about 30 gsm.

0082In addition to dry wiping products, the anti-friction composition of the present invention can also be applied to pre-moistened wiping products or wet wipes which can include pre-moistened bath tissue.

0083The wet wipes of the present invention comprise a single layer or a layered base sheet that contains a liquid. The liquid is typically any solution which can be absorbed into the wet wipe base sheet and may include any suitable components which provide the desired wiping properties. Typically, the components include water, emollients, surfactants, fragrances, preservatives, chelating agents, pH buffers or combinations thereof as are well known to those skilled in the art. The liquid may also contain certain lotions and/or medicaments. The emulsion composition is designed to provide improved skin health benefits, such as enhanced barrier function and protection of the skin.

0084The amount of the oil-in-water emulsion composition contained within each wet wipe may vary depending upon the type of material being used to provide the wet wipe or wipe-type product, the type of container being used to store the wet wipes, and the desired end use of the wet wipe. Generally, each wet wipe or wipe-type product can contain from about 100 to about 600 weight percent and desirably from about 250 to about 450 weight percent liquid based on the dry weight of the wipe for improved wiping.

0085Each wet wipe is generally rectangular in shape and may have any suitable unfolded width and length. Typically, each individual wet wipe is arranged in a folded configuration and stacked one on top of the other to provide a stack of wet wipes. Such folded configurations are well known to those skilled in the art and include c-folded, z-folded, quarter-folded configurations and the like. The stack of folded wet wipes may be placed in the interior of a container, such as a plastic tub, to provide a package of wet wipes for eventual sale to the consumer. Alternatively, the wet wipes may include a continuous strip of material which has perforations between each wipe and which may be arranged in a stack or wound into a roll for dispensing.

0086The materials of the base sheet, single or multi-layered, of the wipe product of the present invention may be varied to provide different physical properties. The different physical properties which a layer may be configured to provide by selecting the appropriate materials include softness, resiliency, strength, flexibility, integrity, toughness, absorbency, liquid retention, thickness, tear resistance, surface texture, drapability, hand, wettability, wicking ability and the like and combinations thereof. The wipe can be configured to provide all desired physical properties within one layer or configured to provide only specific physical properties within individual layers of a multi-layered wipe. For example, the wet wipes may include at least one layer of material that is configured to provide strength and resilience to the wet wipe and at least one other layer which is configured to provide a soft, gentle wiping surface to the wet wipe. Desirably, the wet wipes provide a soft wiping surface for contact with the skin.

0087The layer or layers of the wiping products can be made from a variety of materials including meltblown materials, coform materials, air-laid materials, bonded-carded web materials, hydroentangled materials, spunbond materials and the like and can comprise synthetic or natural fibers. Examples of natural fibers suitable for use in the present invention include cellulosic fibers such as wood pulp fibers, cotton fibers, flax fibers, jute fibers, silk fibers and the like. Examples of thermoplastic polymeric fibers suitable for use with the present invention include polyolefins such as polypropylene and polyethylene, polyamides, and polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate. Alternative synthetic fibers which may be suitable include staple nylon and rayon fibers. The layer or layers of the wiping products can be woven or nonwoven materials.

0088If a layer of the base sheet is a combination of polymeric and natural fibers, such as polypropylene and cellulosic fibers, the relative percentages of the polymeric fibers and natural fibers in the layer can vary over a wide range depending on the desired characteristics of the wet wipes. For example, the layer may comprise from about 20 to about 95 weight percent, desirably from about 20 to about 60 weight percent, and more desirably from about 30 to about 40 weight percent of polymeric fibers based on the dry weight of the layer. Such a layer of polymeric and natural fibers may be manufactured by any method known to those skilled in the art.

0089Generally, it is desirable that such a layer be formed by a coform process for a more uniform distribution of the polymeric and natural fibers within the layer. Such coform layers are manufactured generally as described in <patcit id="pcit0041" dnum="US4100324A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 4,100,324 to Anderson et al. which issued July 11, 1978</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0042" dnum="US4604313A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 4,604,313 to McFarland et al. which issued August 5, 1986</text></patcit>; and <patcit id="pcit0043" dnum="US5350624A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 5,350,624 to Georger et al. which issued September 27, 1994</text></patcit>.

0090Typically, such coform layers comprise a gas-formed matrix of thermoplastic polymeric meltblown microfibers, such as, for example, polypropylene microfibers, and cellulosic fibers, such as, for example, wood pulp fibers. A coform layer is formed by initially forming at least one primary air stream containing the synthetic or polymeric fibers and merging the primary stream with at least one secondary stream of natural or cellulosic fibers. The primary and secondary streams are merged under turbulent conditions to form an integrated stream containing a thorough, homogeneous distribution of the different fibers. The integrated air stream is directed onto a forming surface to air form the layer of material. A multiplicity of these coform layers can then be formed in succession to provide a web of multiple coform layers.

0091The base sheet for the wipe products of the invention may have a total basis weight of from about 10 to about 120 grams per square meter, such as from about 40 to about 90 grams per square meter. The basis weight of the layered base sheet may vary depending upon the desired end use of the wipe product.

0092The amount of the wet anti-friction composition of the present invention that is applied to the base sheet depends on various factors. For instance, the amount applied depends on the base sheet being treated, the particular polymer contained within the anti-friction composition, the desired results, and the manner in which the composition is applied. In general, however, the polyethylene oxide polymers identified above can be added to a base web in an amount from about 0.03 percent to about 3 percent by weight of the fibers. When applied topically, the composition can be applied to a single side or to both sides. Further, the composition can be applied to cover 100 percent of the surface area of the base sheet or can be applied in a pattern that leaves untreated areas on the base sheet.

0093In general, the anti-friction composition of the present invention can be mixed with other additives as desired and applied to a base sheet or to fibers that are to be made into a base sheet. For example, it is believed that the anti-friction composition of the present invention can be mixed with debonders, softeners, lotions, wet strength agents, topical additives, and the like.

0094As described above, the polyethylene oxide polymers for use in the present invention are generally hydrophilic and therefore do not interfere with the absorbency characteristics of the base sheet. When applied, the anti-friction composition reduces the coefficient of friction of the base sheet in the wet state. It has been discovered that the static coefficient of the friction of the base sheet in the wet state or the dynamic coefficient of friction of the base sheet in the wet state are substantially reduced when a base sheet is treated in accordance with the present invention. For example, a treated base sheet can have a wet coefficient of friction that is no more than 10 percent greater than the dry coefficient of friction of the treated sheet, particularly no greater than about 3 percent of the dry coefficient of friction of the base sheet, and in one embodiment, the wet coefficient of friction of the base sheet is less than the dry coefficient of friction.

<u>BASIS WEIGHT DETERMINATION (TISSUE)</u>

0095The basis weight and bone dry basis weight of the tissue sheet specimens was determined using a modified TAPPI T410 procedure. As is basis weight samples were conditioned at 23°C ± 1 °C and 50 ± 2% relative humidity for a minimum of 4 hours. After conditioning a stack of 16 - 3" X 3" samples was cut using a die press and associated die. This represents a tissue sheet sample area of 929 cm² (144 in²). Examples of suitable die presses are TMI DGD die press manufactured by Testing Machines, Inc., Islandia, NY, or a Swing Beam testing machine manufactured by USM Corporation, Wilmington, MA. Die size tolerances are ± 0.020 cm (0.008 inches) in both directions. The specimen stack is then weighed to the nearest 0.001 gram on a tared analytical balance. The basis weight in pounds (0.454 kg) per 2880 ft² (268 m²) is then calculated using the following equation: <maths id="math0001"><math display="block"><mi>Basis weight</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>stack wt</mi><mn>.</mn><mspace width="1em" /><mi>in grams</mi><mo>/</mo><mn>454</mn><mo>*</mo><mn>2880</mn></math><img file="EP1573128B1_D0007.tif" /></maths> The bone dry basis weight is obtained by weighing a sample can and sample can lid the nearest 0.001 grams (this weight is A). The sample stack is placed into the sample can and left uncovered. The uncovered sample can and stack along with the sample can lid is placed in a 105°C ± 2°C oven for a period of 1 hour ± 5 minutes for sample stacks weighing less than 10 grams and at least 8 hours for sample stacks weighing 10 grams or greater. After the specified oven time has lapsed, the sample can lid is placed on the sample can and the sample can is removed from the oven. The sample can is allowed to cool to approximately ambient temperature but no more than 10 minutes. The sample can, sample can lid and sample stack are then weighed to the nearest 0.001 gram (this weight is C). The bone dry basis weight in pounds (0.454 kg) / 2880 ft² (268 m²) is calculated using the following equation: <maths id="math0002"><math display="block"><mi>Bone Dry BW</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><mfenced><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">-</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi></mfenced><mo mathvariant="normal">/</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">454</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2880</mn></math><img file="EP1573128B1_D0008.tif" /></maths>

<u>DRY TENSILE (TISSUE):</u>

0096The Geometric Mean Tensile (GMT) strength test results are expressed as grams-force per 7.6 cm (3 inches) of sample width. GMT is computed from the peak load values of the MD (machine direction) and CD (cross-machine direction) tensile curves, which are obtained under laboratory conditions of 23.0°C ± 1.0°C, 50.0 ± 2.0% relative humidity, and after the tissue sheet has equilibrated to the testing conditions for a period of not less than four hours. Testing is conducted on a tensile testing machine maintaining a constant rate of elongation, and the width of each specimen tested was 7.6 cm (3 inches). The "jaw span" or the distance between the jaws, sometimes referred to as gauge length, is 2.0 inches (50.8 mm). The crosshead speed is 10 inches per minute (254 mm/min.) A load cell or full-scale load is chosen so that all peak load results fall between 10 and 90 percent of the full-scale load. In particular, the results described herein were produced on an Instron 1122 tensile frame connected to a Sintech data acquisition and control system utilizing IMAP software running on a "486 Class" personal computer. This data system records at least 20 load and elongation points per second. A total of 10 specimens per sample are tested with the sample mean being used as the reported tensile value. The geometric mean tensile is calculated from the following equation: <maths id="math0003"><math display="block"><mi>GMT</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><msup><mfenced><mi>MD Tensile</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi>CD Tensile</mi></mfenced><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">/</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow></msup></math><img file="EP1573128B1_D0009.tif" /></maths>

0097To account for small variations in basis weight, GMT values were then corrected to the 18.5 pounds / 2880 ft² (8.39 kg / 268 m²) target basis weight using the following equation: <maths id="math0004"><math display="block"><mi>Corrected GMT</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>Measured GMT</mi><mo>*</mo><mfenced><mn>18.5</mn><mo>/</mo><mi>Bone Dry Basis Weight</mi></mfenced></math><img file="EP1573128B1_D0010.tif" /></maths>

<u>CALIPER (TISSUE):</u>

0098The term "caliper" as used herein is the thickness of a single tissue sheet, and may either be measured as the thickness of a single tissue sheet or as the thickness of a stack of ten tissue sheets and dividing the ten tissue sheet thickness by ten, where each sheet within the stack is placed with the same side up. Caliper is expressed in microns. Caliper was measured in accordance with TAPPI test methods T402 "Standard Conditioning and Testing Atmosphere For Paper, Board, Pulp Handsheets and Related Products" and T411 om-89 "Thickness (caliper) of Paper, Paperboard, and Combined Board" optionally with Note 3 for stacked tissue sheets. The micrometer used for carrying out T411 om-89 is a Bulk Micrometer (TMI Model 49-72-00, Amityville, N.Y.) or equivalent having an anvil diameter of 4 1/16 inches (103.2 millimeters) and an anvil pressure of 220 grams/square inch (3.3 g kilo Pascals). Bulk can then be determined by taking the caliper and dividing by the bone dry basis weight.

<u>WET OUT TIME (TISSUE)</u>

0099The Wet Out Time of a tissue sheet treated in accordance with the present invention is determined by cutting 20 sheets of the tissue sheet sample into 6.35 cm (2.5 inch) squares. The number of sheets of the tissue sheet sample used in the test is independent of the number of plies per sheet of the tissue sheet sample. The 20 square sheets of the tissue sheet sample are stacked together and stapled at each corner to form a pad of the tissue sheet sample. The pad of the tissue sheet sample is held close to the surface of a constant temperature distilled water bath (23°C ± 2°C), which is the appropriate size and depth to ensure the saturated pad of the tissue sheet sample does not contact the bottom of the water bath container and the top surface of the distilled water of the water bath at the same time, and dropped flat onto the surface of the distilled water, with staple points on the pad of the tissue sheet sample facing down. The time necessary for the pad of the tissue sheet sample to become completely saturated, measured in seconds, is the Wet Out Time for the tissue sheet sample and represents the absorbent rate of the tissue sheet sample. Increases in the Wet Out Time represent a decrease in absorbent rate of the tissue sheet sample.

0100COF and wet COF testing was conducted using a TMI Slip &amp; Friction tester available from Testing Machines Inc., Ronkonkoma, NY. Samples were conditioned at 23°C ± 1°C and 50 ± 2% relative humidity for a minimum of 4 hours prior to testing. Testing was done on a smooth acrylic sheet with a 0.635 cm (¼") caulk dam around the perimeter of the acrylic sheet to hold water. The acrylic sheet was placed on the instrument so the sled would move along the acrylic sheet. The sample sheets were cut to a 6.35 cm width and sufficient length to be clamped in the sled. The sample was then placed and secured in the test sled. The method for measuring dry and wet COF values was identical except for the addition of water. For wet COF testing, about 15 cc of water was placed in front of the sled. Sufficient water was added to completely saturate the sheet so as the entire test was run with the sheet completely wet. Where wet strength was lacking, the sheet was backed with clear acrylic tape to prevent disintegration of the sheet in the water. All COF units are in grams. Specific test parameters were as follows: <ul id="ul0003" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>Delay - 5 seconds</li><li>Sled - 200grams, 6.35 X 6.35 cm</li><li>Static Duration - 2000 ms</li><li>Static speed - 1 cm / min</li><li>Kinetic Speed -15.25 cm / min</li><li>Kinetic Length - 20.5 cm</li></ul>

0101The present invention may be better understood with respect to the following examples.

<u>EXAMPLE NO. 1</u>

0102A derivatized polyethylene oxide was formed having the following formula: <chemistry id="chem0007" num="0007"><img file="EP1573128B1_D0011.tif" /></chemistry>

0103The polyethylene oxide used in this example had a molecular weight of 100,000 and incorporated 6 percent by weight silanol groups.

0104An aqueous solution containing 1.5 percent of the above silanol functional high molecular weight polyethylene oxide was prepared by dissolving the polymer in distilled water under high shear. A solution was placed in a spray bottle and sprayed on an uncreped through-air dried bath base sheet containing no chemicals. The base sheet was a single ply uncreped through-air dried product having a basis weight of 8.39 kg per 268 m² (18.5 pounds per 2,880 sq. ft). The amount of base sheet used was 0.2 grams with 1.0 grams of solution added to the sheet. The sheet was then dried in a convection oven at 120° C. for five minutes.

0105Upon wetting, enhanced lubricity was noticed.

<u>EXAMPLE NO. 2</u> (NOT CLAIMED)

0106High molecular weight polyethylene oxides having molecular weights of 400,000 and 2,000,000 were tested on the same base sheet and according to a similar process as described in Example No. 1. Upon wetting, the treated base sheets were found to have enhanced lubricity.

0107Low molecular weight polyethylene glycols having a molecular weight of 8,000 and lower were also tested and found not to produce the same lubricity effects.

<u>EXAMPLE NO. 3</u>

0108An acrylate copolymer containing polyethylene moieties was also tested according to the procedure described in Example No.1. The acrylate copolymer had the following structure: <chemistry id="chem0008" num="0008"><img file="EP1573128B1_D0012.tif" /></chemistry> wherein p = 0.8, q = 0.1 and r = 0.1. The monomers were incorporated into the polymer in random fashion.

0109A base sheet treated with an aqueous composition containing the above polymer was wetted. It was observed that the base sheet had enhanced lubricity.

<u>EXAMPLE NO. 4</u>

0110An uncreped through-air dried bath base sheet having a basis weight of 8.39 kg per 268 m² (18.5 pounds per 2,880 sq. ft.) and having a dry tensile strength of about 850 g / 7.62 cm (850 g/3 inches) was obtained.

0111Samples of the base sheet were topically treated with an aqueous solution containing a polyethylene oxide having a molecular weight of 400,000, a polyethylene oxide having a molecular weight of 2,000,000, and a silanol derivatized polyethylene oxide as described in Example No. 1. The samples were treated as described in Example No. 1. After being treated, the samples were dried.

0112Each of the samples along with an untreated base sheet were then tested for static coefficient of friction of the sheet in the dry state, the static coefficient of friction of the base sheet in the wet state, the kinetic coefficient of friction of the base sheet in the dry state, and the kinetic coefficient of friction of the base sheet in the wet state.

0113To determine the static coefficient of friction of the dry base sheets, the samples were cut to size and placed on a smooth acrylic sheet with a one-fourth inch caulk dam around the perimeter of the acrylic sheet to hold water. The samples were placed in the test sled.

0114The sled weighed 200 grams and was 6.35 cm by 6.35 cm. The sheet was tested for 2,000 ms at a static speed of 1 cm per minute.

0115To determine the static coefficient of friction in the wet state, about 10 to about 20 cubic cm of water was placed in front of the sled. Sufficient water was added to completely saturate the sheet so that the entire test was run with the sheet completely wet. A delay of 5 seconds occurred prior to testing. When the wet strength of the base sheet was lacking, the sheet was backed with clear acrylic tape to prevent disintegration of the sheet in the water.

0116The kinetic coefficient of friction test was conducted similar to the static coefficient of friction test. The speed during the kinetic test, however, was 15.25 cm per minute. The kinetic length was 20.5 cm.

0117The following results were obtained: <tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="all"><tgroup cols="2"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="22mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="144mm" /><thead><row><entry valign="top"><b>Sample No.</b></entry><entry valign="top"><b>Treatment</b></entry></row><row><entry valign="top">Control</entry><entry valign="top">None</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry>1</entry><entry>Aqueous solution containing polyethylene oxide having a molecular weight of 400,000</entry></row><row><entry>2</entry><entry>Aqueous solution containing polyethylene oxide having a molecular weight of 2,000,000</entry></row><row><entry>3</entry><entry>Silanol derivatized polyethylene oxide containing 6% silol groups and a polyethylene oxide having a molecular weight of 100,000</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables><tables id="tabl0002" num="0002"><table frame="all"><tgroup cols="5"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="30mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="17mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="10mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="10mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="10mm" /><thead><row><entry valign="top" /><entry align="center" valign="top"><b>Control</b></entry><entry valign="top"><b>1</b></entry><entry valign="top"><b>2</b></entry><entry valign="top"><b>3</b></entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry><b>Static COF Dry</b></entry><entry align="center">47</entry><entry>52</entry><entry>55</entry><entry>65</entry></row><row><entry><b>Static COF Wet</b></entry><entry align="center">67</entry><entry>54</entry><entry>45</entry><entry>56</entry></row><row><entry /><entry align="center" /><entry /><entry /><entry /></row><row><entry><b>Kinetic COF Dry</b></entry><entry align="center">60</entry><entry>53</entry><entry>65</entry><entry>51</entry></row><row><entry><b>Kinetic COF Wet</b></entry><entry align="center">83</entry><entry>70</entry><entry>80</entry><entry>59</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0118As shown above, the base sheets treated in accordance with the present invention had a reduced coefficient of friction in the wet state.