Apparatus and method for lost block concealment in an image transmission system

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

0001The present invention relates to a video processing technique, and more particularly to an apparatus and method for recovering a lost block of an image processing system that applies a different error concealment method according to characteristics of a lost block.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART

0002Recently, as interests in multimedia contents services are increasing, video processing techniques for restoring various video signals transmitted through communication media are becoming more and more important.

0003Video includes several frames each with different screen characteristics and motion degree. Further, each frame includes macroblocks with a size of 16x16 pixels, for example, which is the unit of image coding.

0004In addition, video is compressed using a DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) technique, a variable length coding technique, a motion compensation coding technique, etc. and if a video block is lost due to an error generated during the coding process or during the transmission process, the picture quality of a restored image is degraded.

0005<patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="US5912707A"><text>US 5,912,707</text></patcit> B and <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="US6636565B1"><text>US 6,636,565 B1</text></patcit> disclose prior-art error concealment technologies for use in image processing systems.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

0006Accordingly, one object of the present invention is to at least address the above-noted and other objects.

0007Another object of the present invention is to automatically determine the characteristics of an image block lost during transmission and apply an error concealment method most suitable for the characteristics of an image block by a receiving side.

0008To achieve at least the above objects in whole or in parts, the present invention provides a novel apparatus for recovering a lost block according to independent apparatus claim. The present invention also provides a novel method for processing a lost block according to the independent method claim.

0009Additional advantages, objects, and features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and in part will become apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art upon examination of the following or may be learned from practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained as particularly pointed out in the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0010The invention will be described in detail with reference to the following drawings wherein: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li><figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> is a block diagram of an apparatus for recovering a lost block of an image processing system according to the present invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0001">Figure 2</figref> is a graph showing a distribution of the characteristics of each lost block defined in Table 1;</li><li><figref idref="f0002">Figure 3</figref> is a flowchart illustrating a method of recovering a lost block of an image processing system according to the present invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0003">Figure 4</figref> is a graph showing PSNRs (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratios) of each frame of a foreman image; and</li><li><figref idref="f0003">Figure 5</figref> is a graph showing PSNRs of each frame of a mixed image.</li></ul>

BEST MODE OF THE INVENTION

0011An apparatus and method for recovering a lost block of an image processing system according to the present invention will now be described.

0012To recover the lost block closely to an original image by complementing the lost block, various error concealment techniques are applied. To select an error concealment technique most suitable for each video block, the characteristics of a corresponding lost block is accurately recognized. Namely, the characteristics of the lost block can be utilized as a significant reference in selecting an optimum error concealment technique that can be applied to each video block.

0013<figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> is a block diagram of an apparatus for recovering a lost block of an image processing system according to the present invention.

0014As shown, the apparatus includes a lost block detector 10 for determining whether there is a lost block in transmitted video blocks; a pixel difference calculator 20 for calculating a temporal difference value (cos<i>t</i>₁) between adjacent pixels of a current frame and a previous frame when a lost block is detected by the lost block detector 10; and a variance value calculator 30 for calculating a variance value (cos<i>t</i>₂) with respect to a motion vector of a neighboring block with respect to the lost block when the lost block is detected by the lost block detector 10. Also shown are a block characteristic determining unit 40 for determining the characteristics of the lost block by comparing the inter-pixel temporal difference value (cos<i>t</i>₁) and the motion vector variance value (cos<i>t</i>₂) with a pre-set threshold value; and a lost block recovering unit 50 for recovering the corresponding lost block by applying an error concealment method according to the characteristics of the lost block determined in the block characteristics determining unit 40.

0015In more detail, the pixel difference calculator 20 calculates the temporal difference value (cos<i>t</i>₁) between the adjacent pixels of the lost block from the current frame and the previous frame using equations (1) and (2) shown below. Further, the cost function is defined by the number of pixels, adjacent to the lost block, that are greater than a certain threshold value when pixels of a previous frame and pixels of a current frame are compared.<maths id="math0001" num="(1)"><math display="block"><mi>cos</mi><msub><mi>t</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><munderover><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mn>64</mn></munderover><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">Diff</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></math><img file="EP1549079B1_D0001.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0002" num="(2)"><math display="block"><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">Diff</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>{</mo><mtable columnalign="left"><mtr><mtd><mn>1</mn></mtd><mtd><mi>if</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mfenced open="|" close="|"><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">curr</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">i</mi></msub><mo mathvariant="italic">-</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">prev</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">i</mi></msub></mfenced><mo>≥</mo><msub><mi>Threshold</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">diff</mi></msub></mtd><mtd><mfenced><mn>1</mn></mfenced></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mi mathvariant="italic">otherwise</mi></mtd><mtd><mfenced><mn>2</mn></mfenced></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow></math><img file="EP1549079B1_D0002.tif" /></maths> where <i>curr_i</i> is pixel values around the lost block and <i>prev_i</i> is pixel values around a block placed at the same position as the current lost block of the previous frame.

0016A small temporal difference value (cos<i>t</i>₁) between pixels means there is not much change in the lost block in the previous frame and the current frame. On the contrary, a large temporal difference value (cos<i>t</i>₁) between the pixels means the motion of the lost block is big or a screen switch has occurred.

0017In addition, the variance value calculator 30 calculates the variance value (cos<i>t</i>₂) of a motion vector of neighboring blocks with respect to the lost block using equations (3) and (4) shown below:<maths id="math0003" num="(3)"><math display="block"><mi>cos</mi><msub><mi>t</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><munderover><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mn>7</mn></munderover><mi>M</mi><mo>⁢</mo><msubsup><mi>V</mi><mi>i</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mo>-</mo><msup><mfenced open="[" close="]"><munderover><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mn>7</mn></munderover><mi>M</mi><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mfenced><mn>2</mn></msup></math><img file="EP1549079B1_D0003.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0004" num="(4)"><math display="block"><mi>M</mi><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><msqrt><mi>M</mi><mo>⁢</mo><msubsup><mi>V</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">ix</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mo>+</mo><mi>M</mi><mo>⁢</mo><msubsup><mi>V</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">iy</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></msqrt></math><img file="EP1549079B1_D0004.tif" /></maths> where <i>MV_ix</i> and <i>MV_iy</i> are horizontal and vertical components of <i>MV_i,</i> respectively.

0018A small motion vector variance value (cos<i>t</i>₂) means that seven motion vectors around the lost block have similar values and a large motion vector variance value (cos<i>t</i>₂) means that motion vectors are distributed so wide that a motion of a neighboring block is not uniform.

0019Further, the block characteristics determining unit 40 determines characteristics of the lost block by comparing the temporal difference value (cos<i>t</i>₁) between pixels and the motion vector variance value (cos<i>t</i>₂) with a pre-set threshold value.

0020The characteristics of the lost block can be classified into five types, for example, including 'scene change', 'object moving', 'no movement', 'camera moving' and 'otherwise' types.

0021The 'scene change' type is a block where a scene change has occurred between frames, and the 'object moving' type is a block where there is a subject moving without directionality. The 'no movement' type is a block where there is little motion like the background of a still camera image, and the 'camera moving' type is a block where an image has a similar motion on the whole as if the camera moved. The 'otherwise' type is a block that does not belong to the above four classification types.

0022Table 1 shows threshold values of making a reference in determining characteristics of a lost block by the block characteristics determining unit 40. Each threshold value is statistically calculated value using the above equations (1) (4). <tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="all"><title>Table 1</title><tgroup cols="3"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="27mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="20mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="21mm" /><tbody><row><entry /><entry>COS<i>t</i>₁</entry><entry>COS<i>t</i>₂</entry></row><row><entry>Scene change</entry><entry>COS<i>t</i>₁^{≥ 60}</entry><entry>-</entry></row><row><entry>Camera moving</entry><entry>COS<i>t</i>₁^{≥ 30}</entry><entry>COS<i>t</i>₂^{≤ 50}</entry></row><row><entry>Object moving</entry><entry>COS<i>t</i>₁^{≥ 30}</entry><entry>COS<i>t</i>₂^{≥ 150}</entry></row><row><entry>No movement</entry><entry>COS<i>t</i>₁^{≤ 25}</entry><entry>COS<i>t</i>₂^{≤ 25}</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>Otherwise</entry><entry>Otherwise</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0023In addition, the block characteristics determining unit 40 calculates the inter-pixel temporal difference value (cos<i>t</i>₁) of the lost block and the motion vector variance value (cos<i>t</i>₂), and then determines whether a threshold value range cost function is identical to determine the characteristics of the lost block.

0024Turning now to <figref idref="f0001">Figure 2</figref>, which is a graph showing a distribution of the characteristics of each lost block defined in Table 1. As shown, a lost block having a little motion or a little difference between a current frame and a previous frame is distributed at a lower portion of the left side, and a lost block having a large motion or a large temporal difference between screens is distributed at an upper portion of the right side. The characteristics for the 'object moving' and 'camera moving' types are also shown.

0025Further, the lost block recovering unit 50 recovers a corresponding lost block by applying an optimum error concealment method according to characteristics of the lost block determined in the block characteristics determining unit 40.

0026The error concealment method conceals an error using neighboring information of the lost block during a processing of decoding image data and classified into temporal replacement concealment, spatial concealment, and motion compensated temporal concealment depending on the type of information.

0027Table 2 shows examples of optimum error concealment methods according to characteristics of the lost block. <tables id="tabl0002" num="0002"><table frame="all"><title>Table 2</title><tgroup cols="2"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="44mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="65mm" /><tbody><row><entry>Characteristics of lost blocks</entry><entry>Error concealment</entry></row><row><entry>Scene change</entry><entry>Spatial concealment</entry></row><row><entry>Camera moving</entry><entry>Motion compensated temporal concealment</entry></row><row><entry>Object moving</entry><entry>Spatial concealment</entry></row><row><entry>No movement</entry><entry>Temporal replacement concealment</entry></row><row><entry>Otherwise</entry><entry>Motion compensated temporal concealment</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0028As shown, if the characteristic of the lost block is the 'scene change' type or 'object moving' type, the corresponding lost block is recovered using the spatial concealment method. Further, if the characteristic of the lost block is the 'no movement' type, the lost block is recovered using the temporal replacement concealment method, and if the lost block is the 'camera moving' type, the error of the corresponding lost block is recovered using the motion compensated temporal concealment method.

0029Namely, if there is little correlation between image screens, the spatial concealment method is applied, while if there is much correlation between image screens, the temporal replacement concealment method is applied.

0030Next, <figref idref="f0002">Figure 3</figref> is a flowchart of a method for recovering a lost block of an image processing system according to the present invention. As shown, when an image frame is received from a sending side (not shown) (step S11), the lost block detector 10 determines whether there. is a lost block in the image frame (step S12).

0031If a lost block of the image frame is detected (yes in step S12), a temporal difference value (cos<i>t</i>₁) between pixels adjacent to the lost block of the current image frame and pixels existing at the same positions of the previous image frame is calculated (step S13). Then, a motion vector variance value (cos<i>t</i>₂) of a neighboring block with respect to the lost block in a current image frame (step S14) is calculated. In this instance, the inter-pixel temporal difference value (cos<i>t</i>₁) is calculated using equations (1) and (2), while the motion vector variance value (cos<i>t</i>₂) is calculated using equations (3) and (4).

0032Further, the block characteristics determining unit 40 determines the characteristics of the lost block (step S16) by comparing the temporal difference value (cos<i>t</i>₁) between pixels and the variance value (cos<i>t</i>₂) of the motion vector with the pre-set threshold values (step S15).

0033The pre-set threshold value may be obtained by statistically analyzing a relation between the characteristics of the four types of lost blocks and the cost function through experimentation, for example. The pre-set threshold values are as shown in Table 1.

0034If the inter-pixel temporal difference value (cos<i>t</i>₁) and the variance value (cos<i>t</i>₂) of the motion vector are equal to or smaller than a first threshold value (T1), respectively, the characteristics of the lost block is determined as a 'no movement' type. If the inter-pixel temporal difference value (cos<i>t</i>₁) is equal to or smaller than a second threshold value (T2) and the variance value (cos<i>t</i>₂) of the motion vector is equal to or smaller than a third threshold value (T3), the characteristics of the lost block is determined as a 'camera moving' type. Further, if the inter-pixel temporal difference value (cos<i>t</i>₁) is equal to or greater than the second threshold value (T2) and the variance value (cos<i>t</i>₂) of the motion vector is equal to or greater than a fifth threshold value (T5), the characteristics of the lost block is determined as a 'object moving' type. Also, if the inter-pixel temporal difference value (cos<i>t</i>₁) is equal to or greater than a fourth threshold value (T4), the characteristics of the lost block is determined as a 'screen change' type (T1&lt;T2&lt;T3&lt;T4&lt;T5).

0035The lost block recovering unit 50 then recovers the corresponding lost block by applying the optimum error concealment method according to characteristics of the lost block determined by the block characteristics determining unit. In this instance, the optimum error concealment method by characteristics of the lost block is as shown in Table 2.

0036If the characteristics of the lost block is determined as a 'scene change' type or 'object moving' type (yes in step S17), the corresponding lost block is recovered using the spatial concealment (step S18). If the characteristics of the lost block is determined as a 'no movement' (yes in step S19), the corresponding lost block is recovered using the temporal replacement concealment method (step S20), because the block of the current frame and the block of the previous frame are quite similar. If the characteristics of the lost block is determined as a 'camera moving' type (step S21), an error of the corresponding lost block is recovered using the motion compensated temporal concealment method (step S22), because the motion of the lost block and the motion of the neighboring blocks are almost the same.

0037In addition, the spatial concealment is a method for recovering the lost block through linear interpolation from adjacent pixels of the lost block, and the temporal replacement concealment is a method for recovering the lost block by substituting it with a block placed at the same position of the previous frame.

0038Further, the motion compensated temporal concealment is a method for recovering the lost block by searching a block at the most suitable position in the previous frame using a motion vector that can be restored around the lost block and substituting it with the corresponding suitable block. In this instance, the motion vector of a neighboring block of the lost block is detected, and an intermediate value between the motion vectors is calculated and set as a motion vector of the lost block.

0039In the present invention, the spatial concealment method has a high efficiency of error recovery when there is little correlation between image screens, while the temporal replacement concealment method has a high efficiency of error recovery when there is much correlation between image screens. Thus, the optimum error concealment method is applied according to such characteristics of the lost block.

0040Turning next to <figref idref="f0003">Figures 4 to 5</figref>, which show a simulation result comparing a performance of the apparatus and method for recovering a lost block of an image processing system according to the present invention. In the simulation, an H.263 code was used, the size of an image was QCIF and CIF, and the target bit rates of QCIF and CIF were 112 Kbps and 322 Kbps, respectively.

0041First, <figref idref="f0003">Figure 4</figref> is a graph showing PSNRs (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratios) of each frame of a foreman image, in which the temporal replacement concealment and the spatial concealment methods where flexibly applied. In other words, the performance of the temporal replacement concealment is good in most frames but the performance of the spatial concealment method is good in some frames with big motion. In the present invention, the spatial concealment method, not the temporal replacement concealment method, is applied to the frame where performance of the spatial concealment method is good.

0042Further, the PSNR indicates an objective evaluation of picture quality of a restored image, which means that the higher the PNSR, the higher the preservation rate of an origination image.

0043Next, <figref idref="f0003">Figure 5</figref> is a graph showing PSNRs of each frame of a mixed image, in which the portion where the PSNR changes rapidly is where a 'scene change' occurs.

0044In the present invention, at the portion where the 'scene change' occurs, the spatial concealment method is applied, and the temporal replacement concealment method is applied to the remaining portions.

0045As so far described, the apparatus and method for recovering a lost block of an image processing system of the present invention has many advantages.

0046For example, because characteristics of a block lost during transmission is automatically determined and the most suitable error concealment method is flexibly applied to restore an image, error restoration performance of a receiving end is improved.

0047In addition, because an image is restored by applying the most suitable error concealment method according to characteristics of the lost block, a restoration image closest to an original image is reproduced.

0048The foregoing embodiments and advantages are merely exemplary and are not to be construed as limiting the present invention. The present teaching can be readily applied to other types of apparatuses. The description of the present invention is intended to be illustrative, and not to limit the scope of the claims. Many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. In the claims, means-plus-function clauses are intended to cover the structure described herein as performing the recited function and not only structural equivalents but also equivalent structures.