Copolymers of biodegradable aliphatic polyesters

Technical field

The present invention relates to novel copolymers of biodegradable aliphatic polyesters according to claim 1 which can be produced by polycondensation between aliphatic diols and aliphatic diacids or esters thereof.

Background of the invention

It is known that aliphatic polyesters represent a class of biodegradable polymers. The feasibility of using them to produce products, however, is linked to the achievement of high molecular weights which enable the products to have suitable qualities such as, for example, adequate mechanical strength, which render them fit for use.

In the literature, various methods of achieving this objective have been tried.

In <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="US5306787A"><text>U.S. patent No. 5,306,787</text></patcit> and in <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="EP0565235A"><text>European patent application EP-0 565 235</text></patcit>, the use of diisocyanates as chain extenders on the fused polymer is described. In patent application <patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="EP0747416A"><text>EP 0 747 416</text></patcit> the use of triisocyanates alongside diisocyanates is also reported.

The use of these chain extenders makes the polymerization process more complex since it requires two distinct steps: the actual polymerization step, and the upgrading step to produce high molecular weights. In these cases, the polymerization process is also dangerous to health and capable of unfavourably modifying the biodegradability of the materials and giving rise to potentially toxic substances during the biodegradation processes.

According to <patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="US5741882A"><text>U.S. patent No. 5,741,882</text></patcit>, the production of saturated polyesters of high molecular weight from diesters and glycols is linked basically with the particular way in which the catalytic system is added, and with the presence of a scavenger of free radicals. The catalyst, which is constituted by alcoholates or acetyl acetonates of various transition metals, preferably of titanium since they are indicated as being most active, is added at at least two moments in the course of the polymerization step, preferably at the beginning and during the deglycolation.

In addition to the complex and ill-defined way of adding the catalyst, the method claimed suffers from some important limitations such as the need to start with esters of the saturated acids, and the fact that at least 30% of the esters are succinates and that at least 70 % of the glycols comprise 1,4-butandiol.

Limitations in structure are also present in the method described in the patent <patcit id="pcit0005" dnum="WO9414870A"><text>WO94/14870</text></patcit>. The dicarboxylic acid used is in fact succinic acid or a mixture thereof with another aliphatic diacid. The method also provides for a particularly complex catalytic system comprising a catalyst for the first stage of the polymerization and a catalyst for the second stage. In fact, during the esterification or transesterification step, the use of tetrabutyl titanate, alone or also mixed with calcium or zinc acetates, tetrapropyl titanate, or dibutyl tin oxide, is provided for. During the deglycolation stage, dibutyl tin oxide is used, alone or mixed with butyl, <i>iso</i>-propyl, or <i>n</i>-propyl titanates or calcium acetate.

Moreover, the polymerization in solvent described in patent application <patcit id="pcit0006" dnum="EP0618249A"><text>EP-0 618 249</text></patcit> appears not to be easy to implement in practice owing to the need to use and to dehydrate large quantities of high-boiling solvents such as diphenyl ether. There is a further difficulty when the solubility of the polymer is such as to require large quantities of precipitating solvent for the isolation.

With regard to the use of catalysts in the polyester preparation process, various classes of inorganic or organometallic tin compounds, used mainly for .the production of aromatic polyesters in the polyesterification or transesterification step, have been described (<patcit id="pcit0007" dnum="US4970288A"><text>US-4,970,288</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0008" dnum="US5166310A"><text>US-5,166,310</text></patcit>). In no case, however, is the use of these compounds described for the preparation of biodegradable aliphatic polyesters.

Moreover, amongst organometallic tin compounds, butylstannoic acid is not described as having a greater activity for the production of biodegradable aliphatic polyesters than the other tin derivatives.

Description of the invention

The subject of the present invention are biodegradable aliphatic polyesters from one or more aliphatic dicarboxylic acids (or from diesters of the said aliphatic dicarboxylic acids) and one or more linear or branched aliphatic glycols, which can be synthesized by a method comprising an esterification or transesterification step and a deglycolation under vacuum step, wherein the catalyst is monobutylstannoic acid and that the catalyst is the sole catalyst both for the esterification or transesterification step, and for the deglycolation under vacuum step.

In particular, it is possible to prepare biodegradable saturated polyesters, suitably adjusting their molecular weights according to the practical applications concerned (films, injection-moulding products, extrusion coatings, fibres, etc.), by virtue of the use of a catalyst which is effective both in the esterification or transesterification step and in the deglycolation step.

This method thus provides for a suitable range of molecular weights and overcomes the disadvantages described in the prior art.

Biodegradable polyesters made according to this method display a good thermal stability (which allows them a good processability) and a good biodegradability.

Examples of dicarboxylic acids used in producing saturated aliphatic polyesters are oxalic, malonic, succinic, glutaric, adipic, pimelic, suberic, azelaic, sebacic, undecandioic, dodecandioic, brassilic acids and dimer acids.

Examples of diols are 1,2-ethandiol, 1,4-butandiol, 1,6-hexandiol, 1,7-heptandiol, 1,8-octandiol, 1, 9-nonandiol, 1,10-decandiol, 1,12-dodecandiol, 1,4-cyolohexandimethanol, 1,4-cyclohexandiol, neopentyl glycol, polyoxyalkylenes and anhydrous and di-anhydrous sorbitol.

The diol is loaded into the reaction system, preferably in quantities of from 1 to 1.5 moles per mole of diacid or diester.

The method has been found particularly effective in the synthesis of poly(alkylene sebacates).

The synthesis of the polyester is carried out in two steps, that is: <ol id="ol0001" ol-style=""><li>1) the esterification or transesterification step which is preferably carried out at temperatures of between 180°C and 230°C and in a stream of nitrogen until distillation of the by-products (water and monovalent alcohol) is complete;</li><li>2) the deglycolation step which is preferably carried out in a dynamic vacuum at a pressure of &lt;1 . mmHg and at temperatures of between 220°C and 250°C, for a period of between 3 and 10 h.</li></ol>

The monobutylstannoic acid catalyst may be added at any moment during the process before the beginning of the deglycolation step and, preferably, at the beginning of the polymerization process.

The catalyst is preferably added in quantities of between 0.5-10^-4 and 5-10^-3 moles of catalyst/mole of dicarboxylic acid.

The method can advantageously also be used for the synthesis of copolymers of the above mentioned polyesters, in particular, containing up to 10% in moles of aliphatic hydroxy-acids.

Examples of these hydroxy-acide are glycolic, hydroxybutyric, hydroxycaproic, hydroxyvaleric, 7-hydroxyheptanoic, 8-hydroxyoatanoic, 9-hydroxynonanoic, lactic, ricinoleic, and 9,10-dihydroxystearic acids.

The method is also suitable for the synthesis of branched aliphatic polyesters which are produced by introducing trifunctional or polyfunctional comonomers into the reaction system in quantities of between 0.1 and 5% in moles, relative to the dicarboxylic acid.

Examples of these comonomers are glycerol, pentaerithritol, trimethylolpropane and citric acid.

The polyesters produced have intrinsic viscosities (measured with an Ubbelhode viscometer for solutions in CHCl₃ with a concentration of 0.2 g/dl at 25°C) of between 0.8 and 1.5 dl/g and preferably between 0.9 and 1.3 dl/g and MFRs, measured according to the ASTM D1238 (150°C/2.16 Kg) standard, of between 0.1 g/10 min and 70 g/10 min, and preferably between 2 g/10 min and 30 g/10 min. These values render the polyesters particularly suitable for many practical applications.

Polyesters according the invention are suitable for a lot of applications wherein a good processability and/or a good biodegradability of the polymer are requested such as : <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>■ coatings produced by extrusion-coating,</li><li>■ multi-layer laminates with layers of paper, plastics material or paper/plastics material, aluminium and metallized films,</li><li>■ films as such and multi-layer films with other polymer materials,</li><li>■ eacks and bags for organic waste and for grass cuttings with periods of use longer than 1 week,</li><li>■ single-layer and multi-layer food Packaging comprising containers for milk, yoghurt, cheeses, meat and beverages, in which the layer in contact with the food or beverage is formed by the aliphatic polyester.</li><li>■ composites with gelatinized or destructured starch, and/or complexed starch or natural starch as a filler,</li><li>■ mono-directional and bi-directional films, shrink films, stretch films,</li><li>■ semi-expanded and expanded products produced by physical and/or chemical means, by extrusion, injection, or agglomeration of pre-expanded particles,</li><li>■ expanded sheet and expanded containers for foods, for drugs, and for fast food,</li><li>■ fibres, fabrics and non-woven fabrics in the hygiene, sanitary and clothing fields,</li><li>■ composites with mineral and vegetable fillers,</li><li>■ thermoformed sheets for the food or fast-food packaging fields,</li><li>■ bottles for the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical fields,</li><li>■ fishing nets,</li><li>■ containers for fruit and vegetables,</li><li>■ extruded sections usable in the fast-food field and irrigation pipes in the agricultural field.</li></ul>