Particle extraction for automatic flow microscope

0001The present invention relates to methods and systems for analyzing particles in a dilute fluid sample, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for automatically locating the boundary of an object in a field of view.

0002Methods and systems for analyzing particles in a dilute fluid sample are well known, as disclosed in <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="US4338024A"><text>U.S. Patents 4,338, 024</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="US4393466A"><text>4,393, 466</text></patcit>. Existing now microscope particle analyzers use an image acquisition device and software that detects particles based on their brightness difference with the background. <patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="US4538299A"><text>U.S. Patents 4,538,299</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="US5625709A"><text>5,625,709</text></patcit> are examples of such analyzers. Unfortunately, currently employed systems and methods often cannot efficiently detect low contrast particles, and often identify different parts of the same object as different objects, resulting in incorrect classification and reported element quantity.

0003In an article entitled "<nplcit id="ncit0001" npl-type="s"><text>Sparse-pixel recognition of primitives in engineering drawings" (Machine Vision and Applications (1993), Vol. 6 at pages 69 to 82), D. Dori, Y. Liang, J. Dowell, and I. Chai</text></nplcit> describe a method of detecting bars, arcs and arrowheads in engineering drawings in a way enabling conversion into data for a computer aided design (CAD) database. Bars are detected by scanning algorithms that determine the width and length of an area of black pixels constituting a bar, scanning directions being changed at points spaced apart along the edges of the bar. Bar data are stored in vector form. Because of noise, a simple bar in the drawing may be detected as a plurality of bars. This event can be recognised by carrying out a series of tests on a pair of bars. One such test involves taking the smallest enclosing rectangle for each bar, adding a margin to these, and checking whether the two rectangles intersect. If the tests indicate that the bars are substantially colinear and overlap, the data for the two bars are merged to represent a single bar.

0004The present invention provides a method for automatically locating a boundary of an object of interest in a field of view, which includes forming an electronic image of the field of view containing the object, wherein the electronic image is formed of a plurality of image pixels, identifying groups of the image pixels that represent edge segments of the object, forming first patches around the image pixel groups, wherein each first patch is dimensioned and positioned to entirely contain a respective one of the image pixel groups, performing a patch merge process that merges any two of the first patches together that meet a predetermined proximity threshold relative to each other to form a merged patch that is dimensioned and positioned to entirely contain the two first patches, the merge process continuing for any of the first and/or merged patches meeting the predetermined proximity threshold until no patches meet the predetermined proximity threshold, and associating all the edge segments contained within a remaining one of the merged patches as representing the boundary of the object.

0005The present invention also provides an apparatus for automatically locating a boundary of an object of interest in a field of view, which includes an imaging system for forming an electrical image of the field of view containing the object, wherein the electronic image is formed of a plurality of image pixels, and at least one processor. The at least one processor identifies groups of the image pixels that represent edge segments of the object, forms first patches around the image pixel groups, wherein each patch is dimensioned and positioned to entirely contain a respective one of the image pixel groups, and performs a patch merge process that merges any two of the first patches together that meet a predetermined proximity threshold relative to each other to form a merged patch that is dimensioned and positioned to entirely contain the two merged patches. The merge process continues for any of the first and/or merged patches meeting the predetermined proximity threshold until no patches meet the predetermined proximity threshold. The said at least one processor associates all the edge segments contained within the remaining one of the merged patches to represent the boundary of the object.

0006The invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:- <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none"><li><figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref> is a schematic diagram of a particle analyzer employing the method of the present invention.</li><li><figref idref="f0001">Fig. 2</figref> is a flow chart showing the method steps of the present invention.</li><li><figref idref="f0002">Fig. 3</figref> is a flow chart showing the method steps for setting the background level.</li><li><figref idref="f0002">Fig. 4</figref> is a flow chart showing the method steps for creating binary images.</li><li><figref idref="f0003">Fig. 5</figref> is an example of a pixel value array for an exemplary binary image derived from method steps of <figref idref="f0002">Fig. 4</figref>.</li><li><figref idref="f0003">Fig. 6</figref> is an example of the pixel value array of <figref idref="f0003">Fig. 5</figref> after edge detection.</li><li><figref idref="f0004">Fig. 7</figref> is an example of the pixel value array of <figref idref="f0003">Fig. 6</figref> after the formation of patches.</li><li><figref idref="f0004 f0005">Figs. 8A-8C</figref> are examples of the pixel value array of <figref idref="f0004">Fig. 7</figref> illustrating the merging of patches around a single particle.</li></ul>

0007The method of the present invention enhances the detection of particles to allow low contrast particle detection and object parts combination. The method includes 5 basic steps, and can be employed using a conventional particle analyzer having an imaging system 2 and a processor 4, as schematically illustrated in <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref>.

Imaging system and processor

0008Imaging system 2 is used to produce images of fields of view of a sample containing the particles of interest. Imaging system 2 is preferably a well known flow microscope as described in <patcit id="pcit0005" dnum="US4338024A"><text>U.S. Patents 4,338,024</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0006" dnum="US4393466A"><text>4,393,466</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0007" dnum="US4538299A"><text>4,538,299</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0008" dnum="US4612614A"><text>4,612,614</text></patcit>, which are all hereby incorporated herein by reference. Such systems include a flow cell 10, a microscope 12, and a camera 14, as shown in <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref>. Specimen fluid containing the particles of interest is passed through an examination area of the flow cell 10, whereby images of the particles are viewable through the flow microscope 12. The camera 14 (which is preferably a CCD camera) captures images of successive fields of view of the particles via the microscope 12, as the particles flow through the flow cell 10, and converts them to digital particle images. Each of the digital particle images taken by the camera 14 comprise thousands or even millions of individual pixels. A light source 16 (e.g. strobe) is preferably used to illuminate (by front and/or back lighting) the examination area of the flow cell 10. It should be noted that the present invention can also be applied to an imaging system that analyzes non-flowing specimen fluid (e.g. specimen fluid placed on an examination slide).

0009Processor 4 can be any microprocessor and/or computer system, or a plurality of microprocessors and/or computer systems, capable of processing the digital particle images as described below. Examples of such processors include, but are not limited to, data processors, DSP's (digital signal processors), microcontrollers, and computer system processors, each of which can be CISC and/or RISC type.

Method of particle detection enhancement

0010There are five basic steps of the particle detection method of the present invention, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 2: 1</figref>) Setting Background Level, 2) Creating Binary Image, 3) Detecting Particle Edges, 4) Forming Patches, and 5) Merging Patches.

Step 1: Setting Background Level

0011<figref idref="f0002">Fig. 3</figref> illustrates the four steps of setting a background level. This process not only creates a median background level for each pixel location, but does so in a manner that compensates for any fluctuations in the background illumination from image to image (e.g. different intensities from strobe 16 which can adversely affect the resulting accuracy of the system).

0012First (in step 1-1), a transparent fluid is sent through the flow cell 10 (or placed on examination slides), where N images of the transparent fluid are taken by camera 14 and digitized to create N digitized background images. As a non-limiting example, N can equal 3. Second (in step 1-2), histograms of the digital background image pixel values are made for each of the N images, where the peak value of each histogram corresponds to an average pixel value for that image. Third (in step 1-3), a predetermined "standardization" pixel value is selected, and each image is standardized to that pixel value by adding to or subtracting from all its pixel values, so that all of the N images have a histogram peak at the predetermined standardization pixel value. For example, if the predetennined standardization pixel value is 215, and one of the N images has a histogram peak at 210, then all pixels in that image are increased by a value of 5. If another of the N images has a histogram peak at 190, then all pixel values in that image are increased by 25. Thus, all N images are standardized to a single pixel value, which compensates for fluctuations in background illumination from image to image. Fourth (in step 1-4), for each pixel location of the digital images, a median pixel value is determined from the pixel values in all of the N images (as corrected by the standardization step 1-3), where a median background level image is created on a pixel location by pixel location basis. Thus, each pixel value of the median background level image represents the corrected median value for that pixel location from all of the standardized N images, where N can be any number of images, including 1.

0013Preferably, the predetermined standardization pixel value is selected to be as high as possible without causing pixel saturation. Thus, in a system where the pixel values can range from 0 to 255, the predetermined standardization pixel value is selected to prevent any of pixel values in the background images from reaching 255.

0014By compensating for background illumination (e.g. flash to flash) variations, it allows the system to operate with a lower threshold for distinguishing between background pixels and pixels that accurately reflect the particle edges, as discussed further below. It should be noted that for systems having minimal background illumination fluctuations from image to image, the illumination compensation of steps 1-2 and 1-3 can be omitted, whereby the median background level image is calculated in step 1-4 directly from measured pixel values of the N images taken in step 1-1 (without any standardization thereof), even where N equal 1. If N equals 1, then the median pixel values are the measured pixel values.

Step 2: Binary Image Creation

0015<figref idref="f0002">Fig. 4</figref> illustrates the steps for creating binary images. First (step 2-1), specimen fluid containing the particles of interest is sent through the flow cell (or positioned on examination slides), where images of the specimen fluid (and the particles therein) are taken by the camera 14 and digitized to form digital specimen images. Preferably but not necessarily, the illumination compensation discussed above (steps 1-2 and 1-3) is performed on each of the specimen images (to compensate for illumination differences from specimen image to specimen image). Specifically, histograms of the pixel values are made for each of the specimen images, where the peak value of each histogram corresponds to an average pixel value for that specimen image (step 2-2). A predetennined standardization pixel value is selected (preferably using the highest value possible while avoiding pixel saturation), and each specimen image is standardized to that pixel value by adding to or subtracting from all its pixel values as described above, so that all of the specimen images have a histogram peak at the predetermined standardization pixel value (step 2-3). Preferably, the predetennined standardization pixel value for the specimen image is the same as that used for standardizing the background images. Finally, a binary image is created for each specimen image on a pixel by pixel basis (step 2-4), which highlights only those pixels for which the difference between the median background level image value and the specimen image value exceeds a predetermined threshold value X.

0016<figref idref="f0003">Fig. 5</figref> illustrates an example of a binary image, where the binary image pixel values are assigned one value (e.g. a "1 ") where the difference between corresponding specimen image pixel values and median background level image pixel values exceed the threshold value X, with the remaining binary image pixels assigned a second pixel value (e.g. a "0"). It should be noted that for specimen images that are backlit, pixels corresponding to the background are lighter (have a greater intensity value) than those pixels corresponding to portions of the particles.

0017The predetennined threshold value X is selected to be as small as possible, without incurring too much noise, to maximize the sensitivity of the system for low contrast particle images. If the threshold is set too high, the system will erroneously identify, as part of the background, some pixels that in fact correspond to portions of the particles. If the threshold is set too low, the system will erroneously identify, as part of the particles, some pixels that in fact correspond to portions of the background. For best results, the ideal threshold value X should be empirically determined for each system.

Step 3: Edge Detection.

0018For each of the specimen images, edges of the various particles therein are determined using the corresponding binary image created in Step 3. Particle edge detection in imaging systems is well known, and involves the process of identifying those pixels of the specimen images that correspond to the edges of the particles in those images. For example, pixels corresponding to the particle edges are often identified as those having neighboring pixels on one side that correspond to the image's background, and having neighboring pixels on the other-side that correspond to the particle interior. Typical edge detection techniques start by identifying one or more edge pixels, and then search for more such edge pixels adjacent those already so identified. Exemplary particle edge tracing techniques are disclosed in <patcit id="pcit0009" dnum="US5626709A"><text>U.S. Patent Numbers 5,626,709</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0010" dnum="US4538299A"><text>4,538,299</text></patcit>, which are incorporated herein by reference. Once the edge pixels are identified, those pixels are distinguished from the rest of the image (which corresponds to background and particle interior portions of the image). For example, the binary image of <figref idref="f0003">Fig. 5</figref> can be processed using an edge detection technique such that those pixels that are identified as edge pixels are left assigned as "1's", with the remaining pixels all assigned as "0's", as illustrated in <figref idref="f0003">Fig. 6</figref>. The result is a plurality of pixels that define particle edges or edge segments (an edge segment is formed by a group of edge pixels that continuously define at least a portion of a particle edge).

Step 4: Patch Formation

0019For each specimen image, rectangular patches are created around each detected particle edge or edge segment, where each patch is dimensioned as small as possible while still containing the entire detected particle edge or edge segment. A simple exemplary creation of the rectangular patches for the binary image of <figref idref="f0003">Fig. 6</figref> is illustrated in <figref idref="f0004">Fig. 7</figref>, where four distinct edge segments for one particle result in four rectangular patches (P1, P2, P3 and P4).

0020As an optional step, each patch can be enlarged by expanding each of its walls away from the patch center by the same predetermined amount. For example, if a patch size is 10 X 20 pixels, and the predetermined amount is 5 pixels, then each patch wall is moved back by 5 pixels, leaving a patch size of 20 X 30. The optimal predetermined amount of enlargement, which produces the most accurate particle identification results, will vary depending on system design, and can be empirically determined. In a particle analyzer that has been reduced to practice, the optimal predetermined amount of enlargement was determined by trial and error to be 12 pixels (out of approximately 1.4 million total pixels in the entire image), such that a patch size of 10 X 20 is expanded to a patch size of 34 X 44. The patches are preferably enlarged before proceeding to the fifth and final step.

Step 5: Patch Merge

0021The final step is to successively merge overlapping patches to identify those patches (and the edge segments therein) that belong to the same particle. The merge process begins by merging together any of the patches created (and possibly expanded) from Step 4 that overlap each other by sharing more than a predetermined number of pixels Y. Thus, for any two patches that meet that criteria, the two patches are merged into a a single patch, where the single patch represents the smallest rectangle that can entirely contain both of the overlapping patches. This merging process continues using the original patches from Step 4, the merged patches of the present step, and/or any combinations of the two, until no further patches can be merged using the above described criteria.

0022<figref idref="f0004 f0005">Figs. 8A to 8C</figref> illustrate a simplistic example of the merging of patches from <figref idref="f0004">Fig. 7</figref>. In <figref idref="f0004">Fig. 7</figref>, two of the patches (P1 and P2) are overlapping (by having two pixels in common). Assuming the predetermined number of pixels Y does not exceed two, patches P1 and P2 are merged together as shown in <figref idref="f0004">Fig. 8A</figref> into a single merged patch P5. Patch P5 now overlaps with patch P3, where <figref idref="f0005">Fig. 8B</figref> illustrates the merger of patches P5 and P3 to result in merged patch P6. In this particular example, no more merging takes place, because patch P6 does not overlap patch P4. <figref idref="f0005">Fig. 8B</figref> is a good example of why the optional patch enlargement step should be utilized, as it ensures patches adjacent but distinct from the other patches from the same particle are included in the final merged patch. Had patch enlargement of just a single pixel been performed before or even during the patch merge process, all four of the original patches (P1, P2, P3, P4) that represent four distinct particle edge segments of the same particle would have been properly included in the final merged patch P7, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0005">Fig. 8C</figref>.

0023Once patch merging is complete, those edge segments found within one of the final patches are associated with a single particle (as representing the boundary of that single particle), and any edge segment(s) found outside of that final patch are associated as either non-particles or part of an adjacent but distinct particle. At this time, any gaps between the edge segments within the one final patch can be filled in to form a single and continuous particle edge.

0024The optimal value of the predetennined number of pixels Y required to merge two patches will vary from system to system, and can be empirically determined. In a particle analyzer that has been reduced to practice, 50 pixels (out of 1.4 million total pixels in the entire image) was found to be an optimal predetermined number Y of shared pixels for triggering a merging of overlapping patches. Once the patch merge process is completed, then each remaining patch should contain no more than the image of a single particle.

0025By isolating each particle in distinct and known patches, the system can reliably avoid identifying different parts of the same particle as different particles, whereby any gaps in the particle edges can be filled in within each patch without the risk of bridging an edge portion of one particle to an edge portion of another particle.

0026Patching merging as described above and illustrated in the drawings are described with respect to overlapping boundaries of the patches. However, patch merging can be performer in any manner that measures a proximity of the patches, where patches are merged if they meet a particular proximity threshold. Proximity can be measured simply by the overlap of patch boundaries containing distinct particle edge segments, as illustrated and described above. But in addition, other measures of proximity could be used, such as a measured distance or distances between patch boundary portions (e.g. distance between closest patch boundary portions, distance between furthest patch boundary portions, etc.), or a gravitational-like attraction criteria based on both patch sizes and separation distance(s) (e.g. consider overall size of patches and distance between patch centers, which is analogous to a mass and gravitational force analysis), where "big" patches might merge, but big and small patches with similar separation may not. Thus, the proximity threshold could be a particular number of pixels shared by two overlapping patches, or could be distance(s) between boundary segments of two patches, or could be a value based upon the sizes of the patches divided by the distance between the patch boundaries or the patch centers.

0027It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the embodiment(s) described above and illustrated herein, but encompasses any and all variations falling within the scope of the appended claims. For example, as is apparent from the claims and specification, not all method steps need be performed in the exact order illustrated or claimed, but rather in any order that allows the proper isolation of particles in separate and distinct patches. Further, the shape of the patches need not necessarily be rectangular, and can vary in shape and orientation to optimize their merging behavior. Some shapes such as rectangles would more aggressively "capture" adjacent patches, while other shapes such as circles and ovals would minimize capture of adjacent objects, assuming that all objects were inherently convex. In addition, while the system preferably automatically associates all the edge segments contained within the merged patch as representing the boundary of the object, it need not necessarily do so. Instead, the resulting edge segments contained with the merged patch can simply be presented to the user for analysis, or be used by the system for other analysis purposes.