High clarity, high stiffness films

This invention relates generally to heat films, and more specifically to providing multilayer hot-blown heat shrink films having high optics, high stiffness and desirable shrinkage.

Multilayer heat shrink films are known in the art. For example, <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="USP5852152A"><text>USP 5,852,152</text></patcit> describes the use of low density polyethylene (LDPE) in the core and substantially linear, homogeneously branched, single site resins in the skin layers. This film gave excellent optics and good shrinkage but low film stiffness.

<patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="USP6187397B1"><text>USP 6,187,397 B1</text></patcit> discloses a high clarity multi-layer heat-shrinkable film comprising a central layer composed of a mixture, of LDPE and conventional linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) with a relative density of between 0.922 and 0.930 g/cm³, sandwiched between two outer layers. Each of the outer layers comprises at least 50% by weight, with respect to the total weight of the polymers present in the layer, of conventional LLDPE with a relative density of between 0.918 and 0.930 g/cm³ and is devoid of any metallocene linear polyethylene, each of the outer layers having a thickness representing from 5% to 25% of the total thickness of the film.

<patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="USP6268044B1"><text>USP 6,268,044 B1</text></patcit> discloses a heat-shrinkable polyethylene film comprising a central layer sandwiched between two outer layers, wherein: the central layer is composed of a mixture of LDPE, conventional LLDPE and one ionomer and at least representing at least 50% by weight of the one mixture and said central layer representing at least 30% of the total thickness of the film; and the outer layers which are identical or different, are composed of a mixture of LDPE and conventional LLDPE, the LLDPE representing more than 50% by weight of the mixture.

<patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="USP5714547A"><text>USP 5,714,547 (Li et al.</text></patcit>) discloses blends of high density polyethylene (HDPE), plastomer and ethyl vinyl alcohol (EVA) resin in a monolayer film to have medium to high clarity films.

<patcit id="pcit0005" dnum="US2001046606A"><text>US-A-2001/046606</text></patcit> discloses a co-extruded film comprising: (a)at least one layer comprising at least one coupled propylene polymer, and (b) at least one layer comprising an in-reactor blend of linear low density polyethylene and a substantially linear polyethylene or homogeneously branched linear polyethylene, wherein component (a) comprises less than 50 weight percent of the coextruded film.

<patcit id="pcit0006" dnum="US20020127421A"><text>US-A-2002/0127421</text></patcit> discloses a blown film comprising a multi-layer film of 3 or more layers comprising surface layers made of line of low density polyethylene 1 satisfying the following requirements (A) to (C) and middle layer(s), wherein at least one of the middle layers is a layer comprising a resin composition comprising low density polyethylene and linear low-density polyethylene 2 having a crystallisation temperature higher by at least 2°C than the crystallisation temperature of the linear low-density polyethylene 1. <ol id="ol0001" compact="compact" ol-style=""><li>(A): a composition distribution variation coefficient (C_x) represented by the following equation (1) is not more than 0.5, <maths id="math0001" num=""><math display="block"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">σ</mi><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>SCB</mi><mi>AVE</mi></msub></math><img file="EP1539489B1_D0001.tif" /></maths> wherein σ is a standard deviation of composition distribution, and SCB_AVE is an average branching degree,</li><li>(B): a content (a) of cold xylene-soluble portion in terms of % by weight based on the weight of the linear low-density polyethylene 1 and the density (d) satisfy the following inequality (2), <maths id="math0002" num=""><math display="block"><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn><mo>&lt;</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">4.8</mn><mo>⁢</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mo>⁢</mo><msup><mn mathvariant="normal">10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">5</mn></mrow></msup><mspace width="1em" /><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mspace width="1em" /><msup><mfenced separators=""><mn mathvariant="normal">950</mn><mo>-</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi></mfenced><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mn mathvariant="normal">10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">6</mn></mrow></msup><mspace width="1em" /><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mspace width="1em" /><msup><mfenced separators=""><mn mathvariant="normal">950</mn><mo>-</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi></mfenced><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></math><img file="EP1539489B1_D0002.tif" /></maths></li><li>(C): a crystallisation temperature (T_c) and a density (d) satisfy the following inequality (3), <maths id="math0003" num=""><math display="block"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi></msub><mo>&gt;</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.763</mn><mspace width="2em" /><mi>x d</mi><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">599.2</mn></math><img file="EP1539489B1_D0003.tif" /></maths></li></ol>

<patcit id="pcit0007" dnum="EP388177A"><text>EP-A-388177</text></patcit> discloses a multilayer shrink film comprising: a) a core layer comprising a polymeric material or blend of polymeric materials having a relatively low melting point; and b) two outer layers comprising a polymeric material or blend of polymeric materials having a relatively high melting point, wherein the material of the outer layer has a melting point, of at least 10°C higher than the melting point of the material of the core layer; wherein said film has a maximum 93.3°C (200°F) average machine direction shrink tension of no more than 2.1 MPa (300 lbs/inch²), and a maximum average transverse direction shrink tension of no more than 2.1 MPa (300 lb/inch²) said shrink tension values as measured by ASTM D 2838 and/or wherein said film has an average machine direction free shrink at 96.1°C (205°F) of at least about 20% and an average transverse direction free shrink at 96.1° (205°F) of at least about 20% said free shrink values as measured by ASTM D 2732.

<patcit id="pcit0008" dnum="WO0110643A"><text>WO-A-01/10643</text></patcit> discloses a multilayer oriented heat shrinkable film comprising: a) an internal layer comprising a multicomponent ethylene/alpha-olefin interpenetrating network resin having a melt index less than 1.4, the resin comprising: i) a homogeneous component having a melt index of less than 1, and a density of at least 0.91 grams/cubic centimeter, and ii) a heterogeneous component with a melt index of between 1.5 and 20; and b) outer layers comprising a polymeric resin; wherein the film has i) a haze value (ASTM D 1003-95) less than or equal to 5, ii) a peak load/mil value (ASTM D 3763-95a) of at least 155 newtons/mil, and iii) a free shrink (ASTM D 2732-83) at a temperature of 93.3°C (200°F) of at least 8% in either or both of the longitudinal and transverse directions.

<patcit id="pcit0009" dnum="EP333508A"><text>EP-A-333508</text></patcit> discloses a food wrap film containing a layer of a composition containing: from 20 to 50 wt% of LLDPE; from 1 to 10 wt% of an elastomeric polymer; from 40 to 79 wt% of a copolymer of ethylene and an ethylenically unsaturated ester, the weight percentages being calculated on the total polymer weight; and said film containing a minor amount of additives to provide, in combination with polymer components, an antifogging and antiblocking effect such that the film is transparent and has a controlled amount of residual cling.

<patcit id="pcit0010" dnum="WO9852749A"><text>WO-A-98/52749</text></patcit> discloses an orientated polymeric film comprising a co-extrudate of a first layer comprising a polypropylene and having an external layer comprising (by weight) a) from 70 to 97% of polystyrene, rubber modified polystyrene or a blend thereof, and b) from 3 to 30% of a polypropylene/polystyrene compatibilizer wherein the film has a minimum stretch ratio of 3 in the machine direction, and 4 in the transverse direction.

<patcit id="pcit0011" dnum="JP2001001468A"><text>JP-A-2001001468</text></patcit> discloses a heat-shrinkable multilayered film of three or more layers containing a surface layer (A) comprising linear low density polyethylene with a specific density and an inner layer (B) containing a mixed resin composition consisting of 50 to 90 wt% of (a) linear low density polyethylene with a specific density, 5 to 40 wt% of (b) high-pressure processed low density polyethylene and 5 to 40 wt% of (c) a copolymer such as an ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer.

<patcit id="pcit0012" dnum="CA972511"><text>CA-972511</text></patcit> describes blown film tube production. A plastic tube is extruded from a die and blown by internal pressure. A first cooling device is provided adjacent the die, an annealing device adjacent the first cooling device and a second cooling device adjacent the annealing device. The device is used for the production of polyethylene film. The device produces film which has excellent haze and gloss percentages, good tensile strength, secant modulus and impact strength and a shrink characteristic which is more uniform in the machine to transverse directions.

However, there is still a need for a shrink film that has a combination of good optics, shrinkage and stiffness properties that can be made without using expensive resin prepared with a single site catalyst and/or without expensive post-extrusion orientation process steps.

The current invention is a multilayer hot-blown film having a combination of good optics, high stiffness and moderate shrinkage that can be made without expensive double-bubble or tenter-frame processes, and the processes for making such a film. A hallmark of the inventive films is that the skin layers are devoid of a resin prepared with a single site catalyst. Shrink films are especially preferred in this invention.

In one embodiment, the invention is a coextruded hot-blown shrink film having at least three layers, the film comprising a core layer sandwiched between two skin layers, the film having a haze value of less than 15%, a 2% secant modulus greater than 350 MPa (50,000 psi), preferably greater than 420 MPa (60,000 psi), more preferably greater than 490 MPa (70,000 psi), most preferably greater than 560 MPa (80,000) and especially greater than 700 MPa (100,000 psi) and a cross-directional (CD) shrinkage greater than 0%, preferably between 0% and 50%. Such a film is obtainable when: (a) the core layer is selected from the group consisting of: high density polyethylene with a density from 0.941 g/cm³ to 0.965 g/cm³, a blend of low density polyethylene and high density polyethylene with a density from 0.941 g/cm³ to 0.965 g/cm³, and cyclic-olefin copolymer; and, (b) the skin layers, which may be the same or different, are selected from the group consisting of low density polyethylene; cyclic-olefin copolymer and polypropylene random copolymer, provided that the skin layers are devoid of a homogeneously branched polyethylene resin prepared with a single site catalyst.

In another embodiment, the invention is a process for preparing a film having at least 3 layers, the process comprising the step of coextruding, via a hot-blown film process, a film as defined in the previous embodiment with the proviso that the hot-blown film process does not comprise double-bubble or tenter-frame orientation processes. <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li><figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> shows a graph of Young's modulus as a function of polyethylene density.</li><li><figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref> shows a bar graph of shrinkage and 2% secant modulus for three films.</li><li><figref idref="f0002">Figure 3</figref> shows a bar graph of optic data for the three films of <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref>.</li></ul>

The polymer resins usable in this invention are polyethylenes, polypropylene random copolymer (PPRCP), styrene/butadiene copolymers (SBC), polystyrene and cyclic/olefin copolymers (COC).

Polyethylenes usable to this invention fall into two broad categories, those prepared with a free radical initiator at high temperature and high pressure, and those prepared with a coordination catalyst at high temperature and relatively low pressure. The former are generally known as LDPE and are characterized by branched chains of polymerized monomer units pendant from the polymer backbone. LDPE polymers generally have a density between 0.910 and 0.940 g/cm³. Polymer density is measured according to the procedure of ASTM D-792 herein unless otherwise noted.

Ethylene polymers and copolymers prepared by the use of a coordination catalyst, such as a Ziegler Natta or Phillips catalyst, are generally known as linear polymers because of the substantial absence of branch chains of polymerized monomer units pendant from the backbone. Linear copolymers of ethylene and at least one a-olefin of 3 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably of 4 to 8 carbon atoms, are also well known and commercially available. As is well known in the art, the density of a linear ethylene/a-olefin copolymer is a function of both the length of the a-olefin and the amount of such monomer in the copolymer relative to the amount of ethylene, the greater the length of the a-olefin and the greater the amount of a-olefin present, the lower the density of the copolymer. LLDPE is typically a copolymer of ethylene and an a-olefin of 3 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 4 to 8 carbon atoms (e.g., 1-butene, 1-octene, etc.), that has sufficient a-olefin content to reduce the density of the copolymer to that of LDPE (e.g., 0.910 g/cm³ to 0.940 g/cm³). When the copolymer contains even more a-olefin, the density will drop below 0.91 g/cm³ and these copolymers are known interchangeably as ultra low density polyethylene (ULDPE) or VLDPE. The densities of VLDPE or ULDPE polymers generally range from 0.87 to 0.91 g/cm³. Both LLDPE and VLDPE or ULDPE are well known in the art, as are their processes of preparation. For example, heterogeneous LLDPE can be made using Ziegler-Natta catalysts in a slurry, gas phase, solution or high pressure process, such as described in <patcit id="pcit0013" dnum="US4076698A"><text>U.S. Pat. 4,076,698</text></patcit> while homogeneous linear ethylene polymers can be made as described in <patcit id="pcit0014" dnum="US3645992A"><text>U.S. Pat. 3,645,992</text></patcit>. Such linear ethylene polymers are available from, for example, The Dow Chemical Company as DOWLEX™ LLDPE and as ATTANE™ ULDPE resins.

High density polyethylene (HDPE), generally having a density of 0.941 to 0.965 g/cm³, is typically a homopolymer of ethylene, and it contains few branch chains relative to the various linear copolymers of ethylene and an a-olefin. HDPE is well known, commercially available in various grades, and may be used in this invention. Examples of suitable commercial HDPE resins are DGDH1059 and DMDA 6320 available from The Dow Chemical Company.

As shown in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>, the modulus of polyethylenes increase as the resin density increases. <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> shows Young's modulus. The corresponding 2% secant modulus would be slightly lower.

The polypropylene copolymers of this invention are polymers comprising units derived from propylene and ethylene and/or one or more unsaturated comonomers. The term "copolymer" includes terpolymers, tetrapolymers, etc. "Random copolymer" means a copolymer in which the monomer is randomly distributed across the polymer chain. Typically, the polypropylene copolymers comprise units derived from propylene in an amount of at least 60, preferably at least 70 and more preferably at least 80, wt% of the copolymer. Ethylene and/or the one or more unsaturated comonomers of the copolymer comprise at least 0.1, preferably at least 1 and more preferably at least 3, weight percent, and the typical maximum amount of unsaturated comonomer does not exceed 40, and preferably it does not exceed 30, wt% of the copolymer. Such random copolymers of polypropylene are commercially available, for example, DOW PolyPropylene RESiNS™ available from The Dow Chemical Company.

Styrene/butadiene copolymers (SBC) are clear resins known in the art. SBC resins provide both high clarity and good film stiffness. Examples of suitable SBC resins are the K-Resin® family of SBC available from Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP.

Cyclic-Olefin copolymers (COC) are amorphous, glass-clear copolymers of ethylene and norbornene made via metallocene catalysts. COC resins provide good stiffness and high clarity. COC is commercially available, for example, the Topas® COC copolymers available from Ticona.

Polystyrene is a transparent resin well known in the art and commercially available. Polystyrene provides both high-clarity and good film stiffness. An example of a suitable, commercially available polystyrene is Styron™ 663 polystyrene available from The Dow Chemical Company.

The inventive coextruded films comprise a core layer sandwiched between two skin layers. One or more intermediate layers may also be sandwiched between the two skin layers. The film structure can have any number of layers greater than or equal to three. Preferably, the film structure is either 3 layers or 5 layers. When a 3 layer film structure is used, the structure can be either A/B/A (the skin layers are the same resin) or A/B/C (the skin layers are different resins). When a 5 layer structure is used (i.e., a core layer and 2 intermediate layers sandwiched between 2 skin layers) the preferred structures are A/B/C/B/A (the skin layers are the same resin and the intermediate layers are the same resin) or A/B/C/D/E (all layers are different resins).

The inner layer, or layers, is selected from the group consisting of: LDPE, HDPE, blends thereof, PPRCP, SBC, polystyrene, and COC, provided that when more than one inner layer is present, the inner layers can be the same or different. In a preferred embodiment, the LDPE of the inner layer or layers has a melt index, I₂, of less than or equal to 1.0 g/10 min. as measured by ASTM D 1238 (Condition 2.16 kg/190C). When the film structure is more than 3 layers, the core layer is preferably at least one of HDPE or COC.

The skin layers, which may be the same or different, are selected from the group consisting of LDPE; COC; and PPRCP, provided that the skin layers are devoid of a homogeneously branched polyethylene resin prepared with a single site catalyst. Homogeneously branched polyethylene resins prepared with a single site catalyst are expensive and are typically harder to process than resins prepared without single site catalysts. A hallmark of the current invention is the obtaining of desirable optical and physical properties without the use of such expensive resins in the outer layers of the film.

Film clarity is highly influenced by the skin layers. For the higher clarity embodiments of this invention, the skin layers preferably comprise COC.

The inventive films are suitable for use as high clarity retail shrink films, beverage over wraps and other shrink bundling applications.

For beverage overwrap uses, the inventive film has good optical quality as indicated by a haze value of less than 15%, preferably less than 10%, as measured by ASTM D-1003. The inventive film also has good stiffness as represented by a 2% secant modulus greater than 350 MPa (50,000 psi), preferably at least 700 MPa (100,000 psi), as measured by ASTM D-638. Additionally, the inventive film has good shrinkage as shown by an average maximum cross-directional shrinkage greater than 0%, preferably at least 0-10%, more preferably at least 0-50%, as measured by ASTM D-2732. The inventive film can be produced with these properties without the use of post-biorientation.

For retail, high clarity shrink films, the inventive film has good optical quality as indicated by a haze value of less than 5% as measured by ASTM D-1003. The inventive film also has good stiffness as represented by a 2% secant modulus greater than 350 MPa (50,000 psi), preferably at least 700 MPa (100,000 psi), as measured by ASTM D-638. Additionally, the inventive film has good shrinkage as shown by an average maximum cross-directional shrinkage greater than 0%, preferably at least 20%, as measured by ASTM D-2732. The inventive film should also have a high cross-directional shrink force of at least 0.035 MPa (5 psi), preferably at least 0.07 MPa (10 psi). The inventive film can be produced with these properties without the use of post-biorientation.

The inventive films are made by blown film extrusion. The technique of blown film extrusion is well known for the production of thin plastic films. In an advantageous process, plastics are extruded through a circular die to form a film. Air is introduced through the center of the die to maintain the film in the form of a bubble which increases the diameter of the film 2 to 6 fold, after which the bubble is collapsed onto rollers. The ratio of the diameter of the bubble to the diameter of the die is known as the blow-up ratio (BUR). There are a number of variations of such a process within the skill in the art, for instance as described in such references as <patcit id="pcit0015" dnum="USP3959425A"><text>USP 3,959,425</text></patcit>; and <patcit id="pcit0016" dnum="US4820471A"><text>4,820,471</text></patcit> where the difference between high (referred to as "long stalk" therein) and low stalk film blowing is discussed at column 1; <patcit id="pcit0017" dnum="USP5284613A"><text>USP 5,284,613</text></patcit>; and <nplcit id="ncit0001" npl-type="b"><text>W.D. Harris, et al in "Effects of Bubble Cooling on Performance and Properties of HMW-HDPE Film Resins", Polymers, Laminations &amp; Coatings Conference, Book 1, 1990, pages 306-317</text></nplcit>, and <nplcit id="ncit0002" npl-type="b"><text>Moore, E.P., Polypropylene Handbook, Hanser, New York, 1996, pages 330-332</text></nplcit>.

In the formation of blown films, a melt enters a ring-shaped die either through the bottom or side thereof. The melt is forced through spiral grooves around the surface of a mandrel inside the die and extruded through the die opening as a thick-walled tube. The tube is expanded into a bubble of desired diameter and correspondingly decreased thickness as previously described.

The formation of coextruded blown films is known in the art and applicable to the present invention. Articles illustrative of the art include <nplcit id="ncit0003" npl-type="s"><text>Han and Shetty, "Studies on Multilayer Film Coextrusion III. The Rheology of Blown Film Coextrusion," Polymer Engineering and Science, February, (1978), vol. 18, No. 3 pages 187-199</text></nplcit>; and <nplcit id="ncit0004" npl-type="b"><text>Morris, "Peel Strength Issues in the Blown Film Coextrusion Process," 1996 Polymers, Laminations &amp; Coatings Conference, TAPPI Press, Atlanta, Ga. (1996), pages 571-577</text></nplcit>. The term "coextrusion" refers to the process of extruding two or more materials through a single die with two or more orifices arranged such that the extrudates merge together into a laminar structure, preferably before chilling or quenching. Coextrusion systems for making multilayer films employ at least two extruders feeding a common die assembly. The number of extruders is dependent upon the number of different materials comprising the coextruded film. For each different material, a different extruder is advantageously used. Thus a five-layer coextrusion may require up to five extruders although less may be used if two or more of the layers are made of the same material.

Coextrusion dies are used to form coextruded blown films. They have multiple mandrels that feed the different melt streams to the circular die lip. When feedblocks are employed to stack melt layers from two or more extruders, the resulting multilayered melt stream is then fed to the film die.

A hallmark of the current invention is the lack of post-biorientation, such as double-bubble or tenter frame orientation.

The shrinkage test is performed by immersion in hot oil bath kept at a temperature of at least 10C above the melting point of the highest melting point layer for at least 30 seconds.

EXAMPLES

The following resins were used in the production of the films of the Examples. <tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="none"><tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="27mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="139mm" /><tbody><row><entry>LDPE 501I</entry><entry>A clarity grade LDPE having a melt index, I₂, of 1.90 g/10 min (measured by ASTM D-1238), a density of 0.922 g/cm³ (measured by ASTM D-792), available from the Dow Chemical Co.</entry></row><row><entry>LDPE 136S</entry><entry>An LDPE having a melt index, I₂, of 0.25 g/10 min (measured by ASTM D-1238), a density of 0.922 g/cm³ (measured by ASTM D-792) available from the Dow Chemical Co.</entry></row><row><entry>LDPE 170A</entry><entry>An LDPE having a melt index, I₂, of 0.70 g/10 min (measured by ASTM D-1238) and a density of 0.9235 g/cm³ (measured by ASTM D-792) available from the Dow Chemical Co.</entry></row><row><entry>LDPE 6621</entry><entry>An LDPE having a melt index, I₂, of 0.50 g/10 min (measured by ASTM D-1238) and a density of 0.919 g/cm³ (measured by ASTM D-792) available from the Dow Chemical Co.</entry></row><row><entry>Dowlex 2038</entry><entry>An LLDPE having a melt index, I₂, of 1.0 g/10 min (measured by ASTM D-1238) and a density of 0.935 g/cm³ (measured by ASTM D-792)) available from the Dow Chemical Co.</entry></row><row><entry>Dowlex 2049AC</entry><entry>An LDPE having a melt index, I₂, of 1.0 g/10 min (measured by ASTM D-1238) and a density of 0.926 g/cm³ (measured by ASTM D-792)) available from the Dow Chemical Co.</entry></row><row><entry>DGDH 1059</entry><entry>An HDPE resin having a melt index of about 0.85 g/10 minutes and a density of about 0.962 g/cc</entry></row><row><entry>PP DS4D05:</entry><entry>A polypropylene random copolymer having good gloss and clarity, low seal initiation temperature and a melt flow rate of 6.5 g/10 min measured by ASTM D-1238 (230° C/2.16kg) available from the Dow Chemical Co.</entry></row><row><entry>PP DS6D82</entry><entry>A polypropylene random copolymer having good optical properties, low temperature heat seal and a melt flow rate of 7.0 g/10 min measured by ASTM D-1238 (230°C/2.16kg) available from the Dow Chemical Co.</entry></row><row><entry>Topas 8007:</entry><entry>A cyclic-olefin copolymer resin having a density of 1.020 g/cm³ (measured by ISO 1183) and a melt flow rate of 30 g/10 min (measured by ISO 1133) available from Ticona.</entry></row><row><entry>K-resin:</entry><entry>DK 11 and DK 13 (styrene/butadiene block copolymers) available from Chevron-Phillips</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Samples A and B

Example 1 was three-layer film produced with an A/B/A structure. LDPE 501I was used for the skin layer and Dowlex™ 2038 was used in the core layer. The co-extrusion conditions used to make Comparative Example 1 were as follows: Die Gap: 1270µm (50 mils), Layer Ratio: 15/70/15%, Production Rate: 102.1 kg/hr (225 lb/hr) = 4.08 kg/hr (9 lb/hr-die circumference (cm)(inches)) used to make Example 1 were as follows: Melt Temperature: 227/216/227°C (440/420/440°F). The BUR was either 2.5 or 3.5.

Comparative Sample A was produced under the same conditions as Comparative Example 1 except that only a BUR of 2.5 was used. LDPE 132I was used in the skin layer and Marlex D350 was used as the core layer.

Comparative Sample B was produced under the same conditions as Comparative Example 1. LDPE 170A was used in the skin layers and Dowlex™ 2038 was used in the core layer.

Shrinkage and 2% secant modulus data for the three films is shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref>. Optic data for the three films is shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 3</figref>. LDPE 501I based films exhibited better optics than LDPE 170A based films. LDPE 501I based films exhibited adequate CD shrinkage (CD shrinkage = 0-10%). Hence, Clarity grade LDPE when used by itself is preferred in outer layers for obtaining better optics.

Examples 2, 3 and Comparative Example 4 and Comparative Samples C-K

Additional examples of 3-layer structures of the current invention with one comparative example CS F (from <patcit id="pcit0018" dnum="USP6187397B1"><text>U.S.P. 6,187,397 B1</text></patcit>) are shown in Table I. The examples illustrate 3-layer films exhibiting high stiffness and high clarity with adequate shrinkage desired for beverage over-wrap, shrink bundling, and high clarity shrink films. <tables id="tabl0002" num="0002"><table frame="all"><title>Table I: 3-layer high clarity, high stiffness film results.</title><tgroup cols="9"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="24mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="32mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="37mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="14mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="19mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="36mm" /><colspec colnum="8" colname="col8" colwidth="36mm" /><colspec colnum="9" colname="col9" colwidth="36mm" /><thead><row><entry align="center">Name</entry><entry align="center">SKINS*</entry><entry align="center">CORE</entry><entry align="center">BUR</entry><entry align="center">HAZE %</entry><entry align="center">2% SECANT MPa (psi)</entry><entry>SHRINKAGE % 150°C Avg. (MD)</entry><entry>SHRINKAGE % 150°C Avg. (CD)</entry><entry>SHRINKAGE % 140°/C Avg. (CD)</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry valign="bottom">CS C</entry><entry valign="bottom">LDPE 501I</entry><entry valign="bottom">Dowlex 2038</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">2.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">8.11</entry><entry valign="bottom">324.9 (46420)</entry><entry valign="bottom">73.15</entry><entry valign="bottom">-8.3</entry><entry valign="bottom">9.75</entry></row><row><entry valign="bottom">CS D</entry><entry valign="bottom">LDPE 501I</entry><entry valign="bottom">Dowlex2038/LDPE 136S (80/20%)</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">2.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">7.71</entry><entry valign="bottom">303.7 (43392)</entry><entry valign="bottom">80.55</entry><entry valign="bottom">4.55</entry><entry valign="bottom">2.55</entry></row><row><entry valign="bottom">CS E</entry><entry valign="bottom">LDPE 501I</entry><entry valign="bottom">Dowlex2049AC/LDPE 136s (80/20%)</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">2.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">7.2</entry><entry valign="bottom">227.7 (32528)</entry><entry valign="bottom">77.85</entry><entry valign="bottom">1.3</entry><entry valign="bottom">-3.3</entry></row><row><entry valign="bottom">Ex 2</entry><entry valign="bottom">LDPE 501I</entry><entry valign="bottom">DEGD 1059/LDPE 136S (50/50%)</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">2.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">10</entry><entry valign="bottom">416.6 (59518)</entry><entry valign="bottom">82.8</entry><entry valign="bottom">10.95</entry><entry valign="bottom">14.1</entry></row><row><entry valign="bottom">Ex 3</entry><entry valign="bottom">LDPE 501I</entry><entry valign="bottom">DEGD 1059/LDPE 136S (80/20%)</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">2.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">12.8</entry><entry valign="bottom">592.1 (84587)</entry><entry valign="bottom">80.55</entry><entry valign="bottom">2.3</entry><entry valign="bottom">1.3</entry></row><row><entry valign="bottom">CS F</entry><entry valign="bottom">LDPE 501I/ Dowlex 2045A (20/80%)</entry><entry valign="bottom">Dowlex 2049AC/LDPE 136S (80/20%)</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">2.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">4.6</entry><entry valign="bottom">236.2 (33738)</entry><entry valign="bottom">77.85</entry><entry valign="bottom">-5.8</entry><entry valign="bottom">-3.6</entry></row><row><entry valign="bottom">CS G</entry><entry valign="bottom">PP DS 6D82</entry><entry valign="bottom">LDPE 136S</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">2.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">13.9</entry><entry valign="bottom">283.7 (40524)</entry><entry valign="bottom">84.7</entry><entry valign="bottom">30.6</entry><entry valign="bottom">21.25</entry></row><row><entry valign="bottom">CS H</entry><entry valign="bottom">PP DS 6D82</entry><entry valign="bottom">LDPE 136S</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">-3.6</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">14.4</entry><entry valign="bottom">257.0 (36712)</entry><entry valign="bottom">80.8</entry><entry valign="bottom">52.75</entry><entry valign="bottom">43.65</entry></row><row><entry valign="bottom">Comparative Ex 4</entry><entry valign="bottom">PP DS 6D82 (A - 20% Skin)</entry><entry valign="bottom">LDPE 136S</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">2.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">6.12</entry><entry valign="bottom">366.3 (52326)</entry><entry valign="bottom">83.8</entry><entry valign="bottom">25.15</entry><entry valign="bottom">13.9</entry></row><row><entry valign="bottom">CS I</entry><entry valign="bottom">PP DS 6D82</entry><entry valign="bottom">LDPE 662I</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">2.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">11.7</entry><entry valign="bottom">286.8 (40967)</entry><entry valign="bottom">80.8</entry><entry valign="bottom">16.8</entry><entry valign="bottom">21.25</entry></row><row><entry valign="bottom">CS J</entry><entry valign="bottom">PP DS 6D82</entry><entry valign="bottom">Dowlex 2038/LDPE 136S (80/20%)</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">2.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">5.36</entry><entry valign="bottom">364.4 (52050)</entry><entry valign="bottom">78.55</entry><entry valign="bottom">-4.35</entry><entry valign="bottom">-4.1</entry></row><row><entry valign="bottom">CS K</entry><entry valign="bottom">PP DS 4 D05</entry><entry valign="bottom">LDPE 136S</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">3.6</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">7. 79</entry><entry valign="bottom">279.2 (39888)</entry><entry valign="bottom">80.8</entry><entry valign="bottom">45.9</entry><entry valign="bottom">47.85</entry></row></tbody></tgroup><tgroup cols="9" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="24mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="32mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="37mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="14mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="19mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="36mm" /><colspec colnum="8" colname="col8" colwidth="36mm" /><colspec colnum="9" colname="col9" colwidth="36mm" /><tbody><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col9" align="justify">*Skin layers each - % except for Example 4.</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

Examples 5, 8 and 10, Comparative Examples 6, 7 and 9 and Comparative Sample L

5-layer high clarity, high stiffness films were produced on a conventional coextrusion blown film line without post-biorientation. The films all had an A/B/C/B/A film structure. The layers of the films had the components and percentage (of total film thickness) as shown in Table II. All of the films had an overall thickness of 38.1 µm (1.5 mil).

As shown in Table II, Examples 5-10 illustrate that high clarity, high stiffness films can be made by means of the current invention without resorting to post-biorientation processes. <tables id="tabl0003" num="0003"><table frame="all"><title>Table II: 5-layer high clarity, high stiffness film results</title><tgroup cols="11"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="24mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="26mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="33mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="29mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="14mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="23mm" /><colspec colnum="8" colname="col8" colwidth="22mm" /><colspec colnum="9" colname="col9" colwidth="20mm" /><colspec colnum="10" colname="col10" colwidth="21mm" /><colspec colnum="11" colname="col11" colwidth="21mm" /><thead><row>&lt;entry /&gt;&lt;entry /&gt;&lt;entry /&gt;&lt;entry /&gt;&lt;entry /&gt;&lt;entry /&gt;&lt;entry /&gt;<entry>Shrink</entry><entry>Shrink</entry><entry>Shrinkage %</entry><entry>Shrinkage %</entry></row><row><entry>Example No.</entry><entry>A=Skin/% of total thickness</entry><entry>B=Inner/% of total thickness</entry><entry>C=Core/% of total thickness</entry><entry>BUR</entry><entry>Haze</entry><entry>2% Secant Modulus</entry><entry>Tension 150C (MD)</entry><entry>Tension 150C (CD)</entry><entry>150°C Avg. (MD)</entry><entry>150°C Avg. (CD)</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry valign="bottom">5</entry><entry valign="bottom">LDPE 501I/10%</entry><entry valign="bottom">LDPE 136s/20%</entry><entry valign="bottom">HDPE DEGD 1059/40%</entry><entry valign="bottom" align="char" char=".">2.5</entry><entry valign="bottom">10.67</entry><entry valign="bottom">434.4 (62058)</entry><entry valign="bottom" align="char" char=".">16.4</entry><entry valign="bottom">very low</entry><entry valign="bottom" align="char" char=".">79.8</entry><entry valign="bottom" align="char" char=".">14.4</entry></row><row><entry valign="bottom">CS L</entry><entry valign="bottom">LDPE 501I/10%</entry><entry valign="bottom">LDPE 136S/20%</entry><entry valign="bottom">PP DS 6D82/40%</entry><entry valign="bottom" align="char" char=".">2.5</entry><entry valign="bottom">7.50</entry><entry valign="bottom">321.6 (45939)</entry><entry valign="bottom" align="char" char=".">18.4</entry><entry valign="bottom">very low</entry><entry valign="bottom" align="char" char=".">81.05</entry><entry valign="bottom" align="char" char=".">29.1</entry></row><row><entry valign="bottom">Comparative 6</entry><entry valign="bottom">PP DS 4D05/10%</entry><entry valign="bottom">LDPE 136S/30%</entry><entry valign="bottom">PP DS 4D05/20%</entry><entry valign="bottom" align="char" char=".">3.6</entry><entry valign="bottom">4.54</entry><entry valign="bottom">437.1 (62438)</entry><entry valign="bottom" align="char" char=".">23.6</entry><entry valign="bottom">very low</entry><entry valign="bottom" align="char" char=".">81.8</entry><entry valign="bottom" align="char" char=".">54.7</entry></row><row><entry valign="bottom">Comparative 7</entry><entry valign="bottom">PP DS 6D82/10%</entry><entry valign="bottom">LDPE 6621/30%</entry><entry valign="bottom">PP DS 6D82/20%</entry><entry valign="bottom" align="char" char=".">3.6</entry><entry valign="bottom">7.86</entry><entry valign="bottom">375 (53565)</entry><entry valign="bottom" align="char" char=".">20.0</entry><entry valign="bottom">very low</entry><entry valign="bottom" align="char" char=".">82.05</entry><entry valign="bottom" align="char" char=".">38.7</entry></row><row><entry valign="bottom">Comparative 8</entry><entry valign="bottom">PP DS 6D82/10%</entry><entry valign="bottom">LDPE 136S/30%</entry><entry valign="bottom">Topas 8007/20%</entry><entry valign="bottom" align="char" char=".">3.6</entry><entry valign="bottom">7.99</entry><entry valign="bottom">954.6 (136365)</entry><entry valign="bottom" align="char" char=".">25.4</entry><entry valign="bottom">13.6</entry><entry valign="bottom" align="char" char=".">73.9</entry><entry valign="bottom" align="char" char=".">40.7</entry></row><row><entry valign="bottom">Comparative 9</entry><entry valign="bottom">PP DS 6D82/10%</entry><entry valign="bottom">LDPE 136S/30%</entry><entry valign="bottom">K-resin/20%</entry><entry valign="bottom" align="char" char=".">3.6</entry><entry valign="bottom">6.75</entry><entry valign="bottom">415.9 (59412)</entry><entry valign="bottom" align="char" char=".">23.8</entry><entry valign="bottom">8.5</entry><entry valign="bottom" align="char" char=".">72.9</entry><entry valign="bottom" align="char" char=".">51.3</entry></row><row><entry valign="bottom">10</entry><entry valign="bottom">PP DS 6D82/10%</entry><entry valign="bottom">LDPE 136s/30%</entry><entry valign="bottom">Topas 8007/20%</entry><entry valign="bottom" align="char" char=".">3.6</entry><entry valign="bottom">6.77</entry><entry valign="bottom">894.5 (127784)</entry><entry valign="bottom" align="char" char=".">24.9</entry><entry valign="bottom">13.2</entry><entry valign="bottom" align="char" char=".">75.15</entry><entry valign="bottom" align="char" char=".">41.6</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

Layer percentages are per layer and are target values.

Examples 8 and 10 are the same except that the actual layer ratio due to changed extruder screw rpm's. As a result, the core thickness in Example 10 is less than in Example 8.