Method and apparatus for cooling gas turbine engine rotor blade

0001This application relates generally to gas turbine engines and, more particularly, to methods and apparatus for cooling gas turbine engine rotor assemblies.

0002At least some known rotor assemblies include at least one row of circumferentially-spaced rotor blades. Each rotor blade includes an airfoil that includes a pressure side, and a suction side connected together at leading and trailing edges. Each airfoil extends radially outward from a rotor blade platform. Each rotor blade also includes a dovetail that extends radially inward from a shank extending between the platform and the dovetail. The dovetail is used to mount the rotor blade within the rotor assembly to a rotor disk or spool. Known blades are hollow such that an internal cooling cavity is defined at least partially by the airfoil, platform, shank, and dovetail.

0003During operation, because the airfoil portions of the blades are exposed to higher temperatures than the dovetail portions, temperature mismatches may develop at the interface between the airfoil and the platform, and/or between the shank and the platform. Over time, such temperature differences and thermal strain may induce large compressive thermal stresses to the blade platform. Moreover, over time, the increased operating temperature of the platform may cause platform oxidation, platform cracking, and/or platform creep deflection, which may shorten the useful life of the rotor blade.

0004To facilitate reducing the effects of the high temperatures in the platform region, at least some known rotor blades include a cooling opening formed within the shank. More specifically, within at least some known shanks the cooling opening extends through the shank for providing cooling air into a shank cavity defined radially inward of the platform. However, within known rotor blades, such cooling openings may provide only limited cooling to the rotor blade platforms.

0005<patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="EP1178181A"><text>EP 1178181</text></patcit> describes a turbine blade including an integral airfoil, platform, shank and dovetail, with a pair of holes in tandem extending through the platform and shank in series flow communication with an airflow channel inside the shank. Cooling air discharged through the tandem holes effects multiple, convection, impingement, and film cooling using the same air.

0006The invention resides in a rotor blade for a gas turbine engine and in a gas turbine engine rotor assembly as defined in the appended claims.

0007The invention will now be described in greater detail, by way of example, with reference to the drawings, in which:- <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none"><li><figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> is schematic illustration of a gas turbine engine;</li><li><figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref> is an enlarged perspective view of a rotor blade that may be used with the gas turbine engine shown in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref> is an enlarged perspective view of the rotor blade shown in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref> and viewed from the underside of the rotor blade;</li><li><figref idref="f0004">Figure 4</figref> is a side view of the rotor blade shown in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref> and viewed from the opposite side shown in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0005">Figure 5</figref> illustrates a relative orientation of the circumferential spacing between the rotor blade shown in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref> and other rotor blades when coupled within the gas turbine engine shown in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>; and</li><li><figref idref="f0006">Figure 6</figref> is an alternative embodiment of a rotor blade that may be used with the gas turbine engine shown in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>.</li></ul>

0008<figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> is a schematic illustration of an exemplary gas turbine engine 10 coupled to an electric generator 16. In the exemplary embodiment, gas turbine system 10 includes a compressor 12, a turbine 14, and generator 16 arranged in a single monolithic rotor or shaft 18. In an alternative embodiment, shaft 18 is segmented into a plurality of shaft segments, wherein each shaft segment is coupled to an adjacent shaft segment to form shaft 18. Compressor 12 supplies compressed air to a combustor 20 wherein the air is mixed with fuel supplied via a stream 22. In one embodiment, engine 10 is a 9FA+e gas turbine engine commercially available from General Electric Company, Greenville, South Carolina

0009In operation, air flows through compressor 12 and compressed air is supplied to combustor 20. Combustion gases 28 from combustor 20 propels turbines 14. Turbine 14 rotates shaft 18, compressor 12, and electric generator 16 about a longitudinal axis 30.

0010<figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref> is an enlarged perspective view of a rotor blade 40 that may be used with gas turbine engine 10 (shown in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>) viewed from a first side 42 of rotor blade 40. <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref> is an enlarged perspective view of rotor blade 40 and viewed from the underside of the rotor blade 10, and <figref idref="f0004">Figure 4</figref> is a side view of rotor blade shown in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref> and viewed from an opposite second side 44 of rotor blade 40. <figref idref="f0005">Figure 5</figref> illustrates a relative orientation of the circumferential spacing between circumferentially-spaced rotor blades 40 when blades 40 are coupled within a rotor assembly, such as turbine 14 (shown in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>). In one embodiment, blade 40 is a newly cast blade 40. In an alternative embodiment, blade 40 is a blade 40 that has been used and is retrofitted to include the features described herein. More specifically, when rotor blades 40 are coupled within the rotor assembly, a gap 48 is defined between the circumferentially-spaced rotor blades 40.

0011When coupled within the rotor assembly, each rotor blade 40 is coupled to a rotor disk (not shown) that is rotatably coupled to a rotor shaft, such as shaft 18 (shown in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>). In an alternative embodiment, blades 40 are mounted within a rotor spool (not shown). In the exemplary embodiment, blades 40 are identical and each extends radially outward from the rotor disk and includes an airfoil 60, a platform 62, a shank 64, and a dovetail 66. In the exemplary embodiment, airfoil 60, platform 62, shank 64, and dovetail 66 are collectively known as a bucket.

0012Each airfoil 60 includes first sidewall 70 and a second sidewall 72. First sidewall 70 is convex and defines a suction side of airfoil 60, and second sidewall 72 is concave and defines a pressure side of airfoil 60. Sidewalls 70 and 72 are joined together at a leading edge 74 and at an axially-spaced trailing edge 76 of airfoil 60. More specifically, airfoil trailing edge 76 is spaced chord-wise and downstream from airfoil leading edge 74.

0013First and second sidewalls 70 and 72, respectively, extend longitudinally or radially outward in span from a blade root 78 positioned adjacent platform 62, to an airfoil tip 80. Airfoil tip 80 defines a radially outer boundary of an internal cooling chamber 84 is defined within blades 40. More specifically, internal cooling chamber 84 is bounded within airfoil 60 between sidewalls 70 and 72, and extends through platform 62 and through shank 64 and into dovetail 66.

0014Platform 62 extends between airfoil 60 and shank 64 such that each airfoil 60 extends radially outward from each respective platform 62. Shank 64 extends radially inwardly from platform 62 to dovetail 66, and dovetail 66 extends radially inwardly from shank 64 to facilitate securing rotor blades 40 and 44 to the rotor disk. Platform 62 also includes an upstream side or skirt 90 and a downstream side or skirt 92 which are connected together with a pressure-side edge 94 and an opposite suction-side edge 96. When rotor blades 40 are coupled within the rotor assembly, gap 48 is defined between adjacent rotor blade platforms 62, and accordingly is known as a platform gap.

0015Shank 64 includes a substantially concave sidewall 120 and a substantially convex sidewall 122 connected together at an upstream sidewall 124 and a downstream sidewall 126 of shank 64. Accordingly, shank sidewall 120 is recessed with respect to upstream and downstream sidewalls 124 and 126, respectively, such that when buckets 40 are coupled within the rotor assembly, a shank cavity 128 is defined between adjacent rotor blade shanks 64.

0016In the exemplary embodiment, a forward angel wing 130 and an aft angel wing 132 each extend outwardly from respective shank sides 124 and 126 to facilitate sealing forward and aft angel wing buffer cavities (not shown) defined within the rotor assembly. In addition, a forward lower angel wing 134 also extends outwardly from shank side 124 to facilitate sealing between buckets 40 and the rotor disk. More specifically, forward lower angel wing 134 extends outwardly from shank 64 between dovetail 66 and forward angel wing 130.

0017A cooling circuit 140 is defined through a portion of shank 64 to provide impingement cooling air for cooling platform 62, as described in more detail below. Specifically, cooling circuit 140 includes an impingement cooling opening 142 formed within shank concave sidewall 120 such that bucket internal cooling cavity 84 and shank cavity 128 are coupled together in flow communication. More specifically, opening 142 functions generally as a cooling air jet nozzle and is obliquely oriented with respect to platform 62 such that cooling air channeled through opening 142 is discharged towards a radially inner surface 144 of platform 62 to facilitate impingement cooling of platform 62.

0018In the exemplary embodiment, platform 62 also includes a plurality of film cooling openings 150 extending through platform 62. In an alternative embodiment, platform 62 does not include openings 150. More specifically, film cooling openings 150 extend between a radially outer surface 152 of platform 62 and platform radially inner surface 144. Openings 150 are obliquely oriented with respect to platform outer surface 152 such that cooling air channeled from shank cavity 128 through openings 150 facilitates film cooling of platform radially outer surface 152. Moreover, as cooling air is channeled through openings 150, platform 62 is convectively cooled along the length of each opening 150.

0019To facilitate increasing a pressure within shank cavity 128, in the exemplary embodiment, shank sidewall 124 includes a recessed or scalloped portion 160 formed radially inward from forward lower angel wing 134. In an alternative embodiment, forward lower angel wing 134 does not include scalloped portion 160. Accordingly, when adjacent rotor blades 40 are coupled within the rotor assembly, recessed portion 160 enables additional cooling air flow into shank cavity 128 to facilitate increasing an operating pressure within shank cavity 128. As such, recessed portion 160 facilitates maintaining a sufficient back flow margin for platform film cooling openings 150.

0020In the exemplary embodiment, platform 62 also includes a recessed portion or undercut purge slot 170. In an alternative embodiment, platform 62 does not include slot 170. More specifically, slot 170 is only defined within platform radially inner surface 144 along platform pressure-side edge 94 and extends towards platform radially outer surface 152 between shank upstream and downstream sidewalls 124 and 126. Slot 170 facilitates channeling cooling air from shank cavity 128 through platform gap 48 such that gap 48 is substantially continuously purged with cooling air.

0021In addition, in the exemplary embodiment, a platform undercut or trailing edge recessed portion 178 is defined within platform 62. In an alternative embodiment, platform 62 does not include trailing edge recessed portion 178. Platform undercut 178 is defined within platform 62 between platform radially inner and outer surfaces 144 and 152, respectively. More specifically, platform undercut 178 is defined within platform downstream skirt 92 at an interface 180 defined between platform pressure-side edge 94 and platform downstream skirt 92. Accordingly, when adjacent rotor blades 40 are coupled within the rotor assembly, undercut 178 facilitates improving trailing edge cooling of platform 62.

0022In the exemplary embodiment, a portion 184 of platform 62 is also chamfered along platform suction-side edge 96. In an alternative embodiment, platform 62 does not include chamfered portion 184. More specifically, chamfered portion 184 extends across platform radially outer surface 152 adjacent to platform downstream skirt 92. Accordingly, because chamfered portion 184 is recessed in comparison to platform radially outer surface 152, portion 184 defines an aft-facing step for flow across platform gap 48 such that a heat transfer coefficient across a suction side of platform 62 is facilitated to be reduced. Accordingly, because the heat transfer coefficient is reduced, the operating temperature of platform 62 is also facilitated to be reduced, thus increasing the useful life of platform 62.

0023Shank 64 also includes a leading edge radial seal pin slot 200 and a trailing edge radial seal pin slot 202. Specifically, each seal pin slot 200 and 202 extends generally radially through shank 64 between platform 62 and dovetail 66. More specifically, leading edge radial seal pin slot 200 is defined within shank upstream sidewall 124 adjacent shank convex sidewall 122, and trailing edge radial seal pin slot 202 is defined within shank downstream sidewall 126 adjacent shank convex sidewall 122.

0024Each shank seal pin slot 200 and 202 is sized to receive a radial seal pin 204 to facilitate sealing between adjacent rotor blade shanks 64 when rotor blades 40 are coupled within the rotor assembly. Although leading edge radial seal pin slot 200 is sized to receive a radial seal pin 204 therein, in the exemplary embodiment, when rotor blades 40 are coupled within the rotor assembly, a seal pin 204 is only positioned within trailing edge seal pin slot 202 and slot 200 remains empty. More specifically, because slot 200 does not include a seal pin 204, during operation, slot 200 cooperates with shank scalloped portion 160 to facilitate pressurizing cavity 128 such that a sufficient back flow margin is maintained within shank cavity 128.

0025Trailing edge radial seal pin slot 202 is defined by a pair of opposed axially-spaced sidewalls 210 and 212, and extends radially between dovetail 66 and a radially upper wall 214. In the exemplary embodiment, sidewalls 210 and 212 are substantially parallel within shank downstream sidewall 126, and radially upper wall 214 extends obliquely therebetween. Accordingly, a radial height R₁ of inner sidewall 212 is shorter than a radial height R₂ of outer sidewall 210. As explained in more detail below, oblique upper wall 214 facilitates enhancing the sealing effectiveness of trailing edge seal pin 204. More specifically, during engine operation, sidewall 214 enables pin 204 to slide radially within slot 202 until pin 204 is firmly positioned against sidewall 210. The radial and axial movement of pin 204 within slot 202 facilitates enhancing sealing between adjacent rotor blades 40. Moreover, in the exemplary embodiment, each end 220 and 222 of trailing edge seal pin 204 is rounded to facilitate radial movement of pin 204, and thus also facilitate enhancing sealing between adjacent rotor blade shanks 64.

0026During engine operation, at least some cooling air supplied to blade internal cooling chamber 84 is discharged outwardly through shank opening 142. More specifically, opening 142 is oriented such that air discharged therethrough is directed towards platform 62 for impingement cooling of platform radially inner surface 144. Generally, during engine operation, bucket pressure side 42 generally operates at higher temperatures than rotor blade suction side 44, and as such, during operation, cooling opening 142 facilitates reducing an operating temperature of platform 62.

0027Moreover, airflow discharged from opening 142 is also mixed with cooling air entering shank cavity 128 through shank sidewall recessed portion 160. More specifically, the combination of shank sidewall recessed portion 160 and the empty leading edge radial seal pin slot 200 facilitates maintaining a sufficient back flow margin within shank cavity 128 such that at least a portion of the cooling air within shank 128 may be channeled through platform undercut purge slot 170 and through platform gap 48, and such that a portion of the cooling air may be channeled through film cooling openings 150. As the cooling air is forced outward through slot 170 and gap 48, platform 62 is convectively cooled. Moreover, platform trailing edge recessed portion 178 facilitates reducing an operating temperature of platform 62 within platform downstream skirt 92. In addition, platform 62 is both convectively cooled and film cooled by the cooling air channeled through openings 150.

0028In addition, because platform chamfered portion 184 defines an aft-facing step for flow across platform 62, the heat transfer coefficient across a suction side of platform 62 is also facilitated to be reduced. The combination of opening 142, openings 150, recessed portion 160 and slot 200 facilitate reducing the operating temperature of platform 62 such that thermal strains induced to platform 62 are also reduced.

0029<figref idref="f0006">Figure 6</figref> is an alternative embodiment of a rotor blade 300 that may be used with gas turbine engine 10 (shown in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>). Rotor blade 300 is substantially similar to rotor blade 40 (shown in <figref idref="f0002 f0003 f0004 f0005">Figures 2-5</figref>) and components in rotor blade 300 that are identical to components of rotor blade 40 are identified in <figref idref="f0006">Figure 6</figref> using the same reference numerals used in <figref idref="f0002 f0003 f0004 f0005">Figures 2-5</figref>. Accordingly, blade 300 includes airfoil 60, platform 62, shank 64, and dovetail 66.

0030Within rotor blade 300, platform 62 includes a plurality of convection cooling openings 302 which extend through at least a portion of platform 62. More specifically, each opening 302 couples internal cooling chamber 84 with platform 62. Openings 302 are oriented approximately parallel to platform radially outer surface 152 such that cooling air channeled from cooling chamber 84 is discharged through platform 62 to facilitate convective cooling of platform 62 within a central or middle region 306 of platform 62.

0031The above-described rotor blades provide a cost-effective and highly reliable method for supplying cooling air to facilitate reducing an operating temperature of the rotor blade platform. More specifically, through convective cooling flow, film cooling, and impingement cooling, thermal stresses induced within the platform, and the operating temperature of the platform is facilitated to be reduced. Accordingly, platform oxidation, platform cracking, and platform creep deflection is also facilitated to be reduced. As a result, the rotor blade cooling circuit facilitates extending a useful life of the rotor assembly and improving the operating efficiency of the gas turbine engine in a cost-effective and reliable manner.

0032Exemplary embodiments of rotor blades and rotor assemblies are described above in detail. The rotor blades are not limited to the specific embodiments described herein, but rather, components of each rotor blade may be utilized independently and separately from other components described herein. For example, each rotor blade cooling circuit component can also be used in combination with other rotor blades, and is not limited to practice with only rotor blade 40 as described herein. Rather, the present invention can be implemented and utilized in connection with many other blade and cooling circuit configurations. For example, it should be recognized by one skilled in the art, that the platform impingement opening can be utilized with various combinations of platform cooling features including film cooling openings, platform scalloped portions, platform recessed trailing edge slots, shank recessed portions, and/or platform chamfered portions.