Estimation of uplink load with changed data rates

BACKGROUND

0001The present application for Patent claims priority of <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="US40982002P" dnum-type="L"><text>U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/409,820, filed September 10, 2002</text></patcit>, assigned to the assignee hereof .

Field

0002The present disclosed embodiments relate generally to wireless communications, and more specifically to reverse link rate scheduling in a communication system having a variable data transmission rate.

Background

0003The field of communications has many applications including, e.g., paging, wireless local loops, Internet telephony, and satellite communication systems. An exemplary application is a cellular telephone system for mobile subscribers. (As used herein, the term "cellular system encompasses both. Cellular and personal communications services (PCS) system frequencies.) Modern communication systems designed to allow multiple users to access a common communications medium have been developed for such cellular systems. These modem communication systems may be based on code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), space division multiple access (SDMA), polarization division multiple access (PDMA), or other modulation techniques known In the art. These modulation techniques demodulate signals received from multiple users of a communication system, thereby enabling an increase in the capacity of the communication system, In connection therewith, various wireless systems have been established including, e.g., Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS), Global System for Mobile communication (GSM), and some other wireless systems.

0004In FDMA systems, the total frequency spectrum is divided into a number of smaller sub-bands and each user is given its own sub-band to access the communication medium. Alternatively, in TDMA systems, each user is given the entire frequency spectrum during periodically recurring time slots. A CDMA system provides potential advantages over other types of systems, including increased system capacity. In CDMA systems, each user is given the entire frequency spectrum for all of the time, but distinguishes its transmission through the use of a unique code.

0005A CDMA system may be designed to support one or more CDMA standards such as (1) the "TIA/EIA-95-B Mobile Station-Base Station Compatibility Standard for Dual-Mode Wideband Spread Spectrum Cellular System" (the IS-95 standard), (2) the standard offered by a consortium named "3rd Generation Partnership Project" (3GPP) and embodied in a set of documents including Document Nos. 3G TS 25.211, 3G TS 25.212, 3G TS 25.213, and 3G TS 25.214 (the W-CDMA standard), (3) the standard offered by a consortium named "3rd Generation Partnership Project 2" (3GPP2) and embodied in "TR-45.5 Physical Layer Standard for cdma2000 Spread Spectrum Systems" (the IS-2000 standard), and (4) some other standards.

0006In the above named CDMA communication systems and standards, the available spectrum is shared simultaneously among a number of users, and techniques such as soft handoff are employed to maintain sufficient quality to support delay-sensitive services, such as voice. Data services are also available. More recently, systems have been proposed that enhance the capacity for data services by using higher order modulation, very fast feedback of Carrier to Interference ratio (C/I) from a mobile station, very fast scheduling, and scheduling for services that have more relaxed delay requirements. An example of such a data-only communication system using these techniques, is the high data rate (HDR) system that conforms to the TIA/EIA/IS-856 standard (the IS-856 standard).

0007In contrast to the other above named standards, an IS-856 system uses the entire spectrum available in each cell to transmit data to a single user at one time. One factor used in determining which user is served is link quality. By using link quality as a factor for selecting which user is served, the system spends a greater percentage of time sending data at higher rates when the channel is good, and thereby avoids committing resources top support transmission at inefficient rates. The net effect is higher data capacity, higher peak data rates, and higher average throughput.

0008Systems can incorporate support for delay-sensitive data, such as voice channels or data channels supported in the IS-2000 standard, along with support for packet data services such as those described in the IS-856 standard. One such system is described in a proposal submitted by LG Electronics, LSI Logic, Lucent Technologies, Nortel Networks, QUALCOMM Incorporated, and Samsung to the 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2). The proposal is detailed in documents entitled "Updated Joint Physical Lawyer Proposal for 1xEV-DV", submitted to 3GPP2 as document number C50-2001061 1-009, June 11, 2001; "Results of L3NQS Simulation Study", submitted to 3GPP2 as document number C50-20010820-011, August 20, 2001; and "System Simulation Results for the L3NQS Framework Proposal for cdma2000 1x-EVDV", submitted to 3GPP2 as document number C50-20010820-012, August 20, 2001. These are hereinafter referred to as the 1xEV-DV proposal.

0009Multi-level scheduling may be useful for more efficient capacity utilization on the reverse link. In Ramjee Prasad, Werner Mohr, Walter Konhäuser "Third Generation Mobile Communication Systems" it is suggested to calculate a load factor based on <maths id="math0001"><math display="block"><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">Load</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">uplink</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mstyle displaystyle="true"><munder><mo>∑</mo><mi>i</mi></munder></mstyle><mfrac><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">SiR</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">G</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">i</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mstyle><mn>.</mn></math><img file="EP1540980B1_D0001.tif" /></maths>

SUMMARY

0010Embodiments disclosed herein address the above stated needs by providing a method and system for estimating capacity used on a reverse link. The method comprises measuring a plurality of signal-to-noise ratios at a station for a plurality of rates, determining sector load based on the measured plurality of signal-to-noise ratios, an assigned transmission rate, and an expected transmission rate, and estimating capacity on the reverse link based on the sector load.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0011<figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref> exemplifies an embodiment of a wireless communication system with three mobile stations and two base stations;

0012<figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref> shows set point adjustment due to rate transitions on R-SCH in accordance with an embodiment.

0013<figref idref="f0002">FIG. 3</figref> shows scheduling delay timing in accordance with an embodiment;

0014<figref idref="f0003">FIG. 4</figref> shows parameters associated in mobile station scheduling on a reverse link;

0015<figref idref="f0004">FIG. 5</figref> is a flowchart of a scheduling process in accordance with an embodiment;

0016<figref idref="f0005">FIG. 6</figref> is a block diagram of a base station in accordance with an embodiment; and

0017<figref idref="f0006">FIG. 7</figref> is a block diagram of a mobile station in accordance with an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

0018The word "exemplary" is used herein to mean "serving as an example, instance, or illustration." Any embodiment described herein as "exemplary" is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments.

0019A wireless communication system may comprise multiple mobile stations and multiple base stations. <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> exemplifies an embodiment of a wireless communication system with three mobile stations 10A, 10B and 10C and two base stations 12. In <figref idref="f0001">figure 1</figref>, the three mobile stations are shown as a mobile telephone unit installed in a car 10A, a portable computer remote 10B, and a fixed location unit 10C such as might be found in a wireless local loop or meter reading system. Mobile stations may be any type of communication unit such as, for example, hand-held personal communication system units, portable data units such as a personal data assistant, or fixed location data units such as meter reading equipment. <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> shows a forward link 14 from the base station 12 to the mobile stations 10 and a reverse link 16 from the mobile stations 10 to the base stations 12.

0020As a mobile station moves through the physical environment, the number of signal paths and the strength of the signals on these paths vary constantly, both as received at the mobile station and as received at the base station. Therefore, a receiver in an embodiment uses a special processing element called a searcher element, that continually scans the channel in the time domain to determine the existence, time offset, and the signal strength of signals in the multiple path environment. A searcher element is also called a search engine. The output of the searcher element provides the information for ensuring that demodulation elements are tracking the most advantageous paths.

0021A method and system for assigning demodulation elements to a set of available signals for both mobile stations and base stations is disclosed in <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="US5490165A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,490,165</text></patcit> entitled "DEMODULATION ELEMENT ASSIGNMENT IN A SYSTEM CAPABLE OF RECEIVING MULTIPLE SIGNALS," issued Feb. 6, 1996, and assigned to the Assignee of the present.

0022When multiple mobiles transmit simultaneously, the radio transmission from one mobile acts as interference to the other mobile's radio transmission, thereby limiting throughput achievable on the reverse link (also called the uplink). For efficient capacity utilization on the reverse link, centralized scheduling at the base station has been recommended in <patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="US5914950A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,914,950</text></patcit> entitled "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR REVERSE LINK RATE SCHEDULING," issued June 22, 1999, and <patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="US5923650A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,923,650</text></patcit> entitled "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR REVERSE LINK RATE SCHEDULING," issued July 13, 1999, both of which are assigned to the Assignee of the present.

0023In an exemplary embodiment, multi-level scheduling is performed. In an embodiment, multi-level scheduling comprises base station level scheduling, selector level scheduling, and/or network level scheduling.

0024In an embodiment, a detailed design of a flexible scheduling algorithm is based on fundamental theoretical principles that limit reverse-link system capacity, while using existing network parameters available or measured by a base station.

0025In an embodiment, base-station estimation of each mobile's capacity contribution is based on measured signal-to-noise ratio (Snr) or pilot energy over noise plus interference ratio (Ecp/(lo+No)), collectively called (Ecp/Nt), given the current rate of transmission. Measurement of pilot Ecp/Nt from all fingers in multipath scenario is disclosed in <patcit id="pcit0005" dnum="US01151901A" dnum-type="L"><text>U.S. application no. 10/011,519</text></patcit> entitled "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING REVERSE LINK LOAD LEVEL FOR REVERSE LINK DATA RATE SCHEDULING IN A CDMA COMMUNICATION SYSTEM," filed November 5, 2001, and assigned to the assignee of the present invention.

0026From the measurement of pilot Ecp/Nt at current rates on different channels, capacity contribution of a mobile is estimated at new rates on these channels.

0027In an embodiment, mobile requests for rate allocation are prioritized. A list of all mobiles that a scheduler is responsible for scheduling is maintained depending on which level the scheduling is performed. In an embodiment, there is one list for all the mobiles. Alternatively, there are two lists for all mobiles. If the scheduler is responsible for scheduling all the base stations a mobile has in its Active Set, then the mobile belongs to a First List. A separate Second List may be maintained for those mobiles that have a base station in the Active Set that the scheduler is not responsible for scheduling. Prioritization of mobile rate requests is based on various reported, measured or known parameters that maximize system throughput, while allowing for mobile fairness as well as their importance status.

0028In an embodiment, Greedy Filling is used. In Greedy Filling, a highest priority mobile obtains the available sector capacity. A highest rate that can be allocated to the mobile is determined as the highest rate that the mobile can transmit at. In an embodiment, the highest rates are determined based on measured SNR. In an embodiment, the highest rates are determined based on Ecp/Nt. In an embodiment, the highest rates are determined based also on limiting parameters. In an embodiment, the highest rate is determined by a mobile's buffer estimate. The choice of a high rate decreases the transmission delays and decreases interference that the transmitting mobile observes. Remaining sector capacity can be allocated to the next lower priority mobile. This methodology helps in maximizing the gains due to interference reduction while maximizing the capacity utilization.

0029By the choice of different prioritization functions, the Greedy Filling algorithm can be tuned to the conventional round-robin, proportionally fair or most unfair scheduling based on a specified cost metric. Under the class of scheduling considered, the above method helps aid maximum capacity utilization.

0030The mobile station initiates a call by transmitting a request message to the base station. Once the mobile receives a channel assignment message from base station, it can use logical dedicated channel for further communication with the base-station. In a scheduled system, when the mobile station has data to transmit, it can initiate the high-speed data transmission on the reverse link by transmitting a request message on the reverse link.

0031Rate request and rate allocation structure currently specified in IS 2000 Release C is considered. However, it would be apparent to those skilled in the art that the scope of the design is not limited to IS 2000. It would be apparent to those skilled in the art, that embodiments may be implemented in any multiple access system with a centralized scheduler for rate allocation.

Mobile station Procedures

0032In an embodiment, mobile stations (MS) at least support the simultaneous operation of the following channels: <ol id="ol0001" compact="compact"><li>1. Reverse Fundamental Channel (R-FCH)</li><li>2. Reverse Supplemental Channel (R-SCH) Reverse Fundamental Channel (R-FCH): When a voice-only MS has an active voice-call, it is carried on the R-FCH. For data-only MS, R-FCH carries signaling and data. Exemplary R-FCH channel frame size, coding, modulation and interleaving are specified in TIA/EIA-IS-2000.2, "Mobile Station-Base Station Compatibility Standard for Dual-Mode Wideband Spread Spectrum Cellular System," June, 2002.</li></ol>

0033In an exemplary embodiment, R-FCH at a null rate is used for outer-loop power control (PC), when an MS is not transmitting voice, data or signaling on R-FCH. Null rate means a lowest rate. R-FCH at a lowest rate may be used to maintain outer-loop power control even when there is no transmission on R-SCH.

0034Reverse Supplemental Channel (R-SCH): The MS supports one R-SCH for packet data transmissions in accordance with an embodiment. In an exemplary embodiment, the R-SCH uses rates specified by radio configuration (RC3) in TIA/EIA-IS-2000.2.

0035In an embodiment where only single data channel (R-SCH) is supported, the signaling and power control can be done on a control channel. Alternatively, signaling can be carried over R-SCH and outer-loop PC can be carried on R-SCH whenever it is present.

0036In an embodiment, the following procedures are followed by mobile stations: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="bullet" compact="compact"><li>Multiple Channel Adjustment Gain</li><li>Discontinuous Transmission and Variable Supplemental Adjustment Gain</li><li>Overhead transmission of R-CQICH and other control channels</li><li>Closed-loop Power Control (PC) command</li><li>Rate request using a Supplemental Channel Request Mini Message (SCRMM) on a 5-ms R-FCH or a Supplemental Channel Request Message (SCRM) on a 20-ms R-FCH</li></ul>

0037Multiple Channel Adjustment Gain: When the R-FCH and the R-SCH are simultaneously active, multiple channel gain table adjustment as specified in TIA/EIA-IS-2000.2 is performed to maintain correct transmission power of the R-FCH. The traffic-to-pilot (T/P) ratios for all channel rate are also specified in the Nominal Attribute Gain table in appendix A as Nominal Attribute Gain values. Traffic-to-pilot ratio means the ratio of traffic channel power to pilot channel power.

0038Discontinuous Transmission and Variable Supplemental Adjustment Gain: The MS may be assigned an R-SCH rate by a scheduler during each scheduling period. When the MS is not assigned an R-SCH rate, it will not transmit anything on the R-SCH. If the MS is assigned to transmit on the R-SCH, but it does not have any data or sufficient power to transmit at the assigned rate, it disables transmission (DTX) on the R-SCH. If the system allows it, the MS may be transmitting on the R-SCH at a rate lower than the assigned one autonomously. In an embodiment, this variable-rate R-SCH operation is accompanied by the variable rate SCH gain adjustment as specified in TIA/EIA-IS-2000.2. R-FCH T/P is adjusted assuming the received pilot SNR is high enough to support the assigned rate on R-SCH.

0039Overhead transmission of R-CQICH and other control channels: A data-only MS transmits extra power on CQICH and/or other control channels at a CQICH-to-pilot (or control-to-pilot) (C/P) ratio with multi-channel gain adjustment performed to maintain correct transmission power of the R-CQICH (or control channels). (C/P) value may be different for MS in soft-handoff from those not in soft handoff. (C/P) represent the ratio of total power used by the control channels to the pilot power without multichannel gain adjustment.

0040Closed-loop Power Control (PC) command: In an embodiment, an MS receives one PC command per power control group (PCG) at a rate of 800Hz from all base stations (BSs) in the MS's Active Set. A PCG is a 1.25 ms interval on the Reverse Traffic Channel and the Reverse Pilot Channel. Pilot power is updated by +-1 dB based on an "Or-of-Downs" rule, after combining of the PC commands from co-located BSs (sectors in a given cell).

0041Rate request is done with one of two methods. In a first method, rate request is performed using a Supplemental Channel Request Mini Message (SCRMM) on a 5-ms R-FCH as specified in TIA/EIA-IS-2000.5.

0042Supplemental Channel Request Mini Message (SCRMM) on a 5-ms R-FCH: In an embodiment, each SCRMM transmission is 24 bits (or 48 bits with the physical layer frame overhead in each 5-ms FCH frame at 9.6 kbps).

0043The MS sends the SCRMM in any periodic interval of 5 ms. If a 5-ms SCRMM needs to be transmitted, the MS interrupts its transmission of the current 20-ms R-FCH frame, and instead sends a 5-ms frame on the R-FCH. After the 5-ms frame is sent, any remaining time in the 20-ms period on the R-FCH is not transmitted. The discontinued transmission of the 20-ms R-FCH is re-established at the start of next 20-ms frame.

0044In a second method, rate request is performed using a Supplemental Channel Request Message (SCRM) on a 20-ms R-FCH.

0045Depending on different embodiments, different information can be sent on a request message. In IS2000, Supplemental Channel Request Mini Message (SCRMM) or a Supplemental Channel Request Message (SCRM) is sent on the reverse-link for rate request.

0046In an embodiment, the following information shall be reported by the MS to the BS on each SCRM/SCRMM transmission: <ul id="ul0002" list-style="bullet" compact="compact"><li>Maximum Requested Rate</li><li>Queue Information</li></ul>

0047Maximum Requested Rate: It can be the maximum data rate an MS is capable of transmitting at the current channel conditions leaving headroom for fast channel variations. An MS may determine its maximum rate using the following equation: <maths id="math0002"><math display="block"><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>max</mi></msub><mspace width="2em" /><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">power</mi></mfenced><mo>=</mo><munder><mi>arg max</mi><mi>R</mi></munder><mfenced open="{" close="}"><mtable columnalign="left"><mtr><mtd><mi>R</mi><mo>:</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">Pref</mi><mfenced><mi>R</mi></mfenced><mo>*</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">NormAvPiTx</mi><mfenced><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">PCG</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">i</mi></msub></mfenced><mo>*</mo></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mfenced><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><msub><mfenced><mi>T</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>P</mi></mfenced><mi>R</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><mfenced><msub><mfenced><mi>T</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>P</mi></mfenced><mrow><mn>9.6</mn><mo>⁢</mo><mi>k</mi></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><mi>C</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>P</mi></mfenced><mo>⁢</mo><mfenced><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">Pref</mi><mfenced><mn>9.6</mn><mo>⁢</mo><mi>k</mi></mfenced></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">Pref</mi><mfenced><mi>R</mi></mfenced></mrow></mfrac></mfenced></mfenced></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mo>≤</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">Tx</mi><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">max</mi></mfenced><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">Headroom_Req</mi></mtd></mtr></mtable></mfenced></math><img file="EP1540980B1_D0002.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0003"><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="italic">NormAvPiTx</mi><mfenced><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">PCG</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mfenced><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>α</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">Headroom</mi></msub><mo>⁢</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">TxPiPwr</mi><mfenced><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">PCG</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mfenced></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">Pref</mi><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">Rassigned</mi></mfenced></mrow></mfrac><mo>+</mo><mfenced><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>α</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">Headroom</mi></msub></mfenced><mo>×</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">NormAvPiTx</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mfenced><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">PCG</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mfenced><mo>,</mo></math><img file="EP1540980B1_D0003.tif" /></maths> where Pref(R) is the "Pilot Reference Level" value specified in the Attribute Gain Table in TIA/EIA-IS-2000.2, <i>TxPiPwr</i>(<i>PCG_i</i>) is the actual transmit pilot power after power constraints on the MS side are applied in case of power outage, and <i>NormAvPiTx</i>(<i>PCG_i</i>⁾ is the normalized average transmit pilot power. An MS may be more conservative or aggressive in its choice of headroom and determination of maximum requested rate depending on what is permitted by the BS.

0048In an embodiment, the MS receives grant information by one of the two following methods:

0049Method a: Enhanced supplemental channel assignment mini message (ESCAMM) from BS on 5-ms forward dedicated control channel (F-DCCH) with rate assignment for specified scheduling duration.

0050Method b: Enhanced supplemental channel assignment message (ESCAM) from BS on forward physical data channel (F-PDCH) with rate assignment for specified scheduling duration.

0051The assignment delays depend on the backhaul and transmission delays and are different depending on which method is used for rate grant. During the scheduled duration, the following procedures are performed: <ul id="ul0003" list-style="bullet" compact="compact"><li>In an embodiment where R-FCH is used to transmit autonomous data and for outer-loop PC, the MS transmits data at an autonomous rate of 9600 bps if it has some data in its buffer. Otherwise, the MS sends a null R-FCH frame at a rate of 1500 bps.</li><li>The MS transmits at the assigned R-SCH rate in a given 20-ms period if the MS has more data than can be carried on the R-FCH and if the MS has decided that it would have sufficient power to transmit at the assigned rate (keeping headroom for channel variations). Otherwise, there is no transmission on the R-SCH during the frame or the MS transmits at a lower rate which satisfies the power constraint. The MS decides that it has sufficient power to transmit on the R-SCH at the assigned rate R in a given 20-ms period Encode_Delay before the beginning of that 20-ms period if the following equation is satisfied: <maths id="math0004"><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="italic">Pref</mi><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">R</mi></mfenced><mo>*</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">NormAvPiTx</mi><mfenced><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">PCG</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mfenced><mo>⁢</mo><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><msub><mfenced><mi>T</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>P</mi></mfenced><mi>R</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><mfenced><msub><mfenced><mi>T</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>P</mi></mfenced><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">FCH</mi></msub></msub><mo>+</mo><mfenced><mi>C</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>P</mi></mfenced></mfenced><mo>⁢</mo><mfenced><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">Pref</mi><mfenced><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">FCH</mi></msub></mfenced></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">Pref</mi><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">R</mi></mfenced></mrow></mfrac></mfenced></mfenced><mo>&lt;</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">Tx</mi><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">max</mi></mfenced></mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">Headroom_Tx</mi></mfrac></math><img file="EP1540980B1_D0004.tif" /></maths></li></ul> where Pref(R) is the "Pilot Reference Level" value specified in the Attribute Gain Table in TIA/EIA-IS-2000.2, <i>NormAvPiTx</i>(<i>PCG_i</i>) is the normalized average transmit pilot power, (T/P)_R is the traffic to pilot ratio that corresponds to rate <i>R</i> and for all channel rates is specified in the Nominal Attribute Gain table in appendix A as Nominal Attribute Gain values, (T/P)_RFCH is the traffic to pilot ratio on FCH, (C/P) is the ratio of total power used by the control channels to the pilot power without multichannel gain adjustment, T_x(max) is the maximum MS transmit power, and Headroom_Tx is the headroom the MS keeps to allow for channel variation.

0052The DTX determination is done once every frame, Encode_Delay PCGs before the R-SCH transmission. If the MS disables transmission on the R-SCH, it transmits at the following power: <maths id="math0005"><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="italic">TxPwr</mi><mfenced><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">PCG</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mfenced><mo>*</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">PiTxPwr</mi><mfenced><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">PCG</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mfenced><mo>⁢</mo><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mfenced><msub><mfenced><mi>T</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>P</mi></mfenced><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">FCH</mi></msub></msub><mo>+</mo><mfenced><mi>C</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>P</mi></mfenced></mfenced><mo>⁢</mo><mfenced><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">Pref</mi><mfenced><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">FCH</mi></msub></mfenced></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">Pref</mi><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">R</mi></mfenced></mrow></mfrac></mfenced></mfenced></math><img file="EP1540980B1_D0005.tif" /></maths>

0053An MS encodes the transmission frame Encode_Delay before the actual transmission.

Base Station Procedures

0054In an embodiment, the BS performs the following essential functions: <ul id="ul0004" list-style="bullet" compact="compact"><li>Decoding of R-FCH/R-SCH</li><li>Power control</li></ul>

Decoding of R-FCH/R-SCH

0055When there are multiple traffic channels transmitted by the MS simultaneously, each of the traffic channels is decoded after correlating with the corresponding Walsh sequence. Power-control

0056Power control in a CDMA system is essential to maintain the desired quality of service (QoS). In IS-2000, the RL pilot channel (R-PICH) of each MS is closed-loop power controlled to a desired threshold. At the BS, this threshold, called power control set point, is compared against the received Ecp/Nt to generate power control command (closed-loop PC), where Ecp is the pilot channel energy per chip. To achieve the desired QoS on the traffic channel, the threshold at the BS is changed with erasures on the traffic channel, and has to be adjusted when the data rate changes.

0057Set point corrections occur due to: <ul id="ul0005" list-style="bullet" compact="compact"><li>Outer-loop power control</li><li>Rate Transitions</li></ul>

0058Outer-loop power control: If the R-FCH is present, the power control set point is corrected based on erasures of the R-FCH. If R-FCH is not present, the outer-loop PC is corrected based on erasures of some control channel or R-SCH when the MS is transmitting data.

0059Rate Transitions: Different data rates on the R-SCH require different optimal set point of the reverse pilot channel. When data rate changes on the R-SCH, the BS changes the MS's received Ecp/Nt by the Pilot Reference Levels (Pref(R)) difference between the current and the next R-SCH data rate. In an embodiment, the Pilot Reference Level for a given data rate R, Pref(R), is specified in the Nominal Attribute Gain Table in C.S0002-C. Since the closed-loop power control brings the received pilot Ecp/Nt to the set point, the BS adjusts the outer loop set point according to the next assigned R-SCH data rate: <maths id="math0006"><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">Pref</mi><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">Rnew</mi></mfenced><mo>-</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">Pref</mi><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">Rold</mi></mfenced></math><img file="EP1540980B1_D0006.tif" /></maths>

0060Set point adjustment is done ┌Δ¬ PCGs in advance of the new R-SCH data rate if <i>R_new > R_old.</i> Otherwise, this adjustment occurs at the R-SCH frame boundary. The pilot power thus ramps up or down to the correct level approximately in 1 dB step sizes of the closed loop as shown in <figref idref="f0002">figure 2</figref>.

0061<figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref> shows set point adjustment due to rate transitions on R-SCH in accordance with an embodiment. The vertical axis of <figref idref="f0002">figure 2</figref> shows a setpoint of a base station controller (BSC) 202, a base transceiver subsystem (BTS) receiver pilot power 204, and the mobile station rate 206. The MS rate is initially at R_o 208. When the R-SCH data rate increases, i.e., R1>R0 210, then the setpoint is adjusted according to P_ref(R₁)-P_ref(R₀) 212. When the R-SCH data rate decreases, i.e., R2<R1 214, then the setpoint is adjusted according to P_ref(R₂)-P_ref(R₁) 216.

Scheduler Procedures

0062A scheduler may be collocated with the BSC, or BTS or at some element in the network layer. A Scheduler may be multilevel with each part responsible for scheduling those MSs that share the lower layer resources. For example, the MS not in soft-handoff (SHO) may be scheduled by BTS while the MS in SHO may be scheduled by part of the scheduler collocated with BSC. The reverse-link capacity is distributed between BTS and BSC for the purpose of scheduling.

0063In an embodiment, the following assumptions are used for the scheduler and various parameters associated with scheduling in accordance with an embodiment: <ol id="ol0002" compact="compact"><li>1. Centralized Scheduling: The scheduler is co-located with the BSC, and is responsible for simultaneous scheduling of MSs across multiple cells.</li><li>2. Synchronous Scheduling: All R-SCH data rate transmissions are time aligned. All data rate assignments are for the duration of one scheduling period, which is time aligned for all the MSs in the system. The scheduling duration period is denoted SCH_PRD.</li><li>3. Voice and Autonomous R-SCH transmissions: Before allocating capacity to transmissions on R-SCH through rate assignments, the scheduler looks at the pending rate requests from the MSs and discounts for voice and autonomous transmissions in a given cell.</li><li>4. Rate Request Delay: The uplink request delay associated with rate requesting via SCRM/SCRMM is denoted as D_RL(request), It is the delay from the time the request is sent to when it is available to the scheduler. D_RL(request) includes delay segments for over-the-air transmission of the request, decode time of the request at the cells, and backhaul delay from the cells to the BSC, and is modeled as a uniformly distributed random variable.</li><li>5. Rate Assignment Delay: The downlink assignment delay associated with rate assignment via ESCAM/ESCAMM is denoted as D_FL(assign). It is the time between the moment the rate decision is made and the time the MS receiving the resultant assignment. D_FL(assign) includes backhaul delay from the scheduler to the cells, over-the-air transmission time of the assignment (based on method chosen), and its decode time at the MS .</li><li>6. Available Ecp/Nt Measurement: The Ecp/Nt measurement used in the scheduler shall be the latest available to it at the last frame boundary. The measured Ecp/Nt is reported to the scheduler by the BTS receiver periodically and so it is delayed for a BSC receiver.</li></ol>

0064<figref idref="f0002">FIG. 3</figref> shows scheduling delay timing in accordance with an embodiment. The numbers shown are an example of typical numbers that may be used by a BSC located scheduler though the actual numbers are dependent on backhaul delays and loading scenario of the deployed system.

0065The horizontal axis shows an SCH frame boundary 250, a last SCH frame boundary before a point A 252, a point A 254, a scheduling time 256, and an action time 258. An Ec/Nt measurement window 260 is shown starting at the SCH frame boundary 250 and ending at the last SCH frame boundary before point A 252. A time to last frame boundary 262 is shown from the last SCH frame boundary before point A 252 to point A 254. A time to get information from the BTS to the BSC (6 PCGs) 264 is shown starting at point A 254 and ending at the scheduling time 256. ActionTimeDelay (25 PCGs for Method a, 62 PCGs for Method b) 266 is shown to start at the scheduling time 256 and ending at the action time 258.

Scheduling, Rate Assignment and Transmission Timeline

0066Given the assumed synchronous scheduling, most events related to request, grant and transmission are periodic with period SCH_PRD.

0067<figref idref="f0003">Figure 4</figref> illustrates the timing diagram of a rate request, scheduling and rate allocation in accordance with an embodiment. The vertical axes show the time lines for the BSC (scheduler) 402 and the mobile 404. The MS creates an SCRMM 406 and sends a rate request to the BSC (scheduler) 408. The rate request is included in the SCRMM, which is sent on R-FCH. The uplink request delay associated with rate requesting via SCRM/SCRMM is denoted as D_RL(request) 410. A scheduling decision 412 is made once every scheduling period 414. After the scheduling decision 412, an ESCAM/ESCAMM 416 is sent on a forward channel from the BSC to the MS indicating a rate assignment 418. D_FL 420 is the downlink assignment delay associated with rate assignment via ESCAM/ESCAMM. Turnaround time 422 is the time it takes to turnaround a rate request. It is the time from the rate request to rate assignment.

0068The following characterizes the timeline: <ul id="ul0006" list-style="bullet" compact="compact"><li>Scheduling Timing</li><li>Scheduled Rate Transmissions</li><li>MS R-SCH Rate Requests</li></ul>

0069Scheduling Timing: The scheduler operates once every scheduling period. If the first scheduling decision is performed at <i>^ti</i>, then the scheduler operates at <i>t_i</i>,<i>t_i</i>+<i>SCH_PRD</i>,<i>t_i</i>+2<i>SCH_PRD</i>...

0070Scheduled Rate Transmissions: Given that the MSs have to be notified of the scheduling decisions with sufficient lead-time, a scheduling decision has to be reached at Action Time of the ESCAM/ESCAMM message minus a fixed delay, ActionTimeDelay. Typical values of ActionTimeDelay for Methods a and b are given in Table 1.

0071MS R-SCH Rate Requests: R-SCH rate requests are triggered as described below:

0072Before the beginning of each SCRM/SCRMM frame encode boundary, the MS checks if either of the following three conditions are satisfied: <ol id="ol0003"><li>1. New data arrives and data in the MS's buffer exceeds a certain buffer depth (BUF_DEPTH), and the MS has sufficient power to transmit at a non-zero rate; OR</li><li>2. If the last SCRM/SCRMM was sent at time τ<i>_i</i>, and the current time is greater than or equal to τ<i>_i</i>+<i>SCH_PRD,</i> and if the MS has data in its buffer that exceeds the BUF_DEPTH, and the MS has sufficient power to transmit at a non-zero rate; OR</li><li>3. If the last SCRM/SCRMM was sent at time τ<i>_i</i>, and the current time is greater than or equal to τ<i>_i</i> + <i>SCH_PRD</i>, and if the current assigned rate at the MS side based on received ESCAMM/ESCAM is non-zero (irrespective of the fact that the MS may not have data or power to request a non-zero rate). "Current assigned rate" is the assigned rate applicable for the current rate transmission. If no ESCAM is received for the current scheduled duration, then the assigned rate is considered 0. The rate assigned in the ESCAM/ESCAMM message with Action Time at some later time takes effect after the Action Time.</li></ol>

0073If either of the above three conditions are satisfied, the MS sends a SCRMM/SCRM rate request.

0074In an embodiment, an SCRM/SCRMM request made at τ<i>_i</i> is made available to the scheduler after a random delay at τ<i>_i</i> +<i>D</i>_<i>RL</i>(<i>request</i>)<i>.</i> In another embodiment, different combinations of change in MS data buffer, change in MS maximum supportable rate and MS last request time out may be used to determine the time when a rate request is sent.

Scheduler Description and Procedures

0075In an embodiment, there is one centralized scheduler element for a large number of cells. The scheduler maintains a list of all MSs in the system and BSs in each MS's Active Set. Associated with each MS, the scheduler stores an estimate of an MS's queue size (<i>Q̂</i>) and maximum scheduled rate (Rmax(s)).

0076The queue size estimate <i>Q̂</i> is updated after any of the following events happen: <ol id="ol0004" compact="compact"><li>1. An SCRMM/SCRM is received: SCRMM/SCRM is received after a delay of D_RL(request). <i>Q̂</i> is updated to: <maths id="math0007"><math display="block"><mover><mi mathvariant="italic">Q</mi><mo>^</mo></mover><mo mathvariant="italic">=</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">Queue Size reported in SCRMM</mi></math><img file="EP1540980B1_D0007.tif" /></maths> If the SCRMM/SCRM is lost, the scheduler uses the previous (and the latest) information it has.</li><li>2. After each R-FCH and R-SCH frame decoding: <maths id="math0008"><math display="block"><mover><mi>Q</mi><mo>^</mo></mover><mo>=</mo><mover><mi>Q</mi><mo>^</mo></mover><mo>-</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">Data</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">tx</mi></msub><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">FCH</mi></mfenced><mo>+</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">Data</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">tx</mi></msub><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">SCH</mi></mfenced></math><img file="EP1540980B1_D0008.tif" /></maths> where <i>Data_tx</i>(<i>FCH</i>) and <i>Data_tx</i>(<i>SCH</i>)is the data transmitted in the last R-FCH and R-SCH frame, respectively (if the frame is decoded correctly) after discounting the physical layer overhead and RLP layer overhead.</li><li>3. At the scheduling instant <i>t_i</i>, scheduler estimates the maximum scheduled rate for the MS in accordance with an embodiment. The buffer size estimation is done as: <maths id="math0009"><math display="block"><mover><mi>Q</mi><mo>^</mo></mover><mfenced><mi>f</mi></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mover><mi>Q</mi><mo>^</mo></mover><mo>-</mo><mfenced><msub><mi>R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">assigned</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><mn>9600</mn></mfenced><mo>×</mo><mo>⌈</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">ActionTimeDelay</mi><mo>/</mo><mn>20</mn><mo>⌉</mo><mo>•</mo><mn>20</mn><mspace width="1em" /><mi>ms</mi><mo>+</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">PL_FCH_OHD</mi><mo>+</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">SCH</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">Assigned</mi></msub><mo>*</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">PL_SCH_OHD</mi></mfenced><mo>×</mo><mfenced><mo>⌈</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">ActionTimeDelay</mi><mo>/</mo><mn>20</mn><mo>⌉</mo></mfenced></mrow></math><img file="EP1540980B1_D0009.tif" /></maths></li></ol>

0077The maximum scheduled rate is obtained as the minimum of the maximum power constrained rate and maximum buffer size constrained rate. Maximum power constrained rate is the maximum rate that can be achieved with MS available power, and maximum buffer size constrained rate is the maximum rate such that the transmitted data is smaller or equal to the estimated buffer size. <maths id="math0010"><math display="block"><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>max</mi></msub><mfenced><mi>s</mi></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mi>min</mi><mfenced open="{" close="}"><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>max</mi></msub><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">power</mi></mfenced><mo>,</mo><munder><mi>arg max</mi><mtable><mtr><mtd><mi>R</mi></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>R</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>307.2</mn><mo>⁢</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">kbps</mi></mtd></mtr></mtable></munder><mfenced open="{" close="}"><mi>R</mi><mo>|</mo><mover><mi>Q</mi><mo>^</mo></mover><mfenced><mi>f</mi></mfenced><mo>≥</mo><mfenced><mfenced><mi>R</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>9600</mn></mfenced><mo>×</mo><mn>20</mn><mo>⁢</mo><mi>ms</mi><mo>-</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">PL_FCH_OHD</mi><mo>-</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">PL_SCH_OHD</mi></mfenced><mo>×</mo><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">SCH_PRD</mi><mo>/</mo><mn>20</mn><mo>⁢</mo><mi>ms</mi></mfenced></mfenced></mfenced></math><img file="EP1540980B1_D0010.tif" /></maths> where SCH_Assigned is an indicator function for the current scheduling period, <maths id="math0011"><math display="block"><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">SCH</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">Assigned</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>{</mo><mtable><mtr><mtd><mn>1</mn></mtd><mtd><mi>if</mi><mspace width="1em" /><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi><mi>assigned</mi></msub><mo>></mo><mn>0</mn></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mi>if</mi><mspace width="1em" /><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi><mi>assigned</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow></math><img file="EP1540980B1_D0011.tif" /></maths>

0078<i>R_assigned</i> is the rate assigned on the R-SCH during the current scheduling period and MS is supposed to transmit on the R-SCH until the ActionTime of the next assignment. PL_FCH_OHD is physical layer fundamental channel overhead. PL_SCH_OHD is physical layer supplemental channel overhead.

0079<i>R</i>_max(<i>power</i>) is the maximum rate that the MS can support given its power limit. If the maximum requested rate by the MS is determined according to an embodiment described herein, <i>R_max</i>(<i>power</i>) is the maximum rate reported in the last received SCRM/SCRMM message. If the maximum rate is determined according to a different embodiment, the scheduler can estimate <i>R_max</i>(<i>power</i>) from the reported information and MS capability to transmit at the assigned rate. For example, in another embodiment, the scheduler can estimate <i>R_max</i>(<i>power</i>) according to the equation below: <maths id="math0012"><math display="block"><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>max</mi></msub><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">power</mi></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mfenced open="{" close="}"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mi>min</mi><mfenced open="{" close="}"><mi>R</mi><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">reported</mi></mfenced><mo>,</mo><msub><mi>R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">assigned</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mfenced><mo>;</mo></mtd><mtd><mi>if</mi><mspace width="1em" /><msub><mi>R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">tx</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">assigned</mi></msub></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>min</mi><mfenced open="{" close="}"><mi>R</mi><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">reported</mi></mfenced><mo>,</mo><msub><mi>R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">assigned</mi></msub><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mfenced><mo>;</mo></mtd><mtd><mi>if</mi><mspace width="1em" /><msub><mi>R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">tx</mi></msub><mo>&lt;</mo><msub><mi>R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">assigned</mi></msub></mtd></mtr></mtable></mfenced></math><img file="EP1540980B1_D0012.tif" /></maths>

0080<i>R_assigned</i> is the rate assigned during current scheduling period and <i>R_tx</i> is the rate transmitted on R-SCH during current scheduling period. <i>R_assigned</i> +1 is rate one higher than what is currently assigned to the MS and <i>R_assigned</i> -1 is a rate one lower than what is currently assigned to the MS. <i>R</i>(<i>reported</i>) is the maximum rate reported by the MS in rate request message like SCRM/SCRMM. The above method may be used when <i>R</i>(<i>reported</i>) by the MS is not related to the maximum rate that MS is capable of transmitting at its current power constraints.

0081Arg max provides the maximum supportable rate by the scheduler.

Capacity Computation

0082The sector capacity at the jth sector is estimated from the measured MSs' Sinrs. The Sinr is the average pilot-weighted combined Sinr per antenna. In an embodiment, the combining per power-control group (PCG) is pilot-weighted combining over multiple fingers and different antennas of the sector of interest. In an embodiment, the combining per power-control group (PCG) is maximal ratio combining over multiple fingers and different antennas. The combining is not over different sectors in the case of a softer-handoff MS. The averaging can be over the duration of a frame or it can be a filtered average over a couple of PCGs.

0083The following formula is used for estimating Load contribution to a sector antenna: <maths id="math0013"><math display="block"><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">Load</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">j</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mstyle displaystyle="true"><munder><munder><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">ActiveSet</mi><mfenced><mi>j</mi></mfenced></mrow></munder><mspace width="1em" /></munder></mstyle><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">Sinr</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">j</mi></msub><mfenced><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>,</mo><mi>E</mi><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">FCH</mi></msub></mfenced></mfenced></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">Sinr</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">j</mi></msub><mfenced><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>,</mo><mi>E</mi><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">FCH</mi></msub></mfenced></mfenced></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></math><img file="EP1540980B1_D0013.tif" /></maths> where <i>Sinr_j</i>(<i>R_i</i>,<i>E</i>[<i>R_FCH</i>]) is the estimated Sinr if the MS is assigned a rate <i>R_i</i> on R-SCH and <i>E</i>[<i>R_FCH</i>] is the expected rate of transmission on the R-FCH.

0084Let the measured pilot Sinr (frame average or filtered average pilot Sinr averaged over two antennas) be (<i>E_cp</i>/<i>N_t</i>)<i>_j</i>, while it is assigned a rate of Rassign(SCH) on the R-SCH. Then, <maths id="math0014"><math display="block"><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">Sinr</mi><mi>j</mi></msub><mfenced><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">R</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><msub><mi>R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">FCH</mi></msub></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">Pref</mi><mfenced><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">R</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mfenced></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">Pref</mi><mfenced><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">assign</mi></msub><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">SCH</mi></mfenced></mfenced></mrow></mfrac><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mfenced><msub><mi>E</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">cp</mi></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>t</mi></msub></mfenced><mi>j</mi></msub><mo>⁢</mo><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><msub><mfenced><mi>T</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>P</mi></mfenced><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></msub><mo>+</mo><mfenced><msub><mfenced><mi>T</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>P</mi></mfenced><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">FCH</mi></msub></msub><mo>+</mo><mfenced><mi>C</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>P</mi></mfenced></mfenced><mo>⁢</mo><mfenced><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">Pref</mi><mfenced><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">FCH</mi></msub></mfenced></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">Pref</mi><mfenced><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">R</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mfenced></mrow></mfrac></mfenced></mfenced></math><img file="EP1540980B1_D0014.tif" /></maths> C/P can be an average (CQICH/Pilot) or a (Control-to-pilot) ratio.

0085For voice-only MSs, the following equation is used to estimate the average received Sinr: <maths id="math0015"><math display="block"><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">Sinr</mi><mi>j</mi></msub><mfenced><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mi>E</mi><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msub><mi>R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">FCH</mi></msub><mfenced><mi>υ</mi></mfenced></mfenced></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mfrac><msub><mfenced><msub><mi>E</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">cp</mi></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>t</mi></msub></mfenced><mi>j</mi></msub><mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">Pref</mi><mfenced><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">assign</mi></msub><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">SCH</mi></mfenced></mfenced></mrow></mfrac><mo>×</mo><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mfenced><msub><mfenced><mi>T</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>P</mi></mfenced><mrow><mn>9.6</mn><mo>⁢</mo><mi>k</mi></mrow></msub><mo>⁢</mo><mi>P</mi><mfenced><mn>9.6</mn><mo>⁢</mo><mi>k</mi></mfenced><mo>+</mo><msub><mfenced><mi>T</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>P</mi></mfenced><mrow><mn>4.8</mn><mo>⁢</mo><mi>k</mi></mrow></msub><mo>⁢</mo><mi>P</mi><mfenced><mn>4.8</mn><mo>⁢</mo><mi>k</mi></mfenced><mo>+</mo><msub><mfenced><mi>T</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>P</mi></mfenced><mrow><mn>2.7</mn><mo>⁢</mo><mi>k</mi></mrow></msub><mo>⁢</mo><mi>P</mi><mfenced><mn>2.7</mn><mo>⁢</mo><mi>k</mi></mfenced><mo>+</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mfenced><mi>T</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>P</mi></mfenced><mrow><mn>1.5</mn><mo>⁢</mo><mi>k</mi></mrow></msub><mo>⁢</mo><mi>P</mi><mfenced><mn>1.5</mn><mo>⁢</mo><mi>k</mi></mfenced><mo>+</mo><mfenced><mi>C</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>P</mi></mfenced></mrow></mfenced><mo>+</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">Pref</mi><mfenced><msubsup><mi>R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">FCH</mi><mi>max</mi></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mn>9.6</mn><mo>⁢</mo><mi>k</mi></mfenced></mfenced></math><img file="EP1540980B1_D0015.tif" /></maths> where P(R) is the probability of voice codec transmitting at that rate. In another embodiment where a different voice codec with different rate selections are used, the same equation is used with different rates to estimate the expected Sinr due to voice transmission on R-FCH.

0086In a more generic formulation, with data-voice mobiles and no data transmission on R-FCH, the voice-activity factor (υ) could be used to estimate the average received Sinr as follows: <maths id="math0016"><math display="block"><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">Sinr</mi><mi>j</mi></msub><mfenced><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>,</mo><mi>E</mi><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msub><mi>R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">FCH</mi></msub><mfenced><mi>υ</mi></mfenced></mfenced></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>Pr</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">ef</mi><mfenced><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mfenced><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mfenced><msub><mi>E</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">cp</mi></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>t</mi></msub></mfenced><mi>j</mi></msub></mrow><mrow><mi>Pr</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">ef</mi><mfenced><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">assign</mi></msub><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">SCH</mi></mfenced></mfenced></mrow></mfrac><mo>×</mo><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><msub><mfenced><mi>T</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>P</mi></mfenced><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></msub><mo>+</mo><mfenced><mi>υ</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mi>υ</mi><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mfenced><mi>T</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>P</mi></mfenced><msubsup><mi>R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">FCH</mi><mi>max</mi></msubsup></msub></mfenced><mo>⁢</mo><mfenced><mfrac><mrow><mi>Pr</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">ef</mi><mfenced><msubsup><mi>R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">FCH</mi><mi>max</mi></msubsup></mfenced></mrow><mrow><mi>Pr</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">ef</mi><mfenced><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mfenced></mrow></mfrac></mfenced></mfenced></math><img file="EP1540980B1_D0016.tif" /></maths>

0087If the interference from neighboring sectors and average thermal noise can be measured, a more direct measure of the capacity of reverse-link called rise-over-thermal (ROT) can be obtained. Let the other-cell interference measured during previous transmission be denoted as <i>I_oc</i>, thermal noise be <i>N_o,</i> then the estimated ROT during the next transmission can be estimated as <maths id="math0017"><math display="inline"><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">ROT</mi><mi>j</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mfenced><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">Load</mi><mi>j</mi></msub></mfenced></mfrac><mo>⁢</mo><mfenced><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>I</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">oc</mi></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>o</mi></msub></mfenced></math><img file="EP1540980B1_D0017.tif" /></maths><i>.</i>

0088If the scheduler is multi-level scheduler, with different levels of the scheduler elements scheduling different MSs, the sector capacity needs to be distributed across different scheduling elements. In an embodiment, where the scheduler has two scheduling elements, one at a BTS and the other at a BSC, let the estimated assigned Load at BSC be <i>Load_j(BSC)</i> and the estimated assigned load at BTS be <i>Load_j(BTS).</i> Then, <maths id="math0018"><math display="block"><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">Load</mi><mi>j</mi></msub><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">BSC</mi></mfenced><mo>+</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">Load</mi><mi>j</mi></msub><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">BTS</mi></mfenced><mo>&lt;</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><mfenced><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>I</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">oc</mi></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>o</mi></msub></mfenced><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">ROT</mi><mfenced><mi>max</mi></mfenced><mn>.</mn></math><img file="EP1540980B1_D0018.tif" /></maths>

0089Since the timing delay in scheduling at BSC is greater than BTS, estimated assigned load at BSC <i>Load_j(BSC)</i> can be known at BTS prior to scheduling at BTS. BTS scheduler prior to scheduling then has following constraint on the assigned load: <maths id="math0019"><math display="block"><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">Load</mi><mi>j</mi></msub><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">BTS</mi></mfenced><mo>&lt;</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><mfenced><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>I</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">oc</mi></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>o</mi></msub></mfenced><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">ROT</mi><mfenced><mi>max</mi></mfenced><mo>-</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">Load</mi><mi>j</mi></msub><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">BSC</mi></mfenced></math><img file="EP1540980B1_D0019.tif" /></maths>

Scheduling Algorithm

0090The scheduling algorithm has the following characteristics: <ol id="ol0005" compact="compact"><li>a) scheduling least number of MS for increasing TDM gains,</li><li>b) CDM few users for maximum capacity utilization, and</li><li>c) prioritization of MS rate requests.</li></ol>

0091Prioritization of mobiles can be based on one or more of the varied reported or measured quantities. A priority function that increases system throughput can have one or many of the following characteristics:

0092The higher the measured pilot Ecp/Nt (normalized), the lower is the mobile's priority. Instead of using a measured Ecp/Nt, a pilot Ecp/Nt set-point that the base-station maintains for power control outer-loop could be used. A lower Ecp/Nt (measured or set-point) implies a better instantaneous channel and hence increased throughput if channel variations are small.

0093For a mobile in SHO, pilot Ecp/Nt (measured or Set-point) can be weighted by an <i>SHO factor</i> to reduce the other-cell interference. For example, if average received pilot powers at all SHO legs is available, <maths id="math0020"><math display="inline"><mstyle displaystyle="true"><munderover><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>M</mi></munderover></mstyle><msubsup><mi>P</mi><mi>i</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">rx</mi></msubsup><mfenced><mi>k</mi></mfenced><mo>/</mo><msubsup><mi>P</mi><mi>i</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">rx</mi></msubsup><mfenced><mi>j</mi></mfenced></math><img file="EP1540980B1_D0020.tif" /></maths> can serve as an SHO factor, where <maths id="math0021"><math display="inline"><msubsup><mi>P</mi><mi>i</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">rx</mi></msubsup><mfenced><mi>k</mi></mfenced></math><img file="EP1540980B1_D0021.tif" /></maths> is the average received pilot power of the <i>i</i>^th mobile by the <i>k</i>^th base station in its Active Set, <maths id="math0022"><math display="inline"><msubsup><mi>P</mi><mi>i</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">rx</mi></msubsup><mfenced><mi>j</mi></mfenced></math><img file="EP1540980B1_D0022.tif" /></maths> is the average received pilot power of the <i>i</i>^th mobile by the strongest, <i>j</i>^th base station in its Active Set, and <i>M</i> is the number of base stations in the mobile's Active Set (set of base stations in soft handoff with the mobile)

0094Higher the measured or estimated propagation loss, lesser is the priority. Propagation Loss can be calculated from the measured received pilot power if the mobile periodically reports transmitted pilot power in the request message like SCRM. Or otherwise, it can estimate which mobile sees better propagation loss based on the reported strength of the FL Ecp/Nt

0095Velocity based priority function: If the base-station estimated velocity of a moving mobile using some velocity estimation algorithm, then stationary mobiles are given the highest priority, and middle velocity mobiles are given the least priority.

0096Priority function based on above measured or reported parameters is an unfair priority function aimed at increasing the reverse-link system throughput. In addition, priority can be increased or decreased by a cost metric that is decided by what grade of service a user is registered for. In addition to the above, a certain degree of fairness could be provided by a <i>Fairness factor.</i> Two different kinds of Fairness are described below:

0097Proportional Fairness (PF): PF is the ratio of maximum requested rate to average achieved transmission rate. Thus, <i>PF =</i><maths id="math0023"><math display="inline"><msubsup><mi>R</mi><mi>i</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">req</mi></msubsup><mo>/</mo><msubsup><mi>R</mi><mi>i</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">alloc</mi></msubsup></math><img file="EP1540980B1_D0023.tif" /></maths>, where <maths id="math0024"><math display="inline"><msubsup><mi>R</mi><mi>i</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">req</mi></msubsup></math><img file="EP1540980B1_D0024.tif" /></maths> is the requested rate and <maths id="math0025"><math display="inline"><msubsup><mi>R</mi><mi>i</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">alloc</mi></msubsup></math><img file="EP1540980B1_D0025.tif" /></maths> is the average rate allocated by the scheduler.

0098Round Robin Fairness (RRF): Round robin scheduling tries to provide equal transmission opportunities to all the users. When a mobile enters the system, RRF is initialized to some value, say 0. Each scheduling period the rate is not allocated to the mobile, RRF is incremented by one. Every time some rate (or the requested rate) is allocated to the mobile, RRF is reset to the initial value 0. This emulates the process where mobiles scheduled in the last scheduling period are last in the queue.

0099Fairness can be used together with Priority function to determine the priority of the mobile in the Prioritization list. When Fairness is used alone to prioritize mobiles, it provides proportional fair or round-robin scheduling that is throughput optimal for reverse-link as well as allowing multiple transmissions for full capacity utilization.

0100An embodiment which uses different aspects of previously defined priority functions and proportional fairness may have a priority of the i^th user determined as: <maths id="math0026"><math display="block"><msub><mi>w</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">Ecp</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">/</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">N</mi><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mi>t</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">setpt</mi></mfenced><mo>*</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">SHOfactor</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>⋅</mo><msup><mfenced><mi mathvariant="italic">PF</mi></mfenced><mi>α</mi></msup><mo>,</mo></math><img file="EP1540980B1_D0026.tif" /></maths> where the parameter α called Fairness factor can be used to trade-off fairness for system throughput. As α increases, fairness gets worse. Schedulers with higher α yield higher throughput.

0101Next we consider a particular embodiment where the scheduler wakes up every scheduling period and makes rate allocation decisions based on pending rate requests. The scheduling algorithm looks like the one described below.

0102Initialization: The MS rate requests are prioritized. Associated with each MS is a priority count PRIORITY. PRIORITY of an MS is initialized to 0 in the beginning. When a new MS enters the system with sector j as the primary sector, its PRIORITY is set equal to the min{PRIORTTY<i>_i</i>, ∀<i>_i</i> such that MS ; has sector <i>j</i> as the primary sector} <ol id="ol0006" compact="compact"><li>1. Let the Load constraint be <i>Load_j</i> ≤ max <i>Load</i>, such that the rise-over-thermal overshoot above a certain threshold is limited. For the calibration purposes, max Load value of 0.45 will be used by the scheduler. The capacity consumed due to pilot transmissions and transmissions on fundamental channels (due to voice or data) is computed and the available capacity is computed as <maths id="math0027"><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="italic">Cav</mi><mfenced><mi>j</mi></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mi>max</mi><mspace width="1em" /><mi mathvariant="italic">Load</mi><mo>-</mo><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mstyle displaystyle="true"><munder><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>j</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">ActiveSet</mi></mrow></munder></mstyle><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">Sinr</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">j</mi></msub><mfenced><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mi>E</mi><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">FCH</mi></msub></mfenced></mfenced></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">Sinr</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">j</mi></msub><mfenced><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mi>E</mi><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">FCH</mi></msub></mfenced></mfenced></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></math><img file="EP1540980B1_D0027.tif" /></maths> where max Load is the maximum Load for which rise-over-thermal outage criteria specified is satisfied. MS rate requests are prioritized in decreasing order of their PRIORITY. So MSs with highest PRIORITY are at the top of the queue. When multiple MSs with identical PRIORITY values are at the top of the queue, the scheduler makes a equally-likely random choice among these MSs.</li><li>2. Set k=1,</li><li>3. The data-only MS at the kth position in the queue is assigned the rate <i>R_k</i> given by <maths id="math0028"><math display="block"><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mi>min</mi><mfenced open="{" close="}"><msubsup><mi>R</mi><mi>max</mi><mi>k</mi></msubsup><mfenced><mi>s</mi></mfenced><mo>,</mo><munder><mi>arg max</mi><mi>R</mi></munder><mo>⁢</mo><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mi>R</mi><mo>|</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">Cav</mi><mfenced><mi>j</mi></mfenced><mo>-</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">Sinr</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">j</mi></msub><mfenced><mi>R</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>E</mi><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">FCH</mi></msub></mfenced></mfenced></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">Sinr</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">j</mi></msub><mfenced><mi>R</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>E</mi><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">FCH</mi></msub></mfenced></mfenced></mrow></mfrac><mo>+</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">Sinr</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">j</mi></msub><mfenced><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mi>E</mi><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">FCH</mi></msub></mfenced></mfenced></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">Sinr</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">j</mi></msub><mfenced><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mi>E</mi><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">FCH</mi></msub></mfenced></mfenced></mrow></mfrac><mo>≥</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>;</mo><mo>∀</mo><mi>j</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">ActiveSet</mi><mfenced><mi>k</mi></mfenced></mfenced></mfenced></math><img file="EP1540980B1_D0028.tif" /></maths> The available capacity is updated to: <maths id="math0029"><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="italic">Cav</mi><mfenced><mi>j</mi></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">Cav</mi><mfenced><mi>j</mi></mfenced><mo>-</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">Sinr</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">j</mi></msub><mfenced><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>,</mo><mi>E</mi><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">FCH</mi></msub></mfenced></mfenced></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">Sinr</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">j</mi></msub><mfenced><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>,</mo><mi>E</mi><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">FCH</mi></msub></mfenced></mfenced></mrow></mfrac><mo>+</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">Sinr</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">j</mi></msub><mfenced><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mi>E</mi><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">FCH</mi></msub></mfenced></mfenced></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">Sinr</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">j</mi></msub><mfenced><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mi>E</mi><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">R</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">FCH</mi></msub></mfenced></mfenced></mrow></mfrac><mo>;</mo><mspace width="2em" /><mo>∀</mo><mi>j</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">ActiveSet</mi><mfenced><mi>k</mi></mfenced></math><img file="EP1540980B1_D0029.tif" /></maths></li><li>4. If <img file="EP1540980B1_D0030.tif" />and <i>R_k</i>=0, increment PRIORITY of the MS Otherwise, do not change PRIORITY of the MS</li><li>5. k = k+1; if k &lt; total number of MSs in the list, Go to Step 3, otherwise, stop.</li></ol><tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="all"><title>Table 1</title><tgroup cols="3"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="53mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="27mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="86mm" /><thead><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col3" align="center" valign="middle">Baseline specific parameters</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>Parameter</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>Typical Values</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>Comments</b></entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle"><i>Headroom_Req</i></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5 dB</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Conservative rate request Keeps power headroom for longterm channel variation Reduces DTX on R-SCH</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle"><i>Headroom_Tx</i></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2 dB</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Reduces probability of power outage during the duration of R-SCH transmission</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Average Tx Power Filter Coefficient α_Headroom</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1 / 16</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Normalized Average transmit pilot power is computed as filtered version over several PCGs</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">ActionTimeDelay (Method a) (Method a)</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">31.25 ms</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Based on the expected ESCAMM delay, including the 2 PCG MS encoding delay encoding delay</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">ActionTimeDelay (Method b) (Method b)</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">77.5 ms</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Based on the expected ESCAM delay on F-PDCH at the primary sector Geometry of-5 dB. This includes the 2 PCG MS encoding delay</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0103It would be apparent to those skilled in the art that other values can be used for the parameters in table 1. It would also be apparent to those skilled in the art that more or less parameters may be used for a particular implementation.

0104<figref idref="f0004">Figure 5</figref> is a flowchart of a scheduling process in an embodiment. In an embodiment, a mobile i and a mobile j send a request rate to a scheduler in step 300. Alternatively, a mobile i and a mobile j send a request rate to a scheduler in step 310.

0105In step 300, the scheduler creates a list of mobiles (Mi) that it will schedule. Then, the scheduler creates a list of base stations (BTSs) the scheduler is responsible for scheduling. Also, the scheduler creates a list of mobiles that are not in the list of base stations the scheduler is responsible for scheduling and that are in soft handoff (SHO) with base stations the scheduler is responsible for scheduling (U_i). The flow of control goes to step 302.

0106The BTS supplies the scheduler with a reported DTX by a mobile. In step 302, a check is made to determine whether a mobile, which is scheduled, reported a DTX, in which case resources can be reallocated from the scheduled mobile if a_i is less than the last schedule time minus 1 plus a schedule period. ai is current time. t_i is the last scheduled time. In step 302, the resources are reallocated before the scheduled time. The rate of the scheduled mobile is reset and the available capacity is reallocated to other requesting mobiles. In step 306, a check is made to determine whether the current time has reached a scheduled point. If the current time has not reached a scheduled point, then the flow of control goes to step 302. If the current time has reached a scheduled point, then the flow of control goes to step 308.

0107In step 308, the scheduler is supplied by the BTSs with an estimate of loc and piolot Ec/Nt of {M_i}union{U_i}. The capacity of each Bi is initialized given the loc estimates. For each Bi, subtracting from the available capacity, the voice users contribution to capacity given voice activity and autonomous transmission on R-FCH/R-DCCH. The measurement used for the amount subtracted is the pilot Ecp/Nt. Also for each Bi, subtracted from the available capacity is the expected contribution by {U_i}. Then, the flow of control goes to step 310.

0108In step 310, pilot Ec/Nt of {M_¡} and set-point and Rx pilot power are provided to the scheduler and are used by a prioritization function. The mobile rate requests are prioritized in a prioritization queue. In an embodiment, a prioritization function is used in which measured and reported information is used. In an embodiment, a prioritization function provides for fairness. The flow of control goes to step 312.

0109In step 312, a maximum rate is assigned to a highest priority mobile such that a capacity constraint of all BSs in soft handoff is not violated. The maximum rate is the maximum rate supported by the highest priority mobile. The highest priority mobile is placed last in the prioritization queue. The available capacity is updated by subtracting the mobile contribution to capacity at an assigned maximum rate. The flow of control goes to step 314.

0110In step 314, a check is made to determine whether all the mobiles in the {Mi} list have been scanned. If all the mobiles in the {Mi} list have not been scanned, then the flow of control goes to step 312. If all the mobiles in the {Mi} list have been scanned, then the flow of control goes to step 302.

0111Those of skill in the art would understand that method steps could be interchanged without departing from the scope of the invention. Those of skill in the art would also understand that information and signals might be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

0112Those of skill in the art would understand that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

0113<figref idref="f0005">Figure 6</figref> is a block diagram of a BS 12 in accordance with an embodiment. On the downlink, data for the downlink is received and processed (e.g., formatted, encoded, and so on) by a transmit (TX) data processor 612. The processing for each channel is determined by the set of parameters associated with that channel, and in an embodiment, may be performed as described by standard documents. The processed data is then provided to a modulator (MOD) 614 and further processed (e.g., channelized, scrambled, and so on) to provide modulated data. A transmitter (TMTR) unit 616 then converts the modulated data into one or more analog signals, which are further conditions (e.g., amplifies, filters, and frequency upconverts) to provide a downlink signal. The downlink signal is routed through a duplexer (D) 622 and transmitted via an antenna 624 to the designated MS(s).

0114<figref idref="f0006">Figure 7</figref> is a block diagram of an MS 106 in accordance with an embodiment. The downlink signal is received by an antenna 712, routed through a duplexer 714, and provided to a receiver (RCVR) unit 722. Receiver unit 722 conditions (e.g., filters, amplifies, and frequency downconverts) the received signal and further digitizes the conditioned signal to provide samples. A demodulator 724 then receives and processes (e.g., descrambles, channelizes, and data demodulates) the samples to provide symbols. Demodulator 724 may implement a rake receiver that can process multiple instances (or multipath components) of the received signal and provide combined symbols. A receive (RX) data processor 726 then decodes the symbols, checks the received packets, and provides the decoded packets. The processing by demodulator 724 and RX data processor 726 is complementary to the processing by modulator 614 and TX data processor 612, respectively.

0115On the uplink, data for the uplink, pilot data, and feedback information are processed (e.g., formatted, encoded, and so on) by a transmit (TX) data processor 742, further processed (e.g., channelized, scrambled, and so on) by a modulator (MOD) 744, and conditioned (e.g., converted to analog signals, amplified, filtered, and frequency upconverted) by a transmitter unit 746 to provide an uplink signal. The data processing for the uplink is described by standard documents. The uplink signal is routed through duplexer 714 and transmitted via antenna 712 to one or more BSs 12.

0116Referring back to <figref idref="f0005">FIG. 6</figref>, at BS 12, the uplink signal is received by antenna 624, routed through duplexer 622, and provided to a receiver unit 628. Receiver unit 628 conditions (e.g., frequency downconverts, filters, and amplifies) the received signal and further digitizes the conditioned signal to provide a stream of samples.

0117In the embodiment shown in <figref idref="f0005">FIG. 6</figref>, BS 12 includes a number of channel processors 630a through 630n. Each channel processor 630 may be assigned to process the sample steam for one MS to recover the data and feedback information transmitted on the uplink by the assigned MS. Each channel processor 630 includes a (1) demodulator 632 that processes (e.g., descrambles, channelizes, and so on) the samples to provide symbols, and (2) a RX data processor 634 that further processes the symbols to provide the decoded data for the assigned MS.

0118Controllers 640 and 730 control the processing at the BS and the MS, respectively. Each controller may also be designed to implement all or a portion of the scheduling process. Program codes and data required by controllers 640 and 730 may be stored in memory units 642 and 732, respectively.

0119Those of skill would further appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constrains imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present invention.

0120The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

0121The steps of a method or algorithm described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal. In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal.

0122The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein. <tables id="tabl0002" num="0002"><table frame="all"><title>Appendix A</title><tgroup cols="6"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="28mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="28mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="25mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="28mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="28mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="31mm" /><thead><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col6" align="center" valign="top">Reverse Link Nominal Attribute Gain Table (Part 1 of 2)</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center"><b>Data Rate (bps)</b></entry><entry align="center"><b>Frame Length (ms)</b></entry><entry align="center"><b>Coding</b></entry><entry align="center"><b>Nominal_ Attribute_Gain</b></entry><entry align="center"><b>Pilot_ Reference_Level</b></entry><entry align="center"><b>Target Error Rate¹</b></entry></row><row><entry align="center">1,200</entry><entry align="center">80</entry><entry align="center">Convolutional</entry><entry align="center">-56</entry><entry align="center">0</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">1,350</entry><entry align="center">40</entry><entry align="center">Convolutional</entry><entry align="center">-54</entry><entry align="center">0</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">1,500</entry><entry align="center">20</entry><entry align="center">Convolutional</entry><entry align="center">-47</entry><entry align="center">0</entry><entry align="center">0.01</entry></row><row><entry align="center">1,800</entry><entry align="center">20</entry><entry align="center">Convolutional</entry><entry align="center">-42</entry><entry align="center">3</entry><entry align="center">0.01</entry></row><row><entry align="center">1.800</entry><entry align="center">40 or 80</entry><entry align="center">Convolutional</entry><entry align="center">-45</entry><entry align="center">3</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">2,400</entry><entry align="center">40 or 80</entry><entry align="center">Convolutional</entry><entry align="center">-30</entry><entry align="center">0</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">2,700</entry><entry align="center">20</entry><entry align="center">Convolutional</entry><entry align="center">-22</entry><entry align="center">0</entry><entry align="center">0.01</entry></row><row><entry align="center">3,600</entry><entry align="center">20</entry><entry align="center">Convolutional</entry><entry align="center">-13</entry><entry align="center">3</entry><entry align="center">0.01</entry></row><row><entry align="center">3,600</entry><entry align="center">40 or 80</entry><entry align="center">Convolutional</entry><entry align="center">-17</entry><entry align="center">3</entry><entry align="center">0.05.</entry></row><row><entry align="center">4,800</entry><entry align="center">20</entry><entry align="center">Convolutional</entry><entry align="center">-2</entry><entry align="center">0</entry><entry align="center">0.01</entry></row><row><entry align="center">4,800</entry><entry align="center">40 or 80</entry><entry align="center">Convolutional</entry><entry align="center">-3</entry><entry align="center">0</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">7,200</entry><entry align="center">20</entry><entry align="center">Convolutional</entry><entry align="center">15</entry><entry align="center">3</entry><entry align="center">0.01</entry></row><row><entry align="center">7,200</entry><entry align="center">40 or 80</entry><entry align="center">Convolutional</entry><entry align="center">10</entry><entry align="center">3</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">9,600</entry><entry align="center">20</entry><entry align="center">Convolutional</entry><entry align="center">30</entry><entry align="center">0</entry><entry align="center">0.01</entry></row><row><entry align="center">9,600</entry><entry align="center">40 or 80</entry><entry align="center">Convolutional</entry><entry align="center">24</entry><entry align="center">0</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">9,600 (RC 3 and 5)</entry><entry align="center">5</entry><entry align="center">Convolutional</entry><entry align="center">58</entry><entry align="center">0</entry><entry align="center">0.01</entry></row><row><entry align="center">9,600 (RC 4 and 6)</entry><entry align="center">5</entry><entry align="center">Convolutional</entry><entry align="center">54</entry><entry align="center">3</entry><entry align="center">0.01</entry></row><row><entry align="center">14,400</entry><entry align="center">20</entry><entry align="center">Convolutional</entry><entry align="center">44</entry><entry align="center">3</entry><entry align="center">0.01</entry></row><row><entry align="center">14,400</entry><entry align="center">40 or 80</entry><entry align="center">Convolutional</entry><entry align="center">40</entry><entry align="center">3</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">19,200</entry><entry align="center">20, 40, or 80</entry><entry align="center">Convolutional</entry><entry align="center">50</entry><entry align="center">1</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">28,800</entry><entry align="center">20, 40, or 80</entry><entry align="center">Convolutional</entry><entry align="center">56</entry><entry align="center">11</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">38,400</entry><entry align="center">20, 40, or 80</entry><entry align="center">Convolutional</entry><entry align="center">60</entry><entry align="center">11</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">57,600</entry><entry align="center">20, 40, or 80</entry><entry align="center">Convolutional</entry><entry align="center">72</entry><entry align="center">18</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">76,800</entry><entry align="center">20, 40, or 80</entry><entry align="center">Convolutional</entry><entry align="center">72</entry><entry align="center">21</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">115,200</entry><entry align="center">20, 40, or 80</entry><entry align="center">Convolutional</entry><entry align="center">80</entry><entry align="center">32</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">153,600</entry><entry align="center">20,40, or 80</entry><entry align="center">Convolutional</entry><entry align="center">84</entry><entry align="center">36</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">230,400</entry><entry align="center">20 or 40</entry><entry align="center">Convolutional</entry><entry align="center">88</entry><entry align="center">46</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">259,200</entry><entry align="center">80</entry><entry align="center">Convolutional</entry><entry align="center">96</entry><entry align="center">50</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">307,200</entry><entry align="center">20 or 40</entry><entry align="center">Convolutional</entry><entry align="center">96</entry><entry align="center">54</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">460,800</entry><entry align="center">20</entry><entry align="center">Convolutional</entry><entry align="center">104</entry><entry align="center">61</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">518,400</entry><entry align="center">40</entry><entry align="center">Convolutional</entry><entry align="center">104</entry><entry align="center">64</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">614,400</entry><entry align="center">20</entry><entry align="center">Convolutional</entry><entry align="center">112</entry><entry align="center">68</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">1,036,800</entry><entry align="center">20</entry><entry align="center">Convolutional</entry><entry align="center">128</entry><entry align="center">83</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">4,800</entry><entry align="center">80</entry><entry align="center">Turbo</entry><entry align="center">2</entry><entry align="center">0</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">7,200</entry><entry align="center">80</entry><entry align="center">Turbo</entry><entry align="center">24</entry><entry align="center">0</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">9,600</entry><entry align="center">40 or 80</entry><entry align="center">Turbo</entry><entry align="center">34</entry><entry align="center">0</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">14,400</entry><entry align="center">40 or 80</entry><entry align="center">Turbo</entry><entry align="center">42</entry><entry align="center">0</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">19,200</entry><entry align="center">20,40, or 80</entry><entry align="center">Turbo</entry><entry align="center">44</entry><entry align="center">2</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">28,800</entry><entry align="center">20, 40, or 80</entry><entry align="center">Turbo</entry><entry align="center">52</entry><entry align="center">9</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">38,400</entry><entry align="center">20, 40, or 80</entry><entry align="center">Turbo</entry><entry align="center">56</entry><entry align="center">10</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">57,600</entry><entry align="center">20, 40, or 80</entry><entry align="center">Turbo</entry><entry align="center">64</entry><entry align="center">19</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">76,800</entry><entry align="center">20, 40, or 80</entry><entry align="center">Turbo</entry><entry align="center">68</entry><entry align="center">19</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">115,200</entry><entry align="center">20, 40, or 80</entry><entry align="center">Turbo</entry><entry align="center">76</entry><entry align="center">29</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">153,600</entry><entry align="center">20, 40, or 80</entry><entry align="center">Turbo</entry><entry align="center">76</entry><entry align="center">33</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">230,400</entry><entry align="center">20 or 40</entry><entry align="center">Turbo</entry><entry align="center">88</entry><entry align="center">39</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">259,200</entry><entry align="center">80</entry><entry align="center">Turbo</entry><entry align="center">88</entry><entry align="center">48</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">307,200</entry><entry align="center">20 or 40</entry><entry align="center">Turbo</entry><entry align="center">88</entry><entry align="center">50</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">460,800</entry><entry align="center">20</entry><entry align="center">Turbo</entry><entry align="center">104</entry><entry align="center">54</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">518,400</entry><entry align="center">40</entry><entry align="center">Turbo</entry><entry align="center">108</entry><entry align="center">56</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">614,400</entry><entry align="center">20</entry><entry align="center">Turbo</entry><entry align="center">112</entry><entry align="center">58</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row><row><entry align="center">1,036,800</entry><entry align="center">20</entry><entry align="center">Turbo</entry><entry align="center">125</entry><entry align="center">78</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry></row></tbody></tgroup><tgroup cols="6" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="28mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="28mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="25mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="28mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="28mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="31mm" /><tbody><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col6" align="justify">¹ The error rate is the frame error rate when a single transmission unit is used; otherwise, the Logical Transmission Unit (LTU) error rate is used. This applies to the cases in which the Target Error Rate is 0.05.</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>