Dac-based voltage regulator for flash memory array

The present invention relates to charge pump circuits. More particularly, the present invention relates to a digital-to-analog-converter (DAC) based voltage regulator system that can regulate the output of charge pump circuits in a non-volatile memory for supplying various voltages utilized in the memory circuit.

Non-volatile memories require a broad range of voltages that are applied to the word lines coupled to the gates of the memory cell transistors. A plurality of voltage regulators provide the different appropriate voltages for each operation of the device. The output voltage of each voltage regulator is fixed and there is no way to change the output voltages of the regulator devices. An example of a voltage regulator is disclosed in <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="US5221890A"><text>US 5,221,890A</text></patcit>.

A non-volatile memory requires at least a voltage regulator for supplying a voltage to the memory cell gates for verifying a programmed cell and an erased cell, and a voltage regulator for supplying a programming voltage to the memory cell gates for programming memory cells. In some non-volatile memory devices the reliability of the cell requires that the program voltage not be constant but rather that the voltage is ramped. Additional analog circuits need to be provided for this purpose. Examples of circuits for ranging voltages are disclosed in <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="EP0701259A"><text>EP 0,701,259A</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="US6011724A"><text>US 6,011,724A</text></patcit>.

The present invention provides a DAC-based integrated voltage regulator, as defined in the appended claims, e.g. for supplying the necessary regulated voltages to a non-volatile memory device. The voltage regulation is based on a current comparison between a reference current and a current signal obtained from the high-voltage output of the charge pump circuit. The N bits provided to the DAC generate 2N current-reference levels that are sunk from a virtual ground. A voltage to current converter generates a current signal from the high-voltage output of the charge pump that is supplied to virtual ground. The current-error signal that comes from the comparison in the virtual ground is amplified and voltage converted by a transconductance amplifier. A second amplifier receives the output signal from the transconductance amplifier and outputs a CMOS-compatible voltage level that enables or discharges the charge pump in order to obtain the selected output voltage value. Thus, the charge pump can be regulated to one of 2^N values according to the input presented to the DAC.

The voltage regulator of the present invention is capable of supplying a wide range of output voltages to bias the word lines in a non-volatile memory device. N input signals are provided in order to select the appropriate output voltage for each operation of the non-volatile memory. Because of this feature, a voltage ramp can easily be generated by providing the sequence of the values of the ramp.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES

<ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li><figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref> is a block diagram of a charge-pump system 10 including the DAC-based voltage regulator of the present invention.</li><li><figref idref="f0001">FIG. 2</figref> is a schematic diagram of an illustrative DAC-based voltage regulator according to the present invention.</li><li><figref idref="f0002">FIG. 3</figref> is a detailed schematic diagram of an illustrative embodiment of circuit usable as the current source of <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 2</figref>.</li></ul>

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Persons of ordinary skill in the art will realize that the following description of the present invention is only illustrative and not in any way limiting. Other embodiments of this invention will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art having benefit of this disclosure.

The voltage regulation is based on a current comparison between a reference current and a current signal obtained from the high-voltage output of the charge pump circuit. The N bits provided to the DAC generate 2^N current-reference levels that are sunk from a virtual ground. A voltage to current converter generates a current signal from the high-voltage output of the charge pump that is supplied to virtual ground. The current-error signal that comes from the comparison in the virtual ground is amplified and voltage converted by a transconductance amplifier. A second amplifier receives the output signal from the transconductance amplifier and outputs a CMOS-compatible voltage level that enables or discharges the charge pump in order to obtain the selected output voltage value. Thus, the charge pump can be regulated to one of 2^N values according to the input presented to the DAC.

Referring first to <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>, a block diagram of a charge-pump system 10 including the DAC-based voltage regulator of the present invention is presented. DAC-based voltage regulator 12 accepts an N-bit digital input on bus 14. DAC-based voltage regulator 12 supplies an enable signal to the charge pump 16 that either enables or discharges the charge pump 16 to regulate its high-voltage output at output node 18.

Referring now to <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 2</figref>, a simplified schematic diagram of the DAC-based regulator of the present invention is shown. The high-voltage output node of the charge pump (shown at reference numeral 20) is coupled to a virtual ground node 22 through resistor 24 and p-channel MOS transistor 26. P-channel MOS transistor 26 is driven from the output of amplifier 28. Amplifier 28 has its inverting input coupled to the connection between resistor 24 and the source of p-channel MOS transistor 26 and its non-inverting input coupled to a reference voltage V_ref1. Current source 30 can source 2^N levels of reference currents depending on the state of its N-input lines and is coupled to a circuit node comprising the drain of p-channel MOS transistor 26 and the inverting input of transconductance amplifer 32. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this circuit node is at virtual ground. The non-inverting input of transconductance amplifier 32 is coupled to a reference voltage V_ref2. Resistor 34 sets the gain of transconductance amplifier 32. Transconductance amplifier 32 drives the non-inverting input of transconductance amplifier 36. The inverting input of transconductance amplifier 36 is coupled to the reference voltage V_ref2.

Resistor 24, amplifier 28 and p-channel MOS transistor 26 generate a current signal that is a function of the voltage at the high-voltage output node 20 of the charge pump. This current signal is compared with the reference current signal from the current source 30. As will be disclosed more fully herein, the reference current may be set to one of 2^N levels.

The current error signal resulting from the comparison in the virtual ground is amplified and converted to a voltage in transconductance amplifier 32. The second amplifier 36 generates CMOS-compatible output levels to enable or discharge the charge pump.

Referring now to <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 3</figref>, current source 30 from <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 2</figref> is shown in detail. The reference current is obtained from the resistor 40 biased from a constant-voltage drop V_ref1 controlled from amplifier 42 and p-channel MOS transistor 44. P-channel MOS transistor 46 and N-channel MOS transistors 48 and 50 mirror the current through p-channel MOS transistor 44. N-channel MOS transistors 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, and 62 are sized to multiply the current by powers of 2; transistor 52 is sized 1x; transistor 54 is sized 2x; transistor 56 is sized 4x; transistor 58 is sized 8x; transistor 60 is sized (2^N)x. Transistor 62 is minimum sized to bias the current source to a minimum current value. The current paths through transistors 52,54, 56,58, 60, and 62 are switched, respectively, by transistors 64,66, 68,70, 72, and 74. Transistors 64,66, 68,70, and 72 have their gates driven by a respective one of the N input control lines. Transistor 74 is diode connected to source minimum current when all of the N input lines are at logic zero.

The generation of the current signal from the high-voltage output node 20 (<figref idref="f0001">FIG. 2</figref>) of charge pump 30 is made by the amplifier 28 biasing its feedback loop at V_ref1. The value of the high-voltage output may be expressed as: <maths id="math0001" num=""><math display="block"><mi>HVOUT</mi><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mn>24</mn><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mn>40</mn><mo>)</mo><mo>⋅</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mrow><mi>ref</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mrow><mi>ref</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></mrow></math><img file="EP1537671B1_D0001.tif" /></maths>

As will be appreciated by persons of ordinary skill in the art, the regulation is a function of the ratio of the resistors and not the absolute value.