Process for analyzing the tear fluid

0001The present invention concerns a process for analyzing components of the tear fluid and devices useful for this purpose. In particular, the invention is based on the use of specific hydrogel contact lenses, which subsequently to the incorporation of tear fluid components in the hydrogel matrix during wear on the eye may be shrinked thereby dispensing said components and making them available for external analysis.

0002It is known from <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="DE3218999C1"><text>DE-3,218,999 C1</text></patcit> to use a hydrogel contact lens in combination with an analytical unit for examining the tear fluid. A hydrated hydrogel contact lens is thus put on the eye for a time sufficient to exchange the saline storage solution with the tear fluid. The lens is then removed from the eye and is transferred to an analytical unit for detecting tear fluid components. However, the components to be analyzed and the procedure of analysis are not further specified. In particular, the document does not address at all the question of how to remove a captured tear fluid component from the hydrogel matrix in order to allow a quantitative measurement. In fact, it turns out that simple equilibration with a test fluid is by far insufficient to leach a component out of the hydrogel contact lens to a sufficient extent.

0003<patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="US4526178A"><text>US 4,526,178</text></patcit> discloses a method for obtaining lacrimal fluid, wherein in a first step a hydrophilic contact lens is brought into contact with the lacrimal fluid on the eye to absorb the lacrimal fluid, which then in a second step is extracted by immersing the contact lens in a stirred or agitated extractive solution.

0004The problem to be solved within the present invention is thus to find a mode of how to use a hydrogel contact lens for collecting tear fluid components and then to ensure that said components may be leached out - without compromising the sensitivity by dilution - completely afterwards and thus may be provided for quantitative and qualitative measurements.

0005It now has surprisingly been found a process that allows tear fluid components being incorporated in the hydrogel matrix of a contact lens during wear to be squeezed out of the contact lens by reducing the volume of the contact lens.

0006The present invention therefore in one aspect concerns a process for analyzing an analyte in a hydrogel contact lens following its wear on the eye according to claim 1.

0007Presence and/or concentration of a wide variety of analytes can be measured using the process of the invention. In principle all components come into consideration that are part of the tear fluid. Such analytes include, but are not limited to, electrolytes and small molecules (<i>e.g</i>., sodium, potassium, chloride, phenylalanine, uric acid, galactose, glucose, cysteine, homocysteine, calcium, ethanol, acetylcholine and acetylcholine analogs, ornithine, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine), metallic elements (<i>e.g</i>., iron, copper, magnesium), polypeptide hormones <i>(e.g.,</i> thyroid stimulating hormone, growth hormone, insulin, luteinizing hormones, chorionogonadotrophic hormone), chronically administered medications (<i>e.g</i>., dilantin, phenobarbital, propranolol), acutely administered medications (<i>e.g</i>., cocaine, heroin, ketamine), small molecule hormones (<i>e.g</i>., thyroid hormones, ACTH, estrogen, estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, and other metabolic steroids), markers of inflammation and/or allergy <i>(e.g.,</i> histamine, IgE, cytokines), lipids <i>(e.g.,</i> cholesterol), plasma proteins and enzymes (<i>e.g</i>., complement, coagulation factors, liver function enzymes, heart damage enzymes, ferritin), markers of infection <i>(e.g.,</i> virus components, immunoglobulins such as IgM, IgG, etc., proteases, protease inhibitors), and/or metabolites (<i>e.g</i>., lactate, ketone bodies).

0008The process of the invention can be used to monitor the course of therapy or the level of disease in mammals, including primates and, preferably, humans. In addition, because the process of the invention provides a way to detect analytes noninvasively, it provides distinct advantages over more traditional forms of monitoring such levels. The process of the invention also is useful for diagnostic purposes, for example to test for pregnancy, to assess blood chemistry (electrolytes, Ca₂PO₄, magnesium, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, etc.), and to detect infection (<i>e.g</i>., by detecting components of viruses such as CMV, EBV, hepatitis, and HIV, or bacteria, such as <i>Staphlococcus, Streptococcus,</i> etc.).

0009Particular preferred analytes, which may be measured according to the process of the invention are products of metabolism such as glucose and hormones.

0010The hydrogel contact lenses used in the process of the invention are usually worn for a single measurement; during said measurement one or, preferably, more than one analyte may be determined concurrently. Both qualitative and preferably quantitative measurements can be performed.

0011Hydrogel contact lenses useful in the claimed process are in general contact lenses having a water uptake of at least about 20 %. Preferably the water contents of the hydrogel lenses is from about 35 to 99 %, more preferably from 50 to 90 % and in particular from 60 to 80 %.

0012In addition, the polymer making up the hydrogel contact lens preferably comprises functional groups that allow a chemical reaction including a volume reduction, or are able to bind a further compound that allows a chemical reaction including a volume reduction.

0013Examples of suitable hydrogel materials are: <ol id="ol0001" compact="compact"><li>(i) Homo- and copolymers of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA); such as HEMA homopolymers, copolymers of HEMA and a crosslinker such as mono-, di-, tri- or tetraethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, or copolymers of HEMA and one or more further hydrophilic monomers, such as N-vinyl pyrrolidone or N,N-dimethyl acrylamide, and optionally being further crosslinked, for example, with one of the above-mentioned crosslinkers.</li><li>(ii) Homo- or copolymers derived from a crosslinkable polyalkylene oxide as disclosed, for example in <patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="EP0932635A"><text>EP-A-0,932,635</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="EP0958315A"><text>EP-A-0,958,315</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0005" dnum="EP0961941A"><text>EP-A-0-961,941</text></patcit> or <patcit id="pcit0006" dnum="EP1017734A"><text>EP-A-1,017,734</text></patcit>.</li><li>(iii) Modified polyvinyl alcohols, for example those disclosed in <patcit id="pcit0007" dnum="EP0641806A"><text>EP-A-0641806</text></patcit>;</li></ol>

0014A preferred material is a polyvinyl alcohol which is obtainable by crosslinking a polyvinyl alcohol prepolymer having a molecular weight of at least about 2 000 that, based on the number of hydroxy groups of the polyvinyl alcohol, comprises from approximately 0.5 to approximately 80 % of units of formula <chemistry id="chem0001" num="0001"><img file="EP1540340B1_D0001.tif" /></chemistry> wherein R is C₁-C₈-alkylene, R₁ is hydrogen or C₁-C₇-alkyl and R₂ is an olefinically unsaturated, electron-attracting, copolymerizable radical preferably having up to 25 carbon atoms. R₂ is, for example, an olefinically unsaturated acyl radical of formula R₃-CO-, in which R₃ is an olefinically unsaturated copolymerizable radical having from 2 to 24 carbon atoms, preferably from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, especially preferably from 2 to 4 carbon atoms. In another embodiment, the radical R₂ is a radical of formula         -CO-NH-(R₄-NH-CO-O)_q-R₅-O-CO-R₃     (2) , wherein q is zero or one and R₄ and R₅ are each independently C₂-C₈-alkylene, C₆-C₁₂-arylene, a saturated divalent C₆-C₁₀-cycloaliphatic group, C₇-C₁₄-arylenealkylene or C₇-C₁₄-alkylenearylene or C₁₃-C₁₆-arylenealkylenearylene, and R₃ is as defined above.

0015The prepolymer used for the manufacture of the modified polyvinyl alcohol is therefore especially a derivative of a polyvinyl alcohol having a molecular weight of at least about 2 000 that, based on the number of hydroxy groups of the polyvinyl alcohol, comprises from approximately 0.5 to approximately 80 % of units of formula <chemistry id="chem0002" num="0002"><img file="EP1540340B1_D0002.tif" /></chemistry> wherein R is C₁-C₈-alkylene, R₁ is hydrogen or C₁-C₇-alkyl, p is zero or one, q is zero or one, R₃ is an olefinically unsaturated copolymerizable radical having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms and R₄ and R₅ are each independently C₂-C₈-alkylene, C₆-C₁₂-arylene, a saturated divalent C₆-C₁₀-cycloaliphatic group, C₇-C₁₄-arylenealkylene or C₇-C₁₄-alkylenearylene or C₁₃-C₁₆-arylenealkylenearylene.

0016An alkylene radical R may be straight-chained or branched. Suitable examples include octylene, hexylene, pentylene, butylene, propylene, ethylene, methylene, 2-propylene, 2-butylene and 3-pentylene. Alkylene R has preferably 1 to 6 and especially preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms. The meanings methylene and butylene are especially preferred.

0017R₁ is preferably hydrogen or C₁-C₄-alkyl, especially hydrogen.

0018Alkylene R₄ or R₅ preferably has from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and is especially straight-chained. Suitable examples include propylene, butylene, hexylene, dimethylethylene and, especially preferably, ethylene.

0019Arylene R₄ or R₅ is preferably phenylene that is unsubstituted or is substituted by C₁-C₄-alkyl or C₁-C₄-alkoxy, especially 1,3-phenylene or 1,4-phenylene or methyl-1,4-phenylene.

0020A saturated divalent cycloaliphatic group R₄ or R₅ is preferably cyclohexylene or cyclohexylene-C₁-C₄-alkylene, for example cyclohexylenemethylene, that is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more methyl groups, such as, for example, trimethylcyclohexylenemethylene, for example the divalent isophorone radical.

0021The arylene unit of alkylenearylene or arylenealkylene R₄ or R₅ is preferably phenylene, unsubstituted or substituted by C₁-C₄-alkyl or C₁-C₄-alkoxy, and the alkylene unit thereof is preferably C₁-C₈-alkylene, such as methylene or ethylene, especially methylene. Such radicals R₄ or R₅ are therefore preferably phenylenemethylene or methylenephenylene.

0022Arylenealkylenearylene R₄ or R₅ is preferably phenylene-C₁-C₄-alkylene-phenylene, for example phenyleneethylenephenylene.

0023The radicals R₄ and R₅ are each independently preferably C₂-C₆-alkylene; phenylene, unsubstituted or substituted by C₁-C₄-alkyl; cyclohexylene; cyclohexylene-C₁-C₄-alkylene, unsubstituted or substituted by C₁-C₄-alkyl; phenylene-C₁-C₄-alkylene; C₁-C₄-alkylenephenylene; or phenylene-C₁-C₄-alkylene-phenylene.

0024The olefinically unsaturated copolymerizable radical R₃ having from 2 to 24 carbon atoms is preferably C₂-C₂₄-alkenyl, especially C₂-C₈-alkenyl and especially preferably C₂-C₄-alkenyl, for example ethenyl, 2-propenyl, 3-propenyl, 2-butenyl, hexenyl, octenyl or dodecenyl. The meanings ethenyl and 2-propenyl are preferred, so that the group -CO-R₃ is preferably the acyl radical of acrylic or methacrylic acid.

0025The divalent group -R₄-NH-CO-O- is present when q is one and absent when q is zero. Prepolymers in which q is zero are preferred.

0026The divalent group -CO-NH-(R₄-NH-CO-O)_q-R₅-O- is present when p is one and absent when p is zero. Prepolymers in which p is zero are preferred.

0027In prepolymers in which p is one the index q is preferably zero. Prepolymers in which p is one, the index q is zero and R₅ is C₂-C₈-alkylene are especially preferred.

0028A preferred prepolymer used for the manufacture of the modified polyvinyl alcohols is therefore especially a derivative of a polyvinyl alcohol having a molecular weight of at least about 2000 that, based on the number of hydroxy groups of the polyvinyl alcohol, comprises from approximately 0.5 to approximately 80 % of units of formula (3) in which R is C₁-C₆-alkylene, p is zero and R₃ is C₂-C₈-alkenyl.

0029A further preferred prepolymer used for the manufacture of the modified polyvinyl alcohols is therefore especially a derivative of a polyvinyl alcohol having a molecular weight of at least about 2000 that, based on the number of hydroxy groups of the polyvinyl alcohol, comprises from approximately 0.5 to approximately 80 % of units of formula (3), in which R is C₁-C₆-alkylene, p is one, q is zero, R₅ is C₂-C₆-alkylene and R₃ is C₂-C₈-alkenyl.

0030A further preferred prepolymer used for the manufacture of the modified polyvinyl alcohols is therefore especially a derivative of a polyvinyl alcohol having a molecular weight of at least about 2000 that, based on the number of hydroxy groups of the polyvinyl alcohol, comprises from approximately 0.5 to approximately 80 % of units of formula (3) in which R is C₁-C₆-alkylene, p is one, q is one, R₄ is C₂-C₆-alkylene, phenylene, unsubstituted or substituted by C₁-C₄-alkyl, cyclohexylene or cyclohexylene-C₁-C₄- alkylene, unsubstituted or substituted by C₁-C₄-alkyl, phenylene-C₁-C₄-alkylene, C₁-C₄-alkylene-phenylene or phenylene-C₁-C₄-alkylene-phenylene, R₅ is C₂-C₆-alkylene and R₃ is C₂-C₈-alkenyl.

0031The prepolymers used for the manufacture of the modified polyvinyl alcohols are preferably derivatives of polyvinyl alcohol having a molecular weight of at least about 2000 that, based on the number of hydroxy groups of the polyvinyl alcohol, comprises from approximately 0.5 to approximately 80 %, especially approximately from 1 to 50 %, preferably approximately from 1 to 25 %, preferably approximately from 2 to 15 % and especially preferably approximately from 3 to 10 %, of units of formula (3). Prepolymers which are provided for the manufacture of contact lenses comprise, based on the number of hydroxy groups of the polyvinyl alcohol, especially from approximately 0.5 to approximately 25 %, especially approximately from 1 to 15 % and especially preferably approximately from 2 to 12 %, of units of formula (3).

0032Derivatized polyvinyl alcohols preferably have an average molecular weight M_n of at least 10 000. As an upper limit the polyvinyl alcohols may have an average molecular weight of up to 1 000 000. Preferably, the polyvinyl alcohols have a molecular weight of up to 300 000, especially up to approximately 100 000 and especially preferably up to approximately 50 000.

0033Polyvinyl alcohols suitable in accordance with the invention usually have a poly(2-hydroxy)-ethylene structure. The polyvinyl alcohols may, however, also comprise hydroxy groups in the form of 1,2-glycols, such as copolymer units of 1,2-dihydroxyethylene, as may be obtained, for example, by the alkaline hydrolysis of vinyl acetate/vinylene carbonate copolymers.

0034The polyvinyl alcohol prepolymers may be further modified by one or more compounds imparting additional functionality such as, for example, amino, epoxy, carboxy, or carboxylic acid ester, anhydride or halide functionality. The prepolymers may comprise such additional functional groups in an amount of, for example, up to 20 % and preferably up to 10 %, each based on the total number of hydroxy groups of the polyvinyl alcohol.

0035In addition, the polyvinyl alcohols used may also comprise small a proportion, for example up to 50 %, preferably up to 25 % and more preferably up to 15 %, of copolymer units of, for example, ethylene, propylene, acrylamide, methacrylamide, dimethacrylamide, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, vinylpyrrolidone, hydroxyethyl acrylate, allyl alcohol, styrene or similar customarily used comonomers.

0036The modified polyvinyl alcohols that are derived from a prepolymer comprising units of formula (1) or (3) are known, for example, from <patcit id="pcit0008" dnum="EP0641806A"><text>EP-A-0641806</text></patcit> and may be prepared according to the processes described therein.

0037Shrinkage of the contact lenses after their wear on the eye is achieved by a further crosslinking step. One possibility is to treat the contact lens with a di- or multifunctional compound having two or more functional groups that are co-reactive with functional groups of the polymer. For example, a polymer comprising hydroxy or amino groups may be crosslinked with a di- or polyisocyanate or di- or polycarboxylic acid or a derivative thereof.

0038Preferably, additional crosslinkable groups, for example C-C double bonds, are chemically introduced into the polymer making up the contact lens, or latent crosslinkable groups present in the polymer making up the contact lens are converted to crosslinkable groups; the thus modified contact lens is then further crosslinked thermally or preferably photochemically, especially by the action of UV light, the further crosslinking step leading to a volume contraction.

0039The introduction of crosslinkable C-C double bonds to a polymer material comprising functional groups, for example hydroxy, amino or epoxy groups, may be carried out, for example, by reacting the functional groups of the polymer with an unsaturated compound comprising a functional group that is co-reactive to the functional groups of the polymer. Examples of suitable unsaturated compounds are isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (IEM), an unsaturated carboxylic acid derivative, for example acryloyl chloride or acrylic acid anhydride, an unsaturated amine, for example allyl amine, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), 2-vinyl-4,4-dimethyl-azlactone (VAL) or, particularly in case of a polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel, an unsaturated acetal, for example an acetal of formula <chemistry id="chem0003" num="0003"><img file="EP1540340B1_D0003.tif" /></chemistry> wherein R' and R" are each independently, for example, hydrogen, C₁-C₄-alkyl or C₂-C₄-alkanoyl, preferably hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or acetyl, for R the above given meanings and preferences apply, and for R₁ and R₂ the above given meanings and preferences apply or - NR₁R₂ together form a group <chemistry id="chem0004" num="0004"><img file="EP1540340B1_D0004.tif" /></chemistry> wherein R₆ and R₆' are each independently hydrogen or methyl, preferably each methyl. The reactions of IEM, GMA, VAL or a carboxy derivative with primary or secondary hydroxy groups or amino groups of the contact lens polymer material are known per se and may be carried, for example, as described in textbooks of Organic Chemistry. The reaction of acetals such as a compound of formula (4) above with a PVA polymer is likewise known, for example, from <patcit id="pcit0009" dnum="EP0641806A"><text>EP-A-0641806</text></patcit>. In addition, the reaction of epoxy groups of the polymer with an unsaturated amine or a carboxy derivative is known from textbooks of Organic Chemistry.

0040Preferably, the hydrogel contact lens already contains latent polymerizable groups which may be activated in a simple way following their wear on the eye.

0041A polyvinyl alcohol, which is obtainable by crosslinking a polyvinyl alcohol prepolymer having a molecular weight of at least about 2 000 that, based on the number of hydroxy groups of the polyvinyl alcohol, comprises from about 0.5 to about 80 % of units of the formula (1) or (3) given above and from about 0.5 to about 80% of units of formula <chemistry id="chem0005" num="0005"><img file="EP1540340B1_D0005.tif" /></chemistry> wherein for R and R₁ each the above given meanings and preferences apply, and X is, for example, halogen, in particular bromine or especially chlorine.

0042A preferred polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel is obtainable from an polyvinyl alcohol prepolymer comprising from 1 to 25 % and particularly 3 to 10 % units of formula (3), wherein p is 0 and R₃ is ethenyl -CH=CH₂ or 2-propenyl -C(CH₃)=CH₂, and from 3 to 60 %, preferably from 5 to 50 % and particularly from 10 to 30 % units of formula (5). In formulae (3) and (5) above R is each most preferably methylene (-CH₂-) and R₁ is each preferably hydrogen.

0043<u>C</u>ontact lenses may be prepared from an above mentioned polyvinyl alcohol prepolymer comprising both units of the formula (3) and (5) by photocrosslinking it in a suitable mold, in particular in a contact lens mold, in analogy to the process as described in <patcit id="pcit0010" dnum="EP0641806A"><text>EP-A-0641806</text></patcit>. The units of formula (5) do not react and thus remain unchanged in the resulting contact lens. After being worn on the eye the contact lens may be treated in an alkaline medium thereby converting the groups of formula -NR₁-C(O)-CH₂-CH₂-X to polymerizable groups -NR₁-C(O)-CH=CH₂. For example, a short treatment with an alkali metal hydroxide solution, such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide under ambient conditions is sufficient to convert the halogenethyl carbonamido groups to vinyl carbonylamido groups.

0044Following the addition or activation of further crosslinkable groups the hydrogel contact lenses may be further crosslinked according to methods known per se, for example, by the action of heat or by irradiation. Photocrosslinking using, for example, visible light or UV light, in particular UV light, is preferred. The contact lenses are photocrosslinked, for example, in solution, for example in an aqueous solution, or, preferably, in the absence of a solvent. Photocrosslinking can be carried out according to the invention in a very short time, for example in less than five minutes, preferably in ≤1 minute, especially in 1 to 60 seconds, especially preferably, in 2 to 30 seconds.

0045In the case of photocrosslinking, it is appropriate to add a photoinitiator, which can initiate radical crosslinking. Examples thereof are familiar to the person skilled in the art and suitable photoinitiators that may be mentioned specifically are benzoin methyl ether, 1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone, or Darocure^® or Irgacure^® types, for example Darocure^® 1173 or Irgacure^® 2959. The amount of photoinitiator may be selected within wide limits, an amount of up to 0.05 g/g of contact lens polymer and especially of up to 0.003 g/ g of contact lens polymer having proven beneficial.

0046A contact lens may be obtained from a polymerizable or crosslinkable material comprising two types of C-C double bonds, one that reacts under conditions customary for the crosslinking/polymerizing of acrylate type monomers or prepolymers and a second one that does not react under conditions customary for the crosslinking/polymerizing of acrylate type monomers or prepolymers but needs specific conditions, for example a specific initiator, for example a triplet initiator.

0047An example is a polyvinyl alcohol, which is obtainable by crosslinking a polyvinyl alcohol prepolymer having a molecular weight of at least about 2 000 that, based on the number of hydroxy groups of the polyvinyl alcohol, comprises from about 0.5 to about 80 % of units of the formula (1) or (3) given above and from about 0.5 to about 80% of units of formula <chemistry id="chem0006" num="0006"><img file="EP1540340B1_D0006.tif" /></chemistry> wherein for R, R₆ and R₆' each the above given meanings and preferences apply.

0048<u>C</u>ontact lenses, may be prepared from an above mentioned polyvinyl alcohol prepolymer comprising both units of the formula (3) and (6) by photocrosslinking it in a suitable mold, in particular in a contact lens mold, in analogy to the process as described in <patcit id="pcit0011" dnum="EP0641806A"><text>EP-A-0641806</text></patcit>. The units of formula (6) do not react and thus remain unchanged in the resulting contact lens. After being worn on the eye the contact lens may be further crosslinked by subjecting the C-C double bonds of the maleinic imide units to a polymerization reaction using a triplet initiator.

0049Contact lenses having been crosslinked according to any one of the above mentioned methods show a considerable shrinkage of, for example more than 5 % and preferably ≥10 %, relative to their original size. In addition, they lose a considerable amount of water including ingredients contained in the water. Said aqueous solution originating, for example, from a contact lens that has been equilibrated with the tear fluid of the lens wearer during wear on the eye may be fed into an analytical chip, apparatus or the like for qualitative or quantitative measurements.

0050Analytical equipment useful for the detection and measurement of the various ingredients of the tear fluid are known per se and commercially available in part. For example, various devices for the qualitative or quantitative measurement of blood sugar or different kinds of hormones are known for long.

0051In a preferred embodiment of the invention two or more of the steps of <ol id="ol0002" compact="compact"><li>(i) adding crosslinkable groups to/ activate crosslinkable groups in the contact lens;</li><li>(ii) shrinking the lens, preferably by crosslinking and in particular by photocrosslinking;</li><li>(iii) feeding the aqueous solution having been squeezed out of the lens into an analyzer, i.e. an analytical unit, chip or the like; and</li><li>(iv) analyzing the squeeze qualitatively and/or quantitatively;</li></ol> are combined in one unit, apparatus or the like.

0052The present invention provides a new concept for noninvasively measuring various analytes occurring in the tear fluid that is very comfortable to the user. This is, for example, because the user just has to wear a contact lens for a certain time period, for example for a time period from about 30 minutes to 24 hours, and preferably from about 1 to 18 hours, then remove it from the eye and place it in a suitable apparatus for shrinkage and analysis in order to get a desired result. The process is especially well-suited for once-a-day measurements in combination with a contact lens for daily wear.

0053The following Examples further illustrate the present invention.

Introduction of crosslinkable groups into a contact lens and crosslinking of the modified material

0054<b>Examples 1-3:</b> Three groups of small vials comprising each a contact lens manufactured according to Example 15i of <patcit id="pcit0012" dnum="EP0641806A"><text>EP-A-0641806</text></patcit> (modified PVA material) are prepared: The first group comprises the lens in dest. water while the second and third group comprise the lens in a 0.5 % or 1.0 % by weight aqueous solution of N-acrylaminoacealdehyde dimethylacetal, (NAAADA) respectively. A small amount of conc. HCl (about 0.6 ml) is added to each sample, and the vials are then shaken for about 20 hours at ambient temperature. The contact lenses are then removed from the vials and rinsed with water (5 ml, about 30 minutes). The procedure is repeated twice. Following dabbing each contact lens is put in a vial comprising 5 ml of a 0.1 % by weight aqueous solution of Irgacure^®2959 (photoinitiator), and the vials are stored in a refrigerator for 4 days. 4 contact lenses each of groups 1, 2 and 3 are irradiated for 4 or 8 seconds with a UV lamp (2.44 mW/cm²). The diameter of an untreated contact lens as well as the diameters of the lenses as treated above are then determined (Table 1). <tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="all"><title>Table 1 (average values):</title><tgroup cols="5"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="18mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="30mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="30mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="30mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="26mm" /><thead><row><entry align="center" valign="top">Example</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">NAAADA contents [% by weight]</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Lens diameter [mm] 4 s irradiation time</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Lens diameter [mm] 8 s irradiation time</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Lens diameter [mm] untreated</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center">Control</entry><entry align="center">-</entry><entry align="center">-</entry><entry align="center">-</entry><entry align="center">13.93</entry></row><row><entry align="center">1</entry><entry align="center">0.0 (just water)</entry><entry align="center">13.95</entry><entry align="center">13.94</entry><entry align="center">-</entry></row><row><entry align="center">2</entry><entry align="center">0.5</entry><entry align="center">12.55</entry><entry align="center">12.11</entry><entry align="center">-</entry></row><row><entry align="center">3</entry><entry align="center">1.0</entry><entry align="center">11.93</entry><entry align="center">11.87</entry><entry align="center">-</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0055Following dabbing and after having established a constant weight, the weight of the contact lenses is determined as follows (Table 2). <tables id="tabl0002" num="0002"><table frame="all"><title>Table 2 (average values)</title><tgroup cols="5"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="18mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="31mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="32mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="22mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="22mm" /><thead><row><entry align="center" valign="top">Example</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">NAAADA contents [% by weight]</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">contact lens weight [mg]</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">weight loss [mg]</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">weight loss [%]</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center">1 (4s)</entry><entry align="center">0.0</entry><entry align="center">22.92</entry><entry align="center">-</entry><entry align="center">-</entry></row><row><entry align="center">1 (8s)</entry><entry align="center">0.0</entry><entry align="center">24.04</entry><entry align="center">-</entry><entry align="center">-</entry></row><row><entry align="center">2 (4s)</entry><entry align="center">0.5</entry><entry align="center">17.45</entry><entry align="center">5.47</entry><entry align="center">24</entry></row><row><entry align="center">2 (8s)</entry><entry align="center">0.5</entry><entry align="center">18.08</entry><entry align="center">5.99</entry><entry align="center">25</entry></row><row><entry align="center">3 (4s)</entry><entry align="center">1.0</entry><entry align="center">18.08</entry><entry align="center">5.54</entry><entry align="center">24</entry></row><row><entry align="center">3 (8s)</entry><entry align="center">1.0</entry><entry align="center">16.81</entry><entry align="center">7.23</entry><entry align="center">30</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>