Method and apparatus for locating non-visible objects

0001This invention relates to locating non-visible objects, particularly though not exclusively for the purpose of identifying the position of a non-visible object prior to carrying out a mechanical processing step in the vicinity of the object so located.

0002There are many situations where it is desired to locate something accurately, although the item in question is not visible. A simple example is to locate the position of a load-bearing member in a partition wall made of a wooden frame to either side of which sheets of plasterboard are attached. If it is desired to fix something to the wall, e.g. using a hook, it is necessary to ensure that the hook, e.g. screwed into the wall, goes into part of the tim ber support rather than into the plasterboard, from which it will be easily removed when a load is applied because plasterboard is not particularly strong. Conventional methods, such as tapping the wall with a knuckle to determine the location of the supporting wooden frame members do not give particularly accurate results and require skill. Making a pilot hole through the plasterboard and inserting a piece of bent wire through it into the cavity likewise is not easy to carry out simply, and although location, e.g. using a small magnet, of the usually iron nails which hold the plasterboard to the wooden structure can be employed, again the results tend to be rather inaccurate, although this last approach does have the advantage of avoiding trying to insert a hook where there is already a nail underneath. <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="US5917314A"><text>US-A-5917314</text></patcit> discloses a capacitative sensing system for finding wall studs, while <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="US5434500A"><text>US-A-5434500</text></patcit> describes a system for marking a position on a partition precisely opposite a selected position of the other side against which a magnetic field generator is held.

0003These systems are useful in the building trades, but are not adapted for use in situations where dimensions are subject to tight tolerance limits, some of wh ich are particularly critical in manufacture. For example, in the manufacture of aircraft, a widely used technique is the application of a metal plate or skin to an underlying frame, for example made of ribs or spars. In order to ensure a firm connection between the skin and the rib or spar, a technique commonly employed is that of fasteni ng the two together, e.g. with a rivet or special fastener. In order to do this, apertures in the skin and the rib or spar need to coincide and this coincidence needs to be particularly accurate since if there is inaccuracy, rivetting may be rendered more difficult, or even impossible and inadequately-fitting or mis-applied rivets can become loosened when the aircraft is in service leading to potentially catastrophic failure. Accordingly, the requirements for accurate matching of the hole in the skin with the hole in the rib or spar are very stringent and the penalty for inadequate accuracy may well be the failure of the finished assembly to meet the required rigorous safety standards, leading to the entire assembly having to be recycled. Although if the rib or spar has pre-formed holes, it is notionally possible to use each of those holes as su ccessive guides for making holes in an applied skin, this is usually awkward and sometimes practically impossible for reasons of space, and inaccuracies creep in. Additionally, drilling a hole through the skin from inside does not always provide accurate alignment of the hole in the skin, so that its axis runs exactly perpendicular to the surface of the skin. This is a particular problem where the skin is varying in thickness, e.g. tapering from a thick to thin section. Working from the outside, however, i.e. working with the skin between the operator and the spar or rib means that the positions of the holes cannot be seen. Attempts to use templates to overcome this have not been successful. Document <patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="EP1132164A"><text>EP1132164</text></patcit> discloses a method for installing fasteners in large air frame structures.

0004The present invention seeks to provide an apparatus for the detection of a non-visible object, quickly and very accurately. It should be noted that the term "object" as used herein is intended to cover a very wide variety of possibilities, including, in particular, a hole.

0005Accordingly broadly to the present invention, there is provided a method according to claim 1.

0006Using such an approach, the location of the object behind the opaque surface can be rapidly and easily determined and when the displacement is a minimum, the machining gu ide is then located adjacent the surface at that point of the surface immediately and centrally overlying the object in question. The position of the array and machining guide can then be fixed, by locking the array on the surface, whereafter the machining guide, for example a guide tube, can then be used to guide, e.g. a drill to make a hole in the opaque surface precisely located relative to the non-visible object. Locking of the array on to the surface can occur via vacuum pads.

0007The present invention accordingly also provides apparatus according to claim 3.

0008The base member is preferably adapted to be moved across the surface to enable the machining guide to be aligned with the object. The apparatus includes fixing means adapted to lock the relative position of the base member and the object relative to one another. Preferably the means for analysing includes a visual display means adapted to indicate the location of the object relative to the array of sensors, and accordingly to indicate when the array is positioned with the machining guide associated therewith located closest to the non-visible object.

0009The present invention is pa rticularly valuable in the technical area of locating holes, particularly, though not exclusively, in the technical field mentioned above, i.e. in fitt ing an opaque metal skin on to underlying supporting members in aircraft construction. While it is theoretically poss ible to detect the presence of a hole in an underlying spar or strut because the physical properties of the hole differ from that of the surrounding material defining the hole, appropriate sensors can be expensive and the usually necessary alignment and calibration of an array of them can be complex. In this particular application of the method of the present invention, however, a simple and highly effective approach is to put a magnet in the hole itself, or locate one relative to the Hall effect sensors and locate a ferromagnetic material, e.g. a soft iron disc, in the hole.

0010Conventional alloys used for aircraft construction are predominantly aluminium alloys which are non-ferromagnetic, so the use of a small cylindrical magnet enables very clear and defined signals to be obtained from an array of Hall effect sensors, even if the skin is thick, e.g. up to 70 mm thick. Other materials may be even thicker - e.g. carbon fibre composites 70 mm or more thick.

0011As noted above, the object to be located behind the opaque skin is a hole in the spar. However, the object may be, fo r example, a magnet located relative to an (unbored) spar using an appropriate jig, so that when e.g. a bore is drilled using the machining guide, it is drilled through both skin and spar, but at the desired position on the spar-

0012The array of sensors is customarily a symmetrical array about the machining guide. The number and positioning of the sensors in the array may be varied depend ing upon the degree of precision required as well as on the type of sensor. A particularly preferred approach is to use a cruciform array of sensors with a plurality of sensors located spaced along the arms of a notional cross, the machining guide then being located at the centre point of the intersection between those arms, as this needs only relatively straightforward data processing of the sensor signals. However, in appropriate circumstances, the array may be more complex, e.g. 16 sensors x 16 sensors arranged in a square grid, or one or more concentric circles. The processing of the data set from the sensors may then be more complex, but the accuracy of positional detection may be greater.

0013The visual display providing an indication of the location of the object relative to the location of the array is preferably compact and easy to understand. A particularly preferred form of display is that of a computer-driven flat display screen on which are represented in appropriate symbolic fashion the location of the object and the location of the machining guide. By moving the array and machining guide, the graphic representations on the screen may be made to coincide. The display screen may, for example, form part of a conventional laptop computer, or a hand-held computing device, often referred to as a PDA. In either case, by combining appropriate programming and interface electronics, the signals from the individual sensors in the array may be processed using known techniques to produce the indication on screen. By appropriate programming, sophisticated features may be introduced rendering the apparatus easier to use, for example automatic re-scaling of the display as the machining guide and object approach coincidence as the array is moved. When the array is first placed on or against the opaque surface, the location of the object may be displayed relative to the location of the entire array, and as the array is moved to bring machining guide and object into close alignment, so the display may be reset automatically to concentrate only on the narrow area around the machining guide, even though the signals from the entire array may still be used as desired to calculate the relative positions of array and object.

0014Once coincidence has been achieved by moving the array relative to the object, it is desirable to fix the two tem porarily in position one relative to the other in order to allow the machining guide to be used, e.g. fo r acting as a positioning jig to enable a mechanical process to be carried out on the opaque surface, for example drilling a hole at the position so identified. For this purpose, the apparatus may include means for temporarily fixing the array in a position on the opaque surface, by atta ching it via actuatable vacuum pads thereto.

0015The use of vacuum pads is particularly recommended in cases where the opaque surface is not horizontal, a state of affairs often encountered in the assembly of e.g. large aircraft or aircraft components. In such a case, the base carrying the array of sensors is preferably equipped with vacuum pads which can be subjected to reduced pressure at two discrete levels, one level providing a sufficient holding force to attach the base member of the array to the surface sufficiently loosely that it can still be moved around relative the reto, and a stronger holding level at which the base member holding the array of sensors is essentially firmly clamped in fixed position against the opaque surface. Vacuum fixation (or other fixing means) may also be conveniently used to locate a display unit, parti cularly where the display unit is PDA, on a portion of the opaque surface close to the portion under which the object is located. Operating in this way is possible rapidly to locate, e.g. holes in a spar underneath an opaque wing skin to an adequate degree of precision.

0016The accuracy of performance of apparatus as just described is clearly susceptible to deterioration on account of sensor ageing. This problem can be alleviated by providing, for use with the sensor array, some form of standard template of known responsiveness and having means to enable the base member carrying the sensor array to be accurately and repeatably coordinated to the template. Using appropriate software programming, the individual sensor responses can be interrogated when the array is positioned on the template and the actual responses compared with those which should theoretically be produced, or which have been produced using the same set-up but in the past, with the current values. The programming of the data capture and analysis software may be such as to enable automatic corrections to be applied to compensate for sensor drift or loss of sensitivity.

0017By way of further explanation of the invention, and by way of illustrating how it can be put into practical use, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, in which: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none"><li><figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> is a diagrammatic illustration of a section through a sensor array located adjacent an opaque metallic skin in turn located adjacent a pre-drilled spar;</li><li><figref idref="f0001">Figure 2</figref> is a diagram show ing two alternative approaches to providing the variable strength magnetic field;</li><li><figref idref="f0002">Figure 3</figref> is a diagrammatic perspective view showing apparatus in accordance with the invention in use, and</li><li><figref idref="f0003">Figure 4</figref> is a block diagram showing the electronics arrangements in the apparatus.</li></ul>

0018Referring to <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>, this shows in extremely diagrammatic form, how the present invention may be applied to the detection of holes in a spar on the far side of a metal cladding sheet. For the sake of simplicity, only one hole is shown in the flat portion of a spar generally indicated at 1, the hole being denoted 2. As shown, a plate 3 (for example an alloy skin for a wing) which is to be attached to the spar is placed against it.

0019In order to enable detection of the position of the hole 2, a magnet assembly 4 set in a suitable mounting is located relative to the hole 2 from below as shown in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>.

0020Located on top of plate 3 as shown in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> is a sensor array gene rally indicated at 10. This array consists of a base member having a generally flat undersurface in which is set a cruciform array of sixteen Hall effect sensors 12. As seen in the drawing, eight of the sensors 12 are seen spaced to either side of a central sensor 12. The eight are aligned in a row and the central sensor 12 is, counting from the end of the row of sensors perpendicular to the p lane of the drawing, the fourth one. Reference number 14 denotes the wall of a cylindrical aperture in the middle of the array.

0021As wiii be appreciated, the end of the magnet assembly 4 inserted into hole 2 is the centre location of a generally symmetric magnetic field having its maximum located in terms of the upper surface of plate 3 at the point on that upper surface wh ich is precisely aligned with the axis of hole 2. At points on the upper surface of plate 3 more remote from that point, the magnetic field strength is less. The magnetic field strength at any point on the surface can be measured using a Hall effect sensor.

0022The Hall effect sensors 12 are connected via a suitable signal-carrying cable 16 to an evaluation electronics, for example in the form of a laptop computer or PDA.

0023It will readily be appreciated that if the array 10 is located as shown in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> with the hole 14 located coaxially with the hole 2, then the magnetic field strength will be greatest and of equal value at the positions of the Hall sensors radially closest to aperture 14, with the field strength detected by each of the sensors more remote from aperture 14 being less, and being lowest at the outermost ones.

0024If the array 10 is shifted from its position in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>, the field strengths will vary at the individual sensors 12 and the signals from them can be appropriately analysed to work out how far the axis of aperture 14 then deviates from the axis of hole 2. By moving assembly 10 to minimise that deviation, the aperture 14 may be aligned with hole 2 essentially seen from above as shown in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>. Aperture 14 may then, for example, have a drilling guide inserted into it, or, for example, a marking implement of some type so as to identify that point on the upper surface of plate 3 which lies on the axis of hole 2.

0025<figref idref="f0001">Figure 2</figref> shows diagrammatically two different ways of operating the system. Each can be used depending on the particular task involved.

0026The system shown on the left of the drawing corresponds to the operation as illustrated in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>, with a magnet 4 one side of an opaque sheet 3, for example an aluminium alloy skin for an aircraft wing, and the Hall effect sensor 12 located on the other.

0027However, the system may also be operated the "other way round", as shown on the right of <figref idref="f0001">Figure 2</figref>. In that alternative, a magnet 5 can be located behind the Hall effect sensor 12, with a ferromagnetic diffuser plate 6 located between them. The magnetic field below Hall effect sensor 12 as seen in the drawing is affected by a ferromagnetic "target" piece 8 located the other side of skin 3. This may be a piece of ferromagnetic material such as soft iron or, for example, a disk or slug of moulded plastics material loaded with iron powder or filings. This latter approach is of particular value in locating holes so that a bo re concentric therewith may be drilled from above as seen in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 2</figref>. Each hole in e.g. an ai rcraft wing spar, may- have su ch a plastics slug fitted into it, and these then drop out or are drilled out each time a bore is made through the opaque sheet of material following the location of the hole and fixation of the base member carrying the Hall effect sensor array, the machining guide, and, in this case, the magnets 5.

0028Referring now to <figref idref="f0002">Figure 3</figref>, th is is a diagrammatic illustration of apparatus in accordance with the invention which is to be used to locate holes 22 in a pre-drilled aircraft wing spar 20 when it is located behind an aluminium skin 21 which is to be fixed to spar 20 by means of rives. Each rivet needs to pass through a hole made in skin 21 and through one of the pre-drilled holes 22 in spar 20.

0029The apparatus consists basically of a main pneumatics and power supp ly equipment box 30, a movable drilling guide 31 which, as can be seen, is held against the skin 21, and which contains the electronics described below and a display unit at a housing 32. Box 30 has a suitable power supply lead 37 for connecting to a source of electrical power.

0030On the underside of the unit 31 and accordingly not visible in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 2</figref>, is an array of Hall effect sensors. These surround a drilling guide tube 33 in an appropriate arrangement, for example cruciform, though other arrangements can be contemplated.

0031Unit 31 also carries a couple of vacuum line switches 34 and 35 which can be actuated by the user of the system to hold unit 31 very firmly against skin 21, i.e. in fixed position relative thereto, and which can be adjusted to release the vacuum slightly so that unit 31 can be moved around on skin 21. Umbilical lead 36 provides air and power to unit 31 from box 30.

0032Before using the apparatus, to locate one of the holes 22 not visible behind skin 21, a magnet is placed in one of the holes 22 so that a symmetrical magnetic field spreads out through the skin 21 and its field strength can be detected adjacent the surface of skin 21 visible in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 2</figref> by mean s of the Hall effect sensors on th e underside of unit 31. Those sensors are connected to processing electronics located in unit 31.

0033By appropriate processing of the signals received from the individua I Hall effect sensors in the array on the underside of unit 31, the location of the maximum magnetic field strength point can be found and, more particularly, displayed on a simple screen display 40 set in housing 32. Display 40 can be a PDA and housing 32 a docking station. Housing 32 may be affixed by means of a suction cup to the visible side of ski n 21 at any convenient point. Fixture is effected by a suction cup actuation lever 41 on housing 32 and the display 40 is connected via a signal cable 44 with the electronics in unit 31. As can be seen on display 40, the display consists of a pair of con centric circles 45, 46 and a (fixed) vertical and horizontal crossbar structure 47. The electronics are arranged to show on the screen the position of the point of maximum magnetic field strength. The crossbar structure 47 is positioned such that it corresponds to the drilling aperture 33, i.e. as unit 31 is moved, so concentric circles 45 and 46 on the display move likewise. It is accordingly very straightforward, with unit 32 stationary but unit 31 being movable, to move unit 31 into a position where the smaller circle 45 is precisely central relative to the crossbar structure 47. The positioning is easy and intuitive and analogous to align ing the target with the crosshairs in a telescopic rifle sight.

0034Once this coincidence has been achieved, unit 31 may then be clamped firmly in position on skin 21 and aperture 33 used as a drilling guide enabling a bore to be made in skin 21 which is precisely perpendicular to the surface of skin 21 and which is precisely coincident with the bore 22 in spar 20 which carried the magnet duri ng the positioning process. The bore may accordingly be made, unit 31 taken out of the way, a rivet inserted and fixed in position, and the process then repeated for the purpose of drilling the next hole in skin 21 to align with the next aperture 22 in the rib.

0035<figref idref="f0003">Figure 4</figref> shows a basic diagram of the electronics used in the apparatus shown in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 3</figref>.

0036The dashed boxes in <figref idref="f0003">Figure 4</figref> indicate which parts of the system are housed in unit 31, which on housing 32 and which are housed in box 30. An input voltage supply fed via lead 37 is fed via a suitable protection unit against over-voltage and over-current to a power supply unit 50. The protection unit 50 protects the power supply denoted 51 from any transients and reverse polarity problems. The power supply unit 51 is basically designed to generate stable analogue digital power supplies for use with the Hall effect sensor array in unit 31 and to provide a system voltage for powering the digital processing electronics itself.

0037Located on the output side of power supply unit 51 is a power supply supervisor unit 52 which is used to monitor the sensor voltage supply and to indicate, for example by flashing up a message on display 40, if there is a problem.

0038Turning now to the Hall effect sensor array, this is denoted 55 in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 3</figref> and the outputs of the individual sensors in the array are fed to a multiplexer 56 and signal conditioning board 57 which is provided with the necessary electronics to clean and stabilise the Hall effect sensor voltage measured. The signal corresponding to the voltage selected by multiplexer 56 is fed to a high resolution analogue/digital converter 58 to provide a digital signal corresponding to the Hall effect sensor voltage and this is fed in turn into a digital signal processing unit 59 which stores and processes the digital voltage signals corresponding to each of the Hall effect sensors in turn. By appropriate programming, this can then calculate the position of the centre of the magnetic field relative to the array itself and it can provide that information via a serial communication interface 60 to the display 40 located on housing 32. As noted with respect to <figref idref="f0002">Figure 3</figref>, this graphical display presents the position of the sensor array relative to the mag net in a very easily comprehendible fashion.

0039The electronics also has an output interface 61 which can be used to cont rol any external apparatus, for example a monitoring computer.