Organic thin film zener diodes

Description of equivalent WO 2004027890 A2

ORGANIC THIN FILM ZENER DIODES

0002Field of the Invention The present invention relates to thin film Zener diodes based upon organic semiconductor materials, and to methods of manufacturing same. The invention has particular utility in the manufacture of Zener diodes with tailored Zener threshold voltages, suitable for use in a variety of electronic device applications, e.g., protection of memory devices.

0003Background of the Invention Zener diodes are two-terminal electronic devices which act as conventional diodes when forward- biased, i.e., with unidirectional conduction, but when reverse-biased above a certain threshold voltage, conduct in the reverse direction. The term "Zener diode" is traditionally applied to devices comprised of p-n junctions formed in conventional semiconductor materials, e.g., Si, which junctions undergo avalanche breakdown at reverse bias potentials above about 5 volts, and such devices may be utilized in voltage regulating and circuit protection circuitry.

0004A current (I) vs. voltage (V) plot of an idealized Zener diode is illustrated in FIG. 1, wherefrom it is evident that, when reverse-biased above a certain voltage, i.e., the Zener threshold voltage (V_zt), typically above about 5 V for Si- based devices, a sudden rise in the reverse current occurs. Thus, when forward- biased, a Zener diode functions as an ordinary rectifier, but, when reverse-biased, exhibits a knee, or sharp break, in its I- V plot. A characteristic of Zener avalanche or breakdown is that once conduction occurs under reverse-bias, the voltage across the device remains essentially constant upon further increase of reverse current, up to a maximum allowable dissipation rating. As a consequence of this characteristic behavior, Zener diodes find utility, inter alia, as voltage regulators, voltage references, and over voltage protectors. Zener diodes may also be utilized for protection of semiconductor memory devices in computer-related applications. However, the difficulty in tailoring ("tuning") the Zener threshold voltage (V_zt) of conventional Si- based devices, for obtaining optimum protection in such applications, poses a significant problem.

0005Accordingly, there exists a need for improved Zener diodes and manufacturing methodology therefor, which methodology overcomes the above- described drawback and disadvantage associated with the difficulty in tailoring the Zener threshold voltage of conventional Si semiconductor-based Zener diodes, and which facilitates cost-effective manufacture of Zener diodes having precisely tailored (or "tuned") Zener threshold voltages and other salient operating characteristics and parameters.

0006Disclosure of the Invention An advantage of the present invention is an improved Zener diode. Another advantage of the present invention is an improved thin film Zener diode.

0007Yet another advantage of the present invention is an improved thin film Zener diode comprising an organic-based semiconductor thin film.

0008Still another advantage of the present invention is an improved method of manufacturing a Zener diode. A further advantage of the present invention is an improved method of manufacturing a thin film Zener diode comprising an organic-based semiconductor thin film.

0009A still further advantage of the present invention is an improved method of manufacturing a Zener diode with a pre-selected Zener threshold voltage.

0010Additional advantages and other features of the present invention will be set forth in the description which follows and in part will become apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art upon examination of the following or may be learned from the practice of the present invention. The advantages of the present invention may be realized and obtained as particularly pointed out in the appended claims.

0011According to an aspect of the present invention, the foregoing and other advantages are obtained in part by a thin film Zener diode, comprising:

0012(_a) a thin film comprised of at least one layer including at least one organic material; and

0013(b) first and second electrodes in contact with respective opposite sides of the thin film. According to embodiments of the present invention, the thin film comprises at least one organic material selected from monomers, oligomers, polymers, and combinations thereof; or the thin film comprises metal-containing particles or clusters in an organic polymer matrix or binder.

0014In accordance with certain embodiments of the present invention, the thin film comprises one or more layers of at least one p-type organic material; and each of the first and second electrodes comprises a material having a high work function for electrons equal to or greater than about 4.1 eV; for example, each of the first and second electrodes comprises at least one electrically conductive material selected from the group consisting of Au, W, Ti, Pt, Ag, Mo, Ta, Cu, metal oxides (e.g., indium-tin oxide, ITO), and organic polymers; and the first and second electrodes may be comprised of the same or different high work function materials.

0015According to other embodiments of the present invention, the thin film comprises one or more layers of at least one n-type organic material; and each of the first and second electrodes comprises a material having a low work function for electrons less than about 4.1 eV; for example, each of the first and second electrodes comprises at least one electrically conductive material selected from the group consisting of Ca, Mg, Mg combined with another metal, Al, Al alloys, Li-Al alloys, and metal-dielectric combinations, and the first and second electrodes are comprised of the same or different low work function materials.

0016In accordance with further embodiments of the present invention, the thin film comprises one or more layers of at least one aromatic amine; each of the first and second electrodes comprises at least one electrically conductive material having a high work function for electrons greater than about 4.1 eV; and the thin film comprises a layer of at least one aromatic amine, a layer of at least one aromatic amine and a layer of a different type organic material, or a pair of layers each comprising at least one aromatic amine.

0017According to embodiments of the present invention, the thickness of the thin film is between about 10 A and 1 mm, preferably between about 10 A and 1 μm, more preferably between about 10 A and 1,500 A; and one of the first and second electrodes overlies an electrically insulative substrate.

0018In accordance with a particular embodiment of the invention, the first electrode is made of Au; the thin film comprises a layer of perylene tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (PTCDA) overlying the Au first electrode and a layer of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) over the layer of PTCDA; and the second electrode overlies the layer of CuPc and is made of Ag; wherein the thin film may further include an additional layer of an organic material between the CuPc layer and the second electrode, e.g., a layer of an arylamine p-type semiconductor such as tetraphenyl biphenylenediamine (TPD). According to another particular embodiment of the invention, the first electrode is made of Au; the thin film comprises a layer of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) overlying the Au first electrode, a layer of perylene tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (PTCDA) over the layer of CuPc, and an additional layer of an organic material over the layer of PTCDA; and the second electrode overlies the additional layer of an organic material and is made of Ag, wherein the additional layer of an organic material is, e.g., a layer of an arylamine p-type semiconductor such as tetraphenyl biphenylenediamine (TPD).

0019In accordance with still another particular embodiment of the present invention, the first electrode is made of Au; the thin film comprises a layer of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) overlying the Au first electrode, and a layer of tetraphenyl biphenylenediamine (TPD) over the layer of CuPc; and the second electrode is made of Cu and forms an upper electrode overlying the layer of CuPc.

0020According to yet another particular embodiment of the present invention, the first electrode is made of Ti; the thin film comprises a layer of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) overlying the Ti first electrode; and the second electrode overlies the layer of CuPc and is made of Ag.

0021Still another particular embodiment of the present invention is a structure wherein the first electrode is made of Cu, Ta, Ti, or W; the thin film comprises a layer of polyphenylacetylene (PPA) overlying the Cu or W first electrode; and the second electrode is made of W, Ta, Ti, Al, Ag, or Cu. Another aspect of the present invention is a method of manufacturing a thin film Zener diode, comprising steps of:

0022(a) providing a first electrode;

0023(b) forming on the first electrode a thin film comprised of at least one layer including at least one organic material; and

0024(c) forming a second electrode on the thin film.

0025According to various embodiments of the present invention, step (b) comprises forming a thin film comprising at least one organic material selected from monomers, oligomers, polymers, and combinations thereof; or step (b) comprises forming a thin film comprising metal-containing particles or clusters in an organic polymer matrix or binder; and step (b) comprises forming the thin film by a vapor deposition or spin-coating process.

0026In accordance with a particularly advantageous feature of the present invention, the method further comprises^' a preliminary step of pre-selecting a Zener threshhold voltage of the diode; and steps (a) -(c) comprise selecting the materials of the first and second electrodes and the thickness of the thin film to obtain the pre-selected Zener threshold voltage.

0027According to embodiments of the present invention, step (a) comprises providing a first electrode made of a material having a high work function for electrons equal to or greater than about 4.1 eV; step (b) comprises forming a thin film comprising one or more layers of at least one p-type organic material; and step (c) comprises forming a second electrode of a material having a high work function for electrons equal to or greater than about 4.1 eV; illustratively, step (a) comprises providing a first electrode comprising at least one electrically conductive material selected from the group consisting of Au, W, Ti, Pt, Ag, Mo, Ta, Cu, metal oxides, and organic polymers; and step (c) comprises forming a second electrode comprising at least one electrically conductive material selected from the group consisting of Au, W, Ti, Pt, Ag, Mo, Ta, Cu, metal oxides, and organic polymers. According to alternative embodiments of the invention, steps (a) and (c) respectively comprise providing and forming electrodes comprised of the same or different high work function materials.

0028In accordance with further embodiments of the present invention, step (a) comprises providing a first electrode made of a material having a low work function for electrons less than about 4.1 eV; step (b) comprises forming a thin film comprising one or more layers of at least one n-type organic material; and step (c) comprises forming a second electrode of a material having a low work function for electrons less than about 4.1 eV; illustratively, step (a) comprises providing a first electrode comprising at least one electrically conductive material selected from the group consisting of Ca, Mg, Mg in combination with another metal, Al, Al alloys, Li- Al alloys, and metal-dielectric combinations; and step (c) comprises forming a second electrode comprising at least one electrically conductive material selected from the group consisting of Ca, Mg, Mg in combination with another metal, Al, Al alloys, Li-Al alloys, and metal-dielectric combinations. According to alternative embodiments of the invention, steps (a) and (c) respectively comprise providing and forming electrodes comprised of the same or different low work function materials.

0029In accordance with still other embodiments of the present invention, step (a) comprises providing a first electrode made of a material having a high work function for electrons greater than about 4.1 eV; step (b) comprises forming a thin film comprising one or more layers of at least one aromatic amine; and step (c) comprises forming a second electrode of a material having a high work function for electrons greater than about 4.1 eV; wherein step (b) comprises forming a thin film comprising a layer of at least one aromatic amine, a thin film comprising a layer of at least one aromatic mine and a layer of a different type organic material, or a pair of layers each comprised of at least one aromatic amine; illustratively, step (a) comprises providing a first electrode comprising at least one electrically conductive material selected from the group consisting of Au, W, Ti, Pt, Ag, Mo, Ta, Cu, metal oxides, and organic polymers; and step (c) comprises forming a second electrode comprising at least one electrically conductive material selected from the group consisting of Au, W, Ti, Pt, Ag, Mo, Ta, Cu, metal oxides, and organic polymers.

0030Alternative embodiments of the invention include those where steps (a) and (c) respectively comprise providing and forming electrodes comprised of the same or different high work function materials.

0031According to embodiments of the present invention, step (b) comprises forming the thin film to a thickness between about 10 A and 1 mm, preferably between about 10 A and 1 μm, more preferably between about 10 A and 1,500 A; and step (a) comprises providing the first electrode as a lower electrode formed on an insulative substrate. In accordance with a particular embodiment of the invention, step (a) comprises providing a first, lower electrode made of Au; step (b) comprises forming a thin film comprising a layer of perylene tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (PTCDA) overlying the Au lower electrode, and a layer of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) over the layer of PTCDA; and step (c) comprises forming a layer of Ag as a second, upper electrode overlying the layer of CuPc; wherein step (b) may comprise forming a thin film which further includes an additional layer of an organic material between the CuPc layer and the upper electrode, e.g., a layer of an arylarnine p-type semiconductor, such as tetraphenyl biphenylenediamine (TPD).

0032According to another particular embodiment of the present invention, step (a) comprises providing a first, lower electrode made of Au; step (b) comprises forming a thin film comprising a layer of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) overlying the Au lower electrode, a layer of perylene tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (PTCDA) over the layer of CuPc, and an additional layer of an organic material, e.g., a layer of TPD, over the layer of PTCDA; and step (c) comprises forming a layer of Ag as a second, upper electrode overlying the additional layer of organic material.

0033According to still another particular embodiment of the present invention, 20 step (a) comprises providing a first, lower electrode made of Au; step (b) comprises forming a thin film comprising a layer of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) overlying the Au lower electrode and a layer of tetraphenyl biphenylenediamine (TPD) over the layer of CuPc; and step (c) comprises forming a layer of Cu as a second, upper electrode overlying the layer of CuPc.

0034In accordance with yet another particular embodiment of the present invention, step (a) comprises providing a first, lower electrode made of Ti; step (b) comprises forming a thin film comprising a layer of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) overlying the Ti lower electrode; and step comprises forming a layer of Ag as a second, upper electrode overlying the layer of CuPc. According to a still further particular embodiment of the invention, step (a) comprises providing a first, lower electrode made of Cu, Ta, Ti, or W; step (b) comprises forming a thin film comprising a layer of polyphenylacetylene (PPA); and step (c) comprises forming a layer of , Ta, Ti, Al, Ag, or Cu. as a second, upper electrode overlying the layer of PPA.

0035Embodiments of the present invention include methods wherein step (b) comprises spin coating the thin film of PPA on the first, lower electrode utilizing a solution of the PPA in a suitable solvent, e.g., tetrahydrofuran (THF) and propylene glycol monomethylether acetate (PGMEA).

0036Additional advantages and aspects of the present invention will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following description, wherein embodiments of the present invention are shown and described, simply by way of illustration of the best mode contemplated for practicing the present invention. As will be described, the present invention is capable of other and different embodiments, and its several details are susceptible of modification in various obvious respects, all without departing from the spirit of the present invention. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as limitative.

0037Brief Description of the Drawings The following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention can best be understood when read in conjunction with the following drawings, in which the various features are not necessarily drawn to scale but rather are drawn as to best illustrate the pertinent features, wherein: FIG. 1 is an I -V plot of an idealized Zener diode; and FIGS. 2 (A) and 2 (B) through 14 (A) and 14 (B) are simplified, schematic cross-sectional structural views and respective I -V plots of illustrative examples of organic thin film Zener diodes according to the invention.

0038Description of the Invention The present invention is based upon the discovery by the inventors that two-terminal electronic devices comprised of a thin film including at least one layer including at least one suitable organic semiconductor material sandwiched between a pair of suitable electrical conductors (i.e., electrodes) can: (1) provide operationally satisfactory Zener diode behavior; (2) enable precise tailoring ("tuning") of the Zener threshold voltage (V,J for use in a particular circuit or application; and (3) be reliably manufactured utilizing known, cost-effective techniques and methodologies.

0039Organic thin film Zener diodes according to the invention include a thin film comprised of at least one layer including at least one organic material and first and second electrodes in contact with respective opposite sides of the thin film. A variety of organic materials may be utilized for the thin film component, eg., monomers, oligomers (i.., dimers, trimers, etc.), polymers, and combinations thereof; or the thin film may comprise metal-containing particles or clusters in an organic polymer matrix or binder. In accordance with certain embodiments of the present invention, the thin film comprises one or more layers, e.g., a pair of layers, of at least one organic material which functions as a p-type semiconductor (i.e., with hole mobility much greater than electron mobility), and each of the first and second electrodes comprises a material having a high work function for electrons equal to or greater than about 4.1 eV. Illustrative, but non-limitative examples of suitable organic p- type semiconductor materials (i.e., hole transport materials) are: copper phthalocyanine (CuPc), perylenetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (PTCDA), tetraphenyl biphenylenediamine (TPD), poly(vinylcarbazole) (PVK), and various aromatic means, such as benzidines, starburst arnines, and triphenylarnines (available from H.W. Sands Corp., Jupiter, FL), such as N,N1-Di(naphthalen-1 -yl)- N,Nfdiphenyl-benzidene (a-NPB) or (OPA7534), 4,4',4"-Tris(N,N-diphenylamino)-triphenylarnine (TDATA) or (OPA4655), 4,4',4"-Tris(N-(2- benzidine (OPA1441), and 4,4',4"-Tris(carbazol-9-yl)-triphenylamine (OPA3370), with the following structural formulae:

0040<img file="WO2004027890A2_D0001.tif" />

TDATA

0042<img file="WO2004027890A2_D0002.tif" />

0043<img file="WO2004027890A2_D0003.tif" />

OPA1441

0045<img file="WO2004027890A2_D0004.tif" /><img file="WO2004027890A2_D0005.tif" />

0046Illustrative, but non-limitative examples of electrically conductive materials with work fknctions for electrons equal to or greater than about 4.1 eV and suitable for use as each of the first and second electrodes include Au, W, Ti, Pt, Ag, Mo, Ta, Cu, metal oxides, and organic polymers such as polyaniline (PANI), poly (3-4 ethylenedioxythiophene/polystyrene sulfonate (PEDTJPSS), and combinations thereof. The first and second electrodes may be comprised of the same or different high work function materials. According to other embodiments of the present invention, the thin film comprises one or more layers, e.g., a pair of layers, of at least one organic material which functions as an h-type semiconductor (i.e., with electron mobility much greater than hole mobility), and each of the first and second electrodes comprises a material having a lowwork function for electrons less than about 4.1 10 eV. Illustrative, but non-limitative examples of suitable organic n-type semiconductor materials include quinolines, diazoles, and metal complexes (several being available from H.W. Sands Cop, Jupiter, FL), such as, for example, tris(8- hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum (A1Q3) or ORA4487, 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-phenyl- 1,3,4-oxadiazole (PBD), Tris- (5-chloro-8-hydroxy-quinolinato)-aluminum (OPA6238), with the following structural formulae:

0047<img file="WO2004027890A2_D0006.tif" /><img file="WO2004027890A2_D0007.tif" />

0048Illustrative, but non-limitative examples of electrically conductive materials with work functions for electrons less than about 4.1 eV and suitable for use as each of the first and second electrodes include Ca, Mg, Mg combined with another metal, Al, Al alloys, Li-Al alloys, and metal-dielectric combinations. As with the p-type organic material-based Zener diodes, the first and second electrodes may be comprised of the same or different low work function materials.

0049Further embodiments of Zener diodes according to the present invention utilize a thin film which comprises one or more layers, e.g., a pair of layers, of at least one aromatic amine hole transporter (i.e., p-type material); and each of the first and second electrodes comprises at least one electrically conductive material having a high work function for electrons equal to or greater than about 4.1 eV, illustratively, but not limitatively selected from the above-listed group of high work function materials. According to the invention, the thin film may comprise a single layer of at least one aromatic amine, such as, for example, a benzidine, starburst amine, or a triphenylamine; a single layer of at least one such aromatic amine and a layer of a different type organic material; or a pair of layers each comprising at least one such aromatic amine. Illustrative, but non- limitative examples of structural formulae of suitable p-type aromatic amines for use as or as part of the thin film according to the invention are given above, and include TPD, a-NPD, TDATA, and OPA2290.

0050The thickness of the thin film is, in any of the above-listed embodiments, between about 10 A and 1 mm, preferably between about 10 A and 1 pm, more preferably between about 10 A and 1,500 A. One of the first and second electrodes is formed on the surface of an electrically insulative substrate, illustratively a Si substrate with a silicon oxide (Si02) layer thereon.

0051According to the invention, each of the component layers of the thin film Zener diodes may be readily and cost-effectively formed according to a variety of conventional techniques and methodologies. More specifically, each of the electrodes may be formed by, e.g., a physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique, such as evaporation, vacuum evaporation, sputtering, ion plating, etc., a chemical vapor deposition technique (CVD), such as metal-organic CVD (MOCVD), plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD), etc., spraying, screen printing, etc., and each of the organic thin film layers may be formed by, e.g., evaporation, vapor or vacuum deposition, spin-coating, etc.

0052The versatility of the present invention will now be demonstrated by reference to FIGS. 2 (A) -2 (B) through FIGS. 13 (A) -13 (B), which respectively are simplified, schematic cross-sectional views and I -V plots of illustrative, but not limitative, examples of organic thin film Zener diodes according to the invention, wherein the lower electrode is the positive electrode in each instance. Example I

0053Initial experiments were performed with diodes comprised of about 2,000 A thick layers of a p-type organic semiconductor (perylenetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, (PTCDA)) sandwiched between a pair of high work electrodes, i.e., 500 A thick Au layers as lower electrodes and 1 mm diameter 1,000 A thick Ag layers as upper electrodes. However, inasmuch as PTCDA tends to crystallize, device performance frequently degraded due to shorting between the lower and upper electrodes. Addition of an about 2,000 A thick layer of another p-type organic semiconductor (copper phthalocyanine, (CuPc)) intermediate the PTCDA layer and the

0054Ag upper electrode layer (FIG. 2 (A)) substantially eliminated shorting between the lower and upper electrodes and resulted in I -V plots exhibiting proper Zener shape or behavior (FIG. 2 (B)). Zener threshold voltages (Va) of such devices were relatively high, i.e., > -7 V, attributable to the use of relatively thick organic active layers. Example II FIG. 3 (A) shows, in schematic, simplified cross-sectional view, a diode of similar structure to that of FIG. 2 (A), but wherein: (1) the thickness of the CuPc layer of the device of Example I is decreased from about 2,000 A to about 600 A; and (2) a layer of an arylamine, i.e., a 500 A thick layer of tetraphenyl biphenylenediamine, (TPD), is inserted between the CuPc layer and the Ag upper electrode. Comparison of the (I) -(V) plots of FIG. 3 (B) with that of FIG. 2 (B) indicates that reduction of the CuPc layer thickness and addition of the TPD layer shifted (i.e., lowered) V_2t and improved the diode characteristic. Example III

0055FIGS. 4 (A) -6 (A) show, in schematic, simplified cross-sectional view, diodes of similar structure to that of FIG. 2 (A), but wherein: (1) the thickness of each of the PTCDA and CuPc layers is reduced to about 400 A; (2) the PTCDA and CuPc layers are inverted, such that the former is adjacent the upper electrode and the latter is adjacent the lower electrode; (3) the upper electrode is formed as a bi-layer structure consisting of a 500 A thick lower layer of Mg; Ag (9: 1 by wt.) in contact with the PTCDA layer and a 500 A thick upper layer of Ag; and (4) the diameter of the upper electrode is successively decreased (i.e., halved) from about 1 mm to about 0.25 mm. As shown in the respective (I) -(V) plots of FIGS. 4 (B) -6 (B), each of the devices exhibited similar I-V traces and low Zener threshold voltages V_zt -3.5 V.

0056Example IV

0057FIG. 7 (A) shows, in schematic, simplified cross-sectional view, a diode of similar structure to that of FIGS. 4 (A) -6 (A), but wherein: (1) the PTCDA layer is replaced with a PTD layer; and (2) the upper electrode is a 500 A thick layer of Cu. As is evident from the (I) - (V) plot of FIG. 7 (B), the resultant diode exhibited symmetric behavior about 0 V and a low Zener threshold voltage V_zt -4.5 v.

0058Example V

0059FIG. 8 (A) shows, in schematic, simplified cross-sectional view, a diode having a single, relatively thick (1,500 A) layer of a p-type organic semiconductor material (CuPc) sandwiched between a lower electrode of freshly cleaned Ti and an upper electrode of Ag (500 A). As is evident from the (I) - (V) plot of FIG. 8 (B), such devices advantageously exhibit very sharp Zener breakdown at very low (negative) voltages of about -0.1 to about -0.3 V. Example VI

0060FIGS. 9 (A) - 11 (A) show, in schematic, simplified cross-sectional view, diodes composed of a 1,500 A thick layer of polyphenyl acetylene (PPA) sandwiched between a 500 A thick Cu lower electrode and 1 mm diameter, 500 A thick upper electrodes of Al, Ag, and Cu, respectively. Each of the respective (I) - (V) plots shown in FIGS. 9 (B) - 11 (B) is generally symmetrical, with each diode exhibiting relatively low and sharp Zener threshold voltages V_zt -3V.

0061Example VII

0062FIGS. 12 (A) - 14 (A) show, in schematic, simplified cross-sectional view, diodes composed of a 1,500 A thick layer of polyphenylacetylene (PPA) sandwiched between a 1,000 A thick W lower electrode and 1 mm diameter, 500 A thick upper electrodes of Al, Ag, and Cu, respectively. Each of the respective (I) - (V) plots shown in FIGS. 12 (B) - 14 (B) are symmetrical, with each diode exhibiting relatively low and sharp Zener threshold voltages V_zt~3V.

0063The above-described illustrative, but non-limitative, examples of organic thin film Zener diode structures according to the present invention reflect the extreme flexibility and versatility afforded by the inventive methodology with respect to tailoring ("tuning") the operating characteristics, e.g., Zener threshold voltage V_zt, of Zener diodes for use in particular applications. Accordingly, the inventive thin film organic

0064Zener diodes, with Zener threshold voltages considerably lower than those of conventional Si-based Zener diodes, are well suited for use in memory device protection circuitry. Moreover, the inventive organic thin film Zener diodes are readily fabricated in cost-effective manner via conventional manufacturing methodologies. In the previous description, numerous specific details are set forth, such as specific materials, structures, processes, etc., in order to provide a better understanding of the present invention. However, the present invention can be practiced without resorting to the details specifically set forth. In other instances, well- known processing materials, structures, and techniques have not been described in detail in order not to unnecessarily obscure the present invention.

0065Only the preferred embodiments of the present invention and but a few examples of its versatility are shown and described in the present invention. It is to be understood that the present invention is capable of use in various other embodiments and is susceptible of changes and/or modifications within the scope of the inventive concept as expressed herein.