Photocatalytic coating material, photocatalytic composite material and process for producing the same, self-cleaning water-based coating compositions, and self-cleaning member

Technical Field

This invention relates to a photocatalytic coating material, a photocatalytic composite material and a method for producing the same, and a coating which is applied to building exterior surface and exhibits self-cleaning properties.

Background Art

In recent years, photocatalytic materials have gained considerable attention as materials which are hydrophilized by their exposure to sunlight and perform a self-cleaning function with the aid of rainfall when applied to building exterior surface. They have also gained attention as environmentally friendly materials which decompose toxic gases such as NOx.

For example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="JP10195333A"><text>10-195333</text></patcit> discloses that a coating film capable of decomposing NOx is formed by applying a coating containing water-soluble silicate, a hardening agent and photocatalytic powder (titanium dioxide or zinc oxide) onto the surface of tunnel wall or guardrail and heat-treating the same.

Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="JP10237354A"><text>10-237354</text></patcit> discloses that a building material superior in self-cleaning properties is obtained by applying a coating containing lithium silicate and titanium dioxide onto a building material and heat-treating the same.

In recent years, there has been an increasing tendency to use a water-based coating rather than a solvent base coating from the viewpoint of work environment, effect on surroundings and odor. As a result, water base photocatalytic coating materials to be applied on building exteriors etc. as described above have also been proposed.

For example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. <patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="JP10195369A"><text>10-195369</text></patcit> discloses a coating composition which is obtained by blending a photocatalyst and a perfluorocopolymer in the emulsion state.

Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. <patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="JP10279886A"><text>10-279886</text></patcit> proposes a coating composition which is a silicone emulsion containing a photocatalyst and a fluoro group.

Further, in the fields of building construction and coating, dirt and stains on building exteriors, outdoor structures and the coating film thereon have been posing problems with the increasing environmental pollution. Dust and particulate matter suspended in the air accumulate on the roofs and exterior walls of buildings in fine weather. The accumulations are washed away by rainwater when it rains and flow down the exterior walls of buildings. Further, airborne soot and dust are carried by rain water in rainy weather and flow down the exterior walls of buildings and the surface of outdoor structures. As a result, contaminants are attached on the surface of the exterior walls and that of the structures along the route rain water have taken. Once the surfaces are dried, there appears dirt in stripes on the surfaces.

Dirt and stains on building external facings or building coating films are made up of contaminants of: combustion products such as carbon black, urban soot and dust, and inorganic matter such as clay particles. Such diversity of contaminants makes contamination preventive measures complicated (<nplcit id="ncit0001" npl-type="s"><text>Kitsutaka, Y. "Accelerated Test Method for Contamination of Exterior Wall Coating," Transactions of Structural Division, Architectural Institute of Japan, No. 404, Oct. 1989, 15-24</text></nplcit>).

Previously, an idea was generally accepted that water-repellent coatings such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) were preferably used to prevent dirt and stains on building exteriors etc. as described above. In recent years, however, an idea has been generally accepted that the surface of coating films on building exteriors etc. should be as hydrophilic as possible so as to prevent dirt of urban soot and dust, which contain a lot of hydrophobic components (<nplcit id="ncit0002" npl-type="s"><text>Macromolecule, Vol. 44, May, 1995, 307</text></nplcit>). In such circumstances, a proposal has been made that building exteriors should be coated with a hydrophilic graft polymer (<nplcit id="ncit0003" npl-type="s"><text>Newspaper, "Japan Chemical Week," Jan. 30th, 1995</text></nplcit>). According to the newspaper's report, the coating film of the hydrophilic graft polymer exhibits such hydrophilic nature that the contact angle of water on the coating film is 30 to 40°. However, the contact angle between inorganic dust, typified by a clayey mineral, and water is 20° to 50°, and such inorganic dust has an affinity for the graft polymer on which contact angle of water is 30 to 40° and is likely to attach on the surface of the graft polymer. Thus, the coating film of such graft polymer is not capable of preventing the dirt and stains of inorganic dust. In the mean time, a variety of hydrophilic coatings have been sold which are composed of acrylic resin, silicone-acrylic resin, water base silicone, block copolymer of silicone resin and acrylic resin, acrylic-styrene resin, sorbitan fatty acid ethylene oxide, sorbitan fatty acid ester, urethane base acetate, cross-linked urethane of polycarbonate diol and/or polyisocyanate, or polyacrylic alkyl ester. The contact angle between each of the above hydrophilic coatings and water is 50 to 70° at the most, and such coatings are not capable of effectively preventing the dirt and stains of urban soot and dust, which contain a lot of lipophilic components.

As means for resolving the above described problems, coating compositions containing a photocatalyst have been proposed. Photocatalyst-containing coating films are capable of making their surface hydrophilic when exposed to UV rays from outdoor light and keeping the contact angle of water on them 20° or less. Further, they have the effect of both inhibiting the propagation of molds and algae and removing toxic substances such as NOx and SOx.

Examples of coating compositions that contain a photocatalyst are those disclosed in: 1. <patcit id="pcit0005" dnum="WO9803607A"><text>WO 98/03607</text></patcit>, 2. Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. <patcit id="pcit0006" dnum="JP11016593A"><text>11-1659,3</text></patcit>. Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. <patcit id="pcit0007" dnum="JP2002069376A"><text>2002-69376</text></patcit> and 4. Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. <patcit id="pcit0008" dnum="JP10316937A"><text>10-316937</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0009" dnum="JP9234375A"><text>9-234375</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0010" dnum="JP11140433A"><text>11-140433</text></patcit>.

<patcit id="pcit0011" dnum="WO9803607A"><text>WO 98/03607</text></patcit> discloses a composition including: photocatalytic particles composed of metallic oxide; at least one selected from the group consisting of silica fine particles, a silicone resin film precursor capable of forming a silicone resin film and a silica film precursor capable of forming a silica film; and a solvent, wherein the concentration of the total amount of the above photocatalytic particles plus the above silica fine particles or precursor, in terms of silica weight, in the composition is 0.01 to 5% by weight. In the examples described in the above specification, tetrafunctional silane was used as the silicone resin film precursor capable of forming a silicone resin film. The specification states that to prevent the film from becoming opaque white due to irregular reflection of light and allow the same to be substantially transparent, the thickness of the film is preferably 0.4 µm or less. Further, in examples described in the specification, alcohol having high power of dissolving organic resins, such as methanol or propanol, was used together with water so as to dissolve tetrafunctional silane.

Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. <patcit id="pcit0012" dnum="JP11001659A"><text>11-1659</text></patcit> discloses a coating composition which is obtained by dispersing a photocatalyst in fluorine resin and silica (or the precursor thereof) or silicone (or the precursor thereof). In the examples described in the specification, solvent base fluorine resin and solvent base silicon resin were used so as to produce a highly durable coating. Solvent base coatings are superior in weathering performance; however, when they are applied to an organic ground which is susceptible to attack by solvents, such as emulsion paint, their weatherability may possibly deteriorate (troubles such as peeling and cracking may possibly occur) after application. In the examples described in the specification, the coating film was dried at 120°C, so the hardening conditions after coating may also affect the durability of the coating film in this technique.

Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. <patcit id="pcit0013" dnum="JP2002069376A"><text>2002-69376</text></patcit> discloses a self-cleaning coating composition which is obtained by mixing photocatalytic particles or the sol thereof into trifunctional silicone resin and/or trifunctional silicone resin precursor capable of forming a silicone resin film and a whisker (or mica, talc) and which provides a film such that the contact angle of water on its surface is decreased to 20° or less when it is exposed to light.

Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. <patcit id="pcit0014" dnum="JP10316937A"><text>10-316937</text></patcit> discloses a coating composition which is obtained by dispersing photocatalytic particles in water base silicon emulsion resin containing a surfactant so that the photocatalytic particles constitute 5% by weight or more of the composition. The specification states that the composition can be applied directly onto plates whose surface has a coat of organic paint. And in the examples described in the specification, direct application of the composition onto such plates was performed and evaluated.

<patcit id="pcit0015" dnum="JP9234375A"><text>JP-A-9 234 375</text></patcit> relates to a photo-reactive material for removing harmful matter which includes at least a photo-reactive semiconductor, thermoplastic polymer emulsion, colloidal silica and water. According to the example, the ratio of TiO₂ is 27 wt% or more. The structure of <patcit id="pcit0016" dnum="JP9234375A"><text>JP-A-9 234 375</text></patcit> does not allow the silica particles and the photo-reactive semiconductor particles to move upward.

<patcit id="pcit0017" dnum="JP11140433A"><text>JP-A-11 140 433</text></patcit> relates to a photocatalytic hydrophilic composition which includes at least a photocatalytic metal oxide, an acrylic resin, water, and colloidal silica. <patcit id="pcit0018" dnum="JP11140433A"><text>JP-A-11 140 433</text></patcit> is directed to a clear paint and does not describe a coloring material. Since the coating film is made of a clear paint, the thickness of the coating film is as small as 0.4 µm or less. Also, <patcit id="pcit0019" dnum="JP11140433A"><text>JP-A-11 140 433</text></patcit> fails to describe that the silica particles and the photocatalytic metal oxide particles move upward.

The water-based coatings disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. <patcit id="pcit0020" dnum="JP10195333A"><text>10-195333</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0021" dnum="JP10237354A"><text>10-237354</text></patcit> have poor wettability to base materials having hydrophobic substances on their surface, such as plastics and painted steel, and therefore their applications are limited to glass, wood and metals.

The water-based coatings disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. <patcit id="pcit0022" dnum="JP10195369A"><text>10-195369</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0023" dnum="JP10279886A"><text>10-279886</text></patcit> have improved wettability to base materials having hydrophobic substances on their surface, such as plastics and painted steel; however, assuming that they are used outdoors, the contact angle of water on them right after their application is still too large. As a result, they could not perform their self-cleaning function with the aid of rainfall right after their application.

From the viewpoints of environmental burden, consideration for and safety of builders or a building site and its vicinity, replacing solvent base coatings by water base ones is the problem which we have to face.

Self-cleaning coatings for use in exterior walls are required to have good weatherability. To enhance the weatherability of a coating, particularly of a coating containing a photocatalyst, the thickness of the coating film has to be increased to such an extent that radicals generated from the photocatalyst by exposing the coating film to ultraviolet rays do not reach the layer underlying the coating film (several µm or more) and thereby protect the underlying layer from the activity of the photocatalyst. But on the other hand, with the increase in thickness of the coating film, cracks are more likely to occur on the film surface. Thus, how to make weatherability and prevention of cracking be compatible with each other is a problem with self-cleaning coatings containing a photocatalyst.

In repainting existing walls, organic primers are often used. These primers are composed of acrylic emulsion and therefore susceptible to attack by strong solvents. Accordingly, when intending to apply a coating directly onto such organic grounds, a water-based coating is desirably used.

As aforementioned, <patcit id="pcit0024" dnum="WO9803607A"><text>WO 98/03607</text></patcit> discloses a coating composition in which tetrafunctional silane is mainly used as a silicone resin film precursor. However, when a film containing tetrafunctional silane is formed to thickness of several µm so as to impart the film with weatherability, cracks are likely to occur in the film.

Further, when the above coating composition is applied directly onto an organic ground, the alcohol solvent attacks the organic ground because of its high solvency power against resin, which may cause cracks or peeling of the film right after the application of the coating composition.

The inventors of this invention proposed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. <patcit id="pcit0025" dnum="JP2002069376A"><text>2002-69376</text></patcit> a photocatalytic coating composition which includes a blend of: a trifunctional silicone resin and/or a trifunctional silicone resin precursor capable of forming a silicone resin film; and whisker so as to provide a self-cleaning coating composition that has both weatherability and difficulty in causing cracks, but they could not make the composition a water base one. Further, the coating composition disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. <patcit id="pcit0026" dnum="JP2002069376A"><text>2002-69376</text></patcit> was so hard that it needed an appropriate intercoat when applied to an organic material to be coated.

In the examples described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. <patcit id="pcit0027" dnum="JP10316937A"><text>10-316937</text></patcit>, coating films of 1 and 20 µm were formed on the respective plate whose surface has a coat of organic paint and the adhesion etc. of each coating film was evaluated. The evaluation showed that the adhesion was not sufficient for the coating film 20 µm thick directly applied onto the plate whose surface has a coat of organic paint. The specification did not disclose any data on the films' weatherability.

No prior art has disclosed a photocatalyst-containing and stainproofing performance-exhibiting water-based coating composition that provides a coating film not only having good adhesion to organic materials as objects to be coated even when its coating is performed at ordinary temperature, but also having good weathering performance.

As described above, there has been no water base photocatalytic coating composition that has good adhesion to a substrate, does not cause cracks when used outdoors and has good weathering performance, even when it is formed into a film having a thickness sufficient to intercept ultraviolet light.

This invention has been made in the light of the above described circumstances. Accordingly, an object of this invention is to provide: a photocatalytic coating material which poses no problem in terms of work environment, effect on surroundings and odor, which can be applied onto base materials having hydrophobic substances on their surface, such as plastics and painted steel, and which allows, when it is formed into a film on base materials having hydrophobic substances on their surface, the formed film to have firm adhesion to the base materials, allows the contact angle of water on the surface of the film to be small even immediately after the application of the composition, and hence the film to perform its self-cleaning function with the aid of rainfall right after its use, and also allows the above described state of the film to be kept for a long time by exposing the film to sunlight; a photocatalytic composite material formed by applying the above photocatalytic coating material onto a base material having a hydrophobic substance on its surface; and a method for producing the same.

Another object of this invention is to provide a photocatalyst-containing and stainproofing performance-exhibiting water-based coating composition that provides a coating film not only having good adhesion to organic materials as objects to be coated even when its coating is performed at ordinary temperature, but also having good weathering performance and therefore causing no cracks when used outdoors.

Disclosure of the Invention

To resolve the above described problems, this invention is intended to provide a photocatalytic coating material which includes: at least (a) photocatalytic oxide particles, (b) a hydrophobic-resin emulsion, and (c) water, characterized in that the average particle size of the above photocatalytic oxide particles is smaller than that of the particles dispersed in the above hydrophobic-resin emulsion.

The composition as described above makes it possible to provide a photocatalytic coating material which poses no problem in terms of work environment, effect on surroundings and odor, and which allows, when it is formed into a film on base materials having hydrophobic substances on their surface, the formed film to have firm adhesion to the base materials, allows the contact angle of water on the surface of the film to be small even immediately after the application of the composition, and hence the film to perform its self-cleaning function with the aid of rainfall right after its use, and also allows the above described state of the film to be kept for a long time by exposing the film to sunlight.

When the above described photocatalytic coating material is applied onto a base material having hydrophobic substances on its surface, the photocatalytic oxide particles, whose particle size is relatively small, move upward. This allows the contact angle of water on the surface of the coating film to be small even right after the application of the coating material, and hence the film to perform its self-cleaning function with the aid of rainfall right after its use and also allows the above described state of the film to be kept for a long time by exposing the film to sunlight. Meanwhile, the particles dispersed in the hydrophobic-resin emulsion, whose particle size is relatively large, move downward, which enhances the adhesion of the coating film to the base material having hydrophobic substances on its surface.

The working embodiment of this invention is a photocatalytic coating material which includes: at least (a) photocatalytic oxide particles, (b) a hydrophobic-resin emulsion, (c) water and (d) silica particles, characterized in that the average particle size of the above photocatalytic oxide particles and silica particles is smaller than that of the particles dispersed in the above hydrophobic-resin emulsion.

Addition of silica particles allows the contact angle of water on the surface of the coating film to be much smaller even immediately after the application of the coating material, and hence the film to perform its self-cleaning function with the aid of rainfall more easily right after its use.

When the above described photocatalytic coating material is applied onto a base material having hydrophobic substances on its surface, the photocatalytic oxide particles and silica particles, whose particle size is relatively small, move upward. This allows the contact angle of water on the surface of the coating film to be small even right after the application of the coating material, and hence the film to perform its self-cleaning function with the aid of rainfall right after its use and also allows the above described state of the film to be kept for a long time by exposing the film to sunlight. Meanwhile, the particles dispersed in the hydrophobic-resin emulsion, whose particle size is relatively large, move downward, which enhances the adhesion of the coating film to the base material having hydrophobic substances on its surface.

In a preferred embodiment of this invention, the average particle size of the above described photocatalytic oxide particles is 5 to 50 nm, that of the above described silica particles 5 to 100 nm and preferably 5 to 50 nm, and that of the above described particles dispersed in the hydrophobic-resin emulsion 80 to 300 nm and preferably 100 to 300 nm.

If the average particle size of the silica particles is less than 5 nm, the bond strength among the silica particles is increased and the particles are likely to agglomerate.

If the average particle size of the photocatalytic oxide particles is less than 50 nm, that of the silica particles less than 100 nm and preferably less than 50 nm, and that of the particles dispersed in the hydrophobic-resin emulsion 80 nm or more and preferably 100 nm or more, the difference in particle size between the photocatalytic oxide particles and silica particles and the particles dispersed in the hydrophobic-resin emulsion becomes large enough to make the photocatalytic oxide particles and silica particles, whose particle size is relatively small, more likely to move upward and the particles dispersed in the hydrophobic-resin emulsion, whose particle size is relatively large, more likely to move downward. This allows the contact angle of water on the coating film surface to be small even immediately after the application of the coating material, and hence the coating film to perform its self-cleaning function right after its use. This also allows the above described state of the coating film to be kept for a long time by exposing the film to sunlight, and besides, enhances the adhesion of the film to the base material having hydrophobic substances on its surface.

In the working embodiment of this invention, the photocatalytic oxide particles constitute 1 to 5% by weight of the total solid matter of the coating material and the silica particles 1 to 90% by weight; the hydrophobic-resin emulsion 5 to 98% by weight and preferably 10 to 98% by weight; and the amount of the water blended is 10 to 500 parts by weight and preferably 10 to 108 parts by weight per 100 parts of the solid matter.

Setting the amount of the water blended to be 10 to 500 parts by weight per 100 parts of solid matter allows the coating material to form a coating film of appropriate thickness, 1 µm to 1 mm thickness.

Setting the percentage of the photocatalytic oxide particles in the solid matter to be 1% by weight or more allows the contact angle of water on the coating film surface to be small, and hence the coating film to perform its self-cleaning function right after its use and also allows the above state of the coating film to be kept for a long time with the aid of sunlight irradiation.

Setting the percentage of the photocatalytic oxide particles in the solid matter to be 5% by weight or less makes it possible to avoid the effect on the binder which the hydrophobic-resin emulsion exerts when it is hardened by the decomposition power of the photocatalitic oxide based on the oxidation-reduction power of the same and therefore to keep the self-cleaning function of the coating film for a long time when the coating film is used outdoors.

Further, setting the percentage of the hydrophobic-resin emulsion in the solid matter to be 5% by weight or more and preferably 10% by weight or more enhances the adhesion of the coating film to base materials having hydrophobic substances on their surface.

Setting the percentage of the silica particles in the solid matter to be 1% by weight or more allows the contact angle of water on the coating film to be much smaller even immediately after the application of the coating material, and hence the coating film to perform its self-cleaning performance with the aid of rainfall right after its use and also allows such a state of the coating film to be kept for a long time with the aid of sunlight irradiation.

In a preferred embodiment of this invention, the above described hydrophobic-resin emulsion is one or more selected from the group consisting of a fluorine-resin emulsion and a silicone emulsion.

The use of a fluorine-resin emulsion and/or a silicone emulsion provides the coating film with good weatherability.

Brief Description of the Drawings

<ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li><figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> is a graph showing the nitrogen monoxide decomposition performance of a coating composition in accordance with one example of this invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0001">Figure 2</figref> is a graph showing the nitrogen monoxide decomposition performance of a coating composition in accordance with another example of this invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0002">Figure 3</figref> is a graph showing the nitrogen monoxide decomposition performance of a coating composition in accordance with still another example of this invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0002">Figure 4</figref> is a graph showing the nitrogen monoxide decomposition performance of a coating composition in accordance with a comparative example;</li><li><figref idref="f0003">Figure 5</figref> is a graph showing the nitrogen monoxide decomposition performance of a coating composition in accordance with another comparative example; and</li><li><figref idref="f0003">Figure 6</figref> is a schematic block diagram of an apparatus for evaluating nitrogen monoxide decomposition performance.</li></ul>

Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention

In the following this invention will be described in terms of its preferred embodiments.

First, terms used in this invention will be described.

In this invention, as the ingredient expressed by the term "photocatalytic oxide particles", particles of, for example, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, iron oxide, zirconium oxide, tungsten oxide, chromium oxide, molybdenum oxide, ruthenium oxide, germanium oxide, lead oxide, cadmium oxide, copper oxide, vanadium oxide, niobium oxide, tantalum oxide, manganese oxide, rhodium oxide, nickel oxide, rhenium oxide and strontium titanate can be used.

When using titanium oxide as a photocatalyst, it is preferable to use anatase type or brookite type titanium oxide, because photocatalytic activity is the strongest and lasts for a long time in such types of titanium oxide.

As the ingredient expressed by the term "hydrophobic-resin emulsion", can be used emulsions of, for example, fluorine resin, silicone, acrylic silicone, vinyl acetate acryl, acrylic urethane, acryl, epoxy, vinyl chloride vinyl acetate, vinylidene chloride and SBR latex.

Examples of fluorine resin emulsions suitably used are emulsions of polymer having a fluoro group, such as polytetrafluoroethylene, poly(vinylidene fluoride), poly(vinyl fluoride), polychlorotrifluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkylvinylether copolymer, perfluorocyclo polymer, vinylether-fluoroolefin copolymer, vinylester- fluoroolefin copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-vinylether copolymer, chlorotrifluoroethylene-vinylether copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene urethane crosslinked polymer, tetrafluoroethylene epoxy crosslinked polymer, tetrafluoroethylene acryl crosslinked polymer and tetraflouroethylene melamine crosslinked polymer.

Examples of silicone emulsions suitably used are emulsions of hydrolysis or dehydration condensation polymers of, for example, methyltrimethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane, methyltrichlorosilane, methyltribromosilane, methyltriisopropoxysilane, methyltri-t-butoxysilane, ethyltrimethoxysilane, ethyltriethoxysilane, ethyltrichlorosilane, ethyltribromosilane, ethyltriisopropoxysilane, ethyltri-t-butoxysilane, n-propyltrimethoxysilane, n-propyltriethoxysilane, n-propyltrichlorosilane, n-propyltribromosilane, n-propyltriimethoxysilane, n-hexyltriethoxysilane, n-hexyltrichlorosilane, n-hexyltribromosilane, n-hexyltriisopropoxysilane, n-hexyltri-t-butoxysilane, n-decyltrimethoxysilane, n-decyltriethoxysilane, n-decyltrichlorosilane, n-decyltribromosilane, n-decyltriisopropoxysilane, n-decyltri-t-butoxysilane, n-octatrimethoxysilane, n-octatriethoxysilane, n-octatrichlorosilane, n-octatribromosilane, n-octatriisopropoxysilane, n-octatri-t-butoxysilane, phenyltrimethoxysilane, phenyltriethoxysilane, phenyltrichlorosilane, phenyltribromosilane, phenyltriisopropoxysilane, phenyltri-t-butoxysilane, dimethyldichlorosilane, dimethyldibromosilane, dimethyldimethoxysilane, dimethyldiethoxysilane, diphenyldichlorosilane, diphenyldibromosilane, diphenyldimethoxysilane, diphenyldiethoxysilane, phenylmethyldichlorosilane, phenylmethyldibromosilane, phenylmethyldimethoxysilane, phenylimethyldiethoxysilane, vinyltrichlorosilane, vinyltribromosilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyltriisopropoxysilane, vinyltri-t-butoxysilane, trifluoropropyltrichlorosilane, trifluoropropyltritidibromsilane, trifluoropropyltrimethoxysilane, trifluoropropyltriethoxysilane, vinyltrichlorosilane, trifluoropropyltriisopropoxysilane, trifluoropropyltri-t-butoxysilane, γ-glycidoxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane, γ-glycidoxypropylmethyldiethoxysilane, γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, γ-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane, γ-glycidoxypropyltriisopropoxysilane, γ-glycidoxypropyltri-t-butoxysilane, γ-methacryloxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane, γ-methacryloxypropylmethyldiethoxysilane, γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, γ-methacryloxypropyltriethoxysilane, γ-methacryloxypropyltriisopropoxysilane, γ-methacryloxypropyltri-t-butoxysilane, γ-aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane, γ-aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane, γ-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, γ-aminopropyltriisopropoxysilane, γ-aminomethacryloxypropyltri-t-butoxysilane, γ-methylcaptopropylmethyldimethoxysilane, γ-methylcaptopropylmethyldiethoxysilane, γ-methylcaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, γ-methylcaptopropyltriethoxysilane, γ-methylcaptopropyltriisopropoxysilane, γ-methylcaptopropyltri-t-butoxysilane, β-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane and β-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltriethoxysilane.

A concrete example of preferred "silica particles" is amorphous silica particles. Amorphous silica in the form of colloidal silica is particularly preferable. Colloidal silica is classified into two types: one is silica dispersion in water, and the other is silica dispersion in a nonaqueous organic solvent such as alcohol. Although both types of colloidal silica is applicable, silica dispersion in water is preferably used in this invention because silica dispersion in a nonaqueous organic solvent causes the stability of emulsion, as a constituent of this invention, to deteriorate a little. Colloidal silica as silica dispersion in an organic solvent can be easily prepared by replacing the aqueous solvent of the silica dispersion in water with an organic solvent.

The average particle size of the photocatalytic oxide particles and silica particles and that of the particles dispersed in the hydrophobic-resin emulsion were measured by dynamic light scattering using laser as a light source. The measuring apparatus used was dynamic light scattering spectrophotometer, DLS-600 by OTSUKA ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.

The coating material of this invention can be obtained by, for example, adding colloidal silica, if necessary, and then a hydrophobic-resin emulsion to a sol of photocatalytic oxide particles in water and diluting the mixture with water depending on the situation.

The coating material of this invention can be modified to a photocatalytic composite material, once it is applied onto a base material having hydrophobic substances on its surface and hardened, which can perform its self-cleaning function with the aid of rainfall even right after its use and whose state is kept for a long time with the aid of sunlight irradiation. Carrying out the hardening at ordinary temperature is advantageous to site work and the like.

As a "base material having hydrophobic substances on its surface", suitably used are, for example, plastics, textile of organic matter, cloth of organic matter and painted material such as a painted steel plate.

Preferably a metal such as Ag, Cu or Zn is added to the coating material of this invention. The surface layer of the coating film to which such a metal has been added is capable of killing bacteria, molds or algae attached thereon even in the dark. Thus, the coating film is allowed to have improved stainproofing performance.

Metals of platinum group such as Pt, Pd, Ru, Rh, Ir and Os can also be added to the coating material of this invention. The surface layer of the coating film to which such a metal has been added is capable of enhancing the oxidation-reduction activity of photocatalyst. Thus, the coating film is allowed to have improved performance of decomposing not only organic dirt, but also noxious gas and bad smell.

To improve the film integrity of the hydrophobic-resin emulsion on a base material, a film integrity assistant can be used in the coating material of this invention. The film integrity assistant remains in the coating film even after most of water content vaporizes and performs the function of promoting the coalescence among emulsion particles. Specifically, film integrity assistants are organic compounds having a boiling point of 100°C or more. Concrete examples of film integrity assistants include: ethylene-based glycol ethers such as ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monopropyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monohexyl ether, ethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate and diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate; propylene-based glycol ethers such as propylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monobutyl ether, propylene glycol monopropyl ether, propylene glycol monobutyl ether, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether, dipropylene glycol monobutyl ether, tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether, tripropylene glycol monobutyl ether, polypropylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, propylene glycol diacetate and propylene glycol phenyl ether; and esters such as 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutylate, n-pentyl propionate and dibutyl phthalate.

Among the above described film integrity assistants, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutylate, which is a kind of ester, is preferably used because it has high penetrability into a fluorine resin emulsion and is highly effective in decreasing the minimum film integrity temperature (MFT). On the other hand, ethylene-based glycol ethers are not preferably used because they are highly toxic to the human body.

Coloring materials can also be added to the coating material of this invention. At least one coloring material is selected from the group consisting of inorganic pigments, organic pigments and dyes.

Examples of inorganic pigments include: metal oxides such as titanium oxide, zinc white, red iron oxide, chromium oxide, cobalt blue and black iron oxide; metal hydroxides such as alumina white and yellow oxide; ferrocyanides such as Prussian blue; lead chromates such as chrome yellow, zinc chromate and molybdate red; sulfides such as zinc sulfide, vermilion, cadmium yellow and cadmium red; selenides; sulfates such as barite and precipitated barium sulfate; carbonates such as ground calcium carbonate and precipitated calcium carbonate; silicates such as silicate hydrate, clay and ultramarine; carbons such as carbon black; metal powders such as aluminum powder, bronze powder and zinc powder; and pearl pigments such as titanated mica.

Examples of organic pigments include: nitroso pigments such as naphtol green B; nitro pigments such as naphtol S; azo pigments such as lithol red, lake red C, fast yellow and naphthol red; and condensation polycyclic pigments such as alkali blue red, rhodamine chelate, quinacridone red, dioxazine violet and isoindolinone yellow.

Examples of dyes include: disperse dye, basic dye, direct dye and acid dye.

[Examples]

(Preparation of Coating Compositions)

The solid content in each ingredient and the average particle size of the same used in the preparation of coating compositions of examples and comparative examples are shown in Table 1. <tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="all"><title>[Table 1]</title><tgroup cols="5"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="36mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="30mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="36mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="29mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="37mm" /><thead><row><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">Trade name</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Manufacturer</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Solid content (%)</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Average particle size (nm)</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry morerows="2" align="center" valign="middle">Photo-catalytic oxide</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">PALTITAN 5610</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">NIHON PARKERRIZING Co., Ltd.</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">50</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">TKS-203</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">TAYCA Corporation</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">STS-21</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">ISHIHARA SANGYO Co., Ltd.</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">38.3</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry></row><row><entry morerows="2" align="center" valign="middle">Silica material</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">SILICADOL 30B</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Nippon Chemical Industrial CO., LTD.</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Snowtex 50</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Nissan Chemicals Industries, Ltd.</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">50</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Snowtex,ZL</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Nissan Chemicals Industries, Ltd.</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">100</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry morerows="3" rowsep="1" align="center" valign="middle">Emulsion</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Lumiflon FE3000</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">50</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Lumiflon FE4300</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">50</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Lumiflon FE100</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">50</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">-</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Boncoat SA-5080</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Dainippon Ink and Chemicals, Incorporated</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">50</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">160</entry></row><row><entry morerows="3" align="center" valign="middle">Pigment</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MF5160</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Dainichiseika Color and Chemical Mfg. Co., Ltd.</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">60</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">-</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Tismo N</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Otsuka Chemical Co., Ltd.</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">100</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">-</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">HT-300</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Otsuka Chemical Co., Ltd.</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">100</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">-</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Micro Ace P3</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Nippon Talc Co., Ltd.</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">100</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">-</entry></row><row><entry morerows="1" align="center" valign="middle">Film integrity assistant</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Texanol</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Eastman Kodak Company</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">100</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">-</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">CS-12</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">CHISSO CORPORATION</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">100</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">-</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

Example 1

10.2 parts by weight of photocatalytic oxide sol (PALTITAN 5610, by NIHON PARKERRIZING Co., Ltd.), 79.6 parts by weight of colloidal silica (SILICADOL 30B, by Nippon Chemical Industrial CO., LTD.), 10.2 parts by weight of fluorine resin emulsion (Lumiflon FE3000, by Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.) (so far indicated in terms of solid matter) and 2.1 parts by weight of film integrity assistant (Texanol, by Eastman Kodak Company) were mixed to prepare a water-based coating composition. The amount of water was 433 parts by weight per 100 parts of the total solid matter.

Example 2

20.1 parts by weight of photocatalytic oxide sol (TKS-203, by TAYCA Corporation), 10.2 parts by weight of colloidal silica (Snowtex 50, by Nissan Chemicals Industries, Ltd.), 69.7 parts by weight of fluorine resin emulsion (Lumiflon FE4300, by Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.) (so far indicated in terms of solid matter) and 15.7 parts by weight of film integrity assistant (Texanol, by Eastman Kodak Company) were mixed to prepare a water-based coating composition. The amount of water was 159 parts by weight per 100 parts of the total solid matter.

Example 3

3.2 parts by weight of photocatalytic oxide sol (PALTITAN 5610, by NIHON PARKERRIZING Co., Ltd.), 25.9 parts by weight of colloidal silica (Snowtex 50, by Nissan Chemicals Industries, Ltd.), 3.2 parts by weight of fluorine resin emulsion (Lumiflon FE4300, by Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.), 38.9 parts by weight of coloring pigment (MF Color MF5160, by Dainichiseika Color and Chemical Mfg. Co., Ltd.), 28.8 parts by weight of extender pigment (Tismo N, by Otsuka Chemical Co., Ltd.) (so far indicated in terms of solid matter) and 0.7 parts by weight of film integrity assistant (CS-12, by CHISSO CORPORATION) were mixed to prepare a water-based coating composition. The amount of water was 132 parts by weight per 100 parts of the total solid matter.

Example 4

1.0 parts by weight of photocatalytic oxide sol (STS-21, ISHIHARA SANGYO Co., Ltd.), 38.8 parts by weight of colloidal silica (Snowtex ZL, by Nissan Chemicals Industries, Ltd.), 23.1 parts by weight of fluorine resin emulsion (Lumiflon FE4300, by Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.), 20.4 parts by weight of coloring pigment (MF Color MF5160, by Dainichiseika Color and Chemical Mfg. Co., Ltd.), 4.7 parts by weight of extender pigment (HT-300, by Otsuka Chemical Co., Ltd.), 12.0 parts by weight of extender pigment (Micro Ace P3, by Nippon Talc Co., Ltd.) (so far indicated in terms of solid matter) and 7.8 parts by weight of film integrity assistant (CS-12, by CHISSO CORPORATION) were mixed to prepare a water-based coating composition. The amount of water was 152 parts by weight per 100 parts of the total solid matter.

Example 5

1.4 parts by weight of photocatalytic oxide sol (STS-21, ISHIHARA SANGYO Co., Ltd.), 50.8 parts by weight of colloidal silica (Snowtex ZL, by Nissan Chemicals Industries, Ltd.), 15.0 parts by weight of fluorine resin emulsion (Lumiflon FE4300, by Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.), 26.7 parts by weight of coloring pigment (MF Color MF5160, by Dainichiseika Color and Chemical Mfg. Co., Ltd.), 6.1 parts by weight of extender pigment (HT-300, by Otsuka Chemical Co., Ltd.) (so far indicated in terms of solid matter) and 3.3 parts by weight of film integrity assistant (CS-12, by CHISSO CORPORATION) were mixed to prepare a coating composition. The amount of water was 175 parts by weight per 100 parts of the total solid matter.

Example 6

18.3 parts by weight of photocatalytic oxide sol (STS-21, ISHIHARA SANGYO Co., Ltd.), 44.3 parts by weight of colloidal silica (Snowtex 50, by Nissan Chemicals Industries, Ltd.), 9.9 parts by weight of silicone emulsion (Boncoat SA-5080, Dainippon Ink and Chemicals, Incorporated), 15.2 parts by weight of coloring pigment (MF Color MF5160, by Dainichiseika Color and Chemical Mfg. Co., Ltd.), 12.3 parts by weight of extender pigment (HT-300, by Otsuka Chemical Co., Ltd.) (so far indicated in terms of solid matter) and 2.4 parts by weight of film integrity assistant (CS-12, by CHISSO CORPORATION) were mixed to prepare a coating composition. The amount of water was 294 parts by weight per 100 parts of the total solid matter.

Comparative Example 1

67.8 parts by weight of fluorine resin emulsion (Lumiflon FE4300, by Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.), 26.7 parts by weight of coloring pigment (MF Color (MF5160, by Dainichiseika Color and Chemical Mfg. Co., Ltd.), 5.5 parts by weight of extender pigment (Tismo N, by Otsuka Chemical Co., Ltd.) (so far indicated in terms of solid matter) and 14.7 parts by weight of film integrity assistant (CS-12, by CHISSO CORPORATION) were mixed to prepare a water-based coating composition. The amount of water was 85 parts by weight per 100 parts of the total solid matter.

Comparative Example 2

10 parts by weight of photocatalytic oxide sol (PALTITAN 5610, by NIHON PARKERRIZING Co., Ltd.), 23.9 parts by weight of colloidal silica (Snowtex 50, by Nissan Chemicals Industries, Ltd.), 11.4 parts by weight of coloring pigment (MF Color MF5160, by Dainichiseika Color and Chemical Mfg. Co., Ltd.) and 54.7 parts by weight of extender pigment (Tismo N, by Otsuka Chemical Co., Ltd.) (so far indicated in terms of solid matter) were mixed to prepare a water-based coating composition. The amount of water was 269 parts by weight per 100 parts of the total solid matter.

Comparative Example 3

9.8 parts by weight of photocatalytic oxide sol (PALTITAN 5610, by NIHON PARKERRIZING Co., Ltd.), 79.3 parts by weight of colloidal silica (Snowtex 50, by Nissan Chemicals Industries, Ltd.) and 10.9 parts by weight of fluorine resin (Lumiflon LF100, by Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.) (so far indicated in terms of solid matter) were mixed to prepare a coating composition. The amount of water was 325 parts by weight per 100 parts of the total solid matter. Right before the application of the coating composition, a hardener (Colonate HX, by Nippon Polyurethane Industries Co., Ltd.) was added in amount of 0.4 parts by weight to 100 parts of the coating composition.

(Method of Applying Coating Composition onto Base material)

An epoxy resin primer (SK Surfepo, SK KAKEN Co., Ltd.) was spray coated onto autoclaved asbestos cement silicate boards (in accordance with JIS A5418) having been cut to 150 mm × 65 mm and dried at room temperature for 24 hours. Subsequently, an acrylic urethane paint (Hiart 1000, Isamu Paint Co., Ltd.) was spray coated onto the above primer-coated autoclaved asbestos cement silicate boards and dried at room temperature for 24 hours. Then, the coating compositions of examples 1, 2, 3 and comparative examples 1, 2, 3 prepared as above were brush coated onto the respective primer-coated and acrylic urethane-painted autoclaved asbestos cement silicate boards to produce coated boards.

At the same time, an substrate-adjusting coating material (trade name: RemakePla) by Suzukafine Co., Ltd. was brush coated onto the primer-coated autoclaved asbestos cement silicate boards and dried at room temperature for 24 hours, and then the coating compositions of examples 4,5,6 were coated onto the respective boards to produce coated boards.

Coating was performed while standing each specimen vertically. The weight of each coating composition used for the brush coating was 15 g/m². Lastly, the above described coated boards were dried at room temperature for 24 hours to produce specimens 1 to 9.

Specimen 1: coated with the coating composition of example 1

Specimen 2: coated with the coating composition of example 2

Specimen 3: coated with the coating composition of example 3

Specimen 4: coated with the coating composition of example 4

Specimen 5: coated with the coating composition of example 5

Specimen 6: coated with the coating composition of example 6

Specimen 7: coated with the coating composition of comparative example 1

Specimen 8: coated with the coating composition of comparative example 2

Specimen 9: coated with the coating composition of comparative example 3

Preparation of Specimens for Erichsen Test and Nitrogen Monoxide Decomposition Evaluation

An epoxy resin primer (SK Surfepo, SK KAKEN Co., Ltd.) was spray coated onto galvanized steel sheets (in accordance with JIS A5400) having been cut to 150 mm × 65 mm and dried at room temperature for 24 hours. Subsequently, the coating compositions of examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and comparative examples 1, 2, 3 prepared as above were brush coated onto the respective primer-coated galvanized steel sheets to produce coated sheets.

Coating was performed while standing each specimen vertically. The weight of each coating composition used for the brush coating was 15 g/m². Lastly, the above described coated sheets were dried at room temperature for 24 hours to produce specimens 10 to 18.

Specimen 10: coated with the coating composition of example 1

Specimen 11: coated with the coating composition of example 2

Specimen 12: coated with the coating composition of example 3

Specimen 13: coated with the coating composition of example 4

Specimen 14: coated with the coating composition of example 5

Specimen 15: coated with the coating composition of example 6

Specimen 16: coated with the coating composition of comparative example 1

Specimen 17: coated with the coating composition of comparative example 2

Specimen 18: coated with the coating composition of comparative example 3

Then, the film thickness, presence or absence of cracks, adhesion, Erichsen, glossiness, alkali resistance, boiling water resistance, heating/cooling cycle, hydrophilic nature (obtained by measuring the initial contact angle of water and that after UV ray irradiation) were evaluated for each specimen. The results are shown in Table 2. The evaluations of the self-cleaning properties of each specimen are shown in Table 3. The evaluations of the nitrogen monoxide decomposition performance are shown in <figref idref="f0001 f0002 f0003">Figures 1 to 5</figref>. <tables id="tabl0002" num="0002"><table frame="all"><title>[Table 2]</title><tgroup cols="11"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="26mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="21mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="23mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="21mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="20mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="24mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="23mm" /><colspec colnum="8" colname="col8" colwidth="23mm" /><colspec colnum="9" colname="col9" colwidth="20mm" /><colspec colnum="10" colname="col10" colwidth="21mm" /><colspec colnum="11" colname="col11" colwidth="24mm" /><thead><row><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">Film thickness (µm)</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Presence or absence of cracks</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Adhesion</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Erichsen</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Glossiness</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Alkali resistance</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Boiling water resistance</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Heating/ cooling cycle</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Initial hydrophil -ic nature (°)</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Hydrophilic nature after UV irradiation (°)</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">34</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">absence</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10 mm or more</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">35</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">2.5</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">29</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">absence</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10 mm or more</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">64</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">6.5</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 3</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">48</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">absence</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10 mm or more</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">27</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">1.9</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 4</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">35</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">absence</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8 mm</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">15</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">15</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">absence</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8 mm</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">15</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">38</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">9.2</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 6</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">absence</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8 mm</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">12</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">49</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.1</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Comparative Example 1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">23</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">absence</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10 mm</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">21</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">82</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Comparative Example 2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">cracks present throughout the coating film</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">peeling present</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1 mm</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">peeling present</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">peeling present</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">peeling present</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">11</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Comparative Example 3</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">absence</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8 mm</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">49</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">79</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables><tables id="tabl0003" num="0003"><table frame="all"><title>[Table 3]</title><tgroup cols="7"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="27mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="22mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="24mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="22mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="24mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="26mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="24mm" /><thead><row><entry morerows="1" align="center" valign="middle">Specimen</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col3" align="center" valign="middle">Before exposure</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col5" align="center" valign="middle">After one month</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col7" align="center" valign="middle">After two month</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Appearance</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Contact angle</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Appearance</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Contact angle</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Appearance</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Contact angle</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">21°</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2.5°</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.3°</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">25°</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">6.5°</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5.1°</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 3</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">13°</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1.9°</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1.5°</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 4</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">43°</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30°</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">18°</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">38°</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">29°</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">12°</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 6</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">45°</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10°</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">6.1°</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Comparative Example 1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">85°</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">82°</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">whitening due to dirt present</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">77°</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Comparative Example 2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">19°</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11°</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">film peeling present</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">9.0°</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Comparative Example 3</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">78°</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">good</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">79°</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">whitening due to dirt present</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">71°</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

Evaluation methods used were as follows.

Film thickness: Film thickness was measured by observing each specimen from its cross section with a scanning electron microscope (S-4100, by Hitachi Ltd.).

Presence or absence of cracks: The presence or absence of cracks was checked by observing the surface of each specimen with an optical microscope (VF-7500, by KEYENCE Corporation).

Adhesion: Adhesion was measured by cross-cut adhesion test speculated in JIS K5400. Specifically, 2 mm-wide cuts were made on the coating film of each prepared specimen at right angles so that 25 squares 1 by 1 cm in size were formed. Then, adhesive cellophane tape was applied onto the specimen so that the tape covered all the squares completely. After that, the tape was tom off the specimen and the number of the squares left stuck on the specimen was counted.

Erichsen evaluation: Each specimen, which was prepared by applying a coating composition on a metal plate, was deformed by pushing a steel ball out against the back side of the specimen using an Erichsen tester in accordance with JIS B7729. The distance the steel ball was pushed out before cracking, breaking or peeling was caused in the coating film was checked.

Glossiness: The glossiness of each prepared specimen was measured with VGS-1D by Nippon Denshoku.

Alkali resistance: The appearance of each specimen was visually evaluated after it was immersed in a saturated aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide at room temperature for 7 days, washed with distilled water after taken out, and fully dried.

Boiling water resistance: The appearance of each specimen was visually evaluated after it was immersed in boiling water at 95°C or more for 2 hours, washed with distilled water after taken out, and fully dried.

Heating/cooling cycle: Each specimen was immersed in a temperature controlled bath at 50°C for 3 hours, in a temperature controlled batch at -20°C for 3 hours and then in a temperature controlled bath at 25°C for 18 hours. This cycle was repeated 10 times. After the specimen was taken out from the bath, washed with distilled water and fully dried, its appearance was visually evaluated.

Hydrophilic nature (Initial contact angle): The contact angle of water on the surface of each specimen was measured with CX-150 by Kyowa Interface Science Co., Ltd.

Hydrophilic nature (when applying UV irradiation): Each prepared specimen was exposed to UV light of 0.5 mW/cm² generated from a BLB lamp for 7 days and to UV light of 3.0 mW/cm² generated from a germicidal lamp for 3 days. Then, the contact angle of water on the surface of the specimen was measured with CX-150 by Kyowa Interface Science Co., Ltd.

Self-cleaning properties (outdoor exposure): Each prepared specimen was located outdoors while allowing it to face southward and incline at 45° relative to the vertical direction. The appearance of the specimen before exposure, after one-month exposure and after two-month exposure was evaluated and the contact angle of water on the surface of the specimen was measured.

Evaluation of nitrogen monoxide decomposition performance: A schematic block diagram of the apparatus used for the evaluation is shown in <figref idref="f0003">Figure 6</figref>. The nitrogen monoxide concentration on the inlet side was adjusted with air to 0.25 ppm. The flow rate was adjusted to 1 liter per minute. After placing each specimen in the apparatus, the gas was let to flow for 30 minutes until the flow rate was stabilized. Then, the specimen was exposed to UV light of 0.5 mW/cm² from a BLB lamp. The concentrations of nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide were recorded.