Start-up automatic frequency control (afc) method and apparatus

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

0002The invention relates to a wireless communication system. More particularly, the invention relates to initialization of a communication link between a base station (BS) and a user equipment (UE).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

0004During an initial cell search (ICS) or power-up of a UE, a training sequence of known symbols is used by the receiver to estimate the transmitted signal. In a time division duplex (TDD) signal, for example, the midamble of a TDD frame conventionally contains the training sequence of symbols. The conventional cell search process consists of a Step 1 algorithm which processes a primary synchronization code (PSC) on the primary synchronization code channel (PSCH) for synchronization channel (SCH) location determination. A Step 2 algorithm processes the secondary synchronization codes (SSC) for code group determination and timeslot synchronization, and a Step 3 algorithm performs midamble processing.

0005Variable control oscillators (VCOs) are commonly used at the end of an automatic frequency control (AFC) process to adjustably control the frequency of the receiver to achieve synchronization between a transmitter and a receiver. The input for the VCO is a control voltage signal, which is typically generated by a control circuit that processes the amplitude and phase of the received symbols. A common problem during an AFC process is the initial fluctuations resulting from a potentially significant frequency offset between the transmitter and the receiver. <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="US6222874B"><text>US 6, 222, 874</text></patcit> discloses a method and device for frequency acquisition in direct sequence spread spectrum systems. When an identification sequence (ID) stored in an ID register of a receiving station matches either the dot product, cross product or inverted cross product of a received ID sequence, an automatic frequency control value is updated. <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="EP1071224A"><text>EP 1 071 224</text></patcit> discloses a CDMA receiving apparatus having a frequency offset estimation section 108 which estimates a frequency offset using an output signal of a despreading section 106, and which outputs a signal for compensating for the frequency offset to a frequency offset compensation (AFC) section 104. A slot/chip synchronizing section 201 performs a correlation computation between the output signal of AFC section 104 and a first search code FSC to establish slot/chip synchronization. In "<nplcit id="ncit0001" npl-type="s"><text>Performance Analysis of Initial Cell Search Using Time Tracker for W- CDMA", GLOBECOM '01, IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, San Antonio, 25-29 November 2001, pages 3055-3059, Hwang Sang-Yun</text></nplcit> et al. discloses a scheme for compensating for an initial timing error during an initial cell search by controlling a sample position.

SUMMARY

0007A method and apparatus for adjusting the frequency of a VCO at a receiver to synchronize the receiver with the transmitter by correlating a synchronization code channel with training sequences to estimate positive and negative offsets which are employed to estimate an error, which is then filtered. The filter output provides a voltage controlling the VCO. The same technique may be employed to control a numeric controlled oscillator (NCO).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0009The invention will be understood from the following description and drawings in which like elements are designated by like numerals and, wherein:

0010<figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> is a block diagram showing the phase rotation approach for start-up AFC.

0011<figref idref="f0002">Figure 2A</figref> and <figref idref="f0003">2B</figref>, taken together, comprise a block diagram of the interaction between start-up AFC and algorithm Steps 1, 2 and 3 of cell search.

0012<figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref> shows the manner in which <figref idref="f0002">Figures 2a</figref> and <figref idref="f0003">2b</figref> are arranged to create a complete block diagram.

0013<figref idref="f0001">Figure 3</figref> shows a process diagram for a PI filter.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)

0015<figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> is a block diagram of a start-up adaptive frequency control (AFC) 10 used to reduce the frequency offset between a base station (BS) and user equipment (UE) during initial cell search procedure. Start-up AFC uses a phase rotation approach, which is based on the correlations of two sequences with the primary synchronization code (PSC). The stored PSC sequence 12 is rotated in opposing directions at 14, 14a, 16, 16a to respectively determine correlations with the received sequence 18 at 20 and 22. The absolute values (a and b) are obtained at 24 and 26 and to obtain the value <maths id="math0001"><math display="inline"><mfenced><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">-</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi></mrow></mfrac></mfenced><mo>⁢</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">6</mn><mo>⁢</mo><mi>kHz</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">,</mo></math><img file="EP1540912B1_D0001.tif" /></maths> from circuit 27, where c is an arbitrary constant provided to prevent division by zero. The phase rotation at -3 kHz alternatively can be replaced by a conjugate of a rotated PSC sequence at 3 kHz since the PSC sequence can only have values of (1+j) and (-1-j).

0016During start-up AFC process, it is assumed that the PSC location provided is correct. Once Step 1 completes generation of the first outputs, the start-up AFC starts running. The Step 1 process and start-up AFC process run in parallel. Optimally, start-up AFC reduces the frequency offset from 6 kHz to less than 2 kHz in the least number of iterations. Table 1 shows a particular advantage of frequency correction which is an increase in allowable integrations. The number of integrations is limited, however, due to chip slip. The chip-slip upper bound is 0.5Tc since the maximum correlation is generated one sample later for a method utilizing twice the chip rate sampling. Table 1 summarizes the allowable number of integrations as frequency offset is reduced. Table 2 provides information on performance degradation for a coherent combining technique in the presence of carrier frequency offset. <tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="all"><title>Table 1- Frequency Offset vs. Number of Integration Allowed</title><tgroup cols="3"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="33mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="26mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="48mm" /><thead><row><entry align="center" valign="top">Frequency Offset</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Slip per frame</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Number of integrations allowed</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry>±6 kHz = ±3 ppm</entry><entry>0.1152 Tc</entry><entry align="center">4</entry></row><row><entry>±4 kHz = ± 2 ppm</entry><entry>0.0768 Tc</entry><entry align="center">6</entry></row><row><entry>±2 kHz = ±1 ppm</entry><entry>0.0384 Tc</entry><entry align="center">13</entry></row><row><entry>±1 kHz = ±0.5 ppm</entry><entry>0.0192 Tc</entry><entry align="center">26</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables><tables id="tabl0002" num="0002"><table frame="all"><title>Table 2- Frequency Offset vs. Code Length for Coherent Combining</title><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="23mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="60mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="27mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="27mm" /><thead><row><entry align="center" valign="top">Loss in dB</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Length of the code integrated coherently</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col4" align="center" valign="middle">Carrier frequency Offset Fc = 2 GHz</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center">2.42</entry><entry align="center">256</entry><entry align="center">±3 ppm</entry><entry align="center">6 kHz</entry></row><row><entry align="center">1.04</entry><entry align="center">256</entry><entry align="center">±2 ppm</entry><entry align="center">4 kHz</entry></row><row><entry align="center">0.26</entry><entry align="center">256</entry><entry align="center">±1 ppm</entry><entry align="center">2 kHz</entry></row><row><entry align="center">0.06</entry><entry align="center">256</entry><entry align="center">±0.5 ppm</entry><entry align="center">1 kHz</entry></row><row><entry align="center">12.62</entry><entry align="center">512</entry><entry align="center">±3 ppm</entry><entry align="center">6 kHz</entry></row><row><entry align="center">4.53</entry><entry align="center">512</entry><entry align="center">±2 ppm</entry><entry align="center">4 kHz</entry></row><row><entry align="center">1.04</entry><entry align="center">512</entry><entry align="center">±1 ppm</entry><entry align="center">2 kHz</entry></row><row><entry align="center">0.26</entry><entry align="center">512</entry><entry align="center">±0.5 ppm</entry><entry align="center">1kHz</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0017The start-up AFC procedure includes a mechanism to realign the primary synchronization code (PSC) position that may shift during correction. The Step 1 procedure can be run to eliminate the need for the mechanism while the start-up AFC algorithm is running. The Step 1 procedure updates the peak location every 4^th frame.

0018<figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref> depicts the parallel processing relationship among start-up AFC and Steps 1, 2 and 3 of cell searching. Of particular concern is the relationship between Step 1 and start-up AFC. Since Step 1 works in parallel with the startup AFC, there is no need for a code tracker circuit to follow a given path. Each time Step 1 updates an output that is based on the largest detected value, start-up AFC uses the new peak location to estimate the new frequency offset.

0019The frequency estimator block (FEB) 31 of the start-up AFC comprises a Sequence Locator and Splitter 32, frequency estimators 34-38, a proportional plus integral (PI) filter 42, and a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) or numeric controlled oscillator (NCO) 46 coupled to PI filter 42 through the sign flop 44. The input 32a to the Sequence Locator and Splitter 32 includes the PSC peak location chip-offset provided by Step 1. Start up AFC 30 is an open loop gain control block that steps through pre-defined gain levels in order to set proper input power level before digitizing the input. The main input to both Step 1 and the Sequence Locator and Splitter 32 is sampled at twice the chip rate with a length of 76,800 complex elements. Since the chip-offset points to the peak location, the beginning of the PSC is 511 samples before the chip-offset. The outputs of the Sequence Locator and Splitter 32 are generated by the following general equation: <maths id="math0002" num="Eq.(1)"><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="italic">Output</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">=</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">input</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mi>i</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>511</mn></mfenced><mo>⁢</mo><mi>i</mi></math><img file="EP1540912B1_D0002.tif" /></maths>

0020Accordingly, the three particular outputs of the Sequence Locator and Splitter 32 are represented by the following equations for early (32b), punctual (32c) and late 32(d) estimates: <maths id="math0003" num="Eq.(2)"><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="italic">Early</mi><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mi>i</mi></mfenced><mo mathvariant="italic">=</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">input</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mi>i</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>511</mn></mfenced><mo>⁢</mo><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">offset</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">offset</mi><mo>,</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">offset</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mo>…</mo><mo>,</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">offset</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>510</mn></math><img file="EP1540912B1_D0003.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0004" num="Eq.(3)"><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="italic">Punctual</mi><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mi>i</mi></mfenced><mo mathvariant="italic">=</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">input</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mi>i</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>511</mn></mfenced><mo>⁢</mo><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">offset</mi><mo>,</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">offset</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">offset</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>,</mo><mo>…</mo><mo>,</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">offset</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>511</mn></math><img file="EP1540912B1_D0004.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0005" num="Eq.(4)"><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="italic">Late</mi><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mi>i</mi></mfenced><mo mathvariant="italic">=</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">input</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mi>i</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>511</mn></mfenced><mo>⁢</mo><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">offset</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">offset</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>,</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">offset</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>,</mo><mo>…</mo><mo>,</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">offset</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>512</mn></math><img file="EP1540912B1_D0005.tif" /></maths>

0021Although the Locator and Splitter 32 in the example given in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref>, is a PSC locator, it should be understood the same approach can be used with any received sequences other than PSC.

0022The input samples to the Sequence Locator and Splitter are taken at twice the chip rate.

0023The frequency estimators 34, 36 and 38 each receive one of the three inputs provided by Equations (2)-(4). The frequency estimators estimate a different frequency offset, summed at 40, for each input sequence in accordance with <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>. The frequency offset, summed at 40, is the summation of early, punctual and late estimates.

0024The sum of the estimates is passed through a proportional plus integral (PI) filter 42 with coefficients <i>alpha</i> and <i>beta,</i> respectively as shown in detail in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 3</figref>. The PI filter bandwidth has two settings. Initially, <i>alpha</i> and <i>beta</i> are preferably 1/2 and 1/256, respectively as shown in detail in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 3</figref>. The loop gain <i>k</i> is set at (<i>k</i> = -1.0). During steady state, <i>alpha</i> and <i>beta</i> are set to 1/16 and 1/1024, respectively. <figref idref="f0001">Figure 3</figref> depicts such a PI filter structure 42. The preferable settings for coefficients <i>alpha</i> and <i>beta</i> are summarized in Table 3. However, other filters may be substituted for the PI filter. <tables id="tabl0003" num="0003"><table frame="all"><title>Table 3 - PI Filter Coefficients as a Function of Operating Conditions.</title><tgroup cols="3"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="35mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="32mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="32mm" /><thead><row><entry align="center" valign="top">Condition</entry><entry align="center" valign="top"><i>alpha</i></entry><entry align="center" valign="top"><i>beta</i></entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center">initial</entry><entry align="center">1/2</entry><entry align="center">1/256</entry></row><row><entry align="center">steady state</entry><entry align="center">1/16</entry><entry align="center">1/1024</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0025Steady state condition is established when: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the startup AFC completes at least ten (10) iterations;</li><li>while the last eight (8) outputs (inputs to VCO) are put into a buffer of length eight (8); the difference between the absolute value of the average of the first half and that of the second half is within ± 1kHz; and</li><li>the current output to the VCO is within ± 1kHz of the absolute value of the average of the second half.</li></ul>

0026For digital applications, a numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) is used in place of the VCO.

0027The start-up AFC algorithm relies on PSC location update to estimate the carrier frequency offset. Step 1 runs during frequency correction to update the PSC location. As such, it is preferable that start-up AFC is begun immediately following a successful Step 1 process, with Step 1 running in parallel. Step 1 continues to provide updated PSC locations once every N1 frames as per the Step 1 algorithm, where N1 is the maximum number of frames for averaging. Start-up AFC is run in this manner for a duration of L frames, with L=24 as the preferred value. The Step 1 FLAG 61 from controller 60 is set when a sequence is detected. The FEB 31 runs when the controller 60 provides an enable condition to FEB 31 at 62. Since the peak locations shift left or right in time, the Step 1 algorithm is run constantly. At the end of L frames, the start-up AFC reduces the frequency offset to about 2 KHz in many cases, which provides considerable enhancement to the Step 2 performance. The inclusion ofL frames contributes to the overall cell search delay budget and hence is chosen conservatively to be <i>L</i>=24.

0028PSC processing block 66 correlates against the primary synchronization code in (synchronization channel) (SCH) over frames. The SCH location is not known.

0029SSC extractor block 68 utilizes the SCH location and extracts only the SCH portion, which is then passed to SSC processing block 70.

0030SSC processing block 70 correlates against the secondary synchronization code in synchronization channel over SCH.

0031Midamble Extractor block 72 utilizes the SCH location and SSC processing results and extracts the midamble portion to pass to midamble processing block 74.

0032Midamble processing block 74 correlates against possible midambles given by SSC processing and picks the one with the highest energy.

0033Periodic Cell Search block 76 performs a process which constantly searches for the best base station for the given period.

0034Controller 60 coordinates among stages to synchronize to a base station.

0035Layer 1 Controller 80 coordinates all layer 1 related hardware and software in order to maintain proper operation in the receiver.