Apparatus for surgical navigation

FIELD

0001The present invention relates generally to navigated surgery, and more specifically, to systems and methods for using instruments and systems to assist in navigating surgical procedures in internal body structures.

BACKGROUND

0002Image guided medical and surgical procedures utilize patient images obtained prior to or during a medical procedure to guide a physician performing the procedure. Recent advances in imaging technology, especially in imaging technologies that produce highly-detailed, two, three, and four dimensional images, such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), fluoroscopic imaging (such as with a C-arm device), positron emission tomography (PET), and ultrasound imaging (US) has increased the interest in image guided medical procedures.

0003Typical image guided navigation systems generally require dynamic reference frames to track the position of the patient should patient movement occur during the assisted procedure. The dynamic reference frame is generally affixed to the patient in a generally permanent or immovable fashion. The dynamic reference frame may also be used as a fiducial marker and may, therefore, be attached to the patient during the acquisition of pre-operative images. This enables the image space to be aligned with patient space during the navigated procedure. For example, with relation to a cranial procedure, the dynamic reference frame can be attached to the skull by a bone screw. For other procedures the dynamic reference frame may be fixed to other boney portions also with bone screws. Regardless, the dynamic reference frame may include a portion that is fixed to the patient during the acquisition of the pre-operative images and remains attached until the procedure is complete to insure proper and accurate correlation between image space and patient space. Requiring that the dynamic reference frame be attached to the patient during the time that the pre-acquired images are acquired until the procedure actually takes place may be uncomfortable.

0004The dynamic reference frame may, then be used to assure that images of a patient, such as pre-acquired or atlas images, may be registered to the patient space. Generally this registration also allows for tracking of various instruments during a procedure. The tracked instruments will generally include portions that may be tracked and super-imposed over acquired or modeled images of the patient.

0005Various instruments may be used during an operative procedure that are desired to be tracked. Even if images are acquired, either intra-operatively or pre-operatively, the instrument is generally illustrated, and superimposed on the captured image data to identify the position of the instrument relative to the patient space. Therefore, the instrument may include detectable portions, such as electromagnetic coils or optical detection points, such as LEDs or reflectors, that may be detected by a suitable navigation system.

0006Size considerations generally make it difficult to position the tracking sensors near a portion of the instrument to be positioned within the patient, such as the distal tip. Because of this, the tracking sensors are generally positioned within the handle of the instrument. Therefore, complex calculations and a degree of error may exist to determine the exact position of a distal end of the instrument relative to the position of the detectable sensors. Also the instruments may flex unexpectedly so that the known dimensions are no longer true dimensions of the instrument. Therefore, it may be desirable to provide sensors substantially near the distal tip or end of an instrument positioned within a patient.

0007The tracking of various sensor portions, such as electromagnetic coils, may require the transmission of a current or a voltage to or from the sensors. Therefore, an electrical potential is provided to an instrument that is often positioned within a portion of the patient's anatomy, which may include various portions such as the cardiac area, neurological area, and other areas of the patient. In order to provide separation of these potentials from the patient, it may also be desirable to isolate the potentials from the patient.

0008Document <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="US6381485B"><text>US 6,381,485</text></patcit> discloses a registration system according to the preamble of claim 1 including at least one fiducial marker and a magnetic field sensor which may be attached to the fiducial marker. Documents <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="US6161032A"><text>US 6,161,032</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="US20010044578A"><text>US 2001/0044578</text></patcit> relate to other types of surgery related localization sensor systems.

SUMMARY

0009A surgical navigation system for navigating a region of a patient includes a non-invasive dynamic reference frame and/or fiducial marker, sensor tipped instruments, and isolator circuits. The dynamic reference frame may be repeatably placed on the patient in a non-invasive manner and in a precise location for guiding the instruments. The instruments may be precisely guided by positioning sensors near moveable portions of the instruments. The patient may be electrically isolated from various sources of current during the procedure.

0010A surgical navigation system having a substantially minimally invasive dynamic reference frame according to the present invention is defined in claim 1.

0011Further areas of applicability will become apparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. It should be understood that the detailed description and various examples, while indicating various embodiments, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the description or the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0012The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein:

0013<figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref> is a diagram of a navigation system according to various teachings of the present invention;

0014<figref idref="f0002">Figs. 2A and 2B</figref> are diagrams representing undistorted and distorted views from a fluoroscopic C-arm imaging device;

0015<figref idref="f0003">Fig. 3</figref> is a top perspective view of a non-invasive dynamic reference frame according to various embodiments;

0016<figref idref="f0003">Fig. 4</figref> is a cross-sectional view of the non-invasive dynamic reference frame of <figref idref="f0003">Fig. 3</figref>;

0017<figref idref="f0003">Fig. 5</figref> is an environmental application of the non-invasive dynamic reference frame of <figref idref="f0003">Fig. 3</figref>;

0018<figref idref="f0004">Fig. 6</figref> is a sensor bobbin that may be used in the non-invasive dynamic reference frame of <figref idref="f0003">Fig. 3</figref>;

0019<figref idref="f0004">Fig. 7</figref> is an environmental view of another non-invasive dynamic reference frame according to various embodiments;

0020<figref idref="f0004">Fig. 8</figref> is an environmental view of another non-invasive dynamic reference frame according to various embodiments

0021<figref idref="f0005">Fig. 9</figref> is an exploded perspective view of another non-invasive dynamic reference frame according to various embodiments;

0022<figref idref="f0006">Fig. 10A</figref> is a side elevational view of a stylet;

0023<figref idref="f0006">Fig. 10B</figref> is a detail interior view of a connection portion of the stylet of <figref idref="f0006">Fig. 10A</figref>;

0024<figref idref="f0007">Fig. 11</figref> is a cross-sectional view of a probe including a navigation sensor;

0025<figref idref="f0007">Fig. 12</figref> is an enlarged view of the probe about circle 12 in <figref idref="f0007">Fig. 11</figref>;

0026<figref idref="f0008">Fig. 13</figref> is a cross-sectional view of a suction instrument;

0027<figref idref="f0008">Fig. 14</figref> is an enlarged view about the circle 14 of <figref idref="f0008">Fig. 13</figref>;

0028<figref idref="f0009">Fig. 15</figref> is a view of a tip of the stylet of <figref idref="f0005">Fig. 9A</figref>;

0029<figref idref="f0009">Fig. 16</figref> is a cross-sectional view of the stylet tip of <figref idref="f0009">Fig. 15</figref> from circle 16;

0030<figref idref="f0010">Fig. 17</figref> is a method of forming an electromagnetic sensor;

0031<figref idref="f0011">Fig. 18</figref> is a schematic view of an isolator circuit;

0032<figref idref="f0011">Fig. 19</figref> is a detailed partial cross-sectional view of a portion of the patient including a recessed DRF;

0033<figref idref="f0012">Fig. 20</figref> is a perspective view of a DRF including an anti-rotational mechanism;

0034<figref idref="f0012">Fig. 21</figref> is an exploded perspective view of a DRF including an anti-rotational mechanism ;

0035<figref idref="f0012">Fig. 21A</figref> is an elevational environmental detail view of the DRF of <figref idref="f0012">Fig. 21</figref>;

0036<figref idref="f0013">Fig. 22</figref> is an exploded perspective view of a DRF including an anti-rotation mechanism;

0037<figref idref="f0013">Fig. 23</figref> is a perspective view of a DRF including an anti-rotation mechanism;

0038<figref idref="f0013">Fig. 24</figref> is a DRF including an anti-rotation mechanism;

0039<figref idref="f0014">Fig. 25A</figref> is a perspective view of an instrument including a tracking sensor;

0040<figref idref="f0014">Fig. 25B</figref> is a perspective view of an instrument including a tracking sensor;

0041<figref idref="f0015">Fig. 26</figref> is an environmental view of the instrument including a tracking sensor of <figref idref="f0014">Fig. 25A</figref> in use;

0042<figref idref="f0016">Fig. 27A</figref> is a perspective view of a DRF ;

0043<figref idref="f0016">Fig. 27B</figref> is a perspective view of a DRF ;

0044<figref idref="f0017">Fig. 28A-C</figref> is an exemplary use of a DRF ;

0045<figref idref="f0017">Fig. 28D</figref> is a detail environmental view of a use of the DRF of <figref idref="f0016">Fig. 27</figref>;

0046<figref idref="f0018">Fig. 29</figref> is a detail perspective view of a mobile localizer;

0047<figref idref="f0018">Fig. 30</figref> is an environmental view of the mobile localizer of <figref idref="f0018">Fig. 29</figref> in use;

0048<figref idref="f0019 f0020">Figs. 31-33</figref> are flow charts illustrating methods of determining a position of a sensor,

0049<figref idref="f0021">Fig. 34A</figref> is a detail partial cross-sectional view of a portion of anatomy including a scanning element; and

0050<figref idref="f0021">Fig. 34B</figref> is a detail from circle in <figref idref="f0021">Fig. 34A</figref>.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS EMBODIMENTS

0051The following description of various embodiments is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention, its application, or uses. As indicated above, the present invention is directed at providing improved, non-line-of-site image-guided navigation of an instrument, such as a stylet, probe, suction tube, catheter, balloon catheter, implant, lead, stent, needle, guide wire, insert and/or capsule, that may be used for physiological monitoring, delivering a medical therapy, or guiding the delivery of a medical device, orthopedic implant, or soft tissue implant in an internal body space to any region of the body.

0052<figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref> is a diagram illustrating an overview of an image-guided navigation system 10 for use in non-line-of-site navigating of an instrument. It should further be noted that the navigation system 10 may be used to navigate any type of instrument, implant or delivery system, including guide wires, needles, drug delivery systems, cell delivery systems, gene delivery systems, biopsy systems, arthroscopic systems, etc. Moreover, these instruments may be used to navigate or map any regions of the body.

0053The navigation system 10 may include an optional imaging device 12 that is used to acquire pre-, intra-, or post-operative or real-time images of a patient 14. The optional imaging device 12 is, for example, a fluoroscopic x-ray imaging device that may include a C-arm 16 having an x-ray source 18, an x-ray receiving section 20, an optional calibration and tracking target 22 and optional radiation sensors 24. The calibration and tracking target 22 includes calibration markers 26 (see <figref idref="f0002">Figs. 2A-2B</figref>), further discussed herein. A C-arm, or optional imaging device controller 28 captures the x-ray images received at the receiving section 20 and stores the images for later use. The C-arm controller 28 may also be separate from the C-arm 16 and/or control the rotation of the C-arm 16. For example, the C-arm 16 may move in the direction of arrow 30 or rotates about a longitudinal axis 14a of the patient 14, allowing anterior or lateral views of the patient 14 to be imaged. Each of these movements involve rotation about a mechanical axis 32 of the C-arm 16. In this example, the longitudinal axis 14a of the patient 14 is substantially in line with the mechanical axis 32 of the C-arm 16. This enables the C-arm 16 to be rotated relative to the patient 14, allowing images of the patient 14 to be taken from multiple directions or about multiple planes. An example of a fluoroscopic C-arm x-ray that may be used as the optional imaging device 12 is the "Series 9600 Mobile Digital Imaging System," from OEC Medical Systems, Inc., of Salt Lake City, Utah. Other exemplary fluoroscopes include bi-plane fluoroscopic systems, ceiling fluoroscopic systems, cath-lab fluoroscopic systems, fixed C-arm fluoroscopic systems, isocentric C-arm fluoroscopic systems, 3D fluoroscopic systems, etc.

0054In operation, the imaging device 12 generates x-rays from the x-ray source 18 that propagate through the patient 14 and calibration and/or tracking target 22, into the x-ray receiving section 20. The receiving section 20 generates an image representing the intensities of the received x-rays. Typically, the receiving section 20 includes an image intensifier that first converts the x-rays to visible light and a charge coupled device (CCD) video camera that converts the visible light into digital images. Receiving section 20 may also be a digital device that converts x-rays directly to digital images, thus potentially avoiding distortion introduced by first converting to visible light. With this type of digital C-arm, which is generally a flat panel device, the optional calibration and/or tracking target 22 and the calibration process discussed below may be eliminated. Also, the calibration process may be eliminated or not used at all for cardiac therapies. Alternatively, the imaging device 12 may only take a single image with the calibration and tracking target 22 in place. Thereafter, the calibration and tracking target 22 may be removed from the line-of-sight of the imaging device 12.

0055Two dimensional fluoroscopic images that may be taken by the optional imaging device 12 are captured and stored in the C-arm controller 28. Multiple two-dimensional images taken by the imaging device 12 may also be captured and assembled to provide a larger view or image of a whole region of a patient, as opposed to being directed to only a portion of a region of the patient. For example, multiple image data of a patient's leg may be appended together to provide a full view or complete set of image data of the leg that can be later used to follow contrast agent, such as Bolus tracking.

0056These images are then forwarded from the C-arm controller 28 to a navigation computer controller or work station 34 having a display 36 and a user interface 38. It will also be understood that the images are not necessarily first retained in the controller 28, but may also be directly transmitted to the navigation computer 34. The work station 34 provides facilities for displaying on the display 36, saving, digitally manipulating, or printing a hard copy of the received images. The user interface 38, which may be a keyboard, mouse, touch pen, touch screen or other suitable device, allows a physician or user to provide inputs to control the imaging device 12, via the C-arm controller 28, or adjust the display settings of the display 36. The work station 34 may also direct the C-arm controller 28 to adjust the rotational axis 32 of the C-arm 16 to obtain various two-dimensional images along different planes in order to generate representative two-dimensional and three-dimensional images.

0057When the x-ray source 18 generates the x-rays that propagate to the x-ray receiving section 20, the radiation sensors 24 sense the presence of radiation, which is forwarded to the C-arm controller 28, to identify whether or not the imaging device 12 is actively imaging. This information is also transmitted to a coil array controller 48, further discussed herein. Alternatively, a person or physician may manually indicate when the imaging device 12 is actively imaging or this function can be built into the x-ray source 18, x-ray receiving section 20, or the control computer 28.

0058The optional imaging device 12, such as the fluoroscopic C-arm 16, that do not include a digital receiving section 20 generally require the optional calibration and/or tracking target 22. This is because the raw images generated by the receiving section 20 tend to suffer from undesirable distortion caused by a number of factors, including inherent image distortion in the image intensifier and external electromagnetic fields. An empty undistorted or ideal image and an empty distorted image are shown in <figref idref="f0002">Figs. 2A and 2B</figref>, respectively. The checkerboard shape, shown in <figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2A</figref>, represents the ideal image 40 of the checkerboard arranged calibration markers 26. The image taken by the receiving section 20, however, can suffer from distortion, as illustrated by the distorted calibration marker image 42, shown in <figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2B</figref>.

0059Intrinsic calibration, which is the process of correcting image distortion in a received image and establishing the projective transformation for that image, involves placing the calibration markers 26 in the path of the x-ray, where the calibration markers 26 are opaque or semi-opaque to the x-rays. The calibration markers 26 are rigidly arranged in pre-determined patterns in one or more planes in the path of the x-rays and are visible in the recorded images. Because the true relative position of the calibration markers 26 in the recorded images are known, the C-arm controller 28 or the work station or computer 34 is able to calculate an amount of distortion at each pixel in the image (where a pixel is a single point in the image). Accordingly, the computer or work station 34 can digitally compensate for the distortion in the image and generate a distortion-free or at least a distortion improved image 40 (see <figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2A</figref>). A more detailed explanation of exemplary methods for performing intrinsic calibration are described in the references: <nplcit id="ncit0001" npl-type="s"><text>B. Schuele, et al., "Correction of Image Intensifier Distortion for Three-Dimensional Reconstruction," presented at SPIE Medical Imaging, San Diego, California, 1995</text></nplcit>; <nplcit id="ncit0002" npl-type="s"><text>G. Champleboux, et al., "Accurate Calibration of Cameras and Range Imaging Sensors: the NPBS Method," Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Nice, France, May, 1992</text></nplcit>; and <patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="US6118845A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 6,118,845</text></patcit>, entitled "<nplcit id="ncit0003" npl-type="s"><text>System And Methods For The Reduction And Elimination Of Image Artifacts In The Calibration Of X-Ray Imagers," issued September 12, 2000</text></nplcit>.

0060While the optional imaging device 12 is shown in <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref>, any other alternative 2D, 3D or 4D imaging modality may also be used. For example, any 2D, 3D or 4D imaging device, such as isocentric fluoroscopy, bi-plane fluoroscopy, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), high frequency ultrasound (HIFU), positron emission tomography (PET), optical coherence tomography (OCT), intra-vascular ultrasound (IVUS), ultrasound, intra-operative CT or MRI may also be used to acquire 2D, 3D or 4D pre- or post-operative and/or real-time images or image data of the patient 14. The images may also be obtained and displayed in two, three or four dimensions. In more advanced forms, four-dimensional surface rendering regions of the body may also be achieved by incorporating patient data or other data from an atlas or anatomical model map or from pre-operative image data captured by MRI, CT, or echocardiography modalities. A more detailed discussion on optical coherence tomography (OCT), is set forth in <patcit id="pcit0005" dnum="US5740808A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 5,740,808, issued April 21, 1998</text></patcit>, entitled "Systems And Methods For Guilding Diagnostic Or Therapeutic Devices In Interior Tissue Regions".

0061Image datasets from hybrid modalities, such as positron emission tomography (PET) combined with CT, or single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT) combined with CT, could also provide functional image data superimposed onto anatomical data to be used to confidently reach target sights within the patient 14. It should further be noted that the optional imaging device 12, as shown in <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref>, provides a virtual bi-plane image using a single-head C-arm fluoroscope as the optional imaging device 12 by simply rotating the C-arm 16 about at least two planes, which could be orthogonal planes to generate two-dimensional images that can be converted to three-dimensional volumetric images. By acquiring images in more than one plane, an icon representing the location of a catheter, stylet, suction-probe, or other instrument, introduced and advanced in the patient 14, may be superimposed in more than one view on display 36 allowing simulated bi-plane or even multi-plane views, including two and three-dimensional views.

0062These types of imaging modalities may provide certain distinct benefits for their use. For example, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is generally performed pre-operatively using a non-ionizing field. This type of imaging provides very good tissue visualization in three-dimensional form and also provides anatomy and functional information from the imaging. MRI imaging data is generally registered and compensated for motion correction using dynamic reference frames (DRF) discussed further herein.

0063Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is generally a preoperative imaging procedure that exposes the patient to some level of radiation to provide a 3D image. PET imaging provides functional information and also generally requires registration and motion correction using dynamic reference frames.

0064Computed tomography (CT) imaging is also generally a preoperative technique that exposes the patient to a limited level of radiation. CT imaging, however, is a very fast imaging procedure. A multi-slice CT system provides 3D images having good resolution and anatomy information. Again, CT imaging is generally registered and needs to account for motion correction, via dynamic reference frames.

0065Fluoroscopy imaging is generally an intra-operative imaging procedure that exposes the patient to certain amounts of radiation to provide either two-dimensional or rotational three-dimensional images. Fluoroscopic images generally provide good resolution and anatomy information. Fluoroscopic images can be either manually or automatically registered and also need to account for motion correction using dynamic reference frames.

0066Ultrasound imaging is also generally intra-operative procedure using a non-ionizing field to provide either 2D, 3D, or 4D imaging, including anatomy and blood flow information. Ultrasound imaging provides automatic registration and does not need to account for any motion correction.

0067With continuing reference to <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref>, the navigation system 10 further includes an electromagnetic navigation or tracking system 44 that includes a localizer, such as a transmitter coil array 46, the coil array controller 48, a navigation probe interface 50, an electromagnetic instrument, such as a stylet or catheter 52 and a dynamic reference frame 54. It will be understood that the localizer may be any appropriate localizer, such as an optical, an acoustic, or other localizer depending upon the system for which the localizer is chosen. Further included in the navigation system 10 is an isolator circuit or box 55. The isolator circuit or box 55 may be included in a transmission line or interrupt a line carrying a signal or a voltage to the navigation probe interface 50. Alternatively, the isolator circuit included in the isolator box 55 may be included in the navigation probe interface 50, the instrument 52, the dynamic reference frame 54, the transmission lines coupling the devices, or any other appropriate location. As discussed herein, the isolator box 55 is operable to isolate any of the instruments or patient coincidence instruments or portions that are in contact with the patient should an undesirable electrical surge or voltage take place, further discussed herein.

0068It should further be noted that the entire tracking system 44 or parts of the tracking system 44 may be incorporated into the imaging device 12, including the work station 34 and radiation sensors 24. Incorporating the tracking system 44 may provide an integrated imaging and tracking system. Any combination of these components may also be incorporated into the imaging system 12, which again can include a fluoroscopic C-arm imaging device or any other appropriate imaging device.

0069The transmitter coil array 46 is shown attached to the receiving section 20 of the C-arm 16. It should be noted, however, that the transmitter coil array 46 may also be positioned at any other location as well. For example, the transmitter coil array 46 may be positioned at the x-ray source 18, within or atop the OR table 56 positioned below the patient 14, on siderails associated with the table 56, or positioned on the patient 14 in proximity to the region being navigated, such as on the patient's chest. The transmitter coil array 46 may also be positioned in the items being navigated, further discussed herein. The transmitter coil array 46 includes a plurality of coils that are each operable to generate distinct electromagnetic fields into the navigation region of the patient 14, which is sometimes referred to as patient space. Representative electromagnetic systems are set forth in <patcit id="pcit0006" dnum="US5913820A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 5,913,820</text></patcit>, entitled "Position Location System," issued June 22, 1999 and <patcit id="pcit0007" dnum="US5592939A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 5,592,939</text></patcit>, entitled "Method and System for Navigating a Catheter Probe," issued January 14, 1997.

0070The transmitter coil array 46 is controlled or driven by the coil array controller 48. The coil array controller 48 drives each coil in the transmitter coil array 46 in a time division multiplex or a frequency division multiplex manner. In this regard, each coil may be driven separately at a distinct time or all of the coils may be driven simultaneously with each being driven by a different frequency. Upon driving the coils in the transmitter coil array 46 with the coil array controller 48, electromagnetic fields are generated within the patient 14 in the area where the medical procedure is being performed, which is again sometimes referred to as patient space. The electromagnetic fields generated in the patient space induce currents in sensors 58 positioned in the instrument 52, such as the catheter, further discussed herein. These induced signals from the instrument 52 are delivered to the navigation probe interface 50 through the isolation circuit 55 and subsequently forwarded to the coil array controller 48. The navigation probe interface 50 may provide all the necessary electrical isolation for the navigation system 10. Alternatively, the electrical isolation may also be provided in the isolator box 55. Nevertheless, as mentioned here, the isolator assembly 55 may be included in the navigation probe interface 50 or may be integrated into the instrument 52, and any other appropriate location. The navigation probe interface 50 also includes amplifiers, filters and buffers required to directly interface with the sensors 58 in the instrument 52. Alternatively, the instrument 52 may employ a wireless communications channel as opposed to being coupled directly to the navigation probe interface 50.

0071The instrument 52, as will be described in detail below, is equipped with at least one, and generally multiple, localization sensors 58. The instrument 52 can be a steerable catheter that includes a handle at a proximal end and the multiple location sensors 58 fixed to the catheter body and spaced axially from one another along the distal segment of the catheter 52. The catheter 52, as shown in <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref> includes four localization sensors 58. The localization sensors 58 are generally formed as electromagnetic receiver coils, such that the electromagnetic field generated by the transmitter coil array 46 induces current in the electromagnetic receiver coils or sensors 58. The catheter 52 may also be equipped with one or more sensors, which are operable to sense various physiological signals. For example, the catheter 52 may be provided with electrodes for sensing myopotentials or action potentials. An absolute pressure sensor may also be included, as well as other electrode sensors. The catheter 52 may also be provided with an open lumen, further discussed herein, to allow the delivery of a medical device or pharmaceutical/cell/gene agents. For example, the catheter 52 may be used as a guide catheter for deploying a medical lead, such as a cardiac lead for use in cardiac pacing and/or defibrillation or tissue ablation. The open lumen may alternatively be used to locally deliver pharmaceutical agents, cell, or genetic therapies.

0072The electromagnetic sources or generators may be located within the instrument 52 and one or more receiver coils may be provided externally to the patient 14 forming a receiver coil array similar to the transmitter coil array 46. In this regard, the sensor coils 58 would generate electromagnetic fields, which would be received by the receiving coils in the receiving coil array similar to the transmitter coil array 46. Other types of localization sensors or systems may also be used, which may include an emitter, which emits energy, such as light, sound, or electromagnetic radiation, and a receiver that detects the energy at a position away from the emitter. This change in energy, from the emitter to the receiver, is used to determine the location of the receiver relative to the emitter. Other types of tracking systems include optical, acoustic, electrical field, RF and accelerometers. Accelerometers enable both dynamic sensing due to motion and static sensing due to gravity. An additional representative alternative localization and tracking system is set forth in <patcit id="pcit0008" dnum="US5983126A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 5,983,126</text></patcit>, entitled "Catheter Location System and Method," issued November 9, 1999. Alternatively, the localization system may be a hybrid system that includes components from various systems.

0073The dynamic reference frame 54 of the electromagnetic tracking system 44 is also coupled to the navigation probe interface 50 to forward the information to the coil array controller 48. The dynamic reference frame 54, briefly and discussed in detail according to various embodiments herein, is a small magnetic field detector that is designed to be fixed to the patient 14 adjacent to the region being navigated so that any movement of the patient 14 is detected as relative motion between the transmitter coil array 46 and the dynamic reference frame 54. This relative motion is forwarded to the coil array controller 48, which updates registration correlation and maintains accurate navigation, further discussed herein. The dynamic reference frame 54 can be configured as a pair of orthogonally oriented coils, each having the same center or may be configured in any other non-coaxial or co-axial coil configuration. The dynamic reference frame 54 may be affixed externally to the patient 14, adjacent to the region of navigation, such as on the patient's chest, as shown in <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref>. The dynamic reference frame 54 can be affixed to the patient's skin, by way of a selected adhesive patch and/or a tensioning system. The dynamic reference frame 54 may also be removably attachable to fiducial markers 60 also positioned on the patient's body and further discussed herein.

0074Alternatively, the dynamic reference frame 54 may be internally attached, for example, to the wall of the patient's heart or other soft tissue using a temporary lead that is attached directly to the heart. This provides increased accuracy since this lead may track the regional motion of the heart. Gating may also increase the navigational accuracy of the system 10. Gating procedures may be particular important when performing procedures relative to portions of the anatomy that move on a regular basis, such as the heart or the lungs or diaphragm. Although, it is not necessary to provide gating, it may be selected to do so during various procedures. Various gating procedures and techniques are described, such as <patcit id="pcit0009" dnum="US61921603A" dnum-type="L"><text>U.S. Patent Application No. 10/619,216</text></patcit> entitled Navigation "System For Cardiac Therapies" filed on July 14, 2003. Dynamic reference frame 54 according to various embodiments and a fiducial marker 60, are set forth in <patcit id="pcit0010" dnum="US6381485B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 6,381,485</text></patcit>, entitled "Registration of Human Anatomy Integrated for Electromagnetic Localization," issued April 30, 2002.

0075It should further be noted that multiple dynamic reference frames 54 may also be employed. For example, an external dynamic reference frame 54 may be attached to the chest of the patient 14, as well as to the back of the patient 14. Since certain regions of the body may move more than others due to motions of the heart or the respiratory system, each dynamic reference frame 54 may be appropriately weighted to increase accuracy even further. In this regard, the dynamic reference frame 54 attached to the back may be weighted higher than the dynamic reference frame 54 attached to the chest, since the dynamic reference frame 54 attached to the back is relatively static in motion.

0076The navigation system 10 may optionally further include a gating device 62 such as an ECG or electrocardiogram, which is attached to the patient 14, via skin electrodes 64, and in communication with the coil array controller 48. Respiration and cardiac motion can cause movement of cardiac structures relative to the instrument 52, even when the instrument 52 has not been moved. Therefore, localization data may be acquired on a time-gated basis triggered by a physiological signal. For example, the ECG or EGM signal may be acquired from the skin electrodes 64 or from a sensing electrode included on the instrument 52 or from a separate reference probe. A characteristic of this signal, such as an R-wave peak or P-wave peak associated with ventricular or atrial depolarization, respectively, may be used as a triggering event for the coil array controller 48 to drive the coils in the transmitter coil array 46. This triggering event may also be used to gate or trigger image acquisition during the imaging phase with the imaging device 12. By time-gating or event gating at a point in a cycle the image data and/or the navigation data, the icon of the location of the catheter 52 relative to the heart at the same point in the cardiac cycle may be displayed on the display 36, such as disclosed in <patcit id="pcit0011" dnum="US61921603A" dnum-type="L"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 10/619,216</text></patcit>, entitled "Navigation System For Cardiac Therapies" filed on July 14,2003.

0077Additionally or alternatively, a sensor regarding respiration may be used to trigger data collection at the same point in the respiration cycle. Additional external sensors can also be coupled to the navigation system 10. These could include a capnographic sensor that monitors exhaled CO₂ concentration. From this, the end expiration point can be easily determined. The respiration, both ventriculated and spontaneous causes an undesirable elevation or reduction (respectively) in the baseline pressure signal. By measuring systolic and diastolic pressures at the end expiration point, the coupling of respiration noise is minimized. As an alternative to the CO₂ sensor, an airway pressure sensor can be used to determine end expiration.

0078Briefly, the navigation system 10 operates as follows. The navigation system 10 creates a translation map between all points in the radiological image generated from the imaging device 12 and the corresponding points in the patient's anatomy in patient space. After this map is established, whenever a tracked instrument, such as the catheter 52 or a pointing device 66 is used, the work station 34 in combination with the coil array controller 48 and the C-arm controller 28 uses the translation map to identify the corresponding point on the pre-acquired image or atlas model, which is displayed on display 36. This identification is known as navigation or localization. An icon representing the localized point or instruments are shown on the display 36 within several two-dimensional image planes, as well as on three and four dimensional images and models.

0079To enable navigation, the navigation system 10 must be able to detect both the position of the patient's anatomy and the position of the catheter 52 or other surgical instrument. Knowing the location of these two items allows the navigation system 10 to compute and display the position of the catheter 52 in relation to the patient 14. The tracking system 44 is employed to track the catheter 52 and the anatomy simultaneously.

0080The tracking system 44 essentially works by positioning the transmitter coil array 46 adjacent to the patient space to generate a low-energy magnetic field generally referred to as a navigation field. Because every point in the navigation field or patient space is associated with a unique field strength, the electromagnetic tracking system 44 can determine the position of the catheter 52 by measuring the field strength at the sensor 58 location. The dynamic reference frame 54 is fixed to the patient 14 to identify the location of the patient in the navigation field. The electromagnetic tracking system 44 continuously recomputes the relative position of the dynamic reference frame 54 and the catheter 52 during localization and relates this spatial information to patient registration data to enable image guidance of the catheter 52 within the patient 14.

0081Patient registration is the process of determining how to correlate the position of the instrument or catheter 52 on the patient 14 to the position on the diagnostic or pre-acquired images. To register the patient 14, the physician or user may use point registration by selecting and storing particular points from the pre-acquired images and then touching the corresponding points on the patient's anatomy with the pointer probe 66. The navigation system 10 analyzes the relationship between the two sets of points that are selected and computes a match, which correlates every point in the image data with its corresponding point on the patient's anatomy or the patient space. The points that are selected to perform registration are the fiducial markers or landmarks 60, such as anatomical landmarks. Again, the landmarks or fiducial points 60 are identifiable on the images and identifiable and accessible on the patient 14. The landmarks 60 can be artificial landmarks 60 that are positioned on the patient 14 or anatomical landmarks that can be easily identified in the image data. The artificial landmarks, such as the fiducial markers 60, can also form part of the dynamic reference frame 54.

0082The system 10 may also perform registration using anatomic surface information or path information as is known in the art. The system 10 may also perform 2D to 3D registration by utilizing the acquired 2D images to register 3D volume images by use of contour algorithms, point algorithms or density comparison algorithms, as is known in the art. An exemplary 2D to 3D registration procedure, as set forth in <patcit id="pcit0012" dnum="US60465615B"><text>U.S. Serial No. 60/465,615</text></patcit>, entitled "Method and Apparatus for Performing 2D to 3D Registration" filed on April 25, 2003. The registration process may also be synched to an anatomical function, for example, by the use of the ECG device 62.

0083In order to maintain registration accuracy, the navigation system 10 continuously tracks the position of the patient 14 during registration and navigation. This is because the patient 14, dynamic reference frame 54, and transmitter coil array 46 may all move during the procedure, even when this movement is not desired. Therefore, if the navigation system 10 did not track the position of the patient 14 or area of the anatomy, any patient movement after image acquisition would result in inaccurate navigation within that image. The dynamic reference frame 54 allows the electromagnetic tracking device 44 to register and track the anatomy. Because the dynamic reference frame 54 is rigidly fixed to the patient 14, any movement of the anatomy or the transmitter coil array 46 is detected as the relative motion between the transmitter coil array 46 and the dynamic reference frame 54. This relative motion is communicated to the coil array controller 48, via the navigation probe interface 50, which updates the registration correlation to thereby maintain accurate navigation.

0084The navigation system 10 can be used according to any appropriate method or system. For example, pre-acquired images or atlas or 3D models may be registered relative to the patient and patient space. Various registration regimens and techniques include those described in <patcit id="pcit0013" dnum="US61921603A" dnum-type="L"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 10/619,216</text></patcit> entitled "Navigation System For Cardiac Therapies" filed on July 14, 2003. Generally, the registration system allows the images on the display 36 to be registered and accurately display the real time location of the various instruments, such as the instrument 52, and other appropriate items, such as the pointer 66. In addition, the pointer 66 may be used to register the patient space to the pre-acquired images or the atlas or 3D models. In addition, the dynamic reference frame 54 may be used to ensure that any planned or unplanned movement of the patient or the receiver array 46 is determined and used to correct the image on the display 36.

0085As discussed above, the dynamic reference frame 54 may include any appropriate dynamic reference frame, such as the selectively fixable dynamic reference frame 70 illustrated in <figref idref="f0003">Fig. 3</figref>. The dynamic reference frame 70 generally includes a superior side 72 and an inferior side 74.

0086With continuing reference to <figref idref="f0003">Fig. 3</figref> and additional reference to <figref idref="f0003">Fig. 4</figref>, the dynamic reference frame 70 includes a recess 76 as a portion of the inferior side 74. The recess 76 may be provided for any appropriate purpose, such as receiving a selective adhesive. In addition, as discussed herein, the recess may be used to allow the gathering of soft tissue relative to the dynamic reference frame 70. As described, the dynamic reference frame 70 may be affixed to the patient 14 in any appropriate position.

0087An adhesive positioned in the adhesive recess 76 generally allows the dynamic reference frame 70 to be fixed to the selected point on the patient 14. As discussed further herein, a tensioning apparatus may also be provided on the dynamic reference frame 70 to further assist holding the dynamic reference frame in a selected position. Further, the dynamic reference frame 70 defines a bore 78 to removably receive a selected sensor or coil. As described herein, the sensor may be fitted into the sensor bore 78 and removed from the sensor bore 78 as selected. For example, should the dynamic reference frame 70 also be used as a fiducial marker 60 it may be radio-or image-opaque, and the sensor bobbin 90 may be removed from the bore 78 during imaging of the patient 14, such as acquiring MRI images. This eliminates any distortion that may be caused by the bobbin 90. Nevertheless, the sensor bobbin 90 may also be permanently provided within the sensor bore 78 for ease of use of the apparatus. It may be desirable to provide the dynamic reference frame 70 as a substantially disposable exterior portion and the sensor may be reusable. In either case, the dynamic reference frame 70 may be formed of a plastic or other non-conductive material.

0088If the dynamic reference frame 70 is used as a fiducial marker, the dynamic reference frame 70 may define a localization divot 80. The divot or recess 80 allows the pointer 66 or any appropriate mechanism to determine the location of the dynamic reference frame 70 relative to the patient 14 or the patient space. Generally, the pointer 66 is able to engage the divot 80 in a selected manner in patient space, such that the navigation system 44 is able to determine the position of the dynamic reference frame 70 relative to the patient 14. The pointer 66 is also engaged or used to point out the divot 80 in the pre-acquired image to register the image space with the patient space. Therefore, detected movement of the dynamic reference frame 70 may be used to determine movement of the patient 14. It will be understood that the divot 80 may be positioned in any appropriate portion of the dynamic reference frame 70 but is generally provided in an easily accessible and viewable area. moreover, there may be multiple divots 80 or landmarks, as discussed herein. The multiple divots 80 may be used as fiducial markers. There dynamic reference frame 70 may also include a radio-opaque material to be imaged in various imaging techniques.

0089With further reference to <figref idref="f0003">Fig. 3</figref>, the dynamic reference frame 70 may include a concave recess 82 defined as a portion of the superior part 72 of the dynamic reference frame 70. The recess 82 may be provided for any appropriate purpose such as engaging a tensioning member 84. The tensioning member 84 may include an adhesive strip that is applied relative to the dynamic reference frame 70 to ensure a substantial selected fixation of the dynamic reference frame 70 relative to the patient 14.

0090With reference to <figref idref="f0003">Fig. 5</figref>, an exemplary use of the dynamic reference frame 70 is illustrated. The dynamic reference frame 70 is affixed to the patient 14 using an adhesive that is included in the adhesive recess 76. In addition, the tensioning strip 84 is placed atop the recess 82 to further hold the dynamic reference frame 70. The tensioning strip 84 helps by tensioning the dermis 86 of the patient 84 relative to the dynamic reference frame 70. Generally, the dermis 86 will form pucker or tension lines 88 to illustrate or ensure that the dynamic reference frame 70 is substantially fixed to the patient 14. In this way, the soft tissue to which the dynamic reference frame 70 is fixed and is not able to move relative to the dynamic reference frame 70, thereby providing a relatively stable and secure attachment to the patient 14.

0091Although it is illustrated that the dynamic reference frame 70 may be tensioned relative to the skin of the pectoral region of the patient the dynamic reference frame 70 may be tensioned relative to any appropriate portion of the anatomy. For example, the dynamic reference frame 70 may be fixed relative to a posterior portion of the patient 14 relative to the spine, if a spinal procedure is occurring. In addition, the dynamic reference frame 70 may be tensioned to the dermis on the forehead of the patient, if a procedure relative to the cranium is being performed. Nevertheless, the dynamic reference frame 70 may be fixed to the dermis with substantial force using the tensioning device 84.

0092Although the tensioning device 84 is illustrated to be a separate strip of material having an adhesive, it will be understood that the tensioning device 84 may be integrated into the dynamic reference frame 70. For example, a tensioning system may be fixed to the superior portion 72 of the dynamic reference frame 70 and a backing released to expose an adhesive region to allow the tensioning system to tension the dermis relative to the dynamic reference frame 70. In addition, tensioning strips, that form the tensioning device 84 may be affixed to or formed integrally with any appropriate portion of the dynamic reference frame 70 to allow for easy use during an operative procedure. For example, tape or a belt may be used that may be separate or integral with the dynamic reference frame 70. Therefore, it will be understood that the tensioning device 84 need not be limited according to any selected embodiments and is provided to allow for tensioning the dermis relative to the dynamic reference frame 70.

0093As is generally known by one skilled in the art, the dermis of an individual is generally not substantially taught over the sub-dermal anatomy. That is, a portion of the anatomy may move relative to the dermis without the dermis moving. Although this may be desired for general anatomical or natural movements, it may be desired to know the precise movements of any portions of the anatomy of the patient 14 during an operative procedure where the navigation system 44 is being used.

0094The instrument 52, such as the catheter, may be engaged to a subdermal region of the patient 14. Movement of any subdermal portion may be selected to be known during the operative procedure. In addition, the position of the instrument 52 relative to the subdermal anatomical portions may be selected to be substantially known. Therefore, the dynamic reference frame 70 may be fixed to the patient 14 to allow for ensuring that the image on the display 36 substantially correctly illustrates the position of the anatomy of the patient 14. If subdermal portions are allowed to move without the dynamic reference frame 70 moving, however, it may be possible that the display 36 may not correctly display the proper location of the instrument 52 relative to the subdermal anatomy of the patient 14. Therefore, the tensioning strip 84 may allow for more closely tracking the movement of subdermal portions or portions of the anatomy of the patient 14 without using more invasive techniques.

0095Generally, the dynamic reference frame 70 may be affixed to the dermis or external portions of the patient 14. This allows the dynamic reference frame 70 to be fixed to the patient and used to reference the position of the patient 14 relative to the position of the other elements, such as the instrument 52 and the pointer 66, and to also ensure the appropriate registration of the images on the display 36 in a substantially non-invasive manner. Simply the dynamic reference frame 70 need not penetrate the dermis to be fixed to a rigid portion of the anatomy, such as a bone portion. Therefore, the dynamic reference frame 70 can be easily fixed and removed from the patient 14 as selected.

0096An electromagnetic bobbin or multiple coil member 90 may be positioned in the recess 78 of the dynamic reference frame 70. The sensor bobbin 90 includes a body 92 that is generally formed from material that is not conductive to allow the coils to operate and sense a position in a field. In addition, the body 92 may be manipulated by a handle or manipulable portion 94 extending from the body 92. In addition, the handle 94 may allow leads or contacts from an external source, such as illustrated in <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref>, to be interconnected to the body portion 92 into the coils 96 and 98.

0097The first coil 96 and the second coil 98 are generally positioned at angles relative to one another. These angles may be any appropriate angle such as a generally orthogonal angle or other appropriate angle. The two coils 96, 98 being positioned at angles relative to one another, allow for six degrees of freedom sensing including translation, angle, pitch, yaw, and rotation. Therefore, the position or movement of the dynamic reference frame 70 can be determined by sensing the electromagnetic field of the coil array 46 with the first coil 96 and the second coil 98

0098Generally, the body 92 of the bobbin 90 and the exterior or the bodies of the dynamic reference frame 70 are formed of an appropriate material. For example, the material may be a non-metallic and non-conducting material such as an appropriate ceramic, plastic, and the like. The material may be selected from a material that will not interfere with either transmitting or receiving information regarding the magnetic field and not interfere with imaging of the patient 14. Therefore, the material is a substantially non-conducting material, but may also be visible in the image data.

0099In addition, the dynamic reference frame 70 may be used to address what may be referred to as skin shift. As described above the skin may move relative to the subdermal anatomic portions. Therefore, the dynamic reference frame 70 may be fixed to the patient 14 in a manner to substantially eliminate error that may be introduced by a skin shift. In addition to the tensioning device 84, the tensioning device may be any appropriate portion. For example, the tensioning device 84 may be a band which substantially extends around the selected anatomical portion of the patient. For example, the dynamic reference frame 70 may be fixed to a band that substantially extends around the chest of a patient during a selected procedure. In addition, the dynamic reference frame 70 may be included on or integral with a band that substantially extends around the cranium, the arm, the thigh, or any other appropriate member. In addition, the band may be substantially elastic to engage the selected anatomical portion. The elastic band may be provided to substantially tension the tissue relative to the dynamic reference frame, but not simply in a localized tensioning manner. The dynamic reference frame 70 can, therefore, be fixed to any appropriate portion of the body either with the localized tensioning member 84 or a non-localized tensioning member. The band may form a general tensioning while a tape portion may form a more localized tensioning. The tensioning members allow for tensioning the dermal tissue over the subdermal anatomy to substantially eliminate skin movement relative to the subdermal area.

0100In addition, the dynamic reference frame 54 may be substantially non-invasively placed near a substantially rigid portion of the anatomy. For example, the dynamic reference frame may include a rhinal dynamic reference frame 100, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0004">Fig. 7</figref>. The rhinal dynamic reference frame 100 may include a body 102 and an optional tensioning device 104. The rhinal dynamic reference frame 100 is formed to generally fit over a bridge 106 of a nose 108 of the patient 14. Generally, the bridge 106 of the nose 108 is covered with a substantially thin layer of dermal tissue. Therefore, the bridge of the nose 106 is substantially rigid relative to the patient 14. In addition, the tensioning member 104 may be provided to stabilize any portion of the skin that may move relative to the bridge 106 of the nose 108. However, the adhesive portion fixed on the bottom of the dynamic reference frame 100 may simply be the only adhesive necessary to fix the rhinal dynamic reference frame 100 to the bridge 106 of the nose. Nevertheless, the rhinal dynamic reference frame 100 may allow for the dynamic reference 100 to be fixed to the patient 14 in a substantially rigid and repeatable place.

0101Not only may the rhinal dynamic reference frame 100 be fixed to the bridge 106 of the nose, but the dynamic reference 100 may be substantially molded to a particular portion of the nose 108. Therefore, a molded or moldable inferior portion 110 of the rhinal dynamic reference frame 100 may be fitted to a selected portion of the nose 108. The dynamic reference frame 100 may be positioned and repositioned relative to the bridge 106 of the nose 108 a plurality of times with substantially repeatable placements of the dynamic reference frame 100.

0102The repeatable substantially precise placement enables the dynamic reference frame 100 to be removed and replaced onto the bridge 106 of the nose 108 without substantially introducing error into the positioning of the dynamic reference frame 100. This allows initial pre-operative images to be taken with the dynamic reference frame 100 in place and used as a fiducial marker. The rhinal dynamic reference frame 100 may then be removed from the patient 14 prior to the operative procedure. Subsequently, during the operative procedure, the rhinal dynamic reference frame 100 may be repositioned on the patient 14. Because the molded portion 110 of the rhinal dynamic reference frame 100 is substantially fitted to a particular portion of the bridge 106 of the nose 108, the rhinal dynamic reference frame 100 can be substantially positioned in the same position as during the pre-operative images. Therefore, the rhinal dynamic reference frame 100 allows for substantially error free referencing of the patient and registration of the patient 14 to the pre-operative images that may be displayed on the display 36. This allows the rhinal dynamic reference frame 100 to be used as both the dynamic reference frame 54 and as a fiducial marker for registering of the pre-operative images.

0103In addition, it will be understood that the dynamic reference frame 100 may be positioned in any appropriate manner. As illustrated above, the dynamic reference frame 70 may be fixed to a substantially flat portion of the anatomy of the patient 14. Alternatively, the anatomic or rhinal dynamic reference frame 100 may be molded to a substantially uniquely shaped portion of the anatomy of the patient 14. It will be understood that other portions of the anatomy may also be substantially molded to fit a particular portion of the anatomy.

0104With reference to <figref idref="f0004">Fig. 8</figref>, a further alternative embodiment of the dynamic reference frame includes an anatomic or inner-cochlear dynamic reference frame 111. The inner cochlear dynamic reference frame 111 is generally molded to fit a portion or the cochlear portion of the ear 112. The cochlear portion of the ear 112 generally includes a substantially unique topography that may be used to fit the dynamic reference frame 111 in substantially only one position. Therefore, as discussed in relationship to the rhinal dynamic reference frame 100 that includes the moldable portion, the inner-cochlear dynamic reference frame 111 may also be formed, at least partially, of a moldable material.

0105For example, a distal portion 111 a of the inter cochlear implant 111 may be formed of a substantially moldable material that may be press fit into the cochlear portion 112 of the ear of the patient 14. After being molded to the cochlear portion 112 of the ear of the patient 14, the moldable material may be cured to substantially maintain the molded shape. An exterior or proximal portion 111 B of the inner-cochlear implant 111, may be formed of a moldable or a non-moldable material. Therefore, the inner-cochlear implant 111 may be formed of two materials. Nevertheless the proximal portion 111 b, or any appropriate portion, may also include a first sensing coil 113 and a second sensing coil 114. The sensing coils 113, 114 may be positioned in any appropriate manner but may be positioned at angles relative to one another. Therefore, the inner-cochlear implant may provide six degrees of freedom information regarding motion of the inner-cochlear dynamic reference frame 111 during use.

0106The position of the sensors 113, 114 may be referenced and calibrated after molding of the inner-cochlear implant 111. Therefore, the position of the head of the patient 14 may be known based upon the sensed position of the inner-cochlear dynamic reference frame 111. In addition, as discussed in relation to the other dynamic reference frames, the coils 113, 114 may be passive or active. If the coils 113, 114 are active, the inner-cochlear dynamic reference frame 111 may include a power source, such as battery.

0107The inner-cochlear dynamic reference frame 111 may also be substantially molded as a separate procedure. For example, such as forming an inner-cochlear hearing aid, the inner-cochlear dynamic reference 111 may be molded to the cochlear portion of the ear of the patient 14 and the inner-cochlear dynamic reference frame 111 may be formed separately after the impression is made. Nevertheless, the molding of the inner-cochlear dynamic reference frame 111 relative to the cochlear portion of the ear 112 with the patient 14, allows for a substantially repeatable placement of the inner-cochlear dynamic reference frame 111 relative to the patient 14. Therefore, images displayed on the display 36 may be substantially easily registered relative to the known location and repeatable location of the inner-cochlear dynamic reference frame 111.

0108It will be understood that the molded portions may be substantially permanently molded or reusably molded. For example, a curable material may be included, in any appropriate dynamic reference frame, such as the inner-cochlear dynamic reference frame 111. The moldable portion of the cochlear implant 111 may be molded to a portion of the ear or press fit into the ear and then cured to substantially maintain the molded shape. Therefore, the dynamic reference frames may be substantially non-invasively positioned relative to the patient to allow for dynamic referencing of the patient 14 during the operative procedure.

0109In addition, the dynamic reference frame may be formed almost entirely of the substantially molded material. Therefore, the dynamic reference frame may include a molding material that may be molded to a selected portion of the anatomy and then cured to maintain the shape of the anatomy and also may be formed to include an area to receive the sensor bobbin 90. Although it will be understood that any appropriate coils may be used to form the sensor and may include substantially separate coils that can be positioned into the moldable material substantially separately and removably.

0110It will also be understood that the dynamic reference frame 54 may be fixed to any appropriate portion of the anatomy. As discussed above, the dynamic reference frame may be positioned relative to the nose 108, the chest of the patient 14, the head of the patient 14, also the dynamic reference frame may be formed as a bite block that may be fitted onto selected portions of the oral anatomy. Also, the dynamic reference frame may be fitted onto or in a tooth cap that may be fit over a tooth, an oral bite block that may be held within the teeth or jaws of the patient or any other appropriate location.

0111The dynamic reference frame 54 may either be substantially wireless and powered by an internal power source or may be wired. For example, a hard wire dynamic reference frame 120 is illustrated in <figref idref="f0005">Fig. 9</figref>. The hard wire dynamic reference frame 120 includes a bottom body portion 122 and a top body portion or cap 124. The cap 124 is generally able to mate with the bottom portion 122 in an appropriate manner and may include a recess 126 to receive the head of a screw to lock the top 124 to the bottom 122. Formed in the bottom portion 122 is a groove 128 that is able to receive a wire such as twisted pair wire 130. The wire 130 may include leads that are soldered to a printed circuit board (PCB) 132. The PCB 132 may include traces that are translated or connected to intermediate wires 134 and 136 that are able to transfer power or a signal to and/or from a first coil 138 and a second coil 140. The coils 138, 140 are generally coils of wire that generate an induced current by an electric field or may transmit an electric field.

0112The line 130 may operatively interconnect the hard wired dynamic reference frame 120 to the navigation interface 50. Therefore, the hard wire dynamic reference frame 120 may transmit the navigation signals received by the coils through the transmission line 130. Alternatively, as discussed above, an internal power source may be provided such that the information received by the coils 138, 140 may be wirelessly transmitted to the navigation controller 34 using known wireless technology.

0113The hardwire dynamic reference frame 120 may include any appropriate dimensions. For example the hardwire dynamic reference frame 120 may be about 2 mm to about 10 millimeters in height. Generally, the less the height of the dynamic reference frame the less the possibility for error in transmitting the location of the coils relative to the patient 14. Also, the inferior surface at the base 124 may include a radius to mate with a selected anatomical region, such as a forehead.

0114The hard wire dynamic reference frame 120 may still be fixed to the dermis of a patient 14 in any appropriate manner. For example, the tensioning member 84 may be provided over the top of the top portion 124 of the hard wire dynamic reference frame 120. In addition, an adhesive may be provided on the inferior portion of the hard wire dynamic reference frame 120.

0115In addition, the hard wire dynamic reference frame 120, particularly the upper portion 124 and the lower body portion 122, may be formed of an appropriate material. For example, materials may include non-conductive materials such as ceramic or various polymers. In addition, the hard wire dynamic reference frame may be formed of non-conductive carbon fiber materials. In addition, the coils 138, 140 may include conductive carbon fiber materials as the coil component. In addition, the PCB 132 need not be present and the wires may simply be fixed to the coils 138, 140 from the lead 130. Nevertheless, various selections may be chosen to include the PCB 132 or to wire the lead 130 directly to the coils 130, 140.

0116Therefore, it will be understood that the dynamic reference frame may be formed in any appropriate shape. In addition, the dynamic reference frame 54 may be substantially moldable or non-moldable depending upon the selected shape or position for positioning the dynamic reference frame. Nevertheless, the dynamic reference frame 54 is substantially positioned non-invasively on the patient 14. Therefore, rather than fixing the dynamic reference frame in an invasive manner, such as with bone screws or the like, the dynamic reference frame may be fixed to the patient in a substantially error reducing manner using the tensioning members or a substantially molded portion.

0117In addition, more than one dynamic reference frame may be provided on the patient 14. More than one dynamic reference frame may be provided for error correction or error detection. Nevertheless, the inclusion of the non-invasive dynamic reference frames may be allowed for substantially simple positioning of the dynamic reference frames during an operative procedure. In addition, the dynamic reference frames 54 may be easily positioned relative to the patient 14 in a substantially quick manner as well. Therefore, the unexpected need for a dynamic reference frame 54 may be solved by simply fixing the dynamic reference frame 54 to the patient 14 using the various constructs. The dynamic reference frame 54 may also be fixed to the patient 14 in any appropriate manner. Such adhesives may be painted on, sprayed on, or include "double-sided" tape. Regardless, the adhesive allows for simple placement of the dynamic reference frame 54 for a selected procedure.

0118The size, such as the height, the width, etc. of the dynamic reference frame may be selected depending upon selected characteristics. For example, the hard wire dynamic reference frame 120, which may also be substantially wireless dynamic reference frame, may include a select height that is substantially shallow or low to allow for a reduced possibility of movement of the dynamic reference frame 120. In addition, the height or distance of the coils 138, 140 from the anatomy of the patient 14 is small. Therefore, any movement of the hard wire dynamic reference frame 120 is substantially closer to movement of the patient 14 than if the coils were positioned further from the patient 14. Therefore, the size of the dynamic reference frame may also be chosen depending upon the selective amount or error of the system.

0119In addition, as briefly mentioned above, the coils 138, 140 may be provided in the hard wire dynamic reference 120 or in any appropriate dynamic reference frame. Generally, the coils 138, 140 are substantially similar in functioning to the coils 96 and 98 on the sensor bobbin 90. Simply, the coils are positioned in a slightly different position, but angled relative to one another to provide sensing of six degrees of freedom. Therefore, whether the coils are substantially positioned on the single member, such as in the sensor bobbin 90, or separated such as the coils 138, 140 in the hard wire dynamic reference 120, still provide the required information for sensing the location of the dynamic reference frame.

0120Any of the dynamic reference frames (which also may be wireless) may be used as the dynamic reference frame 54, such as the dynamic reference frame 70, the intercochealor dynamic reference frame 111, or the hardwire dynamic reference frame 120 may include various selected characteristics. For example, the sensor portion, such as the included respective coils, may be removable for various reasons. If an imaging technique, such as an MRI is used to image the patient and the dynamic reference frame is left as a fiducial marker, the electromagnetic coils may be removed. Therefore, it will be understood that the coils may either be permanently included within the dynamic reference frame or may be removable therefrom, particularly when the dynamic reference frame is used as a fiducial marker.

0121In addition, the dynamic reference frame may be used as a fiducial marker. For example, the dynamic reference frame may include a region that is substantially matable or molded to mate with a portion of the anatomy in substantially one way. In addition the dynamic reference frame may also include a portion that is inherently contoured to mate with a portion of the anatomy without including a moldable portion. This allows substantially precise replacement and repeatability of placement of the dynamic reference frame to be achieved.

0122Because of the precise repeatable placement of the dynamic reference frame it may also serve as a fiducial marker that may be used in preoperative imaging to be a fiducial marker for use during registration intra-operatively. Therefore, the dynamic reference frames may include materials that are substantially radio-opaque or opaque to the imaging process. Various materials may be used to form the radio-opaque dynamic reference frames, such as selected metals, selected compounds, and various mixtures.

0123Moreover, if the dynamic reference frame is used as a fiducial marker, it may be selected to include portions on the dynamic reference frame that may be viewed on the preacquired image and during the procedure. For example, as discussed in relationship to the dynamic reference frame 70, the dynamic reference frame may include the reference dimple or landmark 80. It will be understood that a plurality of the reference dimples may be provided on the dynamic reference frame 70 for use during an operative procedure to reference the patient space to the image space. The number of reference points, which either may be physical portions, such as the dimples, or markings on the dynamic reference frame, are generally viewable and identifiable on the preacquired images, so that each may be matched to a selected portion of the dynamic reference frame during the operative procedure. This allows for multiple degrees of freedom and allows an appropriate and precise registration of the patient space to the image space.

0124In addition, it will be understood that each of the dynamic reference frames include a portion that allow the dynamic reference frame to be held relative to the patient 14. Therefore, each of the dynamic reference frames includes a selected holding portion. For example, the holding portion may include the adhesive that adheres the dynamic reference frame to a selected portion of the patient 14. In addition, the moldable portion, such as the moldable portion of the intercochealor implant 111 a, may be a holding portion and no other portion may be provided to hold the intercochealor dynamic reference frame 111 relative to the patient 14. Regardless, each of the dynamic reference frames may include a holding portion that allows the dynamic reference frame to be held relative to a patient. It may be that the holding portion defines a substantially matable and repeatable placement of the dynamic reference frame relative to the patient 14, such that the dynamic reference frame may also be repeatably precisely placed and may be used for various purposes, such as a fiducial marker.

0125Various instruments may be included for use in a selected procedure, such as a stylet 150, with reference to <figref idref="f0006">Figs. 10A and 10B</figref>. The stylet 150 generally includes a connection wire or cable 152 and an electronic lead and/or handle 154. Extending from the handle 154 is a stylet portion 156 that is generally moved within the cavity of the patient 14. For example, the stylet 150 may be the instrument 52 rather than the catheter. Therefore, the stylet 150 is an exemplary instrument 52.

0126Generally, the stylet portion 156 includes a distal or tip end 158 and a proximal end 160. The stylet may be positioned through a cannula and may be used to guide the cannula, though the stylet 150 may be used for any appropriate reason. Positioned near the distal end 158 is a sensor 162. The sensor 162 may be a coil, or multiple coils, to interact with the field transmitted by the transmitter coil array 48. Briefly and described in detail herein, the sensor 162 is generally wrapped around an internal highly electromagnet permeable core insulated with a heat shrink or any appropriate dielectric material. The details of the process and the sensors 162 are described in further detail herein.

0127With additional reference to <figref idref="f0006">Figs. 10A and 10B</figref>, the handle 154 of the stylet 150 may include an area to connect the wires from the coils. A first set of contacts 241 provide an area for contact to each of the leads of the first coil 240. A second pair of contacts 245 is provided for the leads of the second coil 244. In this way, power or sensor leads may be attached to the handle or sensor region 154 for receiving the sensitive information of the sensors or coils 240, 244.

0128With reference to <figref idref="f0007">Fig. 11</figref>, a probe 166 is illustrated, as a further alternative for the instrument 52, and generally includes a handle portion 168 and a probe tip 170. The handle 168 is generally formed of a non-metallic material that can be easily grasped and isolated from the electrical lead 172. The electrical lead generally provides a current to a portion of the tip 170.

0129With continuing reference to <figref idref="f0007">Fig. 11</figref> and additional reference to <figref idref="f0007">Fig. 12</figref>, a tip sensor 174 may be positioned in the tip 170 of the probe 166. The tip 170 generally is formed of a non-metallic and/or a non-conductive material. Inside of the tip 170 is a metal shaft 176 that can be formed of an appropriate electromagnetic permeable material. Formed around the metal shaft 176 is a sensor coil 178. A second sensor coil 180 may also be provided. The first and second sensor coils 178, 180 are generally co-axial and formed along the axis of the permeable rod 176. The tip 170 and the rod 176 with the coils 178, 180 are generally positioned within a tube portion 182 of the probe 166. As discussed, the lead 172 provides power to the sensor portion including the coils 178, 180. The sensor portion including the coils 178, 180 may be similar to the sensor portion 162 of the stylet 150 and described in detail herein. Regardless, the sensor portion is generally positioned substantially at the tip or the distal end of the probe 166 to allow for substantially accurate measurement of the position of the tip of the probe.

0130With reference to <figref idref="f0008">Figs. 13 and 14</figref>, a suction device 190 is illustrated. Again, the suction device 190 generally includes a handle 192 which includes a connection area 194 to be connected to a suction source. A cannula opening 196 runs the length of the suction portion such that material may be suctioned through a distal tip 198 of the suction instrument 190. Also provided through the handle 192 may be a power source that is able to energize a sensor or sense an electromagnetic field that is acting upon a sensor 200 positioned in the tip 198.

0131With particular reference to <figref idref="f0008">Fig. 14</figref>, the suction instrument 190 near the tip 198 generally includes an internal ductile and possibly conductive or nonconductive tube 202. Positioned over the tube is an inner dielectric layer 204. Coils 206 and 208 may also be positioned over the dielectric layer 204. Finally, the sensor 200 may be sealed with an outer dielectric layer 210. Again, the formation of the sensor 200 is described herein including the two coils, 206, 208. Generally, the coils are positioned near the tip 198 of the suction instrument 190 and to provide for substantially accurate position data for the tip 198 of the suction instrument 190. Therefore, the tip 198 of the suction instrument 190 may be moved and the sensor 200 is positioned substantially near the tip 198 so that intended or unintended motion of the tip 198 relative to the handle may be determined.

0132The sensors, are generally positioned near a distal end or movable end of an instrument, such as the suction instrument 190, the probe 166, or the stylet 150. Generally, the position of the various instruments, particularly the ends of the instruments, is determined by the known location of a sensor or a transmitting coil and the known size, length, and other physical attribute of the instrument. Therefore, the sensor may be positioned away from or disposed a distance from the extreme end of the instrument. Although a very small and tolerable error may be introduced when the instruments are flexed or move unexpectedly, but this may also cause the exact location of the tip to not be known. This may require many repositioning and attempts to complete a procedure. This error may be detected or substantially eliminated when the sensor is positioned near the distal tip of the instrument, particularly when the instrument is flexible. Therefore, rather than determining or knowing the various physical characteristics of the instrument, the actual sensed portion is the end that may move expectedly or unexpectedly. Therefore, providing the sensor near the distal tip may provide for substantial accurate position data of the instrument.

0133Generally, the position of the instrument is displayed on the display 36 and is not generally viewable by a user because it is within the cavity of the patient 14. Therefore, the user is generally dependent upon the accuracy of the display 36 to ensure the proper location, orientation and other attributes of the instrument relative to the patient 14. For example, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref>, the instrument 52, such as the catheter, is positioned relative to a specific portion of a heart of the patient 14. Similarly, the stylet 150 may be positioned relative to an extremely particular and precise portion of the brain. Therefore, it may be selected or desirable to substantially eliminate any error when determining the position of the instrument relative to the patient 14.

0134Although the following description relates generally to the formation of the sensor 162 for the stylet 150, it will be understood that the sensor may be used in any appropriate instrument 52, such as the catheter, the probe 166, the suction instrument 190 or any other appropriate instrument. In addition, the instruments may include any selected tip shape or sizes depending upon a selected use of the instrument. For example, an arthroscope or camera may be provided in the tip for viewing on the display 36 or any other appropriate display. Nevertheless, the sensor may be positioned near the lens portion such that the exact and precise location of the lenses is known.

0135In addition, various portions of the instrument may be ductile or movable such that the tip is not at a fixed location relative to other portions of the instrument. Therefore, the tip may be movable while the handle is substantially fixed at a known location. Therefore, the sensor positioned at the tip is able to provide the position of the tip even though the handle has not moved.

0136It will also be understood that various handle calibration and verification points may be included as well as areas for directing wiring within the various instruments and through the handle. It will be understood that these various portions are provided for directing wiring, allowing verification and calibration and are not described in unneeded detail. In addition, the instruments may be substantially disposable or reusable, depending upon the various material specifics being used and the sterilization techniques.

0137A method of forming the sensors that can be positioned near the tip in a substantially small volume or space, such as in the stylet tip 158, is described. With reference to <figref idref="f0005">Fig. 9</figref> and <figref idref="f0008">Fig. 14</figref>, the stylet tip 158 is illustrated in detail in <figref idref="f0008">Fig. 14</figref>. With reference to <figref idref="f0009">Fig. 15</figref>, a detail of a first sensor coil 240 and an extreme distal tip portion 158A is illustrated. The various coatings or layers around a central rod 242 is illustrated and described herein. Generally, the central rod 242 is a conductive rod and may include various materials such as "302 spring" stainless steel. The material for the rod 242 that is also generally the flexible or steerable portion of the stylet 150 may be any appropriate material. Generally, the material for the rod 242, however, is highly permeable to electromagnetic fields. This generally increases the signal to noise ratio or the gain of the signal of the sent field to a selected amount. Generally, the signal to noise ratio may be increased at least about 5% depending upon the various materials chosen to form the selected construct.

0138With reference to <figref idref="f0009">Fig. 15 and 16</figref> the stylet tip 158 generally includes a first coil and may also include a second coil 244. The first and second coils 240, 244, or any appropriate number of coils may be provided on the tip 158. In addition, the coils 240, 244 may be substantially co-axial or formed at an angle relative to one another. That is, the wire or material used to form the coils 240 and 244 may be wrapped at an angle relative to each other around the rod 242. When the coils are not wrapped at an angle relative to one another, a degree of freedom may not be detected, such as rotation. For various instruments however, such as the uniform stylet tip 158, rotational information may not be necessary and selectively not determined. Nevertheless, for other instruments, such as a suction tube, an ablation tube, or a lens, it may be desired to produce the coils at an angle relative to one another such that rotational direction and location may be determined.

0139As described in detail in flow chart in <figref idref="f0010">Fig. 17</figref>, prior to forming a coil, a first dielectric barrier or layer 246 may be provided over the rod 242. The first dielectric barrier layer 246 generally is not placed over the extreme end of the tip 158a and generally includes a back set or offset distance of about 0.025 mm to about 1.5 mm depending upon the size of the rod 242. For example, the offset distance C may be a selected multiple of a diameter of the rod 242. Not to be limited by the theory, but including the back-set may reduce the possibility of damage to the first dielectric layer 246 during use of the stylet 150. Generally, the extreme tip 159a may be used to touch hard surfaces and this may damage the dielectric material. Nevertheless, it will be understood that the first layer of the dielectric material 246 may extend over the extreme tip of the tip 158.

0140The coils 240, 244 may then wrapped around the first dielectric layer 246. After the coils are positioned over the first dielectric layer 246, a second dielectric layer 248 is provided over the coils 240, 244. Again, the second dielectric layer 248 may be offset a distance D from the extreme end of the tip 158a. Nevertheless, it will also be understood that the second dielectric layer 248 may also extend to the end of the tip 158a.

0141It will be understood that the first layer 246 and the second layer 248 need not necessarily be a dielectric material. This is merely exemplary and not intended to limit the scope thereof. For example the material may simply be used to isolate the windings from an exterior environment and the first layer omitted entirely. Alternatively, the wire that forms the coils 240, 244 may be separately or individually coated prior to forming the coils 240, 244. Therefore, the isolation may be achieved without forming a separate layer or coating, such as the first and second layers 246, 248.

0142Although the apparatus and a very brief process for forming the apparatus is described above, the following description, in addition to the flowchart illustrated in <figref idref="f0010">Fig. 17</figref>, describes a detailed method of forming the stylet tip including the sensor 162. A method of forming a sensor, such as electromagnetic sensor that may be either passive or active, is described in relationship to the flowchart and a method 260. Generally, the method begins a start block 262.

0143After the process is started in block 262, a material may be selected for form a core in block 264, such as the core 242. As described above, the selected core material in block 264 may be a highly electromagnetic permeable material. Although it is not necessary that the core be highly permeable to electromagnetic fields or be conductive, it may be desirable to provide a highly permeable core for various applications. For example, when forming the stylet tip 158, it may be selected to provide the stylet tip to have diameter no greater than about 1.25 mm. In addition, it may be selected to include a stylet diameter of less than about 1 mm. It may also be desirable to provide a stylet tip 158 in any appropriate diameter or selected property. Therefore, the stylet 158 may be deflectable or bendable according to selected characteristics. Also, at the small diameter the highly permeable material may increase the gain of the field sensed by the coils. Therefore the location information may be more easily determined and sensed.

0144After the selected core material is chosen in block 264, the core is formed in block 266. The core may be formed according to any selected specifications, such as those described above. Therefore, the core formed in block 266 may include a length, a cross-section, and other various properties that may be selected for the stylet tip 158. Although the material may be selected for the core in block 264 and the core formed in block 266, it will be understood that these steps are optional as steps for forming the selected sensor. The method 260 is exemplary for forming the stylet tip 158. Although the process 260 is exemplary for forming the stylet tip 158, it will be understood that various portions thereof may be used in any process for forming a sensor according to the below described process and a tip sensor in a substantial small area. Therefore, steps that are substantially optional are positioned in blocks that are outlined with dashed or phantom lines and will be indicated as optional herein. Therefore, it will be understood that various steps, although described, are not required to form the sensor as described herein. Therefore, the process is merely exemplary and various specific details are provided only for clarity and not intended to limit the description or the appended claims.

0145After the core is optionally formed in block 266, a first layer of material is positioned over the core in block 268. The first layer of material positioned in block 268 may be a dielectric. Though the material for the first layer may be any appropriate material and is merely exemplary a dielectric. The first layer of the dielectric material may be positioned over the core in any appropriate manner. For example, the first layer of the dielectric material may be positioned over the core as a heat shrink or shrink wrap process. This being that a portion of the material may be formed as tube and slide over the core and then shrunk to substantially engage the core along its length. Alternatively, the material may be painted on or sprayed on the core formed in block 266.

0146For any or all of these processes, a plurality of layers of the material may be positioned on the core to form the first dielectric layer of a selected thickness. The thickness of the dielectric layer may be any appropriate thickness according to selected characteristics. For example, the thickness of the first layer of the dielectric material may be about 0.00025 inches to about 0.03 inches (about 0.00635 mm to about 0.762 mm). Generally, however, the first layer of the dielectric material may be about 0.001 inches (about 0.0254 mm) in thickness.

0147The dielectric material may also be any appropriate dielectric material to achieve selected results. For example, it may be selected to have dielectric breakdown strength of about at least about 4,000 volts per about 0.001 inches (mil) (about 0.0254 mm) in thickness. Although any appropriate dielectric break down strength may be selected. Also, it may be selected to choose other properties for the first dielectric layer placed in block 268. Various materials may be used such as polyester shrink tubing or ULTRATHIN WALL POLYESTER (PET) shrink tubing provided by Advanced Polymers Inc. of Salem, New Hampshire. Although any appropriate material may be used, it may be selected to include the dielectric breakdown strength of at least about 1000 volts per mil.

0148After the first layer of dielectric material is positioned on the core, the layer may be inspected in block 270. The inspection may be any appropriate inspection such as a visual inspection, magnification inspection, or various electrical tests to ensure that the selected installation is achieved. Also, the first layer of dielectric material may be inspected to ensure that it has been positioned on the core in a selected manner. As described above, it may be selected to only cover a selected portion of the core and not extend the first layer of dielectric material substantially to the tip of the core. As illustrated in <figref idref="f0009">Fig. 15</figref>, it may be selected to position the first layer of dielectric material 246, the distance C from the extreme end 158a of the tip 158.

0149After the optional inspection of block 270, a first sensor coil is formed in block 272. The sensor coil, such as the coil 240 illustrated in <figref idref="f0009">Fig. 15</figref>, may be formed using any appropriate materials. For example, a 48 gauge magnetic wire that is coated with a single built polyurethane with butyl bonds may be wrapped around the core including the first layer of dielectric material to form the first sensor coil.

0150The wire may be wrapped around the first layer of the dielectric material in any appropriate manner. For example, the coils may be wrapped substantially co-axially with a longitudinal axis of the core. Alternatively, the wire may be wrapped substantially at an angle to the core for selected reason, such as sensing rotation of the core during use. As an example, a first sensor coil may include a first layer of coils including approximating 300 turns and a second layer positioned over top of the first layer also having approximately 300 turns. Therefore, the first coil formed in block 272 may include approximately 600 turns. Nevertheless, it will be understood that only a single layer or any number of layers may be used and that any appropriate number of turns may be used to form the first sensor coil in block 272.

0151The first coil formed in block 272 is exemplary wound around the first layer positioned in block 268. It will be understood that the wire used to form the coil in block 272 may first be coated or may be a coated wire. When the wire is coated or covered positioning the first layer of material in block 268 may be omitted. The coating on the wire may provide all of the properties, such as electrical, environmental and the like, that the material in the first layer formed in block 268 may otherwise provide.

0152An optional second coil, which may also be formed of coated or covered wire, may be formed in block 274. Therefore, it will be understood that any appropriate number of coils may be formed for reasons discussed herein but may include a first coil formed in block 272 and a second coil formed in block 274. If there are two coils, the second coil may be positioned a selected distance from the first coil. For example, the first coil may have an edge that is about 0.25 mm to about 10 mm from an end of the second coil. Nevertheless, it will be understood that the coils may be positioned at any appropriate position on the tip 158 and relative to one another.

0153After the first sensor coil is formed in block 272 and optionally the second sensor coil in block 274, the ends of the wires forming the sensor coils may optionally be twisted in block 276. The ends of the wires that form the coils formed in blocks 272 and optionally in block 274 may be twisted in any appropriate manner. For example, the wires may be twisted in about 3.9 to 11.8 twists per centimetre (about 10 to about 30 twist per inch) and may be uniformly twisted rather than twisting one around the other. Although it will be understood that the wires may be formed in any appropriate manner and that twisting the wires in block 276 is merely optional.

0154After the wires are optionally twisted in block 276, the ends of the coils are attached to locations on the stylet handle in block 278. Generally, the leads of the coil are attached to selected positions, such as to a printed circuit board or to other wire leads, that allow for interconnection to various components, such as the navigation interface 50 (<figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref>). The coil leads that are attached from block 278 may be attached to any appropriate portion and may be from either the first sensor coil formed in block 272 or the optional second sensor coil formed in block 278.

0155After the leads from the coils are attached in block 278, or at any appropriate time, a second layer of material may be positioned in block 280. The second layer of material positioned in block 280 may be any appropriate material and is only exemplary a dielectric. The second layer of dielectric material may be positioned over both of the first layer of dielectric material, that was positioned in block 268, and over the sensor coil formed in block 272, and optionally in block 274. The material that is used to form the second layer of the dielectric material may be the same or different than the material chosen to form the first layer of the dielectric material in block 268. In addition, the method of positioning the second layer of the dielectric material in block 280 may also be the same or different that the method used to position the first layer of dielectric material in block 268. For example, the first layer of the dielectric material positioned in block 268 may be a substantially heat shrink or shrink tubing that is positioned over the core formed in block 266 and then shrunk according to any selected method, such as heating. Alternatively, the second layer of dielectric material positioned in block 280 may be sprayed or painted on over. In addition, the material may be the same, such as the Ultra Thin Wall polyester (PET) heat shrink tubing produced by Advanced Polymers Incorporated or may be any other appropriate material.

0156Nevertheless, the second layer of the dielectric material may include the same or different dielectric break down strength in the first layer. For example, the dielectric breakdown strength of the second layer of the dielectric material may be at least 4000 volts per mil or may be any other appropriate amount.

0157Briefly, as an example, the first layer of the dielectric material may provide insulation between the sensor coil formed in block 272 and the core formed in block 266. Therefore, the sensor coil formed in block 272 is electrically isolated from the core formed in 266. This allows the core formed in 266 to also be a conductive material and may also act as a core and a gain amplifier for the sensor coil, as described further herein. In addition, the second layer of the dielectric material may act as an electrical insulator relative to a patient or a portion exterior to the core and as an environmental seal to the sensors formed in block 272 and optionally in block 274.

0158It will also be understood that the second layer of the material positioned in block 280 may also be omitted. It may be omitted for any reason, such as the wires that form the coil formed in block 272 are previously coated. Therefore, the second layer of material formed in block 280 may be omitted. Regardless, the second layer of material may be any appropriate material and need not be a dielectric. The second layer of material in block 280 may be positioned for any appropriate reason, such as a liquid seal, an electrical isolation, etc.

0159After positioning the second layer of the dielectric material in block 280 the second layer of dielectric material may be optionally inspected in block 282. As in block 270, the material may be inspected according to any appropriate method, such as visual inspection, magnification inspection, and electrical testing.

0160After the second layer of the dielectric material is optionally inspected in block 282 the ends over the core may be sealed. As illustrated in <figref idref="f0009">Fig. 16</figref>, the first layer of dielectric material 246 and the second layer of dielectric material 248 may not extend over the extreme tip 158a of the core 242. Therefore, it may be selected to seal the extreme end 158a over the dielectric layers 246, 248 to achieve a substantially water tight or other material tight seal.

0161The seal formed optionally in block 284 may be formed in any appropriate manner. For example, the extreme tip 158a and any selected length along the tip 158 may be dipped into a selected material, such as Loctite 4014 produced by Henkel Loctite Corp. of Rocky Hill, Connecticut. The material may substantially seal the interior so that no fluid can be wicked or drawn towards the coil 240 through capillary action. Therefore, the coating of the dielectric layers, blocks 268 and 280 may be sealed in any appropriate manner to ensure that no fluid is allowed to destroy or short the coils formed on the tip 158.

0162In addition to the steps described above, various other steps such as testing the dielectric strength in block 286, testing the connection of the coil after attaching the coil leads in 278, testing the coils in block 288, and inspecting the construct for achieving the appropriate dimensions in block 290 may be performed. Then the process ends in block 292.

0163Although various optional steps may have been performed in the method 260 it will be understood that the sensors generally formed by positioning on a first layer over dielectric material over a core, forming a sensor coil around the first layer of the dielectric material in block 272, and positioning a second layer of dielectric material in block 280 over the coil may be performed. In addition, the dielectric materials may be any appropriate materials and are generally provided only for safety considerations. Therefore, simply forming the coil around the core may be performed for any appropriate purpose. Providing the dielectric layers are able to protect the user and the patient from any possible surges and insure that the instrument is not corrupted by environmental degradation.

0164Furthermore, additional assembly steps may be performed depending upon the selected instrument. As illustrated in <figref idref="f0006">Fig. 10</figref>, the cable 152 may be interconnected with the connection area 154 and interconnected with the navigation probe interface 50. Alternatively, if the other instruments, such as the probe 166 or the suction tube 190 are formed, the relative handles may be provided and affixed thereto and various other connections may also be performed. Nevertheless, it will be understood that these steps are not necessary for forming the sensor near the tip of the construct.

0165With reference to <figref idref="f0009">Fig. 16</figref> the exterior dimension or diameter E of the tip 158 and of the stylet portion 156 of the stylet 150 may be any appropriate dimension and may be about 0.09 mm to about 1.5 mm in diameter. It will be understood that the dimension may be any appropriate exterior dimension as the stylet portion 160 may be formed in any shape, but may be a cylinder. The diameter E generally includes the dimension of the core 242 the first dielectric layer 246 and the second dielectric layer 248. In addition, a diameter F that includes the diameter or size of the coil 240 may be about 0.9 mm to about 1.50 mm in diameter. Therefore, the diameter F may be greater than the diameter E depending upon whether the space between the coils is selected to be equal to the size as around the coils 240.

0166Regardless of the actual size, it is desired to include a diameter of the stylet portion 156 that is substantially small for use in various purposes. For example, the stylet portion 156 may generally be provided with a cannula that is positioned in various portions of the anatomy, such as the brain. Therefore, it may be desirable to provide the stylet portion 156 and a plurality of other instruments through the cannula without moving the cannula. Therefore, the stylet may be of a selected diameter that will substantially freely move within the cannula.

0167Although it may be selected to keep the maximum diameter F under a selected size, it will be understood that any appropriate or selected size of diameter may be used. Simply having a substantially small diameter may provide various selected properties, as having it selected for various instruments and purposes. Again, as described above, various portions of the instrument and the method may be optional and not necessary. Although the core 242 may be formed of a substantially conductive material that is surrounded by the first layer of dielectric material 246, that is able to isolate the coil 240 from the conductive material of the core 242, and the second layer of dielectric material 248 provided to enclose the coil 240 from an exterior environment; it will be understood that various other portions, such as providing the core 242 as the core 176 in the probe 166 or the metal tube 202 on the suction instrument 190 may also be provided.

0168The core 242 may be formed of any appropriate material, but may be formed of the permeable material that may include ferrous materials such as ferrites like those provided by Fair-Rite Products Corp. of Wallkill, NY. The permeable material may provide a gain to the signal of the coils, such as the first coil 240 and the second coil 244 in the stylet 150. The material may provide a gain that is relative to its permeability, especially above the permeability of air. Therefore, the gain experienced may be dependant upon the type of material chosen for the core 242, or any core about which the coils are formed.

0169In addition, it will be understood that any appropriate number of coils may be provided. For example, the stylet 150 may include the first coil 240 and the second coil 244. As described above, the windings of the coils 240, 244 may be substantially co-axial so that only five degrees of freedom are determined. Nevertheless, the windings of the coils may also be formed at an angle relative to one another so that rotational orientation of the stylet 150 may also be determined. In addition, any appropriate number of coils may be provided along the length of the instrument for various purposes.

0170For example, two coils that are coaxial may be provided for error detection. The first coil may be provided at a known distance from a second coil. Therefore, the sensed position of the first coil 240 relative to the second coil 244 may be used to detect errors between the positions of the two to determine the exact location of the tip 158 of the stylet 150. In addition, a compensation circuit may be provided to compensate for the sensed signal from the first coil 240 relative to the second coil 244. Therefore, providing two coils in the stylet 150 may be provided for any number of reasons or for all appropriate reasons. In addition, it will be understood that the number and types of coils may be provided in each of the instruments described above and any other appropriate instrument. Nevertheless, a substantially small or narrow sensor coil may be provided according to the steps described above and may also be provided according to the various optional steps described above.

0171With reference to <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref> and <figref idref="f0011">18</figref> the isolator circuit 55 may be provided to isolate any portion of the instrument 52 that may engage the patient 14 from the electrical source, such as the work station 34. As illustrated in <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref>, the instrument 52, which may include the stylet 150, the probe 166, the suction instrument 190, and/or any other appropriate instrument, is inserted into the patient 14. Each of the instruments may include the sensor 58, as disclosed herein and above, to which an electrical current has provided. In addition, the dynamic reference frame 54, according to any of the embodiments or various other embodiments, as described herein or understood to be included within the scope of the present disclosure, may also includes an electrical lead from the navigation probe interface 50. In addition, any other systems such as the probe 66 may each have an electrical current provided thereto. The isolator circuit 55 may be positioned anywhere to isolate any of these instruments from the electrical source.

0172The isolator circuit 55 may include any appropriate isolation transformer 300. The transformer 300 may include a first coil 302 that is operable to transmit or receive a signal. The first coil 302 may generally be on an output side that receives a signal and transmits it through the navigation probe interface 50 and to the workstation 34 or the coil array controller 48.

0173The first coil 302 may be separated from a plurality of second coils 304a, 304b, and 304c by a dielectric or appropriate medium 306. As described herein each of the coils 304a-304c may be in-line with a selected instrument or device. It will be understood, however, that a single second coil may be provided with a plurality of taps connected thereto. The dielectric medium 306 eliminates a current that may attempt to transfer from the first coil 302 to the second coils 304a, 304b, and 304c or vice versa. Nevertheless, an electromotive force may be provided into either of the first coil 302 or the second coils 304a, 304b, and 304c that may couple across the dielectric material 306. In this way, the second coils 304a, 304b, and 304c is electrically isolated from the first coil 302, such that only a potential is able to transfer across the dielectric medium 306.

0174The second coil 304 may include leads to the dynamic reference frame 54, the instrument 52, such as a catheter, and the probe 66. As discussed above the instrument 52 may also be the stylet 150, the probe 166, and/or the suction tube 190, or any appropriate instrument. Both the first coil 302 and the second coils 304a, 304b, and 304c may also include a ground lead. Generally, the first coil 302 is operably connected to the work station 34 through the navigation probe interface 50. The navigation probe interface may include appropriate power sources and amplifiers as necessary. Therefore, the navigation probe interface 50 may be electronically isolated from the various portions of the assembly 10 that may engage the patient 14. In this way, a current may not be transferred through the electrical isolator 55 to any of the instruments, sensors, or portions that touch the patient, such as the instrument 52 and the dynamic reference frame 54.

0175In addition, as discussed briefly below, the first coil 302 may include a different number of windings than the second coils 304a, 304b, and 304c. For example, if it is desired to include a stronger signal going back to the navigation probe interface 50, a number of windings in the first coil 302 may be greater than the number in the second coil 304. Therefore, the electrical isolator 55 may also act as an amplification circuit for receiving a signal from the various components, such as the dynamic reference frame 54 and the instrument 52.

0176As illustrated in <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref>, the isolator circuit 55 may be provided on any of the lines from the navigation probe interface 50. Therefore, any electrical surge may be immediately stopped before engaging the patient 14 or instrument 52. Thus, the isolator circuit 55 may be positioned on each of the lines leading to each of the instruments, the probe 66 or the dynamic reference frame 54. Furthermore, the isolator circuit 55 may be incorporated into the navigation probe interface 50 or into any of the instruments 52, the dynamic reference frame 54, or the probe 66. The isolator circuit 55 may be positioned anywhere to eliminate the current that may be unintentionally provided to the patient 14.

0177For example, with reference to <figref idref="f0005">Fig. 9B</figref>, the isolator circuit may be included within the circuit capsule 154 of the stylet 150. Therefore, the power provided to the stylet 150 may be interrupted when a selected voltage or current is reached. The isolator circuit may allow stopping a voltage before it is able to pass through the circuit to reach the sensors. The isolator circuit 55 in addition to the dielectric layers positioned over the coils 240, 244, may assist in protecting the patient 14 from undesired electrical shock. In addition, the isolator circuit 55 may be incorporated into any other appropriate portion of the other instruments with a dynamic reference frame.

0178In addition to isolating the patient 14 from undesired electrical current or shock, the isolator circuit 55 may also act as an amplifier to increase the signal to noise ratio. For example, the isolator circuit 55 may be a step up transformer that is designed to increase the signal to noise ratio a selected amount. For example, a selected side, such as the signal output side, of the circuit may include a number of windings that is greater than the signal input side such that the signal is stepped up and the signal to noise ratio is increased. Therefore, the isolator circuit 55 may not only electrically isolate the patient 14 from an undesirable surge, but may also increase the signal to noise ratio to increase the efficiency of the navigation system 10.

0179Therefore, the navigation system 10 may be provided to include a dynamic reference frame 54 that is substantially non-invasive such that the patient 14 does not endure further trauma than required from the operative procedure. Generally, the navigation system 10 is able to provide a less invasive or minimally invasive procedure to achieve less trauma to the patient 14. Therefore, providing a substantially non-invasive dynamic reference frame may assist in decreasing the overall trauma or invasiveness of the procedure.

0180In addition, the sensor coils may further reduce the size of the instrument for various purposes. In addition, the size of the coils may allow the coils to be positioned near the distal end of the instrument to more precisely determine the position of the instrument. Therefore, the position determination of the instrument can be more accurate. For example positional accuracy can be increased by at least about 5% over placing the sensors away from the tip. The procedure may then be performed with fewer attempts thereby again further reducing the possible trauma of the procedure.

0181Also, the isolator circuit 55 may increase the signal to noise ratio to better determine the position of the various sensors and therefore determine the position of the instrument. In addition, the isolator circuit 55 may assist in isolating the patient 14 from any electrical sources of the navigation system 10. Therefore, the navigation system 10 may increase the efficacy.

0182According to various embodiments dynamic reference frames (DRFs) may be provided. DRFs may include a tracking sensor. The tracking sensor may be tracked by a tracking system. The DRF may be used by the system to register or maintain registration of patient space to image space.

0183Various DRFs may be fixed or inserted in various portions of the anatomy, such as those described above and herein. Various DRFs may be fixed in bores in hard or boney portions. Various DRFs may be fixed in at least one orientation relative to selected portions of the anatomy. It will be further understood that although a DRF is discussed in particular herein, any appropriate sensor may be provided. The sensor may be a portion of a tool, a probe, or any other instrument. Also the DRF, according to various embodiments may include coils for use in an electromagnetic tracking system, but may also include or alternatively include optical sensors, acoustic sensors, or any appropriate sensor portion. The DRF may be also referred to as a DRF assembly. The sensor in the DRF may generally be referred to as a tracking sensor for us in a DRF or a DRF sensor. Thus, it will be understood, that a DRF may include a DRF sensor that includes a tracking sensor used as a DRF.

0184Further, as described above and herein, a plurality of the DRFs may be used to assist in maintaining registration of the patient space to the image space. As described above, the registration allows for the tracking system to track an instrument relative to the patient and ensure that the display shows an accurate position and orientation representation of the instrument relative to the patient. The DRFs, as described above, assist in maintaining the registration of the patient space to the image space during a selected procedure regardless of movement of the patient. It will be understood, however, that any appropriate number of DRFs may be provided on the patient or in a selected position for maintaining the registration of the patient space to the image space.

0185For example, a single DRF that provides six degrees of freedom information may be used. The single six degree of freedom DRF (6 DOF DRF) tracks six types of movements in space that may be identified with the single DRF and maintained relative to the patient. Generally, the 6 DOF DRF is substantially fixed both rotationally and translationally relative to a portion of the patient. For example, an anti-rotation DRF may be positioned relative to the patient, such as in a bony portion, that includes a selected number of tracking sensors or coils to ensure the 6 DOF DRF. In this regard, three coils, positioned for example, orthogonal to one another will provide 6 degrees of freedom information.

0186Nevertheless, more than one DRF may be provided if a selected type of motion is not fixed or trackable. For example, a rotational movement may not be fixed and therefore at least one degree of freedom, or one type of motion may not be tracked by the tracking system. Therefore, it may be selected to include more than one DRF to allow for determination of the type of movement not detectable by the single DRF but may be compared between a plurality of the DRFs to determine the last type of motion. Alternatively, the single DRF may only include two orthogonal coils and still be rotationally fixed to the patient. However, use of the two coils generally will not provide 6 degrees of freedom information.

0187In this regard, generally in an electromagnetic tracking system, three coils substantially unaligned with one another, such as orthogonal to one another, are required to provide six degrees of freedom information. These coils or tracking sensors may be located in a single DRF. Alternatively, three DRFs, where each each DRF includes a single coil, where each coil is again not positioned coaxial or linear relative to the other coils. This combination will also provide six degrees of freedom information. By providing less than three coils within a single DRF enables the DRFs to be smaller due to requiring less coils and hence, overall smaller size. Therefore, a single six degree of freedom DRF would generally be larger than individual DRFs each providing only a single coil and three degrees of freedom information. The size of the DRFs may assist in positioning the smaller DRFs relative to a selected portion of the anatomy. This may be useful when positioning the smaller DRFs in substantially tight or small areas, such as under a small tissue portion relative to the cranium or any selected portion of the anatomy, such as cervical vertebrae. Nevertheless, the smaller DRFs would be used for any appropriate purpose.

0188With reference to <figref idref="f0011">Fig. 19</figref>, a tracking sensor that can also operate as a DRF 350 is illustrated. The DRF 350 generally includes a tracking sensor that can be tracked with a tracking system. The DRF 350 may be positioned relative to a bone or anatomical portion 352. The bone may be any appropriate bone, such as a femur, humerus, etc. For example, a bore 354 may be formed in the bone 352 to receive at least a portion of the DRF 350. The DRF 350 may include a wired portion 356, which may provide power to the DRF 350 or transmit a signal from the DRF 350. It will be understood, however, that the DRF 350, or any appropriate DRF discussed above or herein may be substantially wireless. For example various wireless channels may be used to transmit or receive information. Various internal power sources may be provided, such as an internal battery. A power signal may be used to apply remote power to the DRF, and an LC Tank circuit may be used to transmit a signal. Various exemplary wireless DRFs are described in <patcit id="pcit0014" dnum="US24584302A" dnum-type="L"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial Number 10/245,843</text></patcit>, entitled, "SURGICAL COMMUNICATION AND POWER SYSTEM", filed September 22, 2002; and <patcit id="pcit0015" dnum="US837997A" dnum-type="L"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial Number 10/837,997</text></patcit>, filed 5/03/5004, entitled, "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR IMPLANTATION BETWEEN TWO VERTEBRAL BODIES". The DRF 350 may be any appropriate sensor, such as an acoustic sensor, an optical sensor, an electromagnetic sensor, or a combination thereof. Regardless, the DRF 350 may be positioned in the bore 354 to substantially receive the DRF 350, such that it can be fixed relative to the bone 352.

0189Positioning the DRF 350 in the bore 354 may eliminate or reduce the need for other attachment mechanisms to provide for a fixed position of the DRF 350 relative to the bone 352. For example, various pins, interference portions, and the like may be used to interconnect the DRF 350 with the bone 352. For example, various screws, pins, interference portions, and the like, may be provided and connect the DRF 350 with the bone 352. Also, in addition to or alternatively to the pins, the DRF 350 itself may be formed in an interference shape such as a square, polyhedron, etc. The various geometries may interact with the bore 354 to resist or eliminate rotation of the DRF 350. Nevertheless, the use of the bore 354 may assist in assuring the DRF 350 does not move relative to the bone 352, whether or not various other interconnection portions are used. It will be understood, however, that the bore 354 may both fix and reduce an exposed profile of the DRF 350.

0190Further, it will be understood that the DRF 350 need not include the wire 356. For example, the DRF 350 may be substantially self powered or powered by an external source or signal. Therefore, the wire 356 may not be necessary and the DRF 350 may be provided in the bore 354 alone.

0191In addition, the bore 354 may allow the DRF 350 to be positioned relative to the bone 352 and be provided below or underneath a surface of soft tissue 360. Therefore, the DRF 350 may be a substantially sub-dermal or sub-soft tissue DRF. This may allow the DRF 350 to be positioned in the bone 352 and remain in the bone 352 while not affecting a soft tissue 360 that may be positioned next to the bone 352. This may also assist in providing a substantially normal operation, such as a range of motion, of the bone 352 with the soft tissue 360 in place. in this case the profile or shape of the DRF 350 may be made to reduce or eliminate any sharp edges or surfaces to prevent the DRF 350 from interfering with the soft tissue 360.

0192Nevertheless, as discussed above, the DRF 350 may be tracked according to various procedures to allow for a determined position of the DRF 350. Therefore, movement of the bone 352 may be tracked with the DRF 350 even while soft tissue portions, such as the soft tissue 360, surrounds or is positioned relative to the bone 352. Keeping or positioning the soft tissue 360 near the bone, in a generally natural orientation, may allow for obtaining a substantially natural motion of the bone 352.

0193With reference to <figref idref="f0012 f0013">Figs. 20-24</figref>, various DRFs, may include mechanisms to reduce rotation or other unselected movement of the DRF relative to a selected portion, such as a portion of the anatomy. Further, it will be understood that the DRF sensor, as a part of the DRF, may be positioned at any appropriate position relative to the anatomy or any other portion to which it is fixed. Therefore, it will be understood that DRFs may include mechanisms or apparatuses that fix the DRF in a selected orientation or position relative to an anatomy, or other appropriate portion.

0194Various DRFs may include the DRF or DRF assembly 370, illustrated in <figref idref="f0012">Fig. 20</figref>. The DRF 370 may include a DRF sensor portion 372 that may be a substantially optical DRF, an electromagnetic DRF, and acoustic DRF or the like. Nevertheless, the DRF sensor 372 may be provided with the DRF 370 in a substantially anti- or reduced rotation mechanism. The DRF sensor 372 may include a wired portion 374, as discussed above. Nevertheless, also as discussed above, the DRF sensor 372 may be substantially wireless and include a power signal or be internally powered, such as those discussed above.

0195The DRF sensor 372 may be attached to a connection portion 376 that includes a first arm or leg 378 that is hingedly or movably interconnected with a second arm or leg portion 380. The first leg portion 378 may be movable relative to the second leg portion 380 with a movement mechanism 382. The movement mechanism 382 may be any appropriate mechanism, such as a screw that interconnects a boss 384 extending from the first leg 378 with the second leg 380. Therefore, movement of the screw 382 may move the first leg 378 relative to the second leg 380. In this way, the two legs 378, 380 may be moved and locked or fixed relative to one another to form an engagement relative to a selected surface, such as a spinous process of a vertebra of the spine. In addition, the legs 378, 380 may include further engagement portions 386 that assist in holding the DRF 370 relative to a selected position. For example teeth or spikes may be included as the engagement portions 386 to bite into or fixedly engage the anatomy, such as a spinous process S. In addition, the screw 382 may be operated with any appropriate mechanism, such as with a tool, substantially manually operated, or the like.

0196Nevertheless, the DRF 370 may be positioned relative to a selected portion of the anatomy, substantially in a manner that reduces or eliminates rotation of the DRF 370. As discussed above, various degrees of freedom of the DRF 370 such as six degrees of freedom (6 DOF), to assist in determining its location, may be determined using various techniques. The accuracy or efficacy of the determined locations may be reduced if the DRF 370 is allowed to rotate relative to a selected portion. Therefore, various mechanisms, such as the first leg 378 and the second leg 380 that may be positioned relative to one another, may assist in reducing or eliminating the rotation of the DRF 370. Fixing rotation of the DRF 370 may assist in assuring that substantially any movement of the DRF 370, such as the DRF sensor 372, may be due to the portion to which the DRF 370 is attached and not to motion of the DRF 370 itself.

0197With reference to <figref idref="f0012">Fig. 21</figref>, a DRF or DRF assembly 400 is illustrated. The DRF assembly 400 may include a DRF sensor 402, a DRF connection portion or anti-rotation portion 404 and an interconnection portion or member 406. Generally, the DRF sensor 402 may include a casing that surrounds the sensor portions of the DRF sensor 402. Nevertheless, the interconnection portion 406 may include a shaft 408 defining a thread 410. The thread may engage a portion of the connection member 404 as to substantially fix the DRF sensor 402 relative to the connection portion 404. The connection portion 404 may also include a first leg 412 and a second leg 414. The two legs 412, 414 may engage two sides of a selected structure, such as a spinous process S of the spine (<figref idref="f0012">Fig. 21A</figref>). In the case of engaging a spinous process, the threaded portion 410 may both engage one or both of the spinous process and the connection member 404.

0198Regardless, the interconnection with the connection member 406 may assist in holding the connection member 404 relative to the selected portion of the anatomy. The two legs 412, 414 may allow for at least two points of contact to resist movement of the DRF sensor 402, such as rotational movement thereof, relative to a structure of the anatomy. Therefore, the DRF 400 may be positioned relative to a portion of the anatomy while substantially reducing a selected motion of the DRF 400 relative to the anatomy. As discussed above, position information of the DRF 400 may be used to determine a location of a selected portion of the anatomy, such as a spinous process or a vertebra.

0199As exemplary illustrated in <figref idref="f0012">Fig. 21A</figref>, each of the legs 414, 412 may engage or contact a selected side of the spinous process S. The legs may further include engagement portions to bite into or fixedly engage the spinous process S. Further, the screw may be screwed into the spinous process to lock or fixedly engage the DRF 400 together. The screw may engage the sensor portion 402 relative to the member 404 to hold the sensor 402 in a selected position. Also the sensor 402 may be keyed, such as with the member 404, such that it may not rotate relative to the legs 412, 414.

0200With reference to <figref idref="f0013">Fig. 22</figref>, a DRF or DRF assembly 430 is illustrated. The DRF assembly 430 may include a DRF sensor portion 432, which may include or provide a DRF sensor. The DRF sensor may be any appropriate tracking sensor, such as an optical sensor, an acoustic sensor, an electromagnetic sensor, or any appropriate sensor. The DRF assembly 430 further includes an engagement portion or member 434, such as a member to engage a selected portion of the anatomy. A further connection portion 436 is provided to interconnect the DRF sensor 432 with the connection member 434.

0201The interconnection portion 436 may include a shaft 438 that defines a thread 440. The shaft 438 may pass through a bore 442 formed in the sensor portion 432 to engage or pass through the attachment member 434 and engage a selected portion of the anatomy, such as a bone. In addition, the connection portion 436 includes a surface or structure 444 that may interconnect or mate with a second surface or structure 436 defined by the connection portion 434. Therefore, the DRF sensor 432 may be held fixed relative to the connection portion 434 in a selected manner and/or orientation. Further DRF sensor 432 may be keyed or include portions to engage the member 434 to resist or eliminate rotation relative to the member 434.

0202In addition, the connection member 434 may include a first leg portion 448 and a second leg portion 450 that may allow for at least two points of contact with a selected portion. For example, the two portions 448, 450 may engage either side of a spinous process to assist in holding the DRF assembly 430 relative to the spinous process, for example similar to the legs 412, 414 in <figref idref="f0012">Fig. 21A</figref>. The portions 448, 450 may assist in reducing or eliminating rotation of the DRF assembly 430, including the DRF sensor 432, relative to the anatomy or other structure. Therefore, the threaded portion 440 may engage a portion of the anatomy compressing the connection portion 436 to interconnect the first structure 444 with the second structure 446. In addition, the first portion 448 and the second portion 450 may engage two sides or two points relative to a selected portion of the anatomy for assisting and holding the DRF assembly 430 relative thereto in a substantially immovable manner.

0203As discussed above, the DRF assembly 430, including the DRF sensor 432, may assist in determining a position of the DRF assembly 430 and a portion to which it is interconnected. Therefore, reducing a motion of the DRF sensor 432 relative to a selected member may increase the accuracy, the efficacy and the degrees of freedom of the sensed movement or position of the member to which the DRF assembly 430 is attached.

0204With reference to <figref idref="f0013">Fig. 23</figref>, a DRF assembly 460 is illustrated. The DRF assembly 460 may include a first portion 462 that may define or include a DRF sensor 464. As discussed above, the DRF sensor 464 may be any appropriate sensor, such as an optical sensor, an acoustic sensor, an electromagnetic sensor, or combinations thereof. Similarly, as discussed above, the DRF sensor 464 may be substantially wired or wireless.

0205The first portion 462 may extend or be interconnected with a second portion or shaft portion 466. The first portion 464 may be substantially fixedly attached to the shaft portion 466 or may be removable therefrom. The shaft portion 466 may extend from a base portion 468 that is operable to interconnect with a selected member, such as a portion of the anatomy including a cranial or spinal region. Therefore, the shaft member 466 and/or the base member 468 may be implanted at a selected time and the first portion 462 may be interconnected with the shaft 466 at a selected later time. Further, it will be understood that the shaft 466 and/or the base 468 may be provided as fiducial markers. These portions may be inserted as markers for use in pre-operative imaging and used as fiducial markers for registering the images before or after the DRF 462 is attached.

0206The base portion may include one or a plurality of anti- or reduced rotation members 470. The anti-rotation members 470 may engage a member, such as an anatomical structure, including a bone, off center from a central axis defined by an attachment mechanism 472, such as a screw. The screw 472 may interconnect the base 468 with a selected portion of the anatomy, while the anti-rotation pins 470 interconnect the base 468 with the anatomy at a different axis. Therefore, rotation around the axis of the screw 472 may be substantially reduced or eliminated. It will be understood that a plurality of the anti-rotation pins 470 may be provided.

0207Also, the shaft 466 may be provided in a plurality of lengths depending upon various applications. For example, the shaft may include a length of one centimeter or less for various low profile or percutaneous applications. Other applications may use a longer shaft, such as a shaft greater than about one or two centimeters for various applications, such as connection to a spinous process or a cranial portion. Regardless, the anti-rotation pins 470 may assist in eliminating rotation of the first portion 462, including the DRF sensor 464 relative to a selected portion of the anatomy, such as a bony portion.

0208In addition to the anti-rotation pins 470, or alternatively thereto, the base 468 may also define a spike or projection 474. The spike 474 may engage the member, such as a bony structure at an axis different from the axis of the screw 472. The may also assist in reducing rotation or rotational tendencies of the DRF assembly 460.

0209The spikes 474 may be molded into the base 468 to first engage a selected portion, such as a bony portion. After preliminary engagement, the separate of modular anti-rotation pins 470 may be passed through the base 468 to further assist in reducing rotation of the DRF assembly 460. Therefore, it will be understood that the DRF assembly 460, or any appropriate DRF assembly, may include one or a plurality of anti-rotation mechanisms.

0210With reference to <figref idref="f0013">Fig. 24</figref>, a DRF assembly 490 is illustrated. The DRF 490 may include a body portion 491 defining a first leg 492 and a second leg 494. A connection mechanism 496 is provided to interconnect the DRF 490 with a selected portion, such as a portion of an anatomy.

0211The connection mechanism 496 may define a thread 497. The thread 497 may engage threads defined by the body 491. The connection mechanism may further engage the anatomy. Also, the legs 492, 494 may include a structure 498 operable to engage a portion of the anatomy. A spike or further fixing member 499 may extend from the legs 492, 494 to engage the anatomy.

0212The connection mechanism 496 may be used to connect the body 491 to the anatomy. As discussed above, each of the legs 492, 494 may engage a different portion of the anatomy to resist rotation or other movement of the DRF 490. This may hold a DRF sensor portion in a selected position relative to the anatomy. The DRF sensor portion may be included in the body 491, the connection mechanism 496, or connected to either. For example, after positioning the DRF assembly 490, a DRF sensor may be fit to the connection mechanism 496.

0213It will be further understood that a DRF or other instrument may include one or a plurality of anti-rotation mechanisms. Therefore, the DRF need not include only a single or small combination of anti-rotation mechanisms, but may include a plurality of more than one anti-rotation mechanism. Further, as briefly discussed above, various anti-rotation mechanisms may be selected based upon various applications. For example, a DRF to be interconnected with a spinal portion, such as a spinous process, may include various anti-rotation mechanisms, while various other DRFs may include different anti-rotation mechanisms.

0214With reference to <figref idref="f0014">Fig. 25A</figref>, an instrument 520 that may include a tracking sensor 522 is illustrated. The tracking sensor 522 may be positioned in any appropriate position, such as in a handle portion 524. The tracking sensor 522 allows the instrument 520 to be tracked such that a location of the instrument 520 or a member to which is connected can be tracked. The tracking sensor 522 may be any appropriate tracking sensor, such as an electromagnetic sensor, an optical sensor, an acoustic sensor, or the like. Nevertheless, the tracking sensor 522 may be positioned in the handle 524 or any appropriate portion relative to a shaft or extension portion 526.

0215The shaft 526 may include a fitting or connection end 528. The connection end 528 may include a locking or spring paddle portion 530. The attachment portion 530 may include a flexible or deformable member 532 that may flex or move relative to the shaft 526 through a flexing or hinge area 534. The inner connection portion 530 may allow the instrument 520 to be interconnected with a selected instrument or tool, such as a cutting block 540 (<figref idref="f0015">Fig. 26</figref>), in a desired orientation.

0216The tracking sensor 522 interconnected in the instrument 520 may be used to sense a position of the instrument 520 relative to the tool 540. For example, the length of the shaft 526 or an orientation of the shaft 526, may be known relative to a selected portion of the shaft, such as the interconnection portion 530. Thus the location and orientation of the tracking sensor 522 relative to the tool 540 is known. This known orientation and location can be used to assist a user, such as a surgeon, in a procedure, such as an orthopedic procedure. For example, the tool 540 may be a cutting block to be oriented for a selected resection.

0217With reference to <figref idref="f0014">Fig. 25B</figref>, an instrument 520' may include a shaft 544 that includes a bent or angled portion 546. The instrument 520' may still include the tracking sensor 522 in the handle or operable portion 524 for positioning or operating the instrument 520'. Further, the instrument 520' may include an attachment region 530 similar to the attachment region 530 of the instrument 520'. The bent portion 546, however, may allow for positioning of the instrument 520' in a selected position that may not allow for a substantially straight shaft. In addition, the bent shaft 544 may allow for an efficient use of the instrument 520', such as easy viewing of a surgical area or movement of selected instruments, such as a minimally or less invasive surgical procedure.

0218Regardless of the configuration selected for the shaft 526 or any appropriate shaft portion, such as the shaft 544, the instrument 520 may be fit relative to the tool 540 that may be a cutting block, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0015">Fig. 26</figref>. For example, to resect a selected portion of anatomy, such as a tibia 550, the cutting block 540 may be positioned relative to the tibia 550. The cutting block 540 may be held relative to the tibia 550 in any appropriate manner. For example, a pin 552 or a plurality of pins 552 may be provided to fix the cutting block 540 in a position relative to the tibia 550.

0219In a surgical navigation system, such as the system described above, it may be desirable to assure that the cutting block 540 is positioned at a selected position, orientation, etc. The instrument 520, including the interconnection portion 530, may be positioned relative to the cutting block 540. For example, the cutting block 540 may include a guide or cutting slot or surface 554 defined by the cutting block 540. The interconnection portion 530 of the shaft 526 may be fit into the guide slot 554 to hold the instrument 520 relative to the cutting block 540. It will be understood that the interconnection region 530 may be any appropriate interconnection region and is not limited to a spring member 532. For example, various deformable legs, quick-release screws, and the like may be used to efficiently interconnect the instrument 520 with a selected member.

0220Once the instrument 520 has been fit in the cutting block 540 the tracking sensor 522 may be used to determine a location and orientation of the guide slot 554 of the cutting block 540. This may assist in insuring that the cutting slot or guide surface 554 is positioned relative to the tibia 550 in a selected position, such as a pre-selected or planned position.

0221Therefore, the instrument 520 may assist in positioning or determining a position of the cutting block 540 relative to a selected portion of the anatomy. This may also allow a user to determine a cutting plane and the cutting plane may be displayed for use by a user. The instrument 520 may be used without pre-selecting or knowing the position or type of cutting block 540. Thus any appropriate cutting block 540, or other tool, may be used with the instrument 520 to ensure a proper or planned location, orientation, angle, etc. is obtained without including the tracking sensor 522 on the tool 540.

0222The instrument 520 may be inserted into the tool 540 before fixing the tool relative to the patient, as well. This may allow a representation of the tool 540 to be displayed relative to the patient 14 on the display. This may allow the tool 540 to be positioned in a substantially planned or selected position, for example in a less or minimally invasive procedure. The user may use the display with the represented tool 540 to ensure that the selected location, orientation, etc. is achieved before or while fixing the tool to the patient or using the tool 540. Also, the plane of the cut may be displayed on the display 36 prior to the cut being formed.

0223It will be understood that the instrument 520 may be used with any appropriate tool, such as a cutting block for cutting various other portions of the anatomy, other than the tibia 550. For example, the interconnection region 530 may be interconnected with the cutting block for selecting a cut in a spinal area. In addition to determining the position of the cutting slot 554, or any appropriate cutting slot, the instrument 520 may be used to determine an orientation of the cutting guide 554 relative to a selected surface. For example, as discussed above, the tracking sensor 522, may be used to determine an angle of a selected portion, such as the cutting guide 554, relative to the anatomy. Further, the instrument 520 may be used to determine a depth or length to be formed with the guide 540.

0224In addition, the interconnection region 530 allows for a substantially efficient connection of the instrument 520 to a selected portion, such as the cutting block 540. As discussed, the connection portion 530 may be any appropriate interconnection region 530. For example a screw, a pin, or the like may be used. Regardless, the instrument 520 may allow for the navigation of the tool 540 without including a sensor on the tool 540. Thus, the tool 540 need not include the bulk of the sensor or be specially made to include the sensor for use with the tracking system 44.

0225The interconnection portion 530 may allow for a hands-free or single hand operation of the instrument 520. Once positioned, the instrument 520 may be held relative to the cutting block 540 with no additional need for intervention by a user. Therefore, the instrument 520, including the tracking sensor 522, may be positioned in a selected cutting block and held in the selected cutting block with the interconnection region 530 for various procedures. Also, the position of the cutting block 540 can be determined with the instrument 520 by positioning the instrument 520 and using the navigation system 10.

0226Regardless, the instrument 520 may be efficiently connected with an instrument or tool for determining a location of the tool. A user need not hold or continually hold a probe relative to a tool when the instrument 520 may be interconnected with the instrument for a selected period of time. Therefore, the cutting block 540 need not permanently include a separate or its own tracking sensor, but may use the tracking sensor 522 interconnected with the instrument 520 for locating and tracking purposes.

0227Further, as discussed above, the instrument 520 may include the angled shaft 544 or straight shaft 526. It will be further understood that a plurality of shafts, including various angles, lengths various configurations or geometries, or the like, may be provided. Each of the plurality of shafts, including a selected feature, may be interconnected with a single handle portion 524, which may include the tracking sensor 522. Therefore, an inventory or kit may be maintained of the plurality of the shafts 526, 544 without providing a plurality of the tracking sensors 522. Further, various or all portions of the instrument 520 may be reusable or disposable. For example the shaft 526 may be substantially disposable and the handle 524 may be reusable and or can be sterilized. It will be understood, that this is merely exemplary and any portions maybe disposable or reusable. Moreover, the sensor 522 may be wired or be wireless, such as that described above.

0228Although the instrument 522, which may include the tracking sensor 522, may be provided to be interconnected with the tool 540, it will be understood that the tool 540 may also include integrated tracking sensors. Therefore, although the instrument 520 may be interconnected with the tool 540 to assist in planning or tracking the position of the tool 540 relative to a selected portion, such as the tibia 550, the tracking sensor 522 may not be provided in the instrument 520, but may be included in the tool 540.

0229Including the tracking sensor 522, or any appropriate tracking sensor in the tool 540, may assist in minimizing the size of the tool 540 or the portion required to track the tool 540. Therefore, a position, orientation, or the like of the guide surface 544 of the tool 540 may be determined relative to the anatomy, such as the tibia 550. This may allow for tracking a tool or a position of the tool 540 relative to the anatomy for a selected procedure. Further, the tool 540, if it includes the tracking sensor, or is used with the instrument 520, may be used to achieve a planned procedure. Therefore, it will be understood that the tool 540 or any appropriate tool may include integral tracking sensors rather than providing the instrument 520 separate or interconnectable with the tool 540.

0230With reference to <figref idref="f0016">Fig. 27A</figref>, a DRF or a low profile DRF assembly 560 is illustrated. The DRF 560 may include a case or assembly housing 562 that surrounds one or more DRF sensors or coils 564a, 564b, 564c, for various purposes, such as those described herein. As discussed above, the DRF 560 may be any appropriate DRF, such as an acoustic DRF, an electromagnetic DRF, or an optical DRF. Nevertheless, as discussed above, the DRF sensors 564 may include electromagnetic coils or coils that may sense a position in electromagnetic field, such that a direct line of sight between the DRF sensor 564 and a receiver or localizer is not necessary. Therefore, the housing 562 may include a size that allows it to be positioned within a selected portion of the anatomy, as discussed herein.

0231For example, the DRF housing 562 may include a height that is less than about two centimeter or a height that is less than about one centimeter. It will be understood that the height of the DRF case 562 may be any appropriate height to allow it to be positioned relative to a selected portion of the anatomy. The case 562 may also include a shape or geometry that allows a substantially smooth movement relative to soft tissue of an anatomy, such as when the DRF 560 is positioned subdermally. Thus the size and geometry of the case 562 may provide for a subcutaneous placement and movement of the DRF 560. The shape allowing for the subcutaneous placement may be substantially short, such as less than about 2 cm. Also the shape may be substantially smooth to allow the soft tissue to move over a surface of the DRF 560. This allows the DRF 560 to be positioned and allow soft tissue to move relative to the DRF 560 without the DRF 560 substantially interfering with the movement of the soft tissue.

0232The DRF 560 may be positioned relative to a portion of the anatomy, such as a soft tissue portion or bone portion with a connection mechanism, which may include a screw 566 or a plurality of screws 566. In addition, as discussed above, the DRF 560 may include anti-rotation or fixation portions 568. The anti-rotation or anti-movement portions 568 may extend from a surface, such as a bottom surface 562a of the DRF case 562. The anti-rotation portions 568 may engage any appropriate portion, such as a bony surface, a soft tissue portion, or the like to assist in holding the DRF 560 or the DRF sensors 564 in a selected location.

0233In addition, the DRF sensor 560 may be provided, such that it may be moved relative to the soft tissue and then held in a selected position. Therefore, the DRF case 562 may include substantially soft or smooth sides that do not include sharp edges, such as would be found in a square or other angular geometry. Nevertheless, it will be understood, that the DRF case 562 may be provided in any appropriate shape or size.

0234With reference to <figref idref="f0016">Figure 27B</figref>, a low profile DRF 560' is illustrated. The low profile DRF 560 may be similar to the low profile DRF 560 illustrated in <figref idref="f0016">Fig. 27A</figref>. The low profile DRF 560', however, may include only a single or a plurality of the screws 566 or a single or plurality of the spikes 568. The spike 568 may act as an anti-rotation device such that the low profile DRF 560' does not move or rotation relative to an axis thereof. It will be understood that the low profile DRF 560' or any DRF generally may include at least two points of contact with a selected anatomical portion to substantially reduce or resist rotation of the DRF. Therefore, the low profile DRF 560' or a DRF may be interconnected with a portion of the anatomy for assisting in obtaining and maintaining registration of image space to patient space and the DRF may maintain the registration by reducing or eliminating error due to rotation. Therefore, the DRFs, such as the low profile DRF 560', may include a mechanism to create two points of contact with the selected portion of the anatomy rather than a plurality more than two contacts.

0235The DRF 560 may be provided with various types of screws 566. For example, the screws 566 may be substantially self tapping, drill tapping or any appropriate type of screw Therefore, the screw 566 may be positioned in a portion of the anatomy, such as bone, in a preformed hole or a hole that is tapped by the screw 566.

0236Further, the screw 566 may be inserted in any appropriate manner. For example, the screw 566 may be captured in or held relative to any driver to assist in driving the screw 566 relative to the DRF 560. The screw may be captured relative to the driver using a tapered fit or other type of interference fit between the screw and the driver. Therefore, the screw may be held relative to the driver, such that a generally one handed driving may occur. The driver may be interconnected with a power drill or may be hand driven for inserting the screw relative to the anatomy through the DRF 560. Further, the screws 566 may be captured in the DRF 560, such as in the body 562. For example, the bores or holes, through which the screws 566 pass, may include a locking or capturing tab to allow the screw 566 to be held relative to the DRF for a selected period of time.

0237Further, it will be understood that the screws 566 may include any appropriate driving form. The driving head of the screw 566 may be include a cruciform driving mechanism, a box, or square driving mechanism, a hex driving mechanism, or any appropriate type of mechanism. Further, the driving head may assist in holding or aligning the screw relative to the driver to assist in positioning the screw relative to the DRF 560.

0238Further, the DRF 560 or DRF may include a body 562 that is substantially deformable or conformable. For example, the body 562 may include a substantially flexible body or material that allows the body 562 to conform to the surface onto which it is placed. For example, such as the DRF described above in <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref>, the DRF may include a portion that is flexible that engages the anatomy. Therefore, the DRF may substantially conform to the anatomical structure to assist in holding the DRF in a selected position. The body 562 may be deformed with exterior pressure or when positioning the screws 566, or any appropriate holding mechanism, relative to the anatomy.

0239Although the body 562 may be flexible to assist in positioning the DRF 560 relative to the anatomy. The tracking sensors 564A-564C of the DRF 560 may be tracked by the tracking system in any appropriate manner. For example, the tracking sensors 564A-564C may be positioned within a substantially rigid portion of the body with the body 562 being deformable relative to the rigid portion holding the tracking sensors 564A-564C. In this way, the tracking sensors 564A-564C are held fixed relative to one another to maintain registration of the DRF 560 relative to a portion of the anatomy. Alternatively, or in addition thereto, the body 562 may be substantially completely flexible such that the tracking sensors 564A-564C of the DRF 560 are able to move relative one to another during the deformation of confirmation of the body 562. In this case, registration is performed after the DRF 560 is securely fixed to the patient in its conformed condition.

0240Regardless, the DRF 560, or a DRF may include a body or structure that is able to conform to a selected portion of the anatomy. The deformation or confirmation of the body 562 or any appropriate body may assist in holding the DRF relative to the selected portion of the anatomy during a selected period of time. For example, although the DRF may be provided with a substantially planar bottom 562A, it may be positioned relative to a non-planar surface and deformation of the body 562 to conform to the non-planar surface may assist in positioning or holding the DRF 560 relative to the selected portion of the anatomy.

0241DRFs, such as the DRF 560 may be used to position relative to soft tissue. As discussed above and herein a DRF may be positioned relative to or in soft tissue and not obstruct movement of the soft tissue or other anatomical portions. With reference to <figref idref="f0017">Figs. 28A-28C</figref> an exemplary method is illustrated.

0242With initial reference to <figref idref="f0017">Fig. 28A</figref> an exemplary incision 574 may be made through a selected portion of soft tissue, such as dermis, skin, fascia, muscle, or any appropriate portion. The incision 574 may be used for performing a selected procedure, such as those discussed above and herein. Nevertheless, it may be selected to position the DRF 560 at a location M not at the location of the procedure. Thus the incision 574 may be moved in direction of arrow N towards the selected location M.

0243Once at the selected location M, illustrated in <figref idref="f0017">Fig. 28B</figref>, the DRF 560, or any appropriate DRF, may be positioned. The DRF 560 may be fixed to bone, soft tissue, or any appropriate portion. Once the DRF 560 is positioned at the selected location M the incision 574 may be moved back to its initial position, near where the procedure is to be performed, <figref idref="f0017">Fig. 28C</figref>. As discussed above this may allow a transdermal or sub-dermal placement of the low-profile DRF 560, or any appropriate DRF. The DRF 560 may be provided with a selected size or shape, such as a low profile (such as less than or equal to about 2 cm in height), to allow for movement of the incision after placing the DRF 560.

0244Thus the single incision 574 may be used to both position the DRF 560 and perform a selected procedure. This may reduce incisions to be formed and decrease recovery time for the patient 14. Thus, the incision 574 may be formed at a first location, the DRF 560 positioned, through the incision 574, at a second location, and the incision returned to a third location, which may be the first location. The sub-dermal placement may assist in performing minimally or less invasive procedures, such as minimally invasive orthopedic procedures.

0245With additional reference to <figref idref="f0017">Fig. 28D</figref>, a portion of an anatomy, such as a leg 572 may exemplary have a procedure performed relative thereto. For example, an incision 574 in a soft tissue 576, such as skin or muscle surrounding a selected portion, such as a femur 578, may be provided. The DRF 560 may be positioned relative to a portion of the anatomy, such as the femur 578. The DRF 560 including a selected size, such as less than about one centimeter in height, may be positioned or fixed relative to the femur 578.

0246After positioning the DRF 560 relative to the femur, the incision 574 may be unretracted or placed over the DRF 560. For example, a retractor 580 may be used to move a portion of the soft tissue or expand the incision 574 for positioning of the DRF 560 on a particular portion of the femur 578. After positioning the DRF 560 relative to the femur 578, the retractor 580 may be removed and the soft tissue allowed to be replaced or moved back over the DRF 560.

0247Once the soft tissue is positioned over the DRF 560, various tracking or localization procedures may be used to determine a position of the DRF 560 and further determine a position of the femur 578 relative to other portions. For example, a second DRF 582 may be positioned relative to a tibia 584. Therefore, the DRF 560 may be used to determine a location of the femur 578 relative to the second DRF 582 and the tibia 584. The size, shape, orientation, and other features of the DRF 560 may allow the DRF 560 to move relative to the soft tissue 576 surrounding the DRF 560, after the soft tissue is replaced, and the femur 578. This may be useful in determining a range of motion of the femur 578 relative to the tibia 584. It will be understood that a range of motion of any two bones relative to a joint may be determined using the DRF 560 and any other appropriate DRF portions, such as the second DRF 582 or a second of the DRFs 560.

0248A range of motion may be determined after resurfacing a bone surface or positioning an implant relative to a bone. The range of motion may assist in determining a proper placement of a prosthesis or an appropriate resection or resurfacing of a bony portion. Therefore, allowing the DRF 560 to move with a bone portion, such as the femur 578, with the soft tissue in a substantially natural position, may assist in determining a proper conclusion of a procedure.

0249Further, it will be understood that the DRF 560 need not be fixed directly to a bony portion. For example, the DRF 560 may be interconnected with a selected portion of soft tissue, such as a muscle, a tendon, a ligament, or any other appropriate soft tissue portion. The DRF fixed to a selected soft tissue portion may move with the soft tissue portion relative to other portions of the anatomy or other instruments. Regardless, movement of the soft tissue may be determined by use of sensing the location of the DRF 560, as discussed above.

0250Again, the DRF 560 may be provided in an appropriate size, geometry, location and the like to allow it to move relative to soft portions of the anatomy. The features of the DRF 560 may allow it to not obstruct the movement of the soft tissue to which the DRF 560 is attached or the soft tissue relative to which the DRF 560 is moving. Thus, the DRF 560 may be positioned and used to determine a movement of a bony portion, a soft tissue portion, and the like, where the DRF is moving and touching the soft tissue portions without interrupting the movement of the various selected portions. It will be understood that the DRF 560 may be any appropriate size, or any appropriate DRF. The DRF 560, or any appropriate DRF, may include selected sizes, shapes, and/or configurations to assist in movement relative to various selected locations. For example, the percutaneous or subcutaneous placement of the DRF may be performed without requiring an external positioning or fixation of the DRF. Further, the DRF 560 may be substantially wired or wireless to allow for various configurations and purposes.

0251With reference to <figref idref="f0018">Figs. 29 and 30</figref>, a mobile localizer 600 is illustrated. The handheld or mobile localizer 600 may be similar to the transmitter coil array 46 and may be part of the electromagnetic navigation or tracking system 44. The mobile localizer 600 may be used in conjunction with or in addition to the coil array 46. The coil array 46 maybe used to form a field until an obstruction is positioned that distorts the field and then the mobile localizer 600 may be used. Alternatively, both may be used together to assist in determining a location of the tracking sensor.

0252It will, nevertheless, be understood that the mobile localizer 600 may be an instrument separate from the tracking system 44, but may include portions or control systems similar to the tracking system 44. The handheld localizer 600 may include portions similar to the transmitter coil array that allows for localization, registration, and the like of various portions, such as the DRF 54, any appropriate DRFs, such as those discussed above, the probe or pointing device 66, or any appropriate member.

0253The mobile localizer 600 may include any appropriate shape, size, geometry, and the like according to various purposes. For example, the mobile localizer may include a first lobe or portion 602, a second lobe 604, and the third lobe 606. Each of the lobes 602, 604, 606 may house or define a transmitter coil positioned or included in the mobile localizer 600. It will be understood that the mobile localizer 600 may include a substantially round, square, rectangle, or any appropriate shape. The lobe shape is merely exemplary and not limiting.

0254Further, the mobile localizer 600 may include a power and/or transmission cable 608 interconnected with a selected power source and/or tracking system. For example, the cable 608 may interconnect the mobile localizer 600 with the coil array controller 48 for transmission and/or reception of a tracking signal. The mobile localizer 600, therefore, may be used to communicate or be operated by the system 44 to assist in tracking or locating a selected sensor, such as the DRF 54. It will be understood, however, that the mobile localizer 600 may also be internally power or powered with a power signal. The mobile localizer may also include a wireless transmitter or receiver. This may allow the mobile localizer to be substantially wireless.

0255Further, a handle or graspable portion 610 may extend from a housing 612 defining the selected instrument. The graspable portion 610 may be used to orientate or move the mobile localizer 600 relative to a selected portion, such as the patient 14. It will be understood, however, that the mobile localizer 600 need not include a graspable portion 610. A user, such as a physician may grasp the mobile localizer 600 directly. Also the mobile localizer 600 may be substantially wireless.

0256The mobile localizer 600 may include the casing 612 that is easily removable from the various coils held within the lobes 602, 604, 606. The casing 612 may be substantially sealable relative to a selected external environment, such that a casing 12 may be easily sterilized and replaced over the coils. The case 612 may also be disposable and discarded after a use. Alternatively, or in addition to the casing 12, a sterile bag 616 may be provided to selectively surround a portion of the mobile localizer 600. Therefore, the mobile localizer 600 may be used in a sterile environment through a plurality of applications without contaminating the sterile environment. It will be understood that any appropriate sterilization technique or portions may be used to insure a sterile environment for the mobile localizer 600.

0257The mobile localizer 600 may include any appropriate selected dimensions. For example, the mobile localizer 600 may include external dimensions of about 50 cm². It will be understood, however, that the mobile localizer 600 may include any appropriate dimensions, such as less or more than about 50 cm². Regardless, the mobile localizer 600 may be moved by the physician or user 614 to any appropriate location relative to the patient 14.

0258With reference to <figref idref="f0018">Fig. 30</figref>, the mobile localizer 600 may produce a field LF that can be selectively directed over a selected area, such as a surgical area SA. The field LF, as discussed herein may be tuned or shaped for various reasons using various components and coil orientations. Further size of the field may be selected depending upon a size of the mobile localizer 600 and may be any appropriate size. Also the coils included in the mobile localizer 600 may be of a selected size to assist in selecting a size or strength of the field LF. Thus the mobile localizer 600 may include various dimensions, such as a selected area or face 601 or volume (such as a three dimensional size). The area 601 may be an area through which the field LF is focused or directed while a volume may be a three dimensional size of the mobile localizer 600. The mobile localizer 600 may also include a mass of less than about 2 kg, and may even be smaller than about 1 kg.

0259The mobile localizer 600 may include coils of any selected size. The coils, however, may be larger, and may be similar in size to coils used in the coil array 46. Nevertheless, the coils in the mobile localizer 600 may be positioned in an area, such as the area of the face, that is within a circle having a diameter of no more than about 16 cm (about 6 in) or any appropriate dimension that may allow ease of movement by a user. Thus the area of the face 601, which may be equivalent to the area of the coils, may be about 200 cm² or less. The size of the mobile localizer 600 may, however, be selected based upon an ergonomic consideration for ease of use by a user, such as a one handed use by a user. Thus, the area of the face 601 may be less than 200 cm². The mobile localizer 600 may also include a volume that is about 1200 cm³ or less.

0260Nevertheless, the mobile localizer 600 may be moved such that the field LF is not obstructed or interfered with by an object O. The mobile localizer 600 may be moved by a user in any appropriate direction, such as arrows 600a, 600b. It will also be understood that the mobile localizer may be moved to a new location to ensure that no or little obstructions interfere with the field LF. Also, even if the field LF is less than the surgical area SA, the mobile localizer may be moved to ensure that the entire area SA is covered by the field LF at a time. Thus the small mobile localizer 600 and the field LF may be used to cover a large area without requiring a large static or acquired localizer. Nevertheless, both may be used together or separate. For example, the coil array 46 may be used until the object O creates interference, then the mobile localizer could be used. Thus the tracking system 44 may switch between the coil array 46 and the mobile localizer 600 or the two may be used together.

0261Moving the field LF may increase the accuracy or assist in determining the position of the DRF 54 or a coil in a sensor. For example, although the surgical area SA may be an area including one or more of the DRFs the object O may affect the field LF more in a first position than a second position. The mobile localizer 600 may be moved to assist in reducing the affects of the obstruction O. Further, as discussed herein, various techniques may be used to determine a least affected coil or sensor. The mobile localizer 600 may be moved to assist in decreasing the interference and increase the number of accurate coils or sensors.

0262It will be understood that the mobile localizer may be held by a hand or on a moveable portion for use. For example, the mobile localizer 600 may be clamped or held relative to the bed 56. Also the mobile localizer may be held by a user not performing the procedure.

0263The mobile localizer 600 may be positioned relatively close to a selected portion of the patient 14 for determining a location of a portion, such as a DRF 54 or an instrument. For example, the DRF 54 may be positioned relative to the patient 14, such as subcutaneously using the subcutaneous DRF 560. The mobile localizer 600 may be positioned at a small distance, such as less than about one meter from the patient 14, to localize the DRF 54. It will be understood, however, that the mobile localizer 600 may be positioned at any distance from the patient 14, such as less than about twenty centimeters or less than about fifty centimeters. Regardless, the mobile localizer 600 may be positioned substantially near the patient 14 for various purposes.

0264For example, the mobile localizer 600 may be easily or efficiently moved relative to the patient 14 to substantially reduce metal effects on the field produced by the mobile localizer. As discussed above, the mobile localizer 600 may produce an electromagnetic field that is used by the system 44 to determine a location of the DRF 54 relative to the mobile localizer 600. Therefore, the navigation system 44 may be used to determine the position of the DRF on the patient or a selected position of the DRF 54 relative to a second DRF 54'.

0265Further, the mobile localizer 600 may be used to reduce interference from various portions or materials that may be present near the patient 14. For example, the operative bed 56, the imaging device 12, or other portions in a selected theater, such as an operating theater, may produce interference that may otherwise need to be accounted for in the tracking system 44 to determine an accurate position of the DRF 54, or other trackable portion. Positioning the mobile localizer 600 substantially near the DRFs 54, 54', however, may be used to substantially remove various interferences that may otherwise need to be accounted for. The removal of interferences may allow for simplifying various portions of the tracking system 44 or eliminating various algorithms that would need to be used to account for the interferences.

0266The mobile localizer 600 may be used, as discussed above to determine a location of a tracking sensor. The tracking system may determine a position of the sensor, such as one included in a DRF or the instrument 52, relative to the patient 14 in the image space. As the mobile localizer 600 is moved relative to the patient 14 and the various tracking sensors, the position of each can be determined with reference to the fixed DRF 54, or DRF 54'. The position of the DRFs 54, 54' may be known or registered to the image space so that they may also be displayed on the display 36.

0267Further, the mobile localizer 600 may also be fixed to the patient 14. The mobile localizer 600, as fixed to the patient, may then produce the field LF relative to the patient 14 from the fixed point on the patient 14. In this instance the position of the various tracking sensors may be determined to the fixed position of the mobile localizer 600 on the patient. Thus, it will be understood, that the mobile localizer may be held by a used or fixed directly to the patient 14.

0268In either instance, whether held by a user or fixed to the patient 14, the affect of various interferences may be reduced or eliminated. The filed LF may be formed at and directed closer to the surgical area SA or area of interest with a lower instance of interfering objects O. Also, the mobile localizer 600 may be positioned and aimed or directed toward the surgical area SA in a manner to eliminate obstructions O from the filed LF.

0269In addition, the mobile localizer 600 may be easily used to perform localization and verification purposes, such as various optimization or verification steps may occur. For example, the field strength produced by the mobile localizer 600 may be substantially tuned, depending upon the position of the localizer 600 relative to the patient 14 or the DRFs 54, 54'. The field strength, or other feature, may be tuned or changed depending upon a selected local environment. The tuning may be use to increase the efficiency of the mobile localizer 600 and increase its accuracy. Regardless, the field strength need not be tuned for the mobile localizer 600 and it may be used to perform the localization according to various methods.

0270Further, the mobile localizer 600 may be integrated into any appropriate instrument. For example, the mobile localizer may be integrated into various instruments, such as the probe 66 or the stylet 52. The mobile localizer 600 may be integrated into the instruments to reduce the number of instruments or portions in a selected operating theater and/or for simplifying the performance of selected procedures. Therefore, the mobile localizer 600 may be moved with the various instruments to assure that the localizer is positioned near the DRF or the selected tracking sensor for determining a position of the tracking sensor. Also, as discussed above, the mobile localizer 600 may be incorporated into an instrument fixed relative to the patient 14, thus possibly eliminating the DRF.

0271For example, the mobile localizer 600 may be integrated into the probe 66, such that the field generated relative to the probe 66 may be substantially tuned to provide a precise location of the probe 66 for the navigation system 44. As discussed above, the field strength may be substantially tuned for various applications to achieve selected results. In addition, providing the mobile localizer 600 near to a selected sensor, as discussed above, may substantially reduce metal interference and improve metal immunity.

0272Therefore, it will be understood, that the mobile localizer 600 may be used to increase efficacy of the tracking system 44. Although the mobile localizer 600 may not be required in various applications, the mobile localizer 600 may be used to improve metal immunity and reduce interference that may otherwise need to be accounted for. Further, the mobile localizer may be positioned in various orientations relative to the patient 14 or the localizer sensors, such as the DRFs 54, 54' for achieving a more precise signal.

0273Various systems, algorithms, and the like may be provided to further assist in increasing accuracy and efficacy of the navigation system 44. For example, a plurality of coils, such as greater than about two coils for an electromagnetic system, may be positioned in a sensor, such as a DRF. For example, any appropriate number of coils may be positioned in a DRF to be localized with the coil array 46 or the mobile localizer 600. The various coils may be used to provide an accurate determined position of the sensor. For example, various averaging methods, weighting methods, or selection methods may be used to determine a most precise sensed or determined location.

0274Various methods may be used to determine a location of a sensor, such as the DRFs 54, the probe 44, the instrument 52, or any other appropriate portion. As discussed above, the various elements may include electromagnetic portions or coils that allow for sensing and determining a location of the sensor. The determined position of the sensor can assist in determining or interpreting a location of a portion attached to the sensor, such as the instrument, a portion of the patient, and the like. For example, each of the electromagnetic sensors may include one or more of conductors or inductive coils in which a magnetic field may be induced or sensed. As one generally skilled in the art will understand, a magnetic field may be produced with various elements, or a field or current may be induced in the sensor. Therefore, it will be understood that any appropriate portion may be used to form an electromagnetic field or induce an electromagnetic field in the sensor for various purposes.

0275Further, one skilled in the art will understand that a magnetic field produced or induced in a selected portion may include both a determinable position and orientation. Therefore, these sensed or determined positions and orientations may be used to determine a position of a sensor, such as the DRF 54. Nevertheless, for various reasons, a plurality of sensors or coils may be positioned in a sensor, such as the DRF 54. For example, various redundancies and increased accuracy may be achieved by providing a plurality of coils or sets of coils within the DRF 54, or any appropriate portion, for determining a location and orientation of the DRF 54. It will be understood that the discussion herein, though directed to the DRF 54, may be used in any appropriate sensor for various portions, such as the instrument 52, the probe 44, or any other portion. The DRF in the discussion of the following methods and apparatuses is merely exemplary.

0276With reference to <figref idref="f0019">Fig. 31</figref>, a selected algorithm or method of averaging signals 620 is illustrated. The averaging method 620 may generally allow for averaging a plurality of sensed positions or points, such as a position and orientation of a magnetic field, for determining a location of the DRF 54. Generally, the averaging method 620 may make use of a plurality of sensed locations and averaging methods to provide a precise position of the sensor including the plurality of coils.

0277The averaging method 620 generally starts at start block 622. In the start block 622, the DRF 54 may be positioned on the patient 14 (with reference to <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref>) or any other appropriate location. It will also be understood that various other steps may occur, such as registering the position of the DRF 54 relative to the patient 14 and image space, if so required. It will be further understood that the navigation system 10 may include the monitor 34 that may provide an image 36 of image space of the patient 14 and the position of the DRF 54 relative to the image space may be used. As discussed above, the DRF 54 may be used to insure that the patient space is registered and matched to the image space for performing a selected procedure.

0278After the procedure is initiated or started in block 622, magnetic field information may be received from the coils in block 624. It will be understood that the magnetic information collected from the various coils may include the position and orientation of the magnetic fields produced or induced in the coils or any other appropriate information. Further, it will be understood that the DRF 54 may include any appropriate number of coils, such as one, two, three, four or any appropriate number. Further, any appropriate number of sets of coils may be provided. For example, two sets of two coils may be provided in the DRF 54 at a known or selected geometry for various purposes, such as those discussed herein. Nevertheless, each of the coils may be allowed to produce magnetic field information that may be collected in block 624. Also, more than one of the DRFs 54 may be used together, such as discussed above. The localizer or tracking array may be used with any appropriate number of the DRFs.

0279Briefly, as discussed above the sensor or DRF 90 may include the first coil 96 and the second coil 98 (<figref idref="f0004">Fig. 6</figref>). As illustrated the coils 96, 98 may be placed in a selected geometry, such as an angle, relative to one another, such as an orthogonal angle. Although both coils 96, 98 may be formed about a single axis or origin. It will be understood that any appropriate number of coils may be formed in the DRF 90, or any appropriate DRF. Thus three or more coils may also be formed generally orthogonal to one another about the single axis.

0280In addition to the DRF, such as the DRF 90, including more than one coil, the DRF could include a plurality of sets of coils. With reference to <figref idref="f0016">Fig. 27</figref> the DRF 560 may include the first coil sensor set 564a, the second coil sensor set 564b, and the third coil sensor set 564c. Though any appropriate number of sensor coil sets may be provided, three are exemplary illustrated. The coil sets 564a, 564b, 564c may be arranged in the DRF 560 in a selected geometry, such as shape, orientation, separating distance and the like. The geometry of the coil sets 564a, 564b, 564c, may be known and used in various techniques to determine the position of the DRF 560. It will be understood that any appropriate sensor, DRF, or member may include the coil sets, coils, and the like to assist in determining a position of the member.

0281The magnetic field information collected in block 624 of the coils and/or sets of coils may be transferred to the work station 48 or any appropriate processor, such as a microprocessor. As discussed above, the information may be transferred through various wired portions or may be transferred substantially wirelessly. Therefore, it will be understood that the DRF 54 using the method 620 may be a substantially wireless or wired instrument.

0282The positions of the coils may be computed in block 626 according to various methods, such as those described above or described in <patcit id="pcit0016" dnum="US5913820A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 5,913,820</text></patcit>, entitled "Position Location System," issued June 22, 1999 and <patcit id="pcit0017" dnum="US5592939A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 5,592,939</text></patcit>, entitled "Method and System for Navigating a Catheter Probe," issued January 14, 1997. It will be understood that any appropriate methods may be used to compute the positions of the received coils or the magnetic field information received from the coils. Further, as discussed above, the position of various portions, such as the patient 14 in the image space or of the instrument 52 relative to the DRF 54 may be also determined. Therefore, the computation of the position of the coils in block 626 may be any appropriate computation and further may include various other relational computations.

0283After the position of the coils is computed in block 626, an averaging or combination technique in block 628 may be used to average the computed position. In block 628, the various computed positions of the coils from block 626 may be geometrically combined using various methods. For example, a Single Value Decomposition (SVD), as is known in the art, may be used to average the various computed positions of the coils in block 626. Further, it will be understood that other averaging methods may be used to average the computed positions of the coils from block 626. For example, averaging the positions, using other known least squares fit computation or any other appropriate averaging method may be used. Regardless, the various or plurality of computed positions of the coils from block 626 may be averaged or combined in block 628.

0284The combined or averaged positions in block 628 may be used to determine a final position of the DRF 54. The various positions computed in block 626 may each be a coil positioned within the DRF 52. Therefore, each of the coils may provide a position of the DRF 54. Nevertheless, to assist in assuring accuracy or reduce the effects of interference, such as metal, space, etc., the plurality of coils, for which positions are determined or computed in block 626, may be averaged in block 628 to possibly increase the accuracy of determining the position of the DRF 54. In other words, only a number of the coils, generally less than all of the coils or coil sets would be affected by interference, or the signals received by them. Thus averaging the interfered and non-interfered coil signals reduces, to an acceptable level, or eliminates error that may be created by the interference.

0285Further, in block 628 the various degrees of freedom, such as a six degree of freedom (6 DOF) transform may be determined. Thus, the combination of the various computed positions of block 628 may provide information regarding the position and orientation of the DRF 54 in a substantially precise manner. As discussed above, averaging the position of the plurality of coils in block 628 may provide for a plurality of position information for the DRF 54.

0286Finally, the navigated position may be displayed in block 630. The position of the DRF 54, the instrument 52, or any appropriate portion may be displayed on the monitor 34. As discussed above, the image space may be registered to the patient space or a position of the instrument may be displayed on the image space relative to the patient 14. Therefore, the navigated position determined using the method 620 may be displayed in any appropriate manner. As discussed above, the display may include the monitor 34, may be a heads up display for the physician 614, or any appropriate display.

0287With reference to <figref idref="f0019">Fig. 32</figref>, a selection method for determining a position of the DRF 54 is illustrated. It will be understood that although the selection method 640 may be discussed in relation to the DRF 54 that the selection method 640 may be applied to any appropriate portion. For example, the selection method 640 may be applied to determining and displaying a position of the instrument 52, the probe 44, or any appropriate portion. Therefore, the discussion herein related to the DRF 54 is understood to not be limited to the DRF 54 alone.

0288The selection method 640 generally starts in block 642. As discussed above, various procedures may occur prior to the start block 642. For example, registering the image space to the patient space may be performed or positioning of the DRF 54 on the patient 14 may be performed. Further, various images may be obtained preoperatively of the patient 14 for use in the selection method 640. Regardless, the selection method may generally begin at block 642 and allow for determination of the position of the DRF 54.

0289Similar to the averaging method 620, information regarding the magnetic field may be collected in block 644. Further, the position of the each of the coils may be computed in block 646. As discussed above, each of the DRFs 54 may include a plurality of coils, such as any appropriate number for use in the method 640. Each of the plurality of the coils may include unique magnetic field information, such as orientation and position. Further, a plurality of sets of the coils may be provided in the DRF 54, such as those described above in relation to <figref idref="f0004">Figs. 6</figref> and <figref idref="f0016">27</figref>. Each of the coils and/or each of the sets of coils may be positioned at a known or selected orientations or geometry relative to one another. The known respective or relative positions or geometry may be generally fixed relative to each of the coils or sets of coils for use in the selection method 640.

0290Once the position of the each of the coils or sets of coils is computed in block 646, the six degrees of freedom transform may be computed in block 648. It will be understood that the 6 DOF transform may be computed for each of the coils or the coil combinations according to various generally known methods, such as those described above or in <patcit id="pcit0018" dnum="US5913820A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 5,913,820</text></patcit>, entitled "Position Location System," issued June 22, 1999 and <patcit id="pcit0019" dnum="US5592939A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 5,592,939</text></patcit>, entitled "Method and System for Navigating a Catheter Probe," issued January 14, 1997. The 6 DOF transform may be computed to determine the geometry or position of the coils or sets of coils relative to one another.

0291In block 650, the computed geometry of the coils in block 648 may be compared to a known geometry in block 650. As discussed above, the coils or sets of coils may be positioned in the DRF 54 or any appropriate portion at generally known or specifically known geometry. The computed geometry in block 648 may therefore be compared relative to the known geometry in block 650.

0292For example, three coil sets may be positioned in the DRF 54. Each of the coil sets may include or be computed to have a sensed geometry or position in block 646 and 648. The computed positions of the three coil sets may then be compared to the known positions of the three coil sets in block 650. For example, if the first coil set is known to be at a known position relative to the second and third coil set, while the second coil set is known to be at a selected and known position, relative to the first and third coil sets, and finally the third coil set is at a selected and known position relative to the first and second known coil sets, those known positions may be compared to the determined or calculated positions in block 648. Therefore, each of the coil sets may be compared to the known positions of the coil set to the other coil sets. This comparison may be used to determine which coil set is least affected by various interferences.

0293The coil sets or coils least affected by interferences may be used to determine the position of the DRF 54. As is known various items may interfere with a magnetic field produced or induced in the coils. Nevertheless, a position of the coils may be sensed and a sensed geometry may be compared to the known and/or saved geometry of the coils. As discussed above, the coils are generally fixed relative to one another. Therefore, in block 654 the coil set that gives the closest match to the known geometry may be selected. The coil set that most closely matches the known geometry is most likely the coil set least affected by interferences. The coil set least affected by interferences may provide the most accurate position of the DRF 54 for determining a location of the DRF 54 relative to the patient 14 and for determining a position of the patient relative to the image space.

0294Once the coil set is selected that is closest to the known geometry, a position of the DRF 54 or the instrument 52, or any appropriate portion may be displayed on block 656. The position displayed on block 656 may be the position of one or more of the coil sets. As discussed above, the plurality of coil sets included for the selection method 640 may be used to select a single coil set to determine a position of the DRF 54. Therefore, only one or more of the coil sets may be used to determine the position and display the navigated position in block 656.

0295It will be understood that the selection method 640 may be combined with the averaging method 620 to determine or display a position of the DRF 54. For example, a plurality of coil sets such as the three, may be included for the selection method 640. More than one coil set may be selected in block 654 as being close or equally close to the known geometry. Therefore, the averaging method 620 may be used to average the two or more selected coil sets to provide further refinement for determining a position of the DRF 54. Therefore, after block 654, selecting the coil sets closest to the known geometry, the method may proceed to block 628 of the averaging method 620 or may proceed directly to block 656. That is the selected coil sets may be geometrically combined or averaged in block 628. After combining or averaging the coil set in block 628, the position of the DRF may then be displayed in block 656. Therefore, it will be understood, that any method may be used in combination with any other method or methods to determine a position of the DRF 54.

0296With reference to <figref idref="f0020">Fig. 33</figref>, various methods may be used to determine a position of the DRF 54. For example, a weighting method 660 may be used to determine a position of the DRF 54. It will be understood, as discussed above, that a position of the DRF 54 is merely exemplary and not limited. Therefore, the weighting method 660 may be used to determine the position of the instrument 52, the probe 44, or any appropriate portion, such as an implant, to the patient 14 for displaying the image space 36. Therefore, the discussion below related to the DRF 54 is intended to be exemplary and not limiting.

0297The weighting method 660 may generally begin at block 662. As discussed above, the start block 662 may include any appropriate preparation or steps, such as positioning the DRF 54, obtaining images of the patient 14 or any appropriate steps. Merely starting at block 652 is exemplary and it will be understood to include any appropriate portions.

0298Further, as discussed above, magnetic field information may be collected from the various coils in block 664. The collection of magnetic field information may be collected from any appropriate number of coils, such as two coils, three coils, or any appropriate number of coils. Further, various magnetic field information may be collected from the sets of coils, rather than individual coils.

0299Magnetic field information collected from the coils may also include information other than position and orientation of the field. For example, as one will understand, various other information, such as phase angle, frequency response, and other information regarding the navigation of the instrument or the DRF 54 or information collected from the sensors in the DRF 54 may be collected in block 660. These various pieces of information may be collected when the field information regarding the coils is collected or at any appropriate time.

0300The various data or information collected in block 664 may be used to weight the information collected in block 666. Weighting the information in block 666 may be used to determine or assist in determining the integrity of the information collected in block 664. Various portions or materials, such as metal immunity, and the like, as discussed above, may affect the information collected in block 664. The various materials may also affect the additional information. Thus the various additional data may be used to determine a relative affect of the various portions on the field information being collected in block 664.

0301The additional information that may be collected in block 664, besides position and orientation of the magnetic field, may be used to weight the information collected in block 664 to assist in determining the position of the various coils and the DRF 54. The weights may be applied in block 668 to the various pieces of data or to the equations regarding determining or evaluating the positions of the coils or the DRF 54. Once the weights are applied in block 668, the 6 DOF or position and orientation of the coils or the DRF 54 may be computed in block 670. For example, coils or coil sets that appear or are being affected more by interference may be weighted less than those that are less affected. Thus, all information may be used according to its known or determined weight, which can increase the accuracy of the tracking system.

0302Various methods may be used to compute the position or geometry of the coil or coil sets, such as those discussed above, or generally known in the art. Various methods may be used to compute the position of the coils where the DRF 54 using the weighted data to determine a position in orientation of the DRF 54 relative to the patient 14 and for navigation.

0303Once the position and orientation is computed in block 670 with the weighted data or equations, the navigated position may be displayed in block 672. As discussed above, the navigated position may be displayed at any appropriate display for various applications.

0304Therefore, it will be understood that more than one coil may be used to determine a position of an instrument, such as the instrument 52, the DRF 54, an implant (such as those discussed above), the probe 56 or any appropriate portion. The positions of the coils may be used to register the image space to the patient space, real-time register the image space to the patient space, or determine a position of the instrument, relative to the patient 14. Regardless, the plurality of methods, or any appropriate method, may be used to collect data from a plurality of coils. As discussed above the plurality of coils may be positioned in a single portion, such as a single DRF, a single instrument, or the like, to assist in precisely determining the position of the instrument, the DRF, or the like. Thus, any appropriate portion or method may be used to assist or determine a position of the DRF.

0305Various methods may be used to determine a position or axis of a portion of the patient 14. Various anatomical landmarks or geometries, such as an axis of a femur, humerus, or the like may be determined. For example, a transepicondylar axis may be determined by determining or finding a position of a first epicondyle, such as a medial epicondyle, and a second epicondyle, such as a lateral epicondyle.

0306With reference to <figref idref="f0021">Figs. 34A and 34B</figref>, a distal end of a femur 700 may be provided as a portion of the patient 14. It will be understood that the femur 700 is generally surrounded by a portion of soft tissue 702, including skin, fascia, muscle, and the like. It will be understood that the <figref idref="f0021">Figs. 34A and 34B</figref> are diagrammatic for ease of the following discussion and are not detailed for clarity. The distal end of the femur 700 may include a plurality of landmarks, including a first epicondyle 704, and a second epicondyle 706. It will be understood that the epicondyles 704, 706 may be any appropriate epicondyle of the femur 700. For example, the femur 700 may be a left or right femur and thus the epicondyle 704, 706 may be medial or lateral condyles, depending upon the femur selected.

0307Regardless, the epicondyles 704, 706 may define a transepicondylar axis 708. The transepicondylar axis 708 is generally an axis or a line between the epicondyles 704, 706 drawn across or through the femur 700.

0308The transepicondylar axis 708 may be used for any appropriate procedure, such as a total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The transepicondylar axis 708 may be used for positioning an implant, forming a resection of a distal portion of the femur 700, or any appropriate reason. Nevertheless, determining the transepicondylar axis 708 may be performed using an ultrasound probe 710 and generally associated ultrasound equipment.

0309The ultrasound probe 710 may produce a cloud of points or information, such as the area 712 relative to the epicondyle 706 or area 714 relative to the epicondyle 704. As discussed herein, this mosaic method may be used to determine a selected point. The ultrasound may be any appropriate ultrasound, such as a mode A or a mode B. Regardless, the ultrasound probe 710 may be moved across the soft tissue 702 relative to the femur 700 for determining the epicondyle 704, 706. Various systems for using ultra-sound systems for registration are disclosed in <patcit id="pcit0020" dnum="US6106464A"><text>U.S. Patent Nos. 6,106,464</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0021" dnum="US5398875A"><text>5,398,875</text></patcit>. It will be understood that the ultrasound probe 710 may also include a tracking sensor, similar to the DRF sensor, to allow the tracking system to track the position of the ultrasound probe relative to the patient for use in the tracking system 44. The various images and displayed images of the position of the ultrasound probe 710 may be displayed on the display 34.

0310As is understood by one skilled in the art, the ultrasound may produce ultrasonic waves that may be used to determine a position of a selected anatomical portion through the soft tissue 702. Therefore, the ultrasound probe 710 may be used to determine various anatomical points, such as the epicondyle 704, 706 without invading or passing through the soft tissue 702. In addition, the ultrasound probe 710 may be used to determine various anatomical landmarks or points using a substantially minimally or less invasive procedure when exposing the entire or distal end of the femur 700 is not generally performed.

0311As discussed above, the area of information 712, 714 generally near the epicondyle 704, 706 may be used to determine or compute the position of the epicondyle 704, 706. For example, the most medial or lateral points in the information areas 712, 714 may be used to determine the position of the epicondyles 704, 706. These points maybe determined to be "high" points in the areas 712,714 and may be determined to be the epicondyles 704,706 of the femur 700. It will be understood that various methods may be used to determine the positions of the epicondyle 704, 706.

0312The determined points of the epicondyle 704, 706 may be displayed relative to a patient image, such as a pre-acquired or preoperative CT scan, MRI scan, x-ray, or the like. Therefore, the determined epicondyle axis 708 may be displayed on a display or image space of the patient 14 without piercing the soft tissue to expose the femur 700. This may allow for intra-operative planning and determining of the procedure without producing further incision in the patient 14.

0313Further, the ultrasound probe 710 may be used to determine various other anatomical axes or points. For example, a posterior condylar axis, anterior cortex point, tibial tubercle, anterior-posterior femoral axis, and the like may be determined with the ultrasound probe 710 and various navigation displays. For example, the navigation system 10 may be used with the ultrasound probe 710 to assist in displaying on the display 34 an image of the patient 14 and the determined transepicondylar axis 708. Therefore, the display 34 may display a non-invasively determined anatomical axis for use by a user, such as a physician for planning or performing a selected procedure.

0314With reference to <figref idref="f0022">Fig. 35</figref>, the patient 14 may include a bone, such a femur 800 relative to a tibia 802. The bones, such as the femur 800 and the tibia 802, may be surrounded by various portions of soft tissue 804, including skin, muscle, etc. The bones, such as the femur 800 are generally substantially contiguous and integral but may become damaged due to disease, injury, or the like. For example, a fracture 806 may form in the femur 800. The fracture 806 may be repaired or held together such that the femur 800 may again act as an integral bone with the various portions. For example, an intramedullary (IM) rod 808 may be provided through an intramedullary canal of the femur 800. The IM rod 808 may span the fracture 806 such that two or more portions of the femur 800, or any appropriate bone portion, may be held relative to one another for use. The IM rod 800 may be positioned to allow for healing of the fracture 806 or for permanently holding the portions of the femur 800 relative to one another. It will be understood, that although the following discussion relates generally to the IM rod 808 and its use in a femur 800, that any appropriate bone portion or implant may be used to achieve a similar result.

0315Regardless, the IM rod 808 may be positioned through the intramedullary canal of the femur 800 to span the fracture 806. It may be desired, however, to further fix the IM rod 808 relative to the femur 800 to ensure that the various portions on the other side of the fracture 806 are held relative to each other. Therefore, a fixation screw or pin 810 may be provided that is operable to pass through a portion of the femur 800 and a portion of the IM rod 808, such as a bore 812 formed in the IM rod 808. It will be understood that a plurality of screws may be used to fix the IM rod 808 relative to the femur 800 in a plurality of positions or a plurality of points. Regardless, the screw 810 is generally positioned such that it is operable to pass transversely through the bore 812 and not another portion of the IM rod 808.

0316The IM rod 808 may further include one or more of a tracking sensor 816. The IM tracking sensor 816 may be used to track a position of the IM rod 808 with the tracking system 10. Further, the tracking sensor 816 may be any appropriate tracking sensor, such as those described above. Nevertheless, the tracking sensor 816 may include an electromagnetic tracking sensor, an acoustic tracking sensor, a radiation tracking sensor, an optical tracking sensor, or any appropriate tracking sensor. The tracking sensor 816 may be tracked using the array 46 or the mobile localizer 600. This may allow for determining a position of the IM rod 808 and a bore 812 in the IM rod 808. The IM rod 808 may be used in an image or imageless system for tracking the position of the IM rod 808. Regardless, the position of the IM rod 808 is tracked relative to the screw 810, or vice versa.

0317The screw 810 may also include a tracking sensor 820 that is operable to be tracked with the tracking system similar to tracking the tracking sensor 816 in the IM rod 808. Therefore, the screw 810 may be tracked relative to the bore 812 in the IM rod 808. The tracking system may then be used to determine whether the screw 810 is positioned or will be inserted on a selected path to allow it to intersect to the bore 812 after insertion into the bone 800.

0318The bone 800 may also include a DRF thereon, which may be any appropriate DRF, such as those described above. Therefore, the image space of the system may be registered relative to the patient space and the DRF 54 is used to maintain the registration should movement of the femur occur. Further, the IM tracking sensor 810 may be used to track a position of the IM rod 808 and the bore 812 in the IM rod 808 relative to the screw 810. This may allow the screw 810 to be passed along a selected path, such as a path 824, to ensure that the screw 810 engages and will pass through the bore 812 in the IM rod 808. Thus, the tracking sensors 816, 820 may be used by the tracking system in lieu of other instrumentation to ensure proper alignment of the screw 810 relative to the bore 812.

0319Further, it will be understood that any appropriate implant may be positioned relative to the anatomy. For example, rather than providing the IM rod 808, the implant may be a bone plate 830 implant that is operable to span the fracture 806.

0320With continued reference to <figref idref="f0022">Fig. 35</figref>, the bone plate 830 may also be provided, or as an alternative to the IM rod 808, to span the fracture 806. The bone plate may also include a bore 832 through which the screw 810 or any appropriate screw may pass. In addition, the bone plate 830 may include a tracking sensor 834 such that a position of the bone plate 830 may be tracked. Therefore, as with the IM rod 808, the screw 810 may be tracked relative to the bone plate 830 such that the screw will pass through the bore 832 to allow for fixation of the bone plate 830 relative to the bone 800 with the screw 810.

0321The various tracking sensors 816, 820, 832 may be used to allow for alignment of the screw 810 relative to the selected portion through a substantially small or minor incision 840. in this way the incision may remain small, but the positioning of the incision and the screw 810 relative to the portion through which the screw will pass may be substantially precisely determined, planned, and tracked with the tracking system. Therefore, a substantially open procedure or one requiring various other external mechanisms, such as alignment guides generally known in the art, may be reduced by using the tracking system. The tracking system is operable to allow for precise alignment of the screw 810 relative to the portion through which it must pass to allow for proper positioning of the implant relative to the bone 800 may be maintained.

0322Further, the various tracking sensors may be any appropriate tracking sensors. For example, the tracking sensor may be integrated into the implant such as the IM rod 800, the screw 810 or the bone plate 830. However, the tracking sensor may also be rigidly attached with selected portion, such as the implant or an instrument positioning or holding the implant relative to the anatomy. Various connectable or engageable tracking sensors include those disclosed in <patcit id="pcit0022" dnum="US6499488B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 6,499,488 issued December 31, 2002</text></patcit> entitled "Surgical Sensors". Therefore, it will be understood that the tracking sensor may be any appropriate tracking sensor and may be either integrated into the implant or instrument or selectively attachable thereto.

0323Further, the DRF 54 or any appropriate tracking sensor positioned relative to the femur 800 or the tibia 802 may be used by the tracking system to determine motion of the bones relative to one another. The motion or articulation of the bones, such as the femur 800 relative to the tibia 802, may be used to determine an anatomical plan, a range of motion, a joint line, a distance between various bones, or any other appropriate measurement. The tracking sensors may be tracked by the system to display motion of the various portions of the anatomy on a display or for determining measurements of the anatomy. For example, this may be used to determine a position of the implant, such as the IM rod 808 or the bone plate 830 relative to the bone or any appropriate implant, such as an articulated implant or the like.

0324The various portions of the anatomy may be measured to ensure that an appropriate distance, pre- and post-operatively is achieved or any other appropriate measurement. For example, when repairing the fracture 806, a length of the femur 800 may be selected. Various tracking sensors, including the DRF 54, may be used to assure that the selected length is achieved post-operatively or intra-operatively, or if further adjustment is necessary. Regardless, the tracking sensors used may include the tracking sensors discussed above and may be used by the tracking system to ensure or assist in planning or determining the achievement of a selected surgical plan.

0325The description of the invention is merely exemplary in nature and are not intended to limit the scope of the claims.