Absorbent polymer structure provided with an improved retention capacity and permeability

The invention relates to a method for producing an absorbent polymer structure.

Superabsorbents are water-insoluble, cross-linked polymers which are capable of absorbing and retaining, under swelling and formation of hydrogels, large quantities of aqueous liquids, in particular body fluids, preferably urine or blood, under a certain pressure. These characteristics make these polymers primarily used in sanitaryware incorporation such as baby diapers, incontinence products or sanitary napkins.

The currently commercially available superabsorbents are essentially crosslinked polyacrylic acids or crosslinked starch-acrylic acid graft polymers in which the carboxyl groups are partially neutralized with sodium hydroxide solution or potassium hydroxide solution.

For aesthetic reasons and environmental aspects, there is an increasing tendency to make sanitary products ever smaller and thinner. In order to ensure a consistent total retention capacity of the sanitary articles, this requirement can only be met by reducing the proportion of large-volume fluff. As a result of this, the superabsorber has additional tasks in terms of transport and distribution of liquid, which can be summarized as permeability properties.

In the case of superabsorber materials, permeability is understood to mean the ability to transport liquids added in the swollen state and to distribute them three-dimensionally. This process takes place in the swollen superabsorbent gel via capillary transport through spaces between the gel particles. Liquid transport by swollen superabsorbent particles themselves follows the laws of diffusion and is a very slow process, which plays no role in the distribution of the liquid in the usage situation of the sanitary article. For superabsorbent materials which can not accomplish capillary transport due to lack of gel stability, by embedding these materials in a fiber matrix, separation of the particles from each other has been ensured while avoiding the gel-blocking phenomenon. In new generation diaper constructions, there is little or no fibrous material in the absorber layer to aid liquid transport. The superabsorbers used here must therefore have a sufficiently high stability in the swollen state, so that the swollen gel still has a sufficient amount of capillary spaces through which liquid can be transported.

In order to obtain superabsorbent materials with high gel stability, on the one hand, the degree of crosslinking of the polymer can be increased, which inevitably results in a reduction of the swelling capacity and the retention capacity. An optimized combination of different crosslinkers and comonomers, as in<patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="DE19646484"><text>DE 196 46 484</text></patcit> Although the permeability properties can be improved, they can not be improved to a level which, for example, permits the incorporation of a layer, which may be composed only of superabsorbers, into a diaper construction.

Furthermore, methods for the aftertreatment of the surface of polymer particles for improving the superabsorber properties can be used. As a surface treatment, for example, post-crosslinking of the absorbent polymer structure at the surface, bringing the surface in contact with inorganic compounds or post-crosslinking the surface in the presence of inorganic compounds of the prior art are known.

So describe <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="EP0450923A"><text>EP-A-0 450 923</text></patcit>. <patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="EP0450922A"><text>EP-A-0 450 922</text></patcit>. <patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="DE3523617A"><text>DE-A-35 23 617</text></patcit>. <patcit id="pcit0005" dnum="US5140076A"><text>US 5,140,076</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0006" dnum="US4734478A"><text>US 4,734,478</text></patcit> the treatment of the surface of absorbent polymers by contacting the surface with inorganic compounds, such as finely divided silica, during or after post-crosslinking of the surface. In addition to an increased rate of absorption under pressure, increased permeability of the absorbent polymers is also achieved by this type of surface treatment.

The <patcit id="pcit0007" dnum="DE3503458"><text>DE 35 03 458</text></patcit> discloses a process for producing an improved absorbent resin in which a water-absorbent resin containing units of a monomer having a carboxyl group in the form of the free acid or a salt as a structural component thereof in the presence of a powder of a finely divided metal oxide absorbs a crosslinking agent and water and the resulting mixture is heated with stirring to effect crosslinking of the resin and removal of water. Here absorbent resins are obtained with a good water absorbency, which also have a good absorption rate.

<patcit id="pcit0008" dnum="US4535098A"><text>US 4,535,098</text></patcit> describes a method of increasing the gel strength of non-postcrosslinked SAPs by swelling absorbent polymers in the presence of a colloidal disperse inorganic compound such as a silica sol, or by preparing an absorbent polymer in the presence of a colloidal disperse inorganic compound.

<patcit id="pcit0009" dnum="DE19805447"><text>DE 198 05 447</text></patcit> discloses a method of post-crosslinking polyacrylonitrile hydrolysates with bifunctional compounds and simultaneously immobilizing silica in the superabsorbent polymer surface structure. The silica was brought into contact with the surface together with the crosslinking agent in a water / alcohol mixture. By the immobilization of the silicic acid an improvement of the<i>Absorbency under load</i> and a reduction in gel blocking can be achieved.

<patcit id="pcit0010" dnum="DE19854575"><text>DE 198 54 575</text></patcit> describes the addition of alkali metal salts of silicic acid before, during or after the polymerization or for the partial neutralization of the superabsorbent. By this surface treatment, an improved permeability is achieved, but this is mainly due to the non-swellable addition due to reduced retention of the polymers.

<patcit id="pcit0011" dnum="US5147921A"><text>US 5,147,921</text></patcit> discloses the addition of a silica sol as an inert filler which can be dispersed in the monomer solution to be polymerized.

<patcit id="pcit0012" dnum="EP1211266A1"><text>EP 1211266 A1</text></patcit> describes a process for the preparation of superabsorbent polymers in which crosslinked and / or uncrosslinked aqueous polyacrylonitrile emulsions based on homopolymers and / or copolymers by reaction with an alkali metal hydroxide solution in highly concentrated reaction mixtures adiabatically without supply of mechanical or thermal energy at an initial temperature of 10 ° C to 40 ° C to the reaction brings. In<patcit id="pcit0013" dnum="EP1211266A1"><text>EP 1211266 A1</text></patcit> In addition, attention is drawn to an optional surface modification in order to improve the anti-gel blocking properties. The modification in question provides that the milled and sized particles are treated in a water / alcohol mixture with an aldehydic crosslinking agent and in the presence of silica. In this case, a very large excess of methanol is used. Polymers based on polyacrylic acid are used in<patcit id="pcit0014" dnum="EP1211266A"><text>EP 1211266</text></patcit> on the other hand not described and also the use of silica sol is described.

<patcit id="pcit0015" dnum="WO0113841A1"><text>WO 01/13841 A1</text></patcit> describes an absorbent, crosslinked polymer for water or aqueous body fluids, based on optionally partially neutralized, monoethylenically unsaturated acid group-carrying monomers, wherein the polymer cyclodextrin or cyclodextrin derivatives and silicon-rich zeolites at least partially covalently, ionically bound or included therein. For example, Flavith S 108 is used as the silicon-rich zeolite. The use of silica sol, however, is not provided.

<patcit id="pcit0016" dnum="JP6016822A"><text>JP 1994-16822</text></patcit> describes the aftertreatment of the surface of absorbent polymers with an inorganic sol In order to allow an improved processability of the mixture tending to form agglomerates, an organic solvent component is additionally added. As the organic solvent component, for example, mono- and dimethyl ethers of diols or diols themselves are mentioned. After drying, the absorbent polymers are said to have higher gel stability, less tendency to gel blocking, and improved water permeability in simple tests without superabsorbent pressure loading.

The prior art describes methods in which inorganic particles are either mixed dry with the superabsorbent or are introduced into the process of post-crosslinking with the aid of large amounts of partially organic solvent, in order to prevent agglomeration of the SAP particles. However, these methods have the disadvantage that either large amounts of solvent must be handled, which is undesirable for both economic and environmental reasons. In addition, superabsorbent polymers tend to agglomerate when mixed with large quantities of liquid, which can severely affect processability within a continuous manufacturing process. Simple mixing with inorganic, finely divided substances, however, brings with it disadvantages such as segregation or dusting. The addition of inorganic additives in aqueous solutions for post-crosslinking itself is difficult because the inorganic particles settle quickly. In addition, inorganic dispersions are difficult to dose.

Due to the presence of finely divided, inorganic substances disclosed in the prior art, an inhomogeneous distribution of the chemical postcrosslinker on the surface of the absorbent polymers and accordingly also inhomogeneous postcrosslinking occurs. This in turn results in superabsorbent polymers having unsatisfactory overall performance, especially in terms of retention and permeability. Homogeneous distribution is possible in the case of the surface treatment processes described in the prior art, at most by the use of large amounts of an aqueous or alcoholic solution containing the chemical crosslinker.

In general, the invention has for its object to overcome the disadvantages resulting from the prior art.

Furthermore, it is an object of the present invention to provide superabsorbent polymers which, as a combination of properties, combine not only a high absorption capacity under pressure but also the usually opposing properties of a high retention capacity and a good permeability to meet the requirements of modern hygiene articles, in particular diapers Incontinence products or sanitary napkins to accommodate absorbent polymers. In particular, these polymers should contain as small amounts of toxic monomers as possible, such as acrylamide or acrylonitrile, which wash out on contact of the superabsorbent polymers with body fluids and, for example, in the case of use of the superabsorbent polymers in diapers,

Another object of the present invention was to provide sanitary articles, such as diapers, which are better able to retain absorbed body fluids, absorb liquids under pressure, and absorb liquids when compared to the sanitary articles known in the art distribute them as quickly and evenly as possible in the hygiene article.

In addition, another object of the invention is to provide a method by which such absorbent polymers can be prepared in a simple, continuous manner as small as possible amounts of organic solvents. In this production process, added inorganic auxiliaries should detach at most in small amounts from the superabsorbent polymer, which do not adversely affect the polymer properties. The solution used in this method of treating the surface of the absorbent polymer should be able to be handled as a single-phase system and be evenly metered. The coated superabsorbent should form agglomerates only to a small extent in the course of the process and should be able to be fed in a simple manner to a continuously operating tempering step.

The above objects are achieved by a method according to claim 1.

The above objects are also achieved by a method according to claim 2.

Absorbent polymer structures (Pa) described herein are fibers, foams or particles, with fibers and particles being preferred and particles being particularly preferred. Absorbent polymer structures (Pa) in these forms are obtained, in which fibers, foams or particles are used in a corresponding manner as absorbent polymer structures (Pu1) or (Pu2).

According to the invention preferred absorbent polymer fibers are dimensioned so that they can be incorporated into or as yarn for textiles and also directly in textiles. It is preferred in the invention that the absorbent polymer fibers have a length in the range from 1 to 500, preferably 2 to 500 and more preferably 5 to 100 mm and a diameter in the range of 1 to 200, preferably 3 to 100 and particularly preferably 5 to 60 denier have.

According to the invention, particularly preferred absorbent polymer particles are dimensioned such that they have an average particle size according to ERT 420.1-99 in the range from 10 to 3000, preferably 20 to 2000 and particularly preferably 150 to 850 μm.

The absorbent polymer structure (Pu1) or (Pu2) used in the process according to the invention is preferably a polymer structure which comprises<ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>(α1) 55 to 98.99 wt .-% and particularly preferably 70 to 98.79 wt .-% of polymerized, ethylenically unsaturated, acid group-containing monomers or their salts or polymerized, ethylenically unsaturated, a protonated or quaternized nitrogen-containing monomers, or their Mixtures wherein at least ethylenically unsaturated, acid group-containing monomers, preferably acrylic acid-containing mixtures are particularly preferred,</li><li>(α2) 0-80 wt .-%, preferably 0-44.99 wt .-% and particularly preferably 0.1-44.89 wt .-% polymerized, monoethylenically unsaturated, with (α1) copolymerizable monomers,</li><li>(α3) 0.001-5 wt .-%, preferably 0.01-3 wt .-% and particularly preferably 0.01-2.5 wt .-% of one or more crosslinkers,</li><li>(α4) 0-30 wt .-%, preferably 0-5 wt .-% and particularly preferably 0.1-5 wt .-% of a water-soluble polymer, and</li><li>(α5) 0-20 wt .-%, preferably 0 to 10 wt .-% and particularly preferably 0.1-8 wt .-% of one or more adjuvants based, wherein the sum of the amounts by weight (α1) to (α5) 100 Wt .-% is.</li></ul>

The monoethylenically unsaturated acid group-containing monomers (α1) are partially neutralized. The monoethylenically unsaturated monomers containing acid groups are preferably neutralized to at least 25 mol%, particularly preferably to at least 50 mol% and moreover preferably to 50-80 mol%. In this connection will open<patcit id="pcit0017" dnum="DE19529348"><text>DE 195 29 348</text></patcit> directed. The neutralization can be done partially or completely even after the polymerization. Furthermore, the neutralization can be carried out with alkali metal hydroxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides, ammonia and carbonates and bicarbonates. In addition, every other base is conceivable, which forms a water-soluble salt with the acid. Also a mixed neutralization with different bases is conceivable. Preference is given to neutralization with ammonia and alkali metal hydroxides, particularly preferably with sodium hydroxide and with ammonia.

Furthermore, in the case of a polymer, the free acid groups may predominate, so that this polymer has a pH lying in the acidic range. This acidic water-absorbing polymer may be at least partially neutralized by a polymer having free basic groups, preferably amine groups, which is basic as compared to the acidic polymer. These polymers are known in the literature as<i>Mixed-Bed Ion-Exchange Absorbent Polymers</i> (MBIEA polymers) and are inter alia in the <patcit id="pcit0018" dnum="WO9934843A"><text>WO 99/34843</text></patcit> disclosed. On the revelation of<patcit id="pcit0019" dnum="WO9934843A"><text>WO 99/34843</text></patcit> is hereby referred. In general, MBIEA polymers are a composition that includes basic polymers capable of exchanging anions and, on the other hand, a polymer that is acidic compared to the basic polymer and that is capable of exchanging cations. The basic polymer has basic groups and is typically obtained by the polymerization of monomers bearing basic groups or groups that can be converted to basic groups. These monomers are, above all, those which have primary, secondary or tertiary amines or the corresponding phosphines or at least two of the above functional groups. In particular, ethyleneamine, allylamine, diallylamine, 4-aminobutene, alkyloxycycline, vinylformamide belong to this group of monomers.

The monoethylenically unsaturated acid group-containing monomers (α1) are partially neutralized. The monoethylenically unsaturated monomers containing acid groups are preferably neutralized to at least 25 mol%, particularly preferably to at least 50 mol% and moreover preferably to 50-90 mol%. The neutralization of the monomers (α1) can also take place after the polymerization. Furthermore, the neutralization can be carried out with alkali metal hydroxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides, ammonia and carbonates and bicarbonates. In addition, every other base is conceivable, which forms a water-soluble salt with the acid. Also a mixed neutralization with different bases is conceivable. Preference is given to neutralization with ammonia or with alkali metal hydroxides, particularly preferably with sodium hydroxide or with ammonia.

Preferred monoethylenically unsaturated acid group-containing monomers (α1) are acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, α-chloroacrylic acid, α-cyanoacrylic acid, β-methylacrylic acid (crotonic acid), α-phenylacrylic acid, β-acryloxypropionic acid, sorbic acid, α-chlorosorbic acid, 2'-methylisocrotonic acid, Cinnamic acid, p-chlorocinnamic acid, β-stearylic acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, mesaconic acid, glutaconic acid, aconitic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tricarboxyethylene and maleic anhydride, with acrylic acid and methacrylic acid being particularly preferred, and acrylic acid moreover.

In addition to these carboxylate-containing monomers, preferred monoethylenically unsaturated acid group-containing monomers (α1) are ethylenically unsaturated sulfonic acid monomers or ethylenically unsaturated phosphonic acid monomers.

Ethylenically unsaturated sulfonic acid monomers are preferably allylsulfonic acid or aliphatic or aromatic vinylsulfonic acids or acrylic or methacrylic sulfonic acids. Preferred aliphatic or aromatic vinylsulfonic acids are vinylsulfonic acid, 4-vinylbenzylsulfonic acid, vinyltoluenesulfonic acid and styrenesulfonic acid. As acrylic or methacrylic sulfonic acids, preference is given to sulfoethyl (meth) acrylate, sulfopropyl (meth) acrylate, 2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropylsulfonic acid and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid.

Further preferred are ethylenically unsaturated phosphonic acid monomers such as vinylphosphonic acid, allylphosphonic acid, vinylbenzylphosphonic acid, (meth) acrylamidoalkylphosphonic acids, acrylamidoalkyldiphosphonic acids, phosphonomethylated vinylamines and (meth) acrylicphosphonic acid derivatives.

As ethylenically unsaturated, protonated nitrogen-containing monomers (α1) are preferably dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylates in protonated form, for example dimethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate hydrochloride or dimethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate hydrosulfate, and dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylamides in protonated form, For example, dimethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylamide hydrochloride or dimethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylamide hydrosulfate are preferred.

As ethylenically unsaturated, quaternized nitrogen-containing monomers (α1) are dialkylammonium alkyl (meth) acrylates in quaternized form, for example trimethylammoniumethyl (meth) acrylate methosulfate or dimethylethylammoniumethyl (meth) acrylate ethosulfate and (meth) acrylamidoalkyldialkylamine in quaternized form, for example (Meth ) acrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium chloride and (meth) acrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium sulfate.

According to the invention, the component (α1) is at least 50% by weight, preferably at least 70% by weight and moreover preferably at least 90% by weight, of carboxylate-containing monomers. According to the invention, the component (α1) is at least 50% by weight, preferably at least 70% by weight, of acrylic acid which is neutralized to at least 20 mol%, more preferably at least 50 mol%.

As monoethylenically unsaturated monomers (α2) which are copolymerizable with (α1), preference is given to acrylamides and methacrylamides.

Possible (meth) acrylamides are, in addition to acrylamide and methacrylamide, alkyl-substituted (meth) acrylamides or aminoalkyl-substituted derivatives of (meth) acrylamide, such as N-methylol (meth) acrylamide, N, N-dimethylamino (meth) acrylamide, dimethyl (meth) acrylamide or diethyl ( meth) acrylamide. Possible vinylamides are, for example, N-vinylamides, N-vinylformamides, N-vinylacetamides, N-vinyl-N-methylacetamides, N-vinyl-N-methylformamides, vinylpyrrolidone. Particularly preferred among these monomers is acrylamide.

Further, as the monoethylenically unsaturated monomers (α2) copolymerizable with (α1), water-dispersible monomers are preferable. As the water-dispersible monomers, acrylic acid esters and methacrylic acid esters such as methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, propyl (meth) acrylate or butyl (meth) acrylate, and methyl polyethylene glycol (meth) acrylate, methyl polyethylene glycol allyl ether, vinyl acetate, styrene and isobutylene are preferred ,

Crosslinkers (α3) are compounds which have at least two ethylenically unsaturated groups within one molecule (crosslinker class I), compounds which have at least two functional groups which react with functional groups of the monomers (α1) or (α2) in a condensation reaction (= condensation crosslinkers ), in an addition reaction or in a ring-opening reaction (crosslinker class II), compounds containing at least one ethylenically unsaturated group and at least one functional group functionalized with the monomers (α1) or (α2) in a condensation reaction, in an addition reaction or can react in a ring-opening reaction (crosslinker class III), or polyvalent metal cations (crosslinker class IV).Crosslinking of the polymers by the free radical polymerization of the ethylenically unsaturated groups of the crosslinker molecule with the monoethylenically unsaturated monomers (α1) or (α2) is achieved by the compounds of crosslinker class I, while in the compounds of crosslinker class II and the polyvalent metal cations of crosslinker class IV crosslinking of the polymers by condensation reaction of the functional groups (crosslinker class II) or by electrostatic interaction of the polyvalent metal cation (crosslinker class IV) with the functional groups of the monomers (α1) or (α2) is achieved.Accordingly, in the case of the compounds of crosslinker class III, crosslinking of the polymer takes place both by free-radical polymerization of the ethylenically unsaturated group and by condensation reaction between the functional group of the crosslinker and the functional groups of the monomers (α1) or (α2).

Preferred compounds of crosslinker class I are poly (meth) acrylates or poly (meth) acrylamides, for example, by the reaction of a polyol such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, trimethylolpropane, 1,6-hexanediol, glycerol, pentaerythritol, polyethylene glycol or polypropylene glycol, an aminoalcohol , a polyalkylenepolyamine, such as diethylenetriamine or triethylenetetraamine, or an alkoxylated polyol with acrylic acid or methacrylic acid. Further preferred compounds of crosslinker class I are polyvinyl compounds, poly (meth) allyl compounds, (meth) acrylic esters of a monovinyl compound or (meth) acrylic esters of a mono (meth) allyl compound, preferably of the mono (meth) allyl compounds of a polyol or of an aminoalcohol. In this connection will open<patcit id="pcit0020" dnum="DE19543366"><text>DE 195 43 366</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0021" dnum="DE19543368"><text>DE 195 43 368</text></patcit> directed.

Examples of compounds of crosslinker class I are alkenyldi (meth) acrylates, for example ethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, 1,3-propylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, 1,4-butylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, 1,3-butylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, 1,6-hexanediol di (meth) acrylate, 1,10-decanediol di (meth) acrylate, 1,12-dodecanediol di (meth) acrylate, 1,18-octadecanediol di (meth) acrylate, cyclopentanediol di (meth) acrylate, neopentyl glycol di ( meth) acrylate, methylenedi (meth) acrylate or pentaerythritol di (meth) acrylate, alkenyldi (meth) acrylamides, for example N-methyldi (meth) acrylamide, N, N'-3-methylbutylidenebis (meth) acrylamide, N, N '- ( 1,2-dihydroxyethylene) bis (meth) acrylamide, N, N'-hexamethylene bis (meth) acrylamide or N, N'-methylenebis (meth) acrylamide, polyalkoxydi (meth) acrylates, for example, diethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, triethylene glycol diol (meth) acrylate,Tetraethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, dipropylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, tripropylene glycol di (meth) acrylate or tetrapropylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, bisphenol A di (meth) acrylate, ethoxylated bisphenol A di (meth) acrylate, benzylidinedi (meth) acrylate , 1,3-di (meth) acryloyloxy-propanol-2, hydroquinone di (meth) acrylate, di (meth) acrylate ester of preferably with 1 to 30 moles of alkylene oxide per hydroxyl group oxyalkylated, preferably ethoxylated, trimethylolpropane, Thioethylenglykoldi (meth) acrylate, thiopropylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, thiopolyethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, thiopolypropylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, divinyl ethers, for example 1,4-butanediol divinyl ether, divinyl esters, for example divinyl adipate, alkanedienes, for example butadiene or 1,6-hexadiene, divinylbenzene, di (meth) allyl compounds,for example, di (meth) allyl phthalate or di (meth) allyl succinate, homo- and copolymers of di (meth) allyldimethylammonium chloride, and homo- and copolymers of diethyl (meth) allylaminomethyl (meth) acrylate ammonium chloride, vinyl (meth) acrylic compounds, for example vinyl (meth) acrylate, (meth) allyl (meth) acryl compounds, for example (meth) allyl (meth) acrylate, with 1 to 30 moles of ethylene oxide per hydroxyl ethoxylated (meth) allyl (meth) acrylate, di (meth) allyl ester of polycarboxylic acids, for example di (meth) allyl maleate, di (meth) allyl fumarate, di (meth) allyl succinate or di (meth) allyl terephthalate, compounds having 3 or more ethylenically unsaturated, radically polymerizable groups, for example glycerol tri (meth) acrylate, (meth) acrylate ester of glycerol oxyethylated with preferably 1 to 30 moles of ethylene oxide per hydroxyl group,Trimethylolpropane tri (meth) acrylate, tri (meth) acrylate ester of the preferably with 1 to 30 moles of alkylene oxide per hydroxyl group oxyalkylated, preferably ethoxylated trimethylolpropane, trimethacrylamide, (meth) allylidenedi (meth) acrylate, 3-allyloxy-1,2-propandioldi (meth) acrylate, tri (meth) allyl cyanurate, tri (meth) allyl isocyanurate, pentaerythritol tetra (meth) acrylate, pentaerythritol tri (meth) acrylate, (meth) acrylic acid ester of pentaerythritol oxyethylated with preferably 1 to 30 moles of ethylene oxide per hydroxyl group, tris (2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate tri (meth) acrylate, trivinyl trimellitate, tri (meth) allylamine, di (meth) allylalkylamines, for example di (meth) allylmethylamine, tri (meth) allyl phosphate, tetra (meth) allylethylenediamine, poly (meth) allyl ester, tetra (meth) allyloxiethanone or tetra (meth) allylammoniumhalide.Tri (meth) acrylate ester of the preferably with 1 to 30 moles of alkylene oxide per hydroxyl group oxyalkylated, preferably ethoxylated trimethylolpropane, trimethacrylamide, (meth) allylidenedi (meth) acrylate, 3-allyloxy-1,2-propanediol di (meth) acrylate, tri (meth) allyl cyanurate, tri (meth) allyl isocyanurate, pentaerythritol tetra (meth) acrylate, pentaerythritol tri (meth) acrylate, (meth) acrylic acid ester of pentaerythritol oxyethylated with preferably 1 to 30 moles of ethylene oxide per hydroxyl group, tris (2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate tri (meth) acrylate, trivinyl trimellitate , Tri (meth) allylamine, di (meth) allylalkylamines, for example di (meth) allylmethylamine, tri (meth) allyl phosphate, tetra (meth) allylethylenediamine, poly (meth) allyl esters, tetra (meth) allyloxiethanone or tetra (meth) allylammonium halides.Tri (meth) acrylate ester of the preferably with 1 to 30 moles of alkylene oxide per hydroxyl group oxyalkylated, preferably ethoxylated trimethylolpropane, trimethacrylamide, (meth) allylidenedi (meth) acrylate, 3-allyloxy-1,2-propanediol di (meth) acrylate, tri (meth) allyl cyanurate, tri (meth) allyl isocyanurate, pentaerythritol tetra (meth) acrylate, pentaerythritol tri (meth) acrylate, (meth) acrylic acid ester of pentaerythritol oxyethylated with preferably 1 to 30 moles of ethylene oxide per hydroxyl group, tris (2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate tri (meth) acrylate, trivinyl trimellitate , Tri (meth) allylamine, di (meth) allylalkylamines, for example di (meth) allylmethylamine, tri (meth) allyl phosphate, tetra (meth) allylethylenediamine, poly (meth) allyl esters, tetra (meth) allyloxiethanone or tetra (meth) allylammonium halides.preferably ethoxylated trimethylolpropane, trimethacrylamide, (meth) allylidenedi (meth) acrylate, 3-allyloxy-1,2-propanediol di (meth) acrylate, tri (meth) allyl cyanurate, tri (meth) allyl isocyanurate, pentaerythritol tetra (meth) acrylate, pentaerythritol tri (meth ) acrylate, (meth) acrylic acid ester of preferably with 1 to 30 moles of ethylene oxide per hydroxyl group oxyethylated pentaerythritol, tris (2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate tri (meth) acrylate, trivinyl trimellitate, tri (meth) allylamine, di (meth) allylalkylamine, for example di (meth ) allylmethylamine, tri (meth) allyl phosphate, tetra (meth) allylethylenediamine, poly (meth) allyl esters, tetra (meth) allyloxiethanone or tetra (meth) allylammonium halides.preferably ethoxylated trimethylolpropane, trimethacrylamide, (meth) allylidenedi (meth) acrylate, 3-allyloxy-1,2-propanediol di (meth) acrylate, tri (meth) allyl cyanurate, tri (meth) allyl isocyanurate, pentaerythritol tetra (meth) acrylate, pentaerythritol tri (meth ) acrylate, (meth) acrylic acid ester of preferably with 1 to 30 moles of ethylene oxide per hydroxyl group oxyethylated pentaerythritol, tris (2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate tri (meth) acrylate, trivinyl trimellitate, tri (meth) allylamine, di (meth) allylalkylamine, for example di (meth ) allylmethylamine, tri (meth) allyl phosphate, tetra (meth) allylethylenediamine, poly (meth) allyl esters, tetra (meth) allyloxiethanone or tetra (meth) allylammonium halides.Pentaerythritol tetra (meth) acrylate, pentaerythritol tri (meth) acrylate, (meth) acrylic acid ester of pentaerythritol oxyethylated with preferably 1 to 30 moles of ethylene oxide per hydroxyl group, tris (2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate tri (meth) acrylate, trivinyl trimellitate, tri (meth) allylamine, di (meth) allylalkylamines, for example di (meth) allylmethylamine, tri (meth) allyl phosphate tetra (meth) allylethylenediamine, poly (meth) allyl esters, tetra (meth) allyloxiethan or tetra (meth) allylammoniumhalides.Pentaerythritol tetra (meth) acrylate, pentaerythritol tri (meth) acrylate, (meth) acrylic acid ester of pentaerythritol oxyethylated with preferably 1 to 30 moles of ethylene oxide per hydroxyl group, tris (2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate tri (meth) acrylate, trivinyl trimellitate, tri (meth) allylamine, di (meth) allylalkylamines, for example di (meth) allylmethylamine, tri (meth) allyl phosphate tetra (meth) allylethylenediamine, poly (meth) allyl esters, tetra (meth) allyloxiethan or tetra (meth) allylammoniumhalides.Poly (meth) allyl esters, tetra (meth) allyloxiethan or tetra (meth) allylammonium halides.Poly (meth) allyl esters, tetra (meth) allyloxiethan or tetra (meth) allylammonium halides.

Preferred compounds of crosslinker class II are compounds which have at least two functional groups which are used in a condensation reaction (= condensation crosslinker), in an addition reaction or in a ring-opening reaction with the functional groups of the monomers (α1) or (α2), preferably with acid groups, of the monomers (α1), can react. These functional groups of the compounds of crosslinker class II are preferably alcohol, amine, aldehyde, glycidyl, isocyanate, carbonate or epichloro functions.

3-dioxolan-2-one (ethylene carbonate), 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (propylene carbonate), 4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4,4-dimethyl 1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 1,3-dioxan-2-one, 4- Methyl 1,3-dioxan-2-one, 4,6-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one, 1,3-dioxolan-2-one, poly-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, polyquaternary amines such as condensation products of dimethylamines and epichlorohydrin. Other preferred compounds of crosslinker class II are polyoxazolines such as 1,2-ethylenebisoxazoline, crosslinkers with silane groups such as γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane and γ-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, oxazolidinones such as 2-oxazolidinone, bis- and poly-2-oxazolidinones and diglycol silicates. 3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 1,3-dioxan-2-one, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one, 4,6- Dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one, 1,3-dioxolan-2-one, poly-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, polyquaternary amines such as condensation products of dimethylamines and epichlorohydrin. Other preferred compounds of crosslinker class II are polyoxazolines such as 1,2-ethylenebisoxazoline, crosslinkers with silane groups such as γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane and γ-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, oxazolidinones such as 2-oxazolidinone, bis- and poly-2-oxazolidinones and diglycol silicates. 3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 1,3-dioxan-2-one, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one, 4,6- Dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one, 1,3-dioxolan-2-one, poly-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, polyquaternary amines such as condensation products of dimethylamines and epichlorohydrin. Other preferred compounds of crosslinker class II are polyoxazolines such as 1,2-ethylenebisoxazoline, crosslinkers with silane groups such as γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane and γ-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, oxazolidinones such as 2-oxazolidinone, bis- and poly-2-oxazolidinones and diglycol silicates.

As compounds of class III are hydroxyl- or amino-containing esters of (meth) acrylic acid, such as 2-hydroxy ethyl (meth) acrylate, as well as hydroxyl- or amino-containing (meth) acrylamides, or mono (meth) allyl compounds of diols.

The polyvalent metal cations of crosslinker class IV are preferably derived from mono- or polyvalent cations, the monovalent particular alkali metals such as potassium, sodium, lithium, with lithium being preferred. Preferred divalent cations are derived from zinc, beryllium, alkaline earth metals such as magnesium, calcium, strontium, with magnesium being preferred. Further higher-grade cations which can be used according to the invention are cations of aluminum, iron, chromium, manganese, titanium, zirconium and other transition metals, as well as double salts of such cations or mixtures of the abovementioned salts. Preference is given to aluminum salts and alums and their different hydrates such. B. AlCl₃ × 6H₂O, NaAl (SO₄)₂ × 12 H₂O, KAl (SO₄)₂ × 12 H₂O or Al₂(SO₄)₃× 14-18 h₂O used.

Particularly preferred are Al₂(SO₄)₃ and its hydrates are used as crosslinker of crosslinking class IV. Preferred absorbent polymer structures (Pu1) or (Pu2) are polymer structures which are crosslinked by crosslinkers of the following crosslinker classes or by crosslinkers of the following combinations of crosslinker classes: I, II, III, IV, II, III, IV, II III, I II IV, I III IV, II III IV, II IV or III IV. The above combinations of crosslinker classes each represent a preferred embodiment of crosslinkers of a polymer.

Further preferred embodiments of the absorbent polymer structures (Pu1) or (Pu2) are polymer structures which are crosslinked by means of any of the crosslinkers of the crosslinker classes I mentioned above. Among them, water-soluble crosslinkers are preferred. In this connection, N, N'-methylenebisacrylamide, polyethylene glycol di (meth) acrylates, triallylmethylammonium chloride, tetraallylammonium chloride and allylnonaethylene glycol acrylate prepared with 9 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of acrylic acid are particularly preferred.

As water-soluble polymers (α4), water-soluble polymers such as partially or fully saponified polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, starch or starch derivatives, polyglycols or polyacrylic acid can be present in the absorbent polymer structures (Pu1) or (Pu2) according to the invention, preferably in copolymerized form. The molecular weight of these polymers is not critical as long as they are water-soluble. Preferred water-soluble polymers are starch or starch derivatives or polyvinyl alcohol. The water-soluble polymers, preferably synthetic, such as polyvinyl alcohol, can also serve as a grafting base for the monomers to be polymerized.

Adjuvants (α5) which may be present in the absorbent polymer structures (Pu1) or (Pu2) used in the process according to the invention are preferably stabilizers, surface-active agents, odor binders, fillers or antioxidants.

It is particularly preferred according to the invention that the absorbent polymer structure (Pu1) or (Pu2) is a crosslinked polyacrylate in particulate form, which comprises polymerizing an acrylic acid and optionally one of the abovementioned crosslinkers in aqueous solution containing the acrylic acid in an amount in one range from 5 to 80 wt .-%, preferably 10 to 70 wt .-% and particularly preferably 20 to 50 wt .-%, based on the weight of the aqueous solution, and then comminuting the resulting polymer gel, drying the comminuted gel and optionally further Crushing of the dried polymer gel was obtained. The absorbent polymer structures obtained in this way are preferably characterized by a water content of 0.5 to 25 wt .-%, preferably from 1 to 10 wt .-%

In the inventive method, the absorbent polymer structures (Pu1) or (Pu2) to at least 50 wt .-%, preferably at least 75 wt .-% and more preferably at least 90 wt .-% based on acrylic acid, which is at least 20 mol -%, more preferably neutralized to at least 50 mol%.

It is further preferred that the absorbent polymer structure (Pu1) or (Pu2) is not based on polyacrylonitrile emulsions. It is preferred that the absorbent polymer structures (Pu1) or (Pu2) less than 37 mol%, more preferably less than 20 mol%, more preferably less than 10 mol% and even more preferably less than 5 mole percent based on acrylamide and / or acrylonitrile monomers. It is further preferred in this context that the absorbent polymer structure (Pu1) or (Pu2) has a content of soluble acrylonitrile- and / or acrylamide monomer-based monomers or polymers of less than 1000 ppm, more preferably less than 500 ppm, more preferably less than 100 ppm and even more preferably less than 10 ppm.

From the aforementioned monomers and crosslinkers, the absorbent polymer structure (Pu1) or (Pu2) can be prepared by various polymerization methods. For example, bulk polymerization, which preferably takes place in kneading reactors such as extruders, solution polymerization, spray polymerization, inverse emulsion polymerization and inverse suspension polymerization, are to be mentioned in this context. Preferably, the solution polymerization is carried out in water as a solvent. The solution polymerization can be continuous or discontinuous. From the prior art, a wide range of possible variations in terms of reaction conditions such as temperatures, type and amount of initiators and the reaction solution can be found. Typical processes are described in the following patents:<patcit id="pcit0022" dnum="US4286082A"><text>US 4,286,082</text></patcit>. <patcit id="pcit0023" dnum="DE2706135"><text>DE 27 06 135</text></patcit>. <patcit id="pcit0024" dnum="US4076663A"><text>US 4,076,663</text></patcit>. <patcit id="pcit0025" dnum="DE3503458"><text>DE 35 03 458</text></patcit>. <patcit id="pcit0026" dnum="DE4020780"><text>DE 40 20 780</text></patcit>. <patcit id="pcit0027" dnum="DE4244548"><text>DE 42 44 548</text></patcit>. <patcit id="pcit0028" dnum="DE4323001"><text>DE 43 23 001</text></patcit>. <patcit id="pcit0029" dnum="DE4333056"><text>DE 43 33 056</text></patcit>. <patcit id="pcit0030" dnum="DE4418818"><text>DE 44 18 818</text></patcit>,

Another possibility for producing the absorbent polymer structures (Pu1) or (Pu2) consists of first producing uncrosslinked, in particular linear polymers, preferably free-radically, from the abovementioned monoethylenically unsaturated monomers (α1) or (α2) and then crosslinking them Reactants (α3), preferably those of Classes II and IV implement. This variant is preferably used when the polymer structures are initially processed in forming processes, for example, to fibers, films or other fabrics, such as fabrics, knitted fabrics, spuns or nonwovens and are to be crosslinked in this form.

The polymerization is initiated as usual by an initiator. As initiators for initiating the polymerization, it is possible to use all initiators which form free radicals under the polymerization conditions and are customarily used in the production of superabsorbers. It is also possible to initiate the polymerization by the action of electron beams on the polymerizable, aqueous mixture. However, the polymerization can also be triggered in the absence of initiators of the abovementioned type by the action of high-energy radiation in the presence of photoinitiators. Polymerization initiators may be dissolved or dispersed in a solution of monomers according to the invention. Suitable initiators are all compounds which decompose into free radicals which are known to the person skilled in the art. These include in particular peroxides, hydroperoxides, hydrogen peroxide, persulfates, azo compounds and the so-called redox catalysts. The use of water-soluble catalysts is preferred. In some cases, it is advantageous to use mixtures of different polymerization initiators. Among these mixtures, those of hydrogen peroxide and sodium or potassium peroxodisulfate are preferred, which can be used in any conceivable quantitative ratio. Suitable organic peroxides are preferably acetylacetone peroxide, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide, t-amyl perpivalate, t-butyl perpivalate, t-butyl perohexonate, t-butyl isobutyrate, t-butyl per-2-ethylhexenoate, t-butyl perisononanoate, t-butyl permaleate, t-butyl perbenzoate , t-butyl-3,5,5-tri-methylhexanoate and amylperneodecanoate. Further preferred polymerization initiators are: azo compounds such as 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride, azo-bis-amidinopropane dihydrochloride, 2,2'-azobis (N, N-dimethylene) isobutyramidine dihydrochloride , 2- (carbamoylazo) isobutyronitrile and 4,4-azobis (4-cyanovaleric acid). The compounds mentioned are used in conventional amounts, preferably in a range from 0.01 to 5, preferably from 0.1 to 2 mol%, in each case based on the amount of the monomers to be polymerized.

The redox catalysts contain as oxidic component at least one of the abovementioned per compounds and as reducing component preferably ascorbic acid, glucose, sorbose, mannose, ammonium or alkali metal hydrogen sulfite, sulfate, thiosulfate, hyposulfite or sulfide, metal salts such as iron II ions or silver ions or sodium hydroxymethylsulfoxylate. As reducing component of the redox catalyst, ascorbic acid or sodium pyrosulfite is preferably used. Based on the amount of monomers used in the polymerization is 1 × 10^-5 to 1 mol% of the reducing component of the redox catalyst and 1 x 10^-5 used to 5 mol% of the oxidizing component of the redox catalyst. Instead of the oxidizing component of the redox catalyst, or in addition to this, one or more, preferably water-soluble, azo compounds can be used.

When the polymerization is triggered by the action of high-energy radiation, so-called photoinitiators are usually used as the initiator. These may be, for example, so-called α-splitters, H-abstracting systems or azides. Examples of such initiators are benzophenone derivatives such as Michler's ketone, phenanthrene derivatives, fluorene derivatives, anthraquinone derivatives, thioxanthone derivatives, coumarin derivatives, benzoin ethers and their derivatives, azo compounds such as the abovementioned radical formers, substituted hexaarylbisimidazoles or acylphosphine oxides. Examples of azides are: 2- (N, N-dimethylamino) -ethyl-4-azidocinnamate, 2- (N, N-dimethylamino) -ethyl-4-azidonaphthyl ketone, 2- (N, N-dimethylamino) -ethyl-4 -azidobenzoate, 5-azido-1-naphthyl-2 '- (N, N-dimethylamino) ethylsulfone, N- (4-sulfonylazidophenyl) maleimide, N-acetyl-4-sulfonylazidoaniline, 4-sulfonylazidoaniline, 4-azidoaniline, 4-azidophenacyl bromide, p-azidobenzoic acid, 2,6-bis (p-azidobenzylidene) cyclohexanone and 2,6-bis (p-azidobenzylidene) -4- methylcyclohexanone. The photoinitiators, if used, are usually used in amounts of from 0.01 to 5% by weight, based on the monomers to be polymerized.

According to the invention, a redox system consisting of hydrogen peroxide, sodium peroxodisulfate and ascorbic acid is preferably used. In general, according to the invention, azo compounds are preferred as initiators, with azo-bis-amidinopropane dihydrochloride being particularly preferred. In general, the polymerization is initiated with the initiators in a temperature range of 30 to 90 ° C.

The polymer gel is dried to a water content of 0.5 to 25 wt .-%, preferably from 1 to 10 wt .-% at temperatures which are usually in the range of 100 to 200 ° C.

In a preferred embodiment, the absorbent polymer structure (Pu1) or (Pu2) used in the process according to the invention exhibits at least one of the following properties (ERT = <i>EDANA Recommended Test</i>):<ol id="ol0001" compact="compact" ol-style=""><li>(A) the maximum uptake of 0.9% by weight of NaCl solution according to ERT 440.1-99 is in a range from at least 10 to 1000, preferably from 15 to 500 and particularly preferably from 20 to 300 g / g,</li><li>(B) the fraction extractable with 0.9% by weight aqueous NaCl solution according to ERT 470.1-99 is less than 30, preferably less than 20 and particularly preferably less than 10% by weight, based on the absorbent polymer structure ( Pu1) or (Pu2),</li><li>(C) the bulk density according to ERT 460.1-99 is in the range from 300 to 1000, preferably 310 to 800 and particularly preferably 320 to 700 g / l,</li><li>(D) the pH according to ERT 400.1-99 of 1 g of the absorbent polymer structure (Pu1) or (Pu2) in 1 l of water is in the range from 4 to 10, preferably from 5 to 9 and more preferably from 5.5 to 7.5</li><li>(E) the CRC value according to ERT 441.1-99 is in the range of 10 to 100, preferably 15 to 80 and particularly preferably 20 to 60 g / g.</li></ol>

The combinations of two or more of these properties resulting from the above properties are in each case preferred embodiments of the process according to the invention. Further preferred embodiments according to the invention are processes in which the absorbent polymer structure (Pu1) or (Pu2) are described below as letters or letter combinations or combinations of properties shown: A, B, C, D, E, AB, AC, AD, AE, ABC, ABD, ABE, ACD, ACE, ADE, ABCD, ABCE, ABDE, ACDE, ABCDE.

The bringing into contact of the absorbent polymer structure (Pu1) or (Pu2) with the aqueous solution preferably takes place in the process according to the invention by good mixing of the aqueous solution with the absorbent polymer structure (Pu1) or (Pu2). According to the invention, the aqueous solution is free of organic solvents, in particular free of polyhydric alcohols and polyalkylene glycol ethers, more preferably free of diethylene glycol monomethyl ether and 1,3-butanediol. An aqueous solution is understood to mean a solution which is at least 50% by weight, particularly preferably at least 60% by weight, moreover preferably at least 70% by weight and moreover still more preferably at least 90% by weight. %, in each case based on the total amount of all components present in the aqueous solution, which are liquid at room temperature,

The chemical crosslinker is from the outset contained in the aqueous solution containing the silica sol. However, it is also possible for the chemical crosslinker and the silica sol to be brought into contact separately, but preferably simultaneously with the absorbent polymer structure (Pu1) or (Pu2). In this case, preferably two separate solutions, one of which contains the chemical crosslinker and the other the silica sol, preferably simultaneously with the absorbent polymer structure (Pu1) or (Pu2) mixed, but ensures a homogeneous distribution of the chemical crosslinker and the silica sol have to be.

Suitable mixing units for applying the components are z. As the Patterson-Kelley mixer, DRAIS turbulence mixers, Lödigemischer, Ruberg mixer, screw mixers, plate mixers and fluidized bed mixers and continuously operating vertical mixers in which the polymer structure is mixed by means of rotating blades in rapid frequency (Schugi mixer). The absorbent polymer structure (Pu1) or (Pu2) is preferably even more preferred in the process according to the invention with at most 20% by weight, more preferably at most 15% by weight, more preferably at most 10% by weight with at most 5 wt .-% water and most preferably with less than 3 wt .-%, each based on the weight of the absorbent polymer structure (Pu1) or (Pu2), brought into contact.

When using absorbent polymer structures (Pu1) or (Pu2) in the form of preferably spherical particles, it is further preferred according to the invention that the contacting be such that only the outer region, but not the inner region of the particulate absorbent polymer structures with the Silicic acid sol are brought into contact. In this context, the outer region of the polymer structure is preferably understood to be that region which is characterized in that the distance of each spatial point lying in this region from the center of the particle is at least 50%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 90% and above more preferably at least 95% of the radius of the particulate absorbent polymer structures.

It is furthermore preferred in the process according to the invention that at least 30% by weight, particularly preferably at least 60% by weight and moreover preferably at least 90% by weight of the colloidally disperse inorganic compound have a particle size in the range from 1 to 100, preferably from 5 to 80 and more preferably from 6 to 50 nm.

The inorganic compound is preferably added in an amount of from 0.001 to 10% by weight, more preferably from 0.01 to 5% by weight and more preferably from 0.05 to 1.5% by weight, according to the process of the invention. based on the absorbent polymer structure (Pu1) or (Pu2), brought into contact with the absorbent polymer structure (Pu1) or (Pu2).

Silica sol is used as the inorganic compound, and it is possible to use all water-insoluble, inorganic compounds from which stable, colloidally disperse, preferably monophasic, aqueous solutions can be obtained which are stable at 20 ° C. under atmospheric pressure over a period of at least 6 h, preferably at least 24 h and more preferably at least 72 hours to 6 months, showing no phase separation, such as the settling of a solid, inorganic precipitate.

A colloidally disperse solution is preferably understood as a solution which comprises particles having a particle diameter in the range of 100-1000 Ǻ (10^-4 until 10^-5 cm). These solutions have the property of scattering a light beam sent through the solution in all directions, so that the passage of the light beam can be traced through the colloidally disperse solution (Tyndall effect, see Hollemann · Wiberg,<i>Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry,</i> 91.-100. Edition, de Gruyter-Verlag, page 765).

As the colloidally disperse inorganic compound, particles containing polysilicic acid are used in the novel process in the form of silica sol. A colloidally disperse solution containing such particles (silica sol) can be obtained, for example, by careful acidification of sodium silicate solutions which react by hydrolysis as a result of hydrolysis, or else by dissolving molecular silica in water and, if appropriate, subsequently stabilizing the resultant colloidal disperse solution. The exact preparation of such silica sols is known to the person skilled in the art and is described, for example, in Jander Blasius,<i>"Textbook of Analytical and Preparative Inorganic Chemistry"</i> S. Hirzel Verlag, Stuttgart.

In addition to the colloidally disperse silicic acid, furthermore, iron (III) oxide hydrate sols, tin (IV) oxide hydrate sols or sols based on silver halides, in particular silver chloride, are particularly preferably used as the colloidally disperse inorganic compound.

Chemical crosslinkers which are contained in the aqueous solution in the process according to the invention are preferably compounds which have at least two functional groups which can react with functional groups of a polymer in a condensation reaction (= condensation crosslinker), in an addition reaction or in a ring-opening reaction or polyvalent metal cations which allow crosslinking of the polymer by means of electrostatic interaction between the polyvalent metal cation and the functional groups of a polymer. As a chemical crosslinker for postcrosslinking of the outer region of the absorbent polymer structure (Pu1) or (Pu2) - also called "postcrosslinker" - in the process according to the invention those are preferred

Among these compounds used as postcrosslinkers in accordance with the invention are condensation crosslinkers selected from diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, glycerol, polyglycerol, propylene glycol, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, polyoxypropylene, oxyethylene-oxypropylene block copolymers, sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, polyvinyl alcohol, sorbitol, 1.3 Dioxolan-2-one (ethylene carbonate), 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (propylene carbonate), 4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4,4-dimethyl-1 , 3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 1,3-dioxan-2-one, 4-methyl 1,3-dioxan-2-one, 4,6-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one, 1,3-dioxolan-2-one, poly-1,3-dioxolan-2-one.

Ethylene carbonate is particularly preferably used as postcrosslinker.

The postcrosslinker is in the process according to the invention preferably in an amount in the range of 0.01 to 30, more preferably 0.1 to 20 and more preferably from 0.3 to 5 wt .-%, based on the absorbent polymer structure (Pu1) or (Pu2) used.

After the chemical crosslinker and the aqueous solution containing silica sol have been brought into contact with the absorbent polymer structure (Pu1) or (Pu2), the postcrosslinking reaction is carried out in the process according to the invention by heating the absorbent polymer structure to temperatures in the range from 40 to 300.degree 80 to 250 ° C, and more preferably from 150 to 220 ° C. The optimal period of reheating can be readily determined for each type of crosslinker and colloidal inorganic compound. It is limited by the fact that the desired property profile of the superabsorber is destroyed again as a result of heat damage. The thermal treatment can be carried out in conventional dryers or furnaces, for example rotary kilns, fluid bed dryers, plate dryers,

It is inventively preferred that due to the thermal treatment of the outer region of the absorbent polymer structure is more crosslinked than the inner region and that the inorganic compound is immobilized in the outer region at least partially by the thermal treatment. Furthermore, it is preferred in this context that the radius of the outer area is smaller than three times the value of the radius of the inner area.

In another embodiment of the method according to the invention, the outer region of the absorbent polymer structures before or after, preferably after, bringing into contact with the aqueous solution containing the chemical crosslinker and the silica sol with a compound containing Al³⁺Ions brought into contact. It is preferred that the compound containing Al³⁺Ions in an amount in a range from 0.01 to 30% by weight, particularly preferably in an amount in a range from 0.1 to 20% by weight and moreover preferably in an amount in a range from 0, 3 to 5 wt .-%, in each case based on the weight of the absorbent polymer structures, is brought into contact with the polymer structures.

The contacting of the outer region of the absorbent polymer structures with the Al³⁺Ion-containing compound is preferably carried out by mixing the absorbent polymer structure (Pa) with the compound under dry conditions or by mixing the absorbent polymer structures (Pa) with a fluid comprising a solvent, preferably water, water-miscible organic solvents such as such as methanol or ethanol or mixtures of at least two thereof, and the Al³⁺Ion-containing compound, the contacting preferably being done by spraying the polymer particles with the fluid and mixing. In this connection, it is further preferred that bringing the absorbent polymer structures (Pa) into contact with the fluid containing the Al³⁺Ion-containing compound takes place in a two-stage process. Here, the two-stage process comprises a first mixing operation, in which a plurality of absorbent polymer structures is mixed with the fluid, and a second mixing process, in which the fluid is homogenized in the interior of the polymer particles, wherein the polymer particles are mixed in the first mixing process at a speed in that the kinetic energy of the individual polymer particles is on average greater than the adhesion energy between the individual polymer particles, and the polymer particles in the second mixing process are mixed at a lower speed than in the first mixing process.

By treating the absorbent polymer structures (Pa) with the fluid containing the Al³⁺Ion-containing compound by the two-step method described above, absorbent polymer structures having improved absorption properties can be obtained.

Preferably, the Al is³⁺Ion-containing compound without consideration of water of crystallization in an amount in a range of 0.1 to 50 wt .-%, particularly preferably in an amount in a range of 1 to 30 wt .-%, each based on the total weight of the fluid, contained in the fluid. It is further preferable that the fluid is contained in an amount within a range of 0.01 to 15% by weight, more preferably in an amount within a range of 0.05 to 6% by weight, based on the weight of each absorbent polymer structure (Pa) is brought into contact with the absorbent polymer structures (Pa).

Preferred Al³⁺-Ions containing compounds are AlCl₃ × 6H₂O, NaAl (SO₄)₂ × 12 H₂O, KAl (SO₄)₂ × 12 H₂O or Al₂(SO₄)₃ × 14-18 h₂O.

Also disclosed is an absorbent polymer structure (Pa) comprising an inner region and an outer region surrounding the inner region, wherein the outer region is more strongly crosslinked than the inner region, in the outer region, preferably only in the outer region and not in the inner region, an inorganic compound is at least partially immobilized and wherein the absorbent polymer structure (Pa) has at least one of the following properties:<ul id="ul0002" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>(β1) at a CRC after ERT 441.1-99 &lt;26 g / g an SFC of at least 80 × 10^-7, preferably of at least 100 × 10^-7 and more preferably at least 120 x 10^-7 cm³· S · g^-1.</li><li>(β2) for a CRC according to ERT 441.1-99 in the range ≥26 to &lt;27 g / g an SFC of at least 70 · 10^-7, preferably of at least 90 × 10^-7 and more preferably at least 110 x 10^-1 cm³· S · g^-1.</li><li>(β3) for an ERT 441.1-99 CRC in the range ≥27 to &lt;28 g / g, an SFC of at least 60 x 10^-7, preferably of at least 80 x 10^-7 and more preferably at least 100 x 10^-7 cm³· S · g^-1.</li><li>(β4) in a CRC according to ERT 441.1-99 in the range ≥28 to &lt;29 g / g an SFC of at least 45 · 10^-7, preferably of at least 65 x 10^-7 and more preferably at least 85 x 10^-7 cm³· S · g^-1.</li><li>(β5) for a CRC according to ERT 441.1-99 in the range ≥29 to &lt;30 an SFC of at least 30 · 10^-7, preferably of at least 50 × 10^-7 and more preferably at least 70 x 10^-7 cm³· S · g^-1.</li><li>(β6) in a CRC according to ERT 441.1-99 in the range ≥30 to &lt;31 an SFC of at least 20 x 10^-7, preferably of at least 40 x 10^-7 and more preferably at least 60 x 10^-7 cm³· S · g^-1.</li><li>(β7) at an CRC according to ERT 441.1-99 in the range ≥31 an SFC of at least 10 · 10^-7, preferably of at least 20 x 10^-7 and more preferably at least 30 x 10^-7 cm³· S · g^-1,</li></ul>

The combinations of properties of two or more of these properties resulting from the above properties respectively represent preferred embodiments of the absorbent polymer structure (Pa). Further preferred as embodiments is an absorbent polymer structure (Pa) which has the properties or property combinations shown below as letter or letter combinations shows: β1, β2, β3, β4, β5, β6, β7, with β2, β3, β4, β5 and β6 being particularly preferred.

It is further preferred according to the invention that the absorbent polymer structure (Pa) has a <i>Absorbency against Pressure</i> (AAP) according to ERT 442.1-99 at a pressure of 50 g / cm² of at least 18 g / g, more preferably at least 20 g / g, and more preferably at least 22 g / g.

It is further preferred in the absorbent polymer structure that the radius of the outer region is smaller than twice the radius of the inner region.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the absorbent polymer structures (Pa), the outer region of the polymer structure is preferably understood to be that region which is characterized in that the distance of each spatial point lying in this region from the center of the particle is at least 50%, particularly preferably at least 75%. more preferably at least 90%, and more preferably at least 95% of the radius of the particulate absorbent polymer structures.

The inorganic compound which is at least partially immobilized in the outer region of the absorbent polymer structure (Pa) may be any water-insoluble inorganic compound from which stable, colloidally-dispersed aqueous solutions can be obtained.

A particularly preferred inorganic compound which is at least partially immobilized in the outer region of the absorbent polymer structure (Pa) is a condensate of polysilicic acids.

It is further preferred that the abovementioned features of the absorbent polymer structures (Pa) also apply to the absorbent polymer structures (Pa) obtainable by the inventive process mentioned above.

According to one embodiment of the method according to the invention and of the absorbent polymer structures (Pa), it is preferred that the values ​​of features given only with a lower limit have an upper limit which is 20 times, preferably 10 times and particularly preferably 5 times of the most preferred value of the lower limit.

EXAMPLES

PREPARATION OF UNKNOWN ABSORBENT POLYMER PICTURES (PU1)

Powder A

A monomer solution consisting of 280 g of acrylic acid, which was neutralized to 70 mol% with sodium hydroxide solution, 466.8 g of water, 1.4 g of polyethylene glycol 300 diacrylate and 1.68 g Allyloxypolyethylenglykolacrylsäureester is freed from the dissolved oxygen by purging with nitrogen and on the starting temperature of 4 ° C cooled. After reaching the starting temperature, the initiator solution (0.1 g of 2,2'-azobis-2-amidinopropane dihydrochloride in 10 g of H₂O, 0.3 g of sodium peroxydisulfate in 10 g of H₂O, 0.07 g of 30% hydrogen peroxide solution in 1 g of H₂O and 0.015 g ascorbic acid in 2 g H₂O) was added. After the final temperature of about 100 ° C was reached, the resulting gel was crushed and dried at 150 ° C for 90 minutes. The dried polymer was roughly crushed, ground and sieved to a powder having a particle size of 150 to 850 microns.

The powder A has a retention capacity of 28.8 g / g.

Powder B

A monomer solution consisting of 280 g of acrylic acid, which was neutralized to 70 mol% with sodium hydroxide, 467.6 g of water, 0.98 g of polyethylene glycol 300 diacrylate and 1.26 g Allyloxypolyethylenglykolacrylsäureester is freed from the dissolved oxygen by purging with nitrogen and on the starting temperature of 4 ° C cooled. After reaching the starting temperature, the initiator solution (0.1 g of 2,2'-azobis-2-amidinopropane dihydrochloride in 10 g of H₂O, 0.3 g of sodium peroxydisulfate in 10 g of H₂O, 0.07 g of 30% hydrogen peroxide solution in 1 g of H₂O and 0.015 g ascorbic acid in 2 g H₂O) was added. After the final temperature of about 100 ° C was reached, the resulting gel was crushed and dried at 150 ° C for 90 minutes. The dried polymer was roughly crushed, ground and sieved to a powder having a particle size of 150 to 850 microns.

The powder B has a retention capacity of 31.2 g / g.

Powder C

A monomer solution consisting of 280 g of acrylic acid, which was neutralized to 70 mol% with sodium hydroxide solution, 468.6 g of water, 0.42 g of polyethylene glycol 300 diacrylate and 0.84 g Allyloxypolyethylenglykolacrylsäureester is freed from the dissolved oxygen by purging with nitrogen the starting temperature of 4 ° C cooled. After reaching the starting temperature, the initiator solution (0.1 g of 2,2'-azobis-2-amidinopropane dihydrochloride in 10 g of H₂O, 0.3 g of sodium peroxydisulfate in 10 g of H₂O, 0.07 g of 30% hydrogen peroxide solution in 1 g of H₂O and 0.015 g ascorbic acid in 2 g H₂O) was added. After the final temperature of about 100 ° C was reached, the resulting gel was crushed and dried at 150 ° C for 90 minutes. The dried polymer was roughly crushed, ground and sieved to a powder having a particle size of 150 to 850 microns.

The powder C has a retention capacity of 37.1 g / g.

The amounts given in the following examples, in which the individual components, such as, for example, the postcrosslinker, the water or the silica sol, are used in the treatment of the outer region of the untreated, absorbent polymer structure (Pu1) are in amounts by weight of the untreated , absorbent polymer structure (Pu1) to understand.

INFLUENCE OF THE TREATMENT OF THE EXTERNAL RANGE OF UNKNOWN ABSORBENT POLYMERIC PICTURES (PU1) ON RETENTION, PERMEABILITY AND ABSORPTION UNDER PRESSURE

Example 1:

50 g of powder A is by means of a Krups kitchen mixer with a solution of 0.5 g of ethylene carbonate, 0.42 g of silica sol (product Levasil® 200 from Bayer AG, solids content about 30 wt .-%) and 1.08 g of water under mixed vigorously and then for 30 min. in an oven, which was heated to 180 ° C, heated.

Example 2:

50 g of powder A is using a Krups kitchen mixer with a solution of 0.5 g of ethylene carbonate, 0.84 g of silica sol (product Levasil® 200 from Bayer AG, solids content about 30 wt .-%) and 0.66 g of water mixed vigorously and then for 30 min. in an oven, which was heated to 180 ° C, heated.

Example 3:

50 g of powder B is using a Krups kitchen mixer with a solution of 0.5 g of ethylene carbonate, 0.42 g of silica sol (product Levasil® 200 from Bayer AG, solids content about 30 wt .-%) and 1.08 g of water mixed vigorously and then for 30 min. in an oven, which was heated to 180 ° C, heated.

Example 4:

50 g of powder B is using a Krups kitchen mixer with a solution of 0.5 g of ethylene carbonate, 0.84 g of silica sol (product Levasil® 200 from Bayer AG, solids content about 30 wt .-%) and 0.66 g of water mixed vigorously and then for 30 min. in an oven, which was heated to 180 ° C, heated.

Example 5:

50 g of powder C is using a Krups kitchen mixer with a solution of 0.5 g of ethylene carbonate, 0.42 g of silica sol (product Levasil® 200 from Bayer AG, solids content about 30 wt .-%) and 1.08 g of water under mixed vigorously and then for 30 min. in an oven, which was heated to 180 ° C, heated.

Comparative Example 1

50 g of powder A is mixed by means of a Krups kitchen mixer with a solution of 0.5 g of ethylene carbonate and 1.5 g of water with vigorous stirring and then for 30 min. in an oven, which was heated to 180 ° C, heated.

Comparative Example 2

50 g of powder B is mixed by means of a Krups kitchen mixer with a solution of 0.5 g of ethylene carbonate and 1.5 g of water with vigorous stirring and then for 30 min. in an oven, which was heated to 180 ° C, heated.

Comparative Example 3

The postcrosslinked polymer structure obtained in Comparative Example 2 is mixed with 0.84 g of silica sol (product Levasil® 200 from Bayer AG, solids content about 30% by weight) and 0.16 g of water with vigorous stirring. The product is then subjected to no annealing step.

Comparative Example 4

The postcrosslinked polymer structure obtained in Comparative Example 2 is mixed with 0.84 g of silica sol (product Levasil® 200 from Bayer AG, solids content about 30 wt .-%) and 0.16 g of water with vigorous stirring and then for 60 min. in an oven, which was heated to 100 ° C, heated.

Comparative Example 5:

50 g of powder B is mixed by means of a Krups kitchen mixer with a solution of 0.5 g of ethylene carbonate, 0.125 g of Aerosil® (fumed silica from Degussa AG) and 2 g of water with vigorous stirring and then for 30 min. in an oven, which was heated to 180 ° C, heated. To prepare the suspension of Aerosil® in water increased amounts of water were required. Nevertheless, no well-dosed suspension could be obtained because the registered Aerosil® settles very quickly and a homogeneous dosage to the powder B is not possible. The coated polymer is prone to clumping and is inhomogeneous.

Comparative Example 6:

50 g of powder C is mixed by means of a Krups kitchen mixer with a solution of 0.5 g of ethylene carbonate and 1.5 g of water with vigorous stirring and then for 30 min. in an oven, which was heated to 180 ° C, heated.

Comparative Example 7:

50 g of powder B is using a Krups kitchen mixer with a solution of 0.25 g of diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, 0.25 g of silica sol (product Levasil® 200 from Bayer AG, solids content about 30 wt .-%) and 1.25 g of water mixed vigorously and then for 3 min. in an oven, which was heated to 120 ° C, heated. This treatment corresponds to the treatment according to Example 1 of<patcit id="pcit0031" dnum="JP6016822A"><text>JP 1994/16822</text></patcit>,

Comparative Example 8

50 g of powder B is prepared by means of a Krups kitchen mixer with a solution of 0.25 g of 1,3-butanediol, 0.25 g of silica sol (product Levasil® 200 from Bayer AG, solids content about 30 wt .-%) and 1, 25 g of water are mixed with vigorous stirring and then for 3 min. in an oven, which was heated to 120 ° C, heated. This treatment corresponds to the treatment according to Example 2 of<patcit id="pcit0032" dnum="JP6016822A"><text>JP 1994/16822</text></patcit>,

The properties of the absorbent polymer structures obtained in Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Examples 1 to 8 are shown in Table 1 below.

The absorbent polymer structures produced according to the invention show a significant increase in permeability (SFC) with constant or even increased retention compared to products whose outer region was crosslinked in the absence of a silica sol (Examples 1 to 4, Comparative Examples 1 and 2). Aftertreatment of the already postcrosslinked polymer structures with silica sol does not lead to the desired result, regardless of the subsequent thermal treatment (Comparative Example 3, 4).

The addition of Aerosil 200® in the post-crosslinking does not lead to comparably good superabsorber characteristics (Comparative Example 5). Furthermore, increased amounts of Aerosil 200® are no longer to disperse in an acceptable amount of water and are therefore no longer dispersible.

Comparative Examples 7 and 8 show that in the inventive examples of the unexamined <patcit id="pcit0033" dnum="JP6016822A"><text>JP 1994/16822</text></patcit> no good performance of the polymers in terms of their permeability and retention can be achieved.<tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="all"><title>Table 1</title><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="90mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="32mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="27mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="18mm" /><thead><row><entry align="center" valign="top" /><entry align="center" valign="top">SFC (10^-7·cm³· S · g^-1)</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">AAP at 50 g / cm² (G / g)</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">CRC (g / g)</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center">example 1</entry><entry align="center">140</entry><entry align="center">23.5</entry><entry align="center">27</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Example 2</entry><entry align="center">150</entry><entry align="center">23.5</entry><entry align="center">27.2</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Example 3</entry><entry align="center">100</entry><entry align="center">24</entry><entry align="center">29</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Example 4</entry><entry align="center">110</entry><entry align="center">24</entry><entry align="center">29</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Comparative Example 1 (without silica sol)</entry><entry align="center">50</entry><entry align="center">24.5</entry><entry align="center">26.4</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Comparative Example 2 (without silica sol)</entry><entry align="center">30</entry><entry align="center">25</entry><entry align="center">27.8</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Comparative Example 3 (after postcrosslinking with silica sol)</entry><entry align="center">25</entry><entry align="center">24</entry><entry align="center">28.1</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Comparative Example 4 (after postcrosslinking with silica sol and heating)</entry><entry align="center">30</entry><entry align="center">24</entry><entry align="center">28.7</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Comparative Example 5 (Fumed Silica)</entry><entry align="center">55</entry><entry align="center">23</entry><entry align="center">29</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Comparative Example 6 (without silica sol)</entry><entry align="center">17</entry><entry align="center">25</entry><entry align="center">31.6</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Comparative Example 7 (JP 1994/16822)</entry><entry align="center">0</entry><entry align="center">9</entry><entry align="center">31.3</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Comparative Example 8 (JP 1994/16822)</entry><entry align="center">0</entry><entry align="center">9</entry><entry align="center">31.2</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

Comparative Example 9:

50 g of powder B is mixed by means of a Krups kitchen mixer with a solution of 0.5 g of ethylene carbonate and 1.5 g of water with vigorous stirring. Subsequently, a compact is prepared from the absorbent polymer structure brought into contact with the aqueous solution, and its density and the pressure to be used for destroying the compact are determined.

The properties of the absorbent polymer structures brought into contact with the aqueous solution in Examples 5 and 6 and in Comparative Example 9 are summarized in the following Table 2:<tables id="tabl0002" num="0002"><table frame="all"><title>Table 2</title><tgroup cols="3"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="33mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="46mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="50mm" /><thead><row><entry align="center" valign="top" /><entry align="center" valign="top">Density of the compact (kg / cm³)</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Effective pressure (Pascal)</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center">Example 6</entry><entry align="center">486</entry><entry align="center">8795</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Example 7</entry><entry align="center">474</entry><entry align="center">4575</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Comparative Example 9</entry><entry align="center">410</entry><entry align="center">16295</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

The results show that the formation of stable agglomerates is significantly suppressed by the addition of silica sol. Through this addition, it is achieved that the untreated, absorbent polymer structure (Pu1) can be subjected to increased amounts of liquid without being affected by agglomeration the processability.

TEST METHODS

PERMEABILITY IN THE TEMPORARY CONDITION (SFC TEST)

The determination of the permeability in the swollen state (<i>Saline Flow Conductivity</i> = SFC) takes place after an in <patcit id="pcit0034" dnum="WO9522356A"><text>WO 95/22356</text></patcit> described method. In a cylinder with sieve bottom, approx. 0.9 g of superabsorbent material are weighed in and carefully distributed on the sieve surface. The superabsorbent material is left in JAYCO synthetic urine for 1 hour against a pressure of 20 g / cm² swell. After detecting the swelling height of the superabsorber, at a constant hydrostatic pressure, 0.118 M NaCl solution from a leveled storage vessel is passed through the swollen gel layer. The swollen gel layer is covered during the measurement with a special screen cylinder, which ensures a uniform distribution of the 0.118 M NaCl solution above the gel and constant conditions (measurement temperature 20-25 ° C) during the measurement with respect to the gel bed nature. The pressure acting on the swollen superabsorber is still 20 g / cm², Using a computer and a balance, the amount of fluid that passes through the gel layer as a function of time is recorded at 20-second intervals over a 10-minute period. The flow rate g / s through the swollen gel layer is determined by regression analysis with extrapolation of the slope and determination of the center point to the time t = 0 of the flow rate within minutes 2-10. The SFC value (K) was in cm³· S · g^-1 specified and calculated as follows: <maths id="math0001" num=""><math display="block"><mi>K</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>F</mi><mi>s</mi></msub><mfenced><mrow><mi>t</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></mfenced><mo>⋅</mo><msub><mi>L</mi><mi>O</mi></msub></mrow><mrow><mi>r</mi><mo>·</mo><mi>A</mi><mo>⋅</mo><mi>Δ</mi><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>F</mi><mi>s</mi></msub><mfenced><mrow><mi>t</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></mfenced><mo>⋅</mo><msub><mi>L</mi><mi>O</mi></msub></mrow><mn>139506</mn></mfrac></math><img file="EP1563002B2_D0001.tif" /></maths> in which<dl id="dl0001" compact="compact"><dt>F_s(T = 0)</dt><dd>the flow rate in g / s,</dd><dt>L_O</dt><dd>the thickness of the gel layer in cm,</dd><dt>r</dt><dd>the density of the NaCl solution (1.003 g / cm³)</dd><dt>A</dt><dd>the area of ​​the top of the gel layer in the measuring cylinder (28.27 cm²)</dd><dt>.DELTA.P</dt><dd>the hydrostatic pressure, which rests on the gel layer (4,920 dyne / cm²), and</dd><dt>K</dt><dd>the SFC value is.</dd></dl>

DETERMINATION OF THE AGGLOMERATION TILT

The tendency of liquid-coated superabsorbers to form agglomerates is with a <i>Indiciser</i> determined by JR Johanson Inc. For this purpose, the superabsorbent is coated with the Nachvernetzerlösung to be examined and then fed 50 g of the powder of the investigation. The device makes a compact having a height of about 2 cm at a defined pressure of 160,000 pascals by means of a press die in a metal hollow cylinder having an internal diameter of 5.23 cm. This compact is then again destroyed by passing a second cylinder having a diameter of 4.2 cm, wherein the force applied to it is measured.