Image capture system and method

Description of equivalent WO 03081520 A1

IMAGE CAPTURE SYSTEM AND METHOD

The present invention generally relates to image capture systems and methods and,

more particularly, to capturing a full color image of a target and/or capturing a monochrome

image of an optical code symbol to be read, especially by using an imaging array of pixel sensors each operative for measuring each of three primary colors of incident light at the same location

of a respective sensor.

Optical codes are patterns made up of image areas having different light-reflective

or light-emissive properties, which are typically assembled in accordance with a priori rules. The

term "barcode" is sometimes used to describe certain kinds of optical codes. The optical

properties and patterns of optical codes are selected to distinguish them in appearance from the

background environments in which they are used. Devices for identifying or extracting data from optical codes are sometimes referred to as "optical code readers" of which barcode scanners are

one type. Optical code readers are used in both fixed or portable installations in many diverse

environments such as in stores for check-out services, in manufacturing locations for work flow

and inventory control, and in transport vehicles for tracking package handling. The optical code can be used as a rapid, generalized means of data entry, for example, by reading a target barcode

from a printed listing of many barcodes. In some uses, the optical code reader is connected to a portable data processing device or a data collection and transmission device. Frequently, the

optical code reader includes a handheld sensor which is manually directed at a target code. Most conventional optical scanning systems are designed to read one-dimensional barcode symbols. The barcode is a pattern of variable- width rectangular bars separated by fixed or variable width spaces. The bars and spaces have different light-reflecting characteristics. One

example of a one-dimensional barcode is the UPC/EAN code used to identify, for example, product inventory. An example of a two-dimensional or stacked barcode is the PDF417 barcode.

A description of PDF417 barcode and techniques for decoding it are disclosed in U.S. Patent No.

5,635,697. Another conventional optical code is known as "MaxiCode" . It consists of a central

finder pattern or bull's eye center and a grid of hexagons surrounding the central finder. It should

be noted that the aspects of the inventions disclosed in this patent application are applicable to

optical code readers, in general, without regard to the particular type of optical codes which they

are adapted to read. The invention described is also applicable to some associated image

recognition or analysis.

Most conventional scanning systems generate one or more beams of laser light

which reflects off a barcode symbol and back to the system. The system obtains a continuous analog waveform corresponding to the light reflected by the code along one or more scan lines of

the system. The system then decodes the waveform to extract information from the barcode. A

system of this general type is disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 4,251,798. A beam

scanning system for detecting and decoding one-and two-dimensional barcodes is disclosed in U.S.

Patent No. 5,561,283.

Many scanners in use today employ a scanning laser beam. Some such systems are

deployed in hand-held units which may be manually pointed at a target. Often an individual scanner is a component of a much larger system including other scanners, computers, cabling, data terminals, etc.

Barcodes can also be read by employing imaging devices. For example, an image sensor may be employed which has a two-dimensional array of cells or pixel sensors which

correspond to image elements or pixels in a field of view of the device. Such an image sensor may

be a two-dimensional or area charge coupled device (CCD) and associated circuits for producing

electronic signals corresponding to a two-dimensional array of pixel information for a field of

view.

It is therefore known to use a CCD for capturing a monochrome image of a barcode

symbol to be read as, for example, disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,703,349. It is also known to

use a CCD with multiple buried channels for capturing a full color image of a target as, for

example, disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,613,895.

Due to the difficulties and expense of making such CCDs, it is known from U.S. Patent No. 3,971 ,065 to use a color filter mosaic to select different wavelength bands at different

pixel sensor locations. One popular mosaic used in digital cameras is the Bayer color filter array

(CFA) pattern having 50% green pixels arranged in a checkerboard and alternating lines of 25%

red and 25 % blue pixels filling the remainder of the pattern.

Although generally satisfactory for its intended purpose, the Bayer CFA has color

aliasing, resolution and sensitivity problems due in part to the fact that the sensors for the different

colors are at different locations. To alleviate such problems, the prior art has proposed in U.S. Patent No. 5,965,875 an imaging array for measuring the different colors at the same location,

that is, at each sensor, by using a triple- well, integrated circuit structure. The art of CCD-based barcode readers, however, still suffers from poor resolution and sensitivity problems when capturing the monochrome image of an optical code with a CFA detector.

Accordingly, it is a general object of this invention to improve the resolution and sensitivity of electro-optically reading optical codes which employ imaging devices.

More particularly, it is an object of the present invention to enable a single device

to capture a full color image of a target and/or a monochromatic image of an optical code.

Still another object of the present invention is to process both full color and monochrome images from a single imaging array.

In keeping with the above objects and others which will become apparent

hereinafter, one feature of the present invention resides, briefly stated, in an image capture system

and method which employ an imaging array of pixel sensors spaced apart at respective locations

in the array for detecting light incident on the sensors. Each pixel sensor has three photosensors and is operative for measuring each of three primary colors of the incident light at the same location of the respective sensor to obtain a measured red signal, a measured blue signal and a

measured green signal, preferably, as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,965,875, by detecting

differences in absorption length in silicon of different wavelengths of the incident light at each

sensor. This full color imaging array which senses every primary color in every sensor is

operative for capturing a high resolution, high sensitivity, three-color image of a target in a target

imaging mode of operation as compared to the known Bayer CFA.

In accordance with this invention, this imaging array is modified to capture a

monochrome image of an optical code in a reading mode of operation. For reading an optical code, it is not necessary to distinguish among colors in the image. Hence, this invention proposes the mixing and combining of a plurality of the measured signals, for example, the red and the blue

signals, to produce a composite signal which is used to read the optical code. This mixing can be

performed by hardware or software outside the array, or within the array, in both the analog or

digital domain. The composite signal has a higher resolution and a higher sensitivity as compared to known CFA imaging arrays such as CCDs used in optical code readers, because the composite

signal is generated from three measured signals at each pixel sensor, and not from one measured

signal at each pixel sensor.

In a preferred embodiment, the system is mounted in an imaging engine or module

which, in turn, is mounted in a device such as a portable or fixed mount reader, or other form

factor. In the case of a hand-held or finger-mounted reader, it is especially desirable if a manually

operated trigger is used by an operator to switch as desired between the target imaging and reading

modes.

FIG. 1 is an exploded view of a miniature imaging engine of a preferred

embodiment of this invention;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a hand-held optical code reader incorporating the

imaging engine of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a sectional view of another hand-held optical code reader incorporating

the imaging engine of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is an electrical circuit equivalent of a known pixel sensor of a full color

imaging array in accordance with the prior art;

FIG. 5 is an electrical circuit depicting one embodiment of an image capture system

in accordance with this invention; FIG. 6 is an electrical circuit depicting another embodiment of an image capture system in accordance with this invention;

FIG. 7 is an electrical circuit depicting still another embodiment of an image

capture system in accordance with this invention; and

FIG. 8 is an electrical circuit depicting yet another embodiment of an image capture

system in accordance with this invention.

Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 illustrates an optical code imaging engine

10 of a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The figure is an exploded view illustrating

certain optical paths and subsystems of the imaging engine. As shown, the imaging engine includes various circuit boards, optical elements and chassis elements. A packaged image sensor

array 12 is located on an image sensor board 14. The image sensor board 14 may also contain

image acquisition circuitry associated with the image sensor array 12. In a preferred embodiment, the imaging array 12 has a window 16 through which an incident image is received. The array

converts the incident light into electrical signals which are processed as described below. A

suitable array is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,965,875, the contents of which are incorporated

herein by reference thereto.

A line 18 indicates the principal optical axis of the image sensor array 12 of the

imaging engine 10. The principal optical axis 18 passes through an optical baffle 20 into an

objective lens assembly 22 having the same principal optical axis as the system as a whole. The

optical axis 18 then passes to the window 16 of the array 12.

In operation, a field of view of the imaging engine is imaged by the image sensor

array 12. More particularly, light from the field of view passes through the optical baffle 20 and into the lens assembly 22 which focuses the light on the surface of the array. An array of cells or pixel sensors each having three photosensors produce electronic signals corresponding to a two-

dimensional array of pixel information for a target image. Each pixel sensor is operative for

measuring each of three primary colors of the incident light at the same location in the array as

the respective sensor to obtain a measured red signal, a measured blue signal and a measured green

signal for each sensor, as described below in more detail.

The image sensor board 14 carrying the array 12 and the lens assembly 22 is

mounted on chassis member 24. A second chassis member 26, together with the first chassis

member, forms a rigid body for the imaging engine.

The imaging engine 10 is provided with an aiming system which will be described

in connection with an optical path 28. Light for the aiming system is provided by an aiming beam

generator assembly 30 which includes a laser diode 32 and a torroidal lens 34. An aiming laser beam 36 emanates from the generator assembly and is reflected by a folding mirror 38 through a

diffractive optical element 40. The diffractive element 40 creates diverging beamlets which follow

a path indicated by the numeral 42 (the path 42 has been stretched in the y-axis direction as

indicated by the broken lines 43 in order to facilitate the rendering of an exploded view in FIG.

1). The diverging beamlets from the aiming system exit the imaging engine through a front face

of the imaging engine at a window 44 in the optical baffle element 20. The location of the

diffractive element 40 near the front face of the imaging engine permits a reduction in size of the engine, because space does not have to be provided within the engine for beamlet divergence.

Dimension A indicates an offset between the principal optical axis 18 of the lens assembly 22 and the beamlet path 28 which is the principal optical axis of the aiming system at the point where the aiming beamlets exit the imaging engine. The dimension A in preferred embodiments is less than V2", for example 5 mm.

An illumination source 46 for the imaging engine 10 is provided in preferred

embodiments of the present invention. An illumination printed circuit board 48 carries light

emitting diodes. A lenslet plate 50 forms the external front face of the imaging engine. Light

from laser diodes on the illumination printed circuit board 48 passes through the lenslet plate 50

and provides an illumination field for the imaging engine. Power for the illumination printed

circuit board is provided from the power supply board 52. Power for the other electronic

components of the imaging engine including the image sensor board may also be provided by the

power supply board 52.

The imaging engine, when assembled, forms an extremely compact unit, typically measuring 1 " x 1.5 " x 0.75 " in size and about 1.25 cubic inches in volume. The compact unit can

conveniently fit within optical readers of various form factors, such as hand-held reader 54 of FIG.

2 which includes a housing 56 having a generally elongated handle or hand grip 58 and an upper portion 60 for housing the imaging engine 10. The front face of the imaging engine appears at the

forward end of the upper portion of the hand-held optical code reader 54. The cross sectional

dimensions and overall size of the handle portion 58 are such that the optical code reader can

conveniently be held in the user's hand. The body and the handle portions may be constructed of

a lightweight resilient shock-resistant self-supporting material such as a synthetic plastic material.

The plastic housing may be injection molded but can be vacuum formed or blow-molded to form a thin hollow shell which bounds an interior space whose volume is sufficient to contain the

imaging engine 10 and other components. A manually actuatable trigger 62 is mounted in moving relationship on the handle

portion 58 in a forward facing region of the optical code reader. The user's forefinger is normally used to actuate the optical code reader by depressing the trigger. A flexible electrical cable 64

may be provided to connect the optical code reader to components of the code reading system.

In alternative embodiments, the cable may also provide electrical power to the imaging engine 10.

In preferred embodiments, the cable 64 is connected to a host device or system 65 which receives

decoded data from the optical code reader. In alternative embodiments, a decode module 66 may

be provided exterior to the optical code reading engine 10. In such an embodiment, decoded data from the decode module 66 may be transmitted to further host device processing equipment and

terminals represented generally by the box at numeral 68.

FIG. 3 is a sectional view of another preferred embodiment of a hand-held optical

code reader 54' in accordance with preferred embodiments of the present invention showing the location of the imaging engine 10. This embodiment is battery powered and wireless. A decoding

board 72 (including the microprocessor) may be provided external to the imaging engine 10.

A trigger or handle circuit board 70 is located in the handle portion 58 ' of the hand¬

held optical code reader. The trigger board is electrically connected to switch means associated

with the trigger 62 of the hand-held device and processes signals indicative of the operator's depressing of the trigger 62 in order to initiate, or continue, reading of optical codes.

In addition to circuitry associated with the trigger, the handle of the optical code

reader of FIG. 3 may contain a radio frequency board 74 and antenna 76 which provide a mobile

radio link to one or more data terminals. Electrical power for the optical code reader 54' may be provided by battery 78. An infrared data interface (IRDA) 79 or multicontact shoe (not shown) may also be provided to communicate data between the optical code reader and an external receiver or docking device, respectively.

Imaging engine electronic hardware includes two major electrical subsystems: an

imaging subsystem and a decoding subsystem. The imaging subsystem includes an imaging array,

analog-to-digital converter, timing generator, automatic gain control (AGC) circuit and the

peripheral circuits to control the above components. The decoding subsystem is constructed

around a microprocessor unit. In preferred embodiments the microprocessor is an IBM

manufactured PoweredPC (403 Series). The PowerPC is a 32 bit RISC embedded controller

which provides high performance and functional integration with low power consumption. Other

components of the decoding subsystem include a flash ROM, DRAM, 1/0 (8 bit bidirectional parallel port, 16 user/system single bit I/O's) and required glue logic.

Turning now to FIG. 4, an electrical circuit equivalent is illustrated of the basic

structure of each pixel sensor of the array 12. Each sensor measures a blue voltage signal N_B, a green voltage signal V_G and a red voltage signal N_R. The corresponding photocurrents are I_B, I_G

and I_R. The corresponding capacitances are C_B, C_G and C_R. The three measured voltage signals

of each sensor are processed to produce a full, three-color image of a target during a target

imaging mode of operation, as is conventional, for example, in the operation of a digital camera

in taking a color picture of an object, person, scene, or like target. The full color image has a high resolution and sensitivity due in part to the fact that each sensor measures three different

colors, as opposed to measuring only one color at each sensor as is the case for the Bayer CFA.

To provide this same high resolution and high sensitivity during a reading mode of

operation in which optical codes are imaged, this invention proposes the combining or mixing of a plurality of the measured color signals to produce a composite, monochrome, or gray-scale

signal V_M. More particularly, an analysis of the circuit of FIG. 4 leads to the following

relationships between output voltages and photocurrents:

ΔN_B = -I_BC_BΔt

ΔN_G = (I_B + I_G)C_GΔt

ΔN_R = -(I_R + I_G)C_RΔt Algebraic manipulation of the above expressions leads to the following expression:

N_M = ΔV_B + ΔN_R = -(I_G + I_B + I_R)ΔtC_BC_R/(C_B + C_R)

Thus, summing the voltage signals from the red and blue photodiodes of each sensor yields a quantity proportional to the three photocurrents. This quantity is suitable for measuring the

monochrome signal for a gray scale image of an optical code. This monochrome signal comprised of a composite of the measured color signals is generated at each sensor and, thus, the resulting

processed gray-scale image has a higher resolution, a higher sensitivity and a higher signal-to-

noise ratio as compared to prior art CFA CCD-based sensor arrays in which only one color signal

is measured at each sensor.

FIG. 5 depicts a voltage summation amplifier 80 that sums the measured, blue and

red, analog voltage signals from each sensor to produce the monochrome signal N_M. FIG. 5

shows the sensor circuit of FIG. 4 together with the standard reset and select line circuits, as well

as the standard bias circuits to the current sources for each color.

FIG. 6 is analogous to FIG. 5, but a pair of transconductance amplifiers 82, 84 is used to convert the measured, blue and red, analog voltage signals to corresponding current signals, and then to sum the current signals. The output voltage N_M is proportional to the grayscale intensity.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing analog-to-digital converters 86, 88, 90 for

respectively converting the measured, analog, blue, green and red signals to digital form, and then

digitally combining them in a summing circuit 92. The digital composite signal V_M is a weighted

sum of the three colors. The weighting factors for each color are the same or different. FIG. 7

is especially useful when integrated on the same integrated circuit chip as the imaging array.

FIG. 8 is a circuit that also produces a digital composite signal, but employing a

separate ASIC chip. As before, the converters 86, 88, 90 on the same chip 100 as the imaging

array produce respective digital, blue, green and red signals. These signals are fed to a multiplexer (MUX) 94 which is, in turn, connected to a demultiplexer (DEMUX) 96 on a different ASIC chip 102. The outputs of the DEMUX are fed to respective blue, green and red registers

104, 106, 108 whose outputs are, in turn, fed to a summing circuit 92 which produces the digital

monochrome signal.

In all embodiments , the generation of the composite signal from the individual color

signals does not destroy the integrity of the color signals. The individual color signals can be used to process the full color image in the target imaging mode, and the composite signal can be

separately produced and used to process the gray-scale or black-and-white image in the reading

mode. The selection of the modes can be manually performed by, for example, depressing the

trigger 62 once or twice, or pressing and holding the trigger longer than a predetermined time, or employing a two-position trigger, or employing two distinct triggers. Mode selection can also be performed automatically by programming a register or producing an electrical trigger signal upon the occurrence of a predefined event. In another embodiment, the composite signal can be

generated from only one of the measured signals, for example, the red signal.

Still another application of the use of the above-described imaging array is in the

field of direct part mark readers. It is known to use glancing illumination from several directions

to obtain image contrast. Performance can be enhanced by enabling the simultaneous capture of

three independent images.

Thus, the use of a full color image array enables the acquisition of three images by

using three separate colors (red, green and blue). Three banks of light emitting diodes (LEDs)

are switched on to illuminate an optical code from three different directions. Since the array

separates the colors, the images from the three banks of LEDs are acquired simultaneously, thereby decreasing the known image acquisition time, typically 30 ms, by a factor of 2/3.

While the invention has been illustrated and described as embodied in an image

capture system and method, it is not intended to be limited to the details shown, since various

modifications and structural changes may be made without departing in any way from the spirit

of the present invention.