Albumin fusion proteins
Abstract
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29 claims: 13 independent, 16 dependent
- 1Claims of equivalent WO 03060071 A2 What is claimed:1. An albumin fusion protein comprising a member selected from the group consisting of: (a) a Therapeutic proteinrX and albumin comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1038;(b) a Therapeutic protein:X and a fragment or a variant of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1038, wherein said fragment or variant has albumin activity;(c) a Therapeutic protein:X and a fragment or a variant of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1038, wherein said fragment or variant has albumin activity, and further wherein said albumin activity is the ability to prolong the shelf life of the Therapeutic protein:X compared to the shelf-life of the Therapeutic protein:X in an unfused state;(d) a Therapeutic protein.X and a fragment or a variant of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1038, wherein said fragment or variant has albumin activity, and further wherein the fragment or variant comprises the amino acid sequence of amino acids 1- 387 ofSEQ ID NO:1038;(e) a fragment or variant of a Therapeutic proteimX and albumin comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1038, wherein said fragment or variant has a biological activity of the Therapeutic protein:X;(f) a Therapeutic protein.X, or fragment or variant thereof, and albumin, or fragment or variant thereof, of (a) to (e), wherein the Therapeutic protein:X, or fragment or variant thereof, is fused to the N-terminus of albumin, or the N-terminus of the fragment or variant of albumin;(g) a Therapeutic protein:X, or fragment or variant thereof, and albumin, or fragment or variant thereof, of (a) to (e), wherein the Therapeutic protein:X, or fragment or variant thereof, is fused to the C-terminus of albumin, or the C-terminus of the fragment or variant of albumin;(h) a Therapeutic protehr.X, or fragment or variant thereof, and albumin, or fragment or variant thereof, of (a) to (e), wherein the Therapeutic protein:X, or fragment or variant thereof, is fused to the N- terminus and C-terminus of albumin, or the N-terminus and the C-terminus of the fragment or variant of albumin;(i) a Therapeutic protein:X, or fragment or variant thereof, and albumin, 568 or fragment or variant thereof, of (a) to (e), which comprises a first Therapeutic protein:X, or fragment or variant thereof, and a second Therapeutic protein:X, or fragment or variant thereof, wherein said first Therapeutic protein:X, or fragment or variant thereof, is different from said second Therapeutic protein:X, or fragment or variant thereof;(j) a Therapeutic protein:X, or fragment or variant thereof, and albumin, or fragment or variant thereof, of (a) to (i), wherein the Therapeutic protein:X, or fragment or variant thereof, is separated from the albumin or the fragment or variant of albumin by a linker;and (k) a Therapeutic protein:X, or fragment or variant thereof, and albumin, or fragment or variant thereof, of (a) to (j), wherein the albumin fusion protein has the following formula: R1-L-R2;R2-L-R1;or R1-L-R2-L-R1, and further wherein Rl is Therapeutic protein:X, or fragment or variant thereof, L is a peptide linker, and R2 is albumin comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1038 or a fragment or variant of albumin.
- 5An albumin fusion protein comprising a Therapeutic protein:X, or fragment or variant thereof, inserted into an albumin, or fragment or variant thereof, comprising the 569 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1038 or fragment or variant thereof.
- 6An albumin fusion protein comprising a Therapeutic protein:X, or fragment or variant thereof, inserted into an albumin, or fragment or variant thereof, comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) amino acids 54 to 61 of SEQ ID NO:1038;(b) amino acids 76 to 89 of SEQ ID NO: 1038;(c) amino acids 92 tolOO of SEQ ID NO:1038;(d) amino acids 170 to 176 of SEQ ID NO: 1038;(e) amino acids 247 to 252 of SEQ ID NO: 1038;(f) amino acids 266 to 277 of SEQ ID NO: 1038;(g) amino acids 280 to 288 of SEQ ID NO:1038;(h) amino acids 362 to 368 of SEQ ID NO: 1038;(i) amino acids 439 to 447 of SEQ ID NO: 1038;(j) amino acids 462 to 475 of SEQ ID NO:1038;(k) amino acids 478 to 486 of SEQ ID NO:1038;and (1) amino acids 560 to 566 of SEQ ID NO: 1038.
- 26A method of extending the shelf life of Therapeutic protein:X, or fragment or variant thereof, comprising the step of fusing the Therapeutic protein:X, or fragment or variant thereof, to albumin, or fragment or variant thereof, sufficient to extend the shelf-life of the Therapeutic protein:X, or fragment or variant thereof, compared to the shelf-life of the Therapeutic protein:X, or fragment or variant thereof, in an unfused state. 572
Independent claims13
3,293 paragraphs in 144 sections, as filed
Description of equivalent WO 03060071 A2
0001Albumin Fusion Proteins
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
0003[0001] The invention relates generally to Therapeutic proteins (including, but not limited to, at least one polypeptide, antibody, peptide, or fragment and variant thereof) fused to albumin or fragments or variants of albumin. The invention encompasses polynucleotides encoding therapeutic albumin fusion proteins, therapeutic albumin fusion proteins, compositions, pharmaceutical compositions, formulations and kits. Host cells transformed with the polynucleotides encoding therapeutic albumin fusion proteins are also encompassed by the invention, as are methods of making the albumin fusion proteins of the invention using these polynucleotides, and/or host cells.
0004[0002] Human serum albumin (HSA, or HA), a protein of 585 amino acids in its mature form (as shown in Figure 1 (SEQ ID NO: 1038)), is responsible for a significant proportion of the osmotic pressure of serum and also functions as a carrier of endogenous and exogenous ligands. At present, HA for clinical use is produced by extraction fro human blood. The production of recombinant HA (rHA) in microorganisms has been disclosed in EP 330 451 and EP 361 991.
0005[0003] Therapeutic proteins in their native state or when recombinantly produced, such as interferons and growth hormones, are typically labile molecules exhibiting short shelf-lives, particularly when formulated in aqueous solutions. The instability in these molecules when formulated for administration dictates that many of the molecules must be lyophilized and refrigerated at all times during storage, thereby rendering the molecules difficult to transport and/or store. Storage problems are particularly acute when pharmaceutical formulations must be stored and dispensed outside of the hospital environment.
0006[0004] Few practical solutions to the storage problems of labile protein molecules have been proposed. Accordingly, there is a need for stabilized, long lasting formulations of proteinaceous therapeutic molecules that are easily dispensed, preferably with a simple formulation requiring minimal post-storage manipulation. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0005] The present invention encompasses albumin fusion proteins comprising a
0007Therapeutic protein (e.g., a polypeptide, antibody, or peptide, or fragment or variant thereof) fused to albumin or a fragment (portion) or variant of albumin. The present invention also encompasses polynucleotides comprising, or alternatively consisting of, nucleic acid molecules encoding a Therapeutic protein (e.g., a polypeptide, antibody, or peptide, or fragment or variant thereof) fused to albumin or a fragment (portion) or variant of albumin. The present invention also encompasses polynucleotides, comprising, or alternatively consisting of, nucleic acid molecules encoding proteins comprising a Therapeutic protein (e.g., a polypeptide, antibody, or peptide, or fragment or variant thereof) fused to albumin or a fragment (portion) or variant of albumin, that is sufficient to prolong the shelf life of the Therapeutic protein, and/or stabilize the Therapeutic protein and/or its activity in solution (or in a pharmaceutical composition) in vitro and/or in vivo. Albumin fusion proteins encoded by a polynucleotide of the invention are also encompassed by the invention, as are host cells transformed with polynucleotides of the invention, and methods of making the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and using these polynucleotides of the invention, and/or host cells.
0008[0006] In a preferred aspect of the invention, albumin fusion proteins include, but are not limited to, those encoded by the polynucleotides described in Table 2. [0007] The invention also encompasses pharmaceutical formulations comprising an albumin fusion protein of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. Such formulations may be in a kit or container. Such kit or container may be packaged with instructions pertaining to the extended shelf life of the Therapeutic protein. Such formulations may be used in methods of treating, preventing, ameliorating or diagnosing a disease or disease symptom in a patient, preferably a mammal, most preferably a human, comprising the step of administering the pharmaceutical formulation to the patient. [0008] In other embodiments, the present invention encompasses methods of preventing, treating, or ameliorating a disease or disorder. In preferred embodiments, the present invention encompasses a method of treating a disease or disorder listed in the "Preferred Indication: Y" column of Table 1 comprising administering to a patient in which such treatment, prevention or amelioration is desired an albumin fusion protein of the invention that comprises a Therapeutic protein or portion corresponding to a Therapeutic protein (or fragment or variant thereof) disclosed in the "Therapeutic Protein: X" column of Table 1 (in the same row as the disease or disorder to be treated is listed in the "Preferred Indication: Y" column of Table 1) in an amount effective to treat, prevent or ameliorate the disease or disorder.
0009[0009] one embodiment, an albumin fusion protein described in Table 1 or 2 has extended shelf life.
0010[0010] In a second embodiment, an albumin fusion protein described in Table 1 or 2 is more stable than the corresponding unfused Therapeutic molecule described in Table 1. [0011] The present invention further includes transgenic organisms modified to contain the nucleic acid molecules of the invention (including, but not limited to, the polynucleotides described in Tables 1 and 2), preferably modified to express an albumin fusion protein of the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
0012[0012] Figure 1 A-D shows the amino acid sequence of the mature form of human albumin (SEQ ID NO:1038) and a polynucleotide encoding it (SEQ ID NO:1037).
0013[0013] Figure 2 shows the restriction map of the pPPC0005 cloning vector ATCC deposit PTA-3278.
0014[0014] Figure 3 shows the restriction map of the pSAC35 yeast S. cerevisiae expression vector (Sleep et al., BioTechnology 8:42 (1990)).
0015[0015] Figure 4 shows the effect of various dilutions of EPO albumin fusion proteins encoded by DNA comprised in Construct ID NOS. (hereinafter CID) 1966 and 1981 and recombinant human EPO on the proliferation of TF-1 cells (see Examples 8 and 9). Cells were washed 3X to remove GM-CSF and plated at 10,000 cells/well for 72 hours in the presence of 3 -fold dilutions of CID 1966 protein or CID 1981 protein. Concentrations used were calculated based on the weight of Epo alone, not HSA plus Epo. Recombinant human
0016Epo (rhEpo) was used as the positive control and serially diluted 3 fold from 100 ng/ml to
00170.01 ng/ml. Cells were exposed to 0.5 mCi/well of <sup>3</sup>H-thymidine for an additional 18 hours.
0018(D) rhEpo; (T) HSA-Epo 1981; (•) Epo-HSA 1966.
0019[0016] Figure 5 is a dose response analysis and shows the effect of various doses of recombinant human EPO and EPO albumin fusion proteins encoded by DNA comprised in
0020CID 1966 and 1981 on the percent change in hematocrit from day 0 to day 7 (see Examples 8 and 9). 48 eight-week old female DBA/2NHsd mice were divided into 12 groups of 4 animals each. Recombinant human Epo (rhEpo) was administered subcutaneously at 0.5, 1.5, 4.5 and 12 μg/kg on days 0, 2, 4, and 6. Epo albumin fusion proteins made from constructs CID 1966 and CID 1981 were administered subcutaneously at 2, 6, 18, and 54 μg/kg on days 0, 2, 4, and 6. The higher doses of the Epo albumin fusion proteins allows a rough equimolar comparison with recombinant human Epo (note that the weight of the fusions is about 4.35 times the weight of non-glycosylated Epo). On days 0 and 7 of the experiment, the animals were bled via a tail vein and the hematocrit was determined by centrifugation. (■) rhEpo; (o) CID 1981; (A) CID 1966.
0021[0017] Figure 6A shows the effect of various subcutaneous administrations of Epo albumin fusion proteins encoded by DNA comprised in CID 1966 and 1997, respectively, on the percent change in hematocrit from day 0 to day 8 (see Examples 8 and 10). *, p<0.005 compared to rhEpo as determined by Mami- Whitney nonparametric analysis (11=6). [0018] Figure 6B shows the effect of subcutaneous administrations of Epo albumin fusion proteins encoded by DNA comprised in CID 1997 and 1966 on the percent change in hematocrit from day 0 to day 14 (see Examples 8 and 10). *, p<0.005 compared to rhEpo as determined by Mann- Whitney nonparametric analysis (n=6); **, p<0.05 compared to rhEpo as determined by Mann- Whitney nonparametric analysis (n=6).
0022[0019] Figure 7 shows the effect of various dilutions albumin fusion proteins encoded by DNA comprised in CID 1981 and 1997, respectively, on the proliferation of TF-1 cells (see Examples 9 and 10). Cells were washed 3X to remove GM-CSF and plated at 10,000 cells/well for 72 hours in the presence of 3-fold dilutions of Epo albumin fusion proteins encoded by CID 1981 or 1997. Equimolar amounts of rhEpo were used as a positive control (4.35 times less protein added since weight of non-glycosylated Epo is 20 kd, while Epo albumin fusion proteins are 87 kd). Cells were exposed to 0.5 μCi/well of <sup>3</sup>H-thymidine for an additional 24 hours. (■) rhEpo Standard; (A) CID 1981 (CHO); (o) CID 1997 (NSO). [0020] Figure 8 shows the effect of various doses of recombinant human EPO
0023(rhEpo) and EPO albumin fusion protein encoded by DNA comprised in construct 1997 (CID 1997) on the percent change in hematocrit from day 0 to day 8 (see Example 10). (A) = rhEpo, (D) = CID 1997.
0024[0021] Figure 9 shows the effect of various dilutions of IL2 albumin fusion proteins encoded by DNA comprised in CID 1812 (see Example 15) on CTLL-2 proliferation. lxlO<sup>4</sup> cells/well were seeded in a 96-well plate in a final volume of 200 ul of complete medium containing the indicated amount of IL2 albumin fusion protein (CID 1812). All samples were run in triplicate. The cells were incubated for 40 hours at 37°C, then 20 ul of Alamar Blue was added and cells incubated for 8 hours. Absorbance at 530/590 was used as a measure of proliferation. EC50 = 0.386 ± 0.021. (Δ) = CID 1812.
0025[0022] Figure 10 shows the effect of IL2 albumin fusion protein encoded by DNA comprised in CID 1812 on RENCA tumor growth at day 21 (see Example 15). BALB/c mice (n-10) were injected SC (midflank) with 10<sup>5</sup> RENCA cells. 10 days later mice received 2 cycles (Day 10 to Day 14 and Days 17-21) of daily (QD) injections of rIL2 (0.9 mg/kg), IL2 albumin fusion protein (CID 1812 protein; 0.6 mg/kg), or PBS (Placebo) or injections every other day (QOD) of CID 1812 protein (0.6 mg/kg). The tumor volume was determined on Day 21 after RENCA inoculation. The data are presented in scatter analysis (each dot representing single animal). Mean value of each group is depicted by horizontal line. *, p=0.0035 between placebo control and CID 1812 protein. The number in parentheses indicates number of mice alive over the total number of mice per group. (O) = Placebo; (•) = IL2; (Δ) = CID 1812 protein (QD); (D) = CID 1812 protein (QOD).
0026[0023] Figure 11 shows the effect of various dilutions of GCSF albumin fusion proteins encoded by DNA comprised in CID 1642 and 1643 on NFS-60 cell proliferation (see Examples 19 and 20). (■) = CID 1642; (A) = CID 1643; (O) = HSA.
0027[0024] Figure 12 shows the effect of recombinant human GCSF (Neupogen) and
0028GCSF albumin fusion protein on total white blood cell count (see Example 19). Total WBC (10 cells/ul) on each day are presented as the group mean ± SEM. GCSF albumin fusion protein was administered sc at either 25 or 100 ug/kg every 4 days x 4 (Q4D) , or at 100 ug/kg every 7 days x 2 (Q7D). Data from Days 8 and 9 for GCSF albumin fusion protein 100 ug/kg Q7 are presented as Days 9 and 10, respectively, to facilitate comparison with other groups. Controls were saline vehicle administered SC every 4 days x 4 (Vehicle Q4D), or Neupogen administered SC daily x 14 (Neupogen 5 ug/kg QD). The treatment period is considered Days 1-14, and the recovery period, Days 15-28.
0029[0025] Figure 13 shows the effect of various dilutions of IFNb albumin fusion proteins encoded by DNA comprised in CID 2011 and 2053 on SEAP activity in the ISRE- SEAP/293F reporter cells (see Example 25). Proteins were serially diluted from 5e-7 to le- 14 g/ml in DMEM/10% FBS and used to treat ISRE-SEAP/293F reporter cells. After 24 hours supernatants were removed from reporter cells and assayed for SEAP activity. IFNb albumin fusion protein was purified from three stable clones: 293F/#2011, CHO/#2011 and NSO/#2053. Mammalian derived IFNb, Avonex, came from Biogen and was reported to have a specific activity of 2.0e5 IU/ug.
0030[0026] Figure 14 illustrates the steady-state levels of insulin mRNA in INS-1 (832/13) cells after treatment with GLP-1 or GLP-1 albumin fusion protein encoded by construct ID
00313070 (CID 3070 protein). Both GLP-1 and the CID 3070 protein stimulate transcription of the insulin gene in INS-1 cells. The first bar (black) represents the untreated cells. Bars 2-4
0032(white) represent cells treated with the indicated concentrations of GLP-1. Bars 5-7 (gray) represent cells treated with the indicated concentrations of CTD 3070 protein.
0033[0027] Figure 15 compares the anti-proliferative activity of IFN albumin fusion protein encoded by CID 3165 (CID 3165 protein) and recombinant IFNa (rlFNa) on Hs294T melanoma cells. The cells were cultured with varying concentrations of either CID 3165 protein or rlFNa and proliferation was measured by BrdU incorporation after 3 days of culture. CID 3165 protein caused measurable inhibition of cell proliferation at concentrations above 10 ng/ml with 50% inhibition achieved at approximately 200 ng/ml. (■) = CID 3165 protein, (♦) = rlFNa.
0034[0028] Figure 16 shows the effect of various dilutions of IFNa albumin fusion proteins on SEAP activity in the ISRE-SEAP/293F reporter cells. One preparation of IFNa fused upstream of albumin (♦) was tested, as well as two different preparations of IFNa fused downstream of albumin (A) and ( ■ ).
0035[0029] Figure 17 shows the effect of time and dose of IFNa albumin fusion protein encoded by DNA comprised in construct 2249 (CID 2249 protein) on the mRNA level of
0036OAS (p41) in treated monkeys (see Example 31). Per time point: first bar = Vehicle control,
00372<sup>nd</sup> bar = 30 ug/kg CID 2249 protein day 1 iv, third bar = 30 ug/kg CID 2249 protein day 1 sc,
00384<sup>th</sup> bar = 300 ug/kg CID 2249 protein day 1 sc, 5<sup>th</sup> bar = 40 ug/kg recombinant IFNa day 1, 3 and 5 sc.
0039[0030] Figure 18 shows the effect of various dilutions of insulin albumin fusion proteins encoded by DNA comprised in constructs 2250 and 2276 on glucose uptake in 3T3-
0040Ll adipocytes (see Examples 33 and 35).
0041[0031] Figure 19 shows the effect of various GCSF albumin fusion proteins, including those encoded by CID #1643 and #2702 (L-171, see Example 114), on NFS cell proliferation. The horizontal dashed line indicates the minimum level of detection.
0042DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions
0043[0032] The following definitions are provided to facilitate understanding of certain terms used throughout this specification.
0044[0033] As used herein, "polynucleotide" refers to a nucleic acid molecule having a nucleotide sequence encoding a fusion protein comprising, or alternatively consisting of, at least one molecule of albumin (or a fragment or variant thereof) joined in frame to at least one Therapeutic protein X (or fragment or variant thereof); a nucleic acid molecule having a nucleotide sequence encoding a fusion protein comprising, or alternatively consisting of, the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:Y (as described in column 6 of Table 2) or a fragment or variant thereof; a nucleic acid molecule having a nucleotide sequence comprising or alternatively consisting of the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:X; a nucleic acid molecule having a nucleotide sequence encoding a fusion protein comprising, or alternatively consisting of, the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:Z; a nucleic acid molecule having a nucleotide sequence encoding an albumin fusion protein of the invention generated as described in Table 2 or in the Examples; a nucleic acid molecule having a nucleotide sequence encoding a Therapeutic albumin fusion protein of the invention, a nucleic acid molecule having a nucleotide sequence contained in an albumin fusion construct described in Table 2, or a nucleic acid molecule having a nucleotide sequence contained in an albumin fusion construct deposited with the ATCC (as described in Table 3).
0045[0034] As used herein, "albumin fusion construct" refers to a nucleic acid molecule comprising, or alternatively consisting of, a polynucleotide encoding at least one molecule of albumin (or a fragment or variant thereof) joined in frame to at least one polynucleotide encoding at least one molecule of a Therapeutic protein (or fragment or variant thereof); a nucleic acid molecule comprising, or alternatively consisting of, a polynucleotide encoding at least one molecule of albumin (or a fragment or variant thereof) joined in frame to at least one polynucleotide encoding at least one molecule of a Therapeutic protein (or fragment or variant thereof) generated as described in Table 2 or in the Examples; or a nucleic acid molecule comprising, or alternatively consisting of, a polynucleotide encoding at least one molecule of albumin (or a fragment or variant thereof) joined in frame to at least -one polynucleotide encoding at least one molecule of a Therapeutic protein (or fragment or variant thereof), further comprising, for example, one or more of the following elements: (1) a functional self-replicating vector (including but not limited to, a shuttle vector, an expression vector, an integration vector, and/or a replication system), (2) a region for initiation of transcription (e.g., a promoter region, such as for example, a regulatable or inducible promoter, a constitutive promoter), (3) a region for termination of transcription, (4) a leader sequence, and (5) a selectable marker. The polynucleotide encoding the Therapeutic protein and albumin protein, once part of the albumin fusion construct, may each be referred to as a "portion," "region" or "moiety" of the albumin fusion construct. [0035] The present invention relates generally to polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins; albumin fusion proteins; and methods of treating, preventing, or ameliorating diseases or disorders using albumin fusion proteins or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins. As used herein, "albumin fusion protein" refers to a protein formed by the fusion of at least one molecule of albumin (or a fragment or variant thereof) to at least one molecule of a Therapeutic protein (or fragment or variant thereof). An albumin fusion protein of the invention comprises at least a fragment or variant of a Therapeutic protein and at least a fragment or variant of human serum albumin, which are associated with one another by genetic fusion (i.e., the albumin fusion protein is generated by translation of a nucleic acid in which a polynucleotide encoding all or a portion of a Therapeutic protein is joined in- frame with a polynucleotide encoding all or a portion of albumin). The Therapeutic protein and albumin protein, once part of the albumin fusion protein, may each be referred to as a "portion", "region" or "moiety" of the albumin fusion protein (e.g., a "Therapeutic protein portion" or an "albumin protein portion"). In a highly preferred embodiment, an albumin fusion protein of the invention comprises at least one molecule of a Therapeutic protein X or fragment or variant of thereof (including, but not limited to a mature form of the Therapeutic protein X) and at least one molecule of albumin or fragment or variant thereof (including but not limited to a mature form of albumin).
0046[0036] In a further preferred embodiment, an albumin fusion protein of the invention is processed by a host cell and secreted into the surrounding culture medium. Processing of the nascent albumin fusion protein that occurs in the secretory pathways of the host used for expression may include, but is not limited to signal peptide cleavage; formation of disulfide bonds; proper folding; addition and processing of carbohydrates (such as for example, N- and O- linked glycosylation); specific proteolytic cleavages; and assembly into multimeric proteins. An albumin fusion protein of the invention is preferably in the processed form. In a most preferred embodiment, the "processed form of an albumin fusion protein" refers to an albumin fusion protein product which has undergone N- terminal signal peptide cleavage, herein also referred to as a "mature albumin fusion protein". [0037] In several instances, a representative clone containing an albumin fusion construct of the invention was deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (herein referred to as "ATCC®"). Furthermore, it is possible to retrieve a given albumin fusion construct from the deposit by techniques known in the art and described elsewhere herein. The ATCC® is located at 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Virginia 20110-2209, USA. The ATCC® deposits were made pursuant to the terms of the Budapest Treaty on the international recognition of the deposit of microorganisms for the purposes of patent procedure.
0047[0038] In one embodiment, the invention provides a polynucleotide encoding an albumin fusion protein comprising, or alternatively consisting of, a Therapeutic protein and a serum albumin protein, h a further embodiment, the invention provides an albumin fusion protein comprising, or alternatively consisting of, a Therapeutic protein and a serum albumin protein. In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides an albumin fusion protein comprising, or alternatively consisting of, a Therapeutic protein and a serum albumin protein encoded by a polynucleotide described in Table 2. In a further preferred embodiment, the invention provides a polynucleotide encoding an albumin fusion protein whose sequence is shown as SEQ ID NO:Y in Table 2. h other embodiments, the invention provides an albumin fusion protein comprising, or alternatively consisting of, a biologically active and/or therapeutically active fragment of a Therapeutic protein and a serum albumin protein. In other embodiments, the invention provides an albumin fusion protein comprising, or alternatively consisting of, a biologically active and/or therapeutically active variant of a Therapeutic protein and a serum albumin protein, preferred embodiments, the serum albumin protein component of the albumin fusion protein is the mature portion of serum albumin. The invention further encompasses polynucleotides encoding these albumin fusion proteins. [0039] In further embodiments, the invention provides an albumin fusion protein comprising, or alternatively consisting of, a Therapeutic protein, and a biologically active and/or therapeutically active fragment of serum albumin. In further embodiments, the invention provides an albumin fusion protein comprising, or alternatively consisting of, a Therapeutic protein and a biologically active and/or therapeutically active variant of serum albumin. In preferred embodiments, the Therapeutic protein portion of the albumin fusion protein is the mature portion of the Therapeutic protein, hi a further preferred embodiment, the Therapeutic protein portion of the albumin fusion protein is the extracellular soluble domain of the Therapeutic protein. In an alternative embodiment, the Therapeutic protein portion of the albumin fusion protein is the active form of the Therapeutic protein. The invention further encompasses polynucleotides encoding these albumin fusion proteins. [0040] In further embodiments, the invention provides an albumin fusion protein comprising, or alternatively consisting of, a biologically active and/or therapeutically active fragment or variant of a Therapeutic protein and a biologically active and/or therapeutically active fragment or variant of serum albumin. In preferred embodiments, the invention provides an albumin fusion protein comprising, or alternatively consisting of, the mature portion of a Therapeutic protein and the mature portion of serum albumin. The invention further encompasses polynucleotides encoding these albumin fusion proteins.
0048Therapeutic proteins
0049[0041] As stated above, a polynucleotide of the invention encodes a protein comprising or alternatively consisting of, at least a fragment or variant of a Therapeutic protein and at least a fragment or variant of human serum albumin, which are associated with one another, preferably by genetic fusion.
0050[0042] An additional embodiment includes a polynucleotide encoding a protein comprising or alternatively consisting of at least a fragment or variant of a Therapeutic protein and at least a fragment or variant of human serum albumin, which are linked with one another by chemical conjugation.
0051[0043] As used herein, "Therapeutic protein" refers to proteins, polypeptides, antibodies, peptides or fragments or variants thereof, having one or more therapeutic and/or biological activities. Therapeutic proteins encompassed by the invention include but are not limited to, proteins, polypeptides, peptides, antibodies, and biologies. (The terms peptides, proteins, and polypeptides are used interchangeably herein.) It is specifically contemplated that the term "Therapeutic protein" encompasses antibodies and fragments and variants thereof. Thus a protein of the invention may contain at least a fragment or variant of a
0052Therapeutic protein, and/or at least a fragment or variant of an antibody. Additionally, the term "Therapeutic protein" may refer to the endogenous or naturally occurring correlate of a
0053Therapeutic protein.
0054[0044] By a polypeptide displaying a "therapeutic activity" or a protein that is
0055"therapeutically active" is meant a polypeptide that possesses one or more known biological and/or therapeutic activities associated with a therapeutic protein such as one or more of the
0056Therapeutic proteins described herein or otherwise known in the art. As a non-limiting example, a "Therapeutic protein" is a protein that is useful to treat, prevent or ameliorate a disease, condition or disorder. As a non-limiting example, a "Therapeutic protein" may be one that binds specifically to a particular cell type (normal (e.g., lymphocytes) or abnormal e.g., (cancer cells)) and therefore may be used to target a compound (drug, or cytotoxic agent) to that cell type specifically.
0057[0045] For example, a non-exhaustive list of "Therapeutic protein" portions which may be comprised by an albumin fusion protein of the invention includes, but is not limited to, erythropoietin (EPO), IL-2, G-CSF, Insulin, Calcitonin, Growth Hormone, IFN-alpha,
0058IFN-beta, PTH, TR6 (International Publication No. WO 98/30694), BLyS, BLyS single chain antibody, Resistin, Growth hormone releasing factor, VEGF-2, KGF-2, D-SLAM, KDI, and
0059TR2, GLP-1, Extendin 4, and GM-CSF.
0060[0046] Interferon hybrids may also be fused to the amino or carboxy terminus of albumin to form an interferon hybrid albumin fusion protein. Interferon hybrid albumin fusion protein may have enhanced, or alternatively, suppressed interferon activity, such as antiviral responses, regulation of cell growth, and modulation of immune response (Lebleu et al., PNAS USA, 73:3107-3111 (1976); Gresser et al., Nature, 251 :543-545 (1974); and
0061Johnson, Texas Reports Biol Med, 35:357-369 (1977)). Each interferon hybrid albumin fusion protein can be used to treat, prevent, or ameliorate viral infections {e.g., hepatitis (e.g.,
0062HCV); or HIV), multiple sclerosis, or cancer.
0063[0047] In one embodiment, the interferon hybrid portion of the interferon hybrid albumin fusion protein comprises an interferon alpha-interferon alpha hybrid (herein referred to as an alpha-alpha hybrid). For example, the alpha-alpha hybrid portion of the interferon hybrid albumin fusion protein consists, or alternatively comprises, of interferon alpha A fused to interferon alpha D. h a further embodiment, the A D hybrid is fused at the common Bgiπ restriction site to interferon alpha D, wherein the N-terminal portion of the A D hybrid corresponds to amino acids 1-62 of interferon alpha A and the C-terminal portion corresponds to amino acids 64-166 of interferon alpha D. For example, this A/D hybrid would comprise the amino acid sequence:
0064CDLPQTHSLGSRRTLMLLAQMRXilSLFSCLKDRHDFGFPQEEFGNQFQKAETIPVLHE
0065MIQQIFNLFTTKDSSAAWDEDLLDKFCTELYQQLNDLEACVMQEERVGETPLMNX<sub>2</sub>D
SILAVKKYFRRITLYLTEKKYSPCAWEVVRAEIMRSLSLSTNLQERLRRKE (SEQ ID
0067NO: 1326), wherein the X] is R or K and the X<sub>2</sub> is A or V (see, for example, Construct ID
0068#2875). In an additional embodiment, the A D hybrid is fused at the common Pvuiπ restriction site, wherein the N-terminal portion of the A/D hybrid corresponds to amino acids
00691-91 of interferon alpha A and the C-terminal portion corresponds to amino acids 93-166 of interferon alpha D. For example, this A/D hybrid would comprise the amino acid sequence:
0070CDLPQTHSLGSRRTLMLLAQMRXilSLFSCLKDRHDFGFPQEEFGNQFQKAETIPVLHE
0071MIQQIFNLFSTKDSSAAWDETLLDKFYTELYQQLNDLEACVMQEERVGETPLMNX<sub>2</sub>D
SILAVKKYFRRITLYLTEKKYSPCAWEVVRAEIMRSLSLSTNLQERLRRKE (SEQ ID
0073NO: 1311), wherein the X<sub>\</sub> is R or K and the second X<sub>2</sub> is A or V (see, for example, Construct
0074ID #2872). These hybrids are further described in U.S. Patent No. 4,414,510, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
0075[0048] hi an additional embodiment, the alpha-alpha hybrid portion of the interferon hybrid albumin fusion protein consists, or alternatively comprises, of interferon alpha A fused to interferon alpha F. In a further embodiment, the A F hybrid is fused at the common PvuDI restriction site, wherein the N-terminal portion of the A/F hybrid corresponds to amino acids
00761-91 of interferon alpha A and the C-terminal portion corresponds to amino acids 93-166 of interferon alpha F. For example, this A/F hybrid would comprise the amino acid sequence:
CDLPQTHSLGSRRTLMLLAQMRXISLFSCLKDRHDFGFPQEEFGNQFQKAETIPVLHE
MIQQIFNLFSTKDSSAAWDETLLDKFYTELYQQLNDMEACVIQEVGVEETPLMNVDS
0079ILAVKKYFQmTLYLTEKKYSPCAWEVVRAE RSFSLSKIFQERLRRKE (SEQ ID
0080NO:1321), wherein X is either R or K (see, for example, Construct ID #2874). These hybrids are further described in U.S. Patent No. 4,414,510, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In a further embodiment, the alpha-alpha hybrid portion of the interferon hybrid albumin fusion protein consists, or alternatively comprises, of interferon alpha A fused to interferon alpha B. h an additional embodiment, the A/B hybrid is fused at the common
0081Pvuiπ restriction site, wherein the N-terminal portion of the A/B hybrid corresponds to amino acids 1-91 of interferon alpha A and the C-terminal portion corresponds to amino acids 93-
0082166 of interferon alpha B. For example, this A B hybrid would comprise an amino acid sequence:
0083CDLPQTHSLGSRRTLMLLAQMRXjISLFSCLKDRHDFGFPQEEFGNQFQKAETIPVLHE
0084MIQQIFNLFSTKDSSAAWDETLLDKFYTELYQQLNDLEX2X<sub>3</sub>X<sub>4</sub>X<sub>5</sub>QEVGVIESPLMYE
DSILAVRKYFQRITLYLTEKKYSSCAWEVVRAEEVIRSFSLSINLQKRLKSKE (SEQ ID
0086NO:1316), wherein the X<sub>!</sub> is R or K and X<sub>2</sub> through X<sub>5</sub> is SCVM or VLCD (see, for example,
0087Construct ID #2873). These hybrids are further described in U.S. Patent No. 4,414,510, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. [0049] In another embodiment, the interferon hybrid portion of the interferon hybrid albumin fusion protein comprises an interferon beta-interferon alpha hybrid (herein referred to as a beta-alpha hybrid). For example, the beta-alpha hybrid portion of the interferon hybrid albumin fusion protein consists, or alternatively comprises, of interferon beta-1 fused to interferon alpha D (also referred to as interferon alpha-1). In a further embodiment, the beta-
00881 /alpha D hybrid is fused wherein the N-terminal portion corresponds to amino acids 1-73 of interferon beta-1 and the C-terminal portion corresponds to amino acids 74-167 of interferon alpha D. For example, this beta-1/alpha D hybrid would comprise an amino acid sequence:
MSYM.LGFLQRSSNFQCQKLLWQLNGRLEYCLKDRMNFDIPEEIKQLQQFQKEDAAL
TIYEMLQNFAIFRQDSSAAWDEDLLDKFCTELYQQLNDLEACVMQEERVGETPLMN
XDSILAVKKYFRRITLYLTEICKYSPCAWEVVRAEIMRSLSLSTNLQERLRRKE (SEQ
0092ID NO:2130), wherein X is A or V. These hybrids are further described in U.S. Patent No.
00934,758,428, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
0094[0050] h another embodiment, the interferon hybrid portion of the interferon hybrid albumin fusion protein comprises an interferon alpha-interferon beta hybrid (herein referred to as a alpha-beta hybrid). For example, the alpha-beta hybrid portion of the interferon hybrid albumin fusion protein consists, or alternatively comprises, of interferon alpha D (also referred to as interferon alpha-1) fused to interferon beta-1. In a further embodiment, the alpha D/beta-1 hybrid is fused wherein the N-terminal portion corresponds to amino acids 1-
009573 of interferon alpha D and the C-terminal portion corresponds to amino acids 74-166 of interferon beta-1. For example, this alpha D/beta-1 hybrid would have an amino acid sequence:
MCDLPETHSLDNRRTLMLLAQMSRISPSSCLMDRHDFGFPQEEFDGNQFQKAPAISV
0097LHELIQQIF LFTTKDSSSTGWNET_^ E LLANVYHQI røLKTVLEE_E LEKEDFTRGKL
0098MSSLHL_ lYYGRJD HYLKAKEYSHCAWT__VRVE__LRNFYFINRLTGYLRN (SEQ ID
0099NO:2131). These hybrids are further described in U.S. Patent No. 4,758,428, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
0100[0051] h further embodiments, the interferon hybrid portion of the interferon hybrid albumin fusion proteins may comprise additional combinations of alpha-alpha interferon hybrids, alpha-beta interferon hybrids, and beta-alpha interferon hybrids, hi additional embodiments, the interferon hybrid portion of the interferon hybrid albumin fusion protein may be modified to include mutations, substitutions, deletions, or additions to the amino acid sequence of the interferon hybrid. Such modifications to the interferon hybrid albumin fusion proteins may be made, for example, to improve levels of production, increase stability, increase or decrease activity, or confer new biological properties.
0101[0052] The above-described interferon hybrid albumin fusion proteins are encompassed by the invention, as are host cells and vectors containing polynucleotides encoding the polypeptides. In one embodiment, a interferon hybrid albumin fusion protein encoded by a polynucleotide as described above has extended shelf life. In an additional embodiment, a interferon hybrid albumin fusion protein encoded by a polynucleotide described above has a longer serum half-life and/or more stabilized activity in solution (or in a pharmaceutical composition) in vitro and/or in vivo than the corresponding unfused interferon hybrid molecule.
0102[0053] In another non-limiting example, a "Therapeutic protein" is a protein that has a biological activity, and in particular, a biological activity that is useful for treating, preventing or ameliorating a disease. A non-inclusive list of biological activities that may be possessed by a Therapeutic protein includes, enhancing the immune response, promoting angiogenesis, inhibiting angiogenesis, regulating endocrine function, regulating hematopoietic functions, stimulating nerve growth, enhancing an immune response, inhibiting an immune response, or any one or more of the biological activities described in the "Biological Activities" section below and/or as disclosed for a given Therapeutic protein in Table 1 (column 2).
0103[0054] As used herein, "therapeutic activity" or "activity" may refer to an activity whose effect is consistent with a desirable therapeutic outcome in humans, or to desired effects in non-human mammals or in other species or organisms. Therapeutic activity may be measured in vivo or in vitro. For example, a desirable effect may be assayed in cell culture.
0104As an example, when EPO is the Therapeutic protein, the effects of EPO on cell proliferation as described in Example 8 may be used as the endpoint for which therapeutic activity is measured. Such in vitro or cell culture assays are commonly available for many Therapeutic proteins as described in the art. Examples of assays include, but are not limited to those described herein in the Examples section or in the "Exemplary Activity Assay" column
0105(column 3) of Table 1.
0106[0055] Therapeutic proteins corresponding to a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention, such as cell surface and secretory proteins, are often modified by the attachment of one or more oligosaccharide groups. The modification, referred to as glycosylation, can dramatically affect the physical properties of proteins and can be important in protein stability, secretion, and localization. Glycosylation occurs at specific locations along the polypeptide backbone. There are usually two major types of glycosylation: glycosylation characterized by O-linked oligosaccharides, which are attached to serine or threonine residues; and glycosylation characterized by N-linked oligosaccharides, which are attached to asparagme residues in an Asn-X-Ser or Asn-X-Thr sequence, where X can be any amino acid except proline. N-acetylneuramic acid (also known as sialic acid) is usually the terminal residue of both N-linked and 0-linked oligosaccharides. Variables such as protein structure and cell type influence the number and nature of the carbohydrate units within the chains at different glycosylation sites. Glycosylation isomers are also common at the same site within a given cell type.
0107[0056] For example, several types of human interferon are glycosylated. Natural human interferon-α2 is O-glycosylated at threonine 106, and N-glycosylation occurs at asparagine 72 in interferon-αl4 (Adolf et al, J. Biochem 276:511 (1991); Nyman TA et al, J. Biochem 329:295 (1998)). The oligosaccharides at asparagine 80 in natural interferon-βlα may play an important factor in the solubility and stability of the protein, but may not be essential for its biological activity. This permits the production of an unglycosylated analog (interferon- β lb) engineered with sequence modifications to enhance stability (Hosoi et al, J. Interferon Res. 8:375 (1988; Karpusas et al, Cell Mol Life Sci 54:1203 (1998); Knight, J. Interferon Res. 2:421 (1982); Runkel et al, Pharm Res 15:641 (1998); Lin, Dev. Biol. Stand. 96:97 (1998)). Interferon-γ contains two N-linked oligosaccharide chains at positions 25 and 97, both important for the efficient formation of the bioactive recombinant protein, and having an influence on the pharmacokinetic properties of the protein (Sareneva et al, Eur. J. Biochem 242:191 (1996); Sareneva et al,. Biochem J. 303:831 (1994); Sareneva et al, J. Interferon Res. 13:267 (1993)). Mixed O-linlced and N-linked glycosylation also occurs, for example in human erythropoietin, N-linked glycosylation occurs at asparagine residues located at positions 24, 38 and 83 while O-linked glycosylation occurs at a serine residue located at position 126 (Lai et al, J. Biol. Chem. 261:3116 (1986); Broudy et al, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 265:329 (1988)).
0108[0057] Glycosylation of EPO albumin fusion proteins may influence the activity and/or stability of the EPO albumin fusion proteins. The EPO portion of the albumin fusion protein may contain 3 N-linked sites for glycosylation, each of which can carry one tetra- antennary structure. When the EPO albumin fusion protein is glycosylated, the half-life of the molecule may be increased. In one embodiment, the EPO albumin fusion protein is glycosylated. In another embodiment, the EPO albumin fusion protein is hyperglycosylated.
0109[0058] One type of sugar commonly found in oligosaccharides is sialic acid. Each tetra-antennary structure of the N-linked glycosylation sites of EPO may carry four sialic acid residues. Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, the EPO albumin fusion protein is glycosylated with a carbohydrate group containing sialic acid. In an additional embodiment, the EPO albumin fusion protein comprises a fully sialylated EPO protein containing four sialic acid residues per tetra-antennerary structure per site with a molar ratio of sialic acid to protein 12:1 or greater. In alternative embodiments, the EPO albumin fusion protein comprises a hypersialylated EPO protein wherein one, two, or three sialic acid residues are attached at each tetra-antennerary structure per site with a molar ratio of sialic acid to protein less than 12:1.
0110[0059] Two types of sialic acid that may be used in the sialylation of the EPO albumin fusion protein are N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) or N-glycolylneuraminic acid
0111(Neu5Gc). In a preferred embodiment, hypersialylated EPO albumin fusion proteins contain
0112Neu5Ac. More preferably, the total sialic acid content of hypersialylated EPO albumin fusion proteins is at least 97% Neu5Ac. Most preferred are EPO albumin fusion protein structures with little or no Neu5Gc.
0113[0060] Preferably, the albumin EPO fusion protein has at least 4 moles of sialylation, and more preferably, at least 8-9 moles of sialylation. An additional embodiment comprises an albumin EPO fusion protein with 4 moles of sialylation, 5 moles of sialylation, 6 moles of sialylation, 7 moles of sialylation, 8-9 moles of sialylation, 8 moles of sialylation, 9 moles of sialylation, 10 moles of sialylation, 11 moles of sialylation, or 12 moles of sialylation.
0114[0061] The degree of sialylation of a protein changes the charge of the protein and its retention time on a chromatography column. Therefore, certain chromatography steps used in the purification process may be used to monitor or enrich for hypersialylated EPO albumin fusion proteins. In a preferred embodiment, the amount of sialylation may be monitored by
0115HPLC chromatography. In an additional embodiment, steps in the purification process of
0116EPO albumin fusions may be used to enrich for hypersialylated EPO albumin fusion proteins.
0117In a preferred embodiment the purification steps that may be used to enrich for hypersialylated EPO albumin fusion proteins comprise the butyl-sepharose FF purification step to remove virus particles by high ammonium salt and the hydroxyapatite chromatography at pH 6.8 for the final purification step.
0118[0062] Therapeutic proteins corresponding to a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention, as well as analogs and variants thereof, may be modified so that glycosylation at one or more sites is altered as a result of manipulation(s) of their nucleic acid sequence, by the host cell in which they are expressed, or due to other conditions of their expression. For example, glycosylation isomers may be produced by abolishing or introducing glycosylation sites, e.g., by substitution or deletion of amino acid residues, such as substitution of glutamine for asparagine, or unglycosylated recombinant proteins may be produced by expressing the proteins in host cells that will not glycosylate them, e.g. in E. coli or glycosylation-deficient yeast. These approaches are described in more detail below and are known in the art.
0119[0063] Therapeutic proteins, particularly those disclosed in Table 1, and their nucleic acid and amino acid sequences are well known in the art and available in public databases such as Chemical Abstracts Services Databases (e.g., the CAS Registry), GenBank, and subscription provided databases such as GenSeq (e.g., Derwent). Exemplary nucleotide sequences of Therapeutic proteins which may be used to derive a polynucleotide of the invention are shown in column 7, "SEQ ID NO:X," of Table 2. Sequences shown as SEQ ID
0120NO:X may be a wild type polynucleotide sequence encoding a given Therapeutic protein
0121(e.g., either full length or mature), or in some instances the sequence may be a variant of said wild type polynucleotide sequence (e.g., a polynucleotide which encodes the wild type
0122Therapeutic protein, wherein the DNA sequence of said polynucleotide has been optimized, for example, for expression in a particular species; or a polynucleotide encoding a variant of the wild type Therapeutic protein (i.e., a site directed mutant; an allelic variant)). It is well within the ability of the skilled artisan to use the sequence shown as SEQ ID NO:X to derive the construct described in the same row. For example, if SEQ ID NO:X corresponds to a full length protein, but only a portion of that protein is used to generate the specific CID, it is within the skill of the art to rely on molecular biology techniques, such as PCR, to amplify the specific fragment and clone it into the appropriate vector.
0123[0064] Additional Therapeutic proteins corresponding to a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention include, but are not limited to, one or more of the Therapeutic proteins or peptides disclosed in the "Therapeutic Protein X" column of Table 1 (column 1), or fragment or variable thereof.
0124[0065] Table 1 provides a non-exhaustive list of Therapeutic proteins that correspond to a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention, or an albumin fusion protein encoded by a polynucleotide of the invention. The first column, "Therapeutic Protein X," discloses Therapeutic protein molecules that may be followed by parentheses containing scientific and brand names of proteins that comprise, or alternatively consist of, that Therapeutic protein molecule or a fragment or variant thereof. "Therapeutic protein X" as used herein may refer either to an individual Therapeutic protein molecule, or to the entire group of Therapeutic proteins associated with a given Therapeutic protein molecule disclosed in this column. The "Biological activity" column (column 2) describes Biological activities associated with the Therapeutic protein molecule. Column 3, "Exemplary Activity Assay," provides references that describe assays which may be used to test the therapeutic and/or biological activity of a Therapeutic proteimX or an albumin fusion protein comprising a Therapeutic protein X (or fragment thereof) portion. Each of the references cited in the "Exemplary Activity Assay" column are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties, particularly with respect to the description of the respective activity assay described in the reference (see Methods section therein, for example) for assaying the corresponding biological activity set forth in the "Biological Activity" column of Table 1. The fourth column, "Preferred Indication: Y," describes disease, disorders, and/or conditions that may be treated, prevented, diagnosed, and/or ameliorated by Therapeutic protein X or an albumin fusion protein comprising a Therapeutic protein X (or fragment thereof) portion. The "Construct ID" column (column 5) provides a link to an exemplary albumin fusion construct disclosed in Table 2 which encodes an albumin fusion protein comprising, or alternatively consisting of the referenced Therapeutic Protein X (or fragment thereof) portion.
0125Table 1
0126<img file="EP1463751A2_D0001.tif" />
0127Table 1
0128<img file="EP1463751A2_D0002.tif" />
0129Table 1
0130>
0131<img file="EP1463751A2_D0003.tif" />
0132Table 1
0133<img file="EP1463751A2_D0004.tif" />
0134Table 1
0135<img file="EP1463751A2_D0005.tif" />
0136Table 1
0137<img file="EP1463751A2_D0006.tif" />
0138Table 1
0139Therapeutic Biological Activity Exemplary Activity Preferred Indication :Y Construct ID Therapeutic Protein :X Assay Protein :Z
0140DL 8234; with expression of a GC- Glioblastoma Multiforme; Cervical Dysplasia;
0141FERON; IFNbeta; rich viral transcript. Mol Leukemia; Preleukemia; Bone Marrow
0142BETASERON; Cell Biol. 19(11):7305-13. Disorders; Bone Disorders; Hairy Cell Leukemia;
0143AVONEX; Chronic Myelogeonus Leukemia; Hematological
0144REBIF; Malignancies; Hematological Disorders; Multiple
0145BETAFERON; Myeloma; Bacterial Infections;
0146SIGOSIX) Chemoprotection; Thrombocytopenia; Viral infections; HIV Infections; Hepatitis; Chronic Hepatitis; Hepatitis B; Chronic Hepatitis B; Hepatitis C; Chronic Hepatitis C; Hepatitis D; Chronic Hepatitis D; Human Papillomaviras; Heipes Simplex Virus Infection; External Condylomata Acuminata; HIV; HIV Infection; Pulmonary Fibrosis; Age-Related Macular Degeneration; Macular Degeneration; Crohn's Disease; Neurological Disorders; Arthritis; Rheumatoid Arthritis; Ulcerative Colitis; Osteoporosis, Osteopenia, Osteoclastogenesis; Fibromyalgia; Sjogren's Syndrome; Chronic Fatigue Syndrome; Fever; Hemmorhagic Fever; Viral Hemmorhagic Fevers; Hyperglycemia; Diabetes; Diabetes Insipidus; Diabetes mellitus; Type 1 diabetes; Type 2 diabetes; Insulin resistance; Insulin deficiency; Hyperlipidemia; Hyperketonemia; Non-insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM); Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM); A Condition Associated With Diabetes Including, But Not Limited To Obesity, Heart Disease, Hyperglycemia, Infections, Retinopathy, And/Or Ulcers; Metabolic Disorders; Immune Disorders; Obesity; Vascular Disorders; Suppression of Body Weight; Suppression of Appetite;
0147Table 1
0148<img file="EP1463751A2_D0007.tif" />
0149Table 1
0150<img file="EP1463751A2_D0008.tif" />
0151Table 1
0152<img file="EP1463751A2_D0009.tif" />
0153Table 1
0154<img file="EP1463751A2_D0010.tif" />
0155Table 1
0156<img file="EP1463751A2_D0011.tif" />
0157Table 1
0158<img file="EP1463751A2_D0012.tif" />
0159Table 1
0160<img file="EP1463751A2_D0013.tif" />
0161Table 1
OJ
0163<img file="EP1463751A2_D0014.tif" />
0164Table 1
0165<img file="EP1463751A2_D0015.tif" />
0166Table 1
0167<img file="EP1463751A2_D0016.tif" />
0168Table 1
0169<img file="EP1463751A2_D0017.tif" />
0170Table 1
0171-4
0172<img file="EP1463751A2_D0018.tif" />
0173Table 1
0174<img file="EP1463751A2_D0019.tif" />
0175Table 1
0176<img file="EP1463751A2_D0020.tif" />
0177Table 1
01784^
O
0180<img file="EP1463751A2_D0021.tif" />
0181Table 1
0182<img file="EP1463751A2_D0022.tif" />
0183Table 1
0184<img file="EP1463751A2_D0023.tif" />
0185Table 1
0186<img file="EP1463751A2_D0024.tif" />
0187Table 1
0188<img file="EP1463751A2_D0025.tif" />
0189Table 1
0190<img file="EP1463751A2_D0026.tif" />
0191Table 1
0192^
0193<img file="EP1463751A2_D0027.tif" />
0194Table 1
0195<img file="EP1463751A2_D0028.tif" />
0196Table 1
0197<img file="EP1463751A2_D0029.tif" />
0198Table 1
0199<img file="EP1463751A2_D0030.tif" />
0200Table 1
0201<img file="EP1463751A2_D0031.tif" />
0202Table 1
0203<sup>(</sup>_*1
0204<img file="EP1463751A2_D0032.tif" />
0205Table 1
0206l_Λ
0207<img file="EP1463751A2_D0033.tif" />
0208Table 1
0209<img file="EP1463751A2_D0034.tif" />
0210Table 1
0211<img file="EP1463751A2_D0035.tif" />
0212Table 1
0213Ul Ul
0214<img file="EP1463751A2_D0036.tif" />
0215Table 1
0216Ul
0217<img file="EP1463751A2_D0037.tif" />
0218Table 1
0219Ul
0220<img file="EP1463751A2_D0038.tif" />
0221Table 1
0222Ul
OO
0224<img file="EP1463751A2_D0039.tif" />
0225Table 1
0226<img file="EP1463751A2_D0040.tif" />
0227Table 1
0228<img file="EP1463751A2_D0041.tif" />
0229Table 1
0230<img file="EP1463751A2_D0042.tif" />
0231Table 1
0232<img file="EP1463751A2_D0043.tif" />
0233Table 1
0234<img file="EP1463751A2_D0044.tif" />
OJ
0236Table 2
0237<img file="EP1463751A2_D0045.tif" />
0238Table 2
0239<img file="EP1463751A2_D0046.tif" />
0240Table 2
0241<img file="EP1463751A2_D0047.tif" />
0242Table 2
0243<img file="EP1463751A2_D0048.tif" />
0244Table 2
0245<img file="EP1463751A2_D0049.tif" />
0246Table 2
0247<img file="EP1463751A2_D0050.tif" />
0248Table 2
0249-4
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0251<img file="EP1463751A2_D0051.tif" />
0252Table 2
0253<img file="EP1463751A2_D0052.tif" />
0254Table 2
0255-4 t
0256<img file="EP1463751A2_D0053.tif" />
0257Table 2
0258<img file="EP1463751A2_D0054.tif" />
0259Table 2
0260<img file="EP1463751A2_D0055.tif" />
0261Table 2
0262<img file="EP1463751A2_D0056.tif" />
0263Table 2
0264<img file="EP1463751A2_D0057.tif" />
0265Table 2
0266<img file="EP1463751A2_D0058.tif" />
0267Table 2
0268<img file="EP1463751A2_D0059.tif" />
0269Table 2
0270<img file="EP1463751A2_D0060.tif" />
0271Table 2
0272<img file="EP1463751A2_D0061.tif" />
0273Table 2
0274<img file="EP1463751A2_D0062.tif" />
0275Table 2
0276<img file="EP1463751A2_D0063.tif" />
0277Table 2
0278<img file="EP1463751A2_D0064.tif" />
0279Table 2
0280<img file="EP1463751A2_D0065.tif" />
0281Table 2
0282<img file="EP1463751A2_D0066.tif" />
0283Table 2
0284<img file="EP1463751A2_D0067.tif" />
0285Table 2
0286<img file="EP1463751A2_D0068.tif" />
0287Table 2
0288<img file="EP1463751A2_D0069.tif" />
0289Table 2
0290<img file="EP1463751A2_D0070.tif" />
0291Table 2
0292o
0293<img file="EP1463751A2_D0071.tif" />
0294Table 2
0295<img file="EP1463751A2_D0072.tif" />
0296Table 2
0297<img file="EP1463751A2_D0073.tif" />
0298Table 2
0299vo
OJ
0301<img file="EP1463751A2_D0074.tif" />
0302Table 2
0303<img file="EP1463751A2_D0075.tif" />
0304Table 2
0305<img file="EP1463751A2_D0076.tif" />
0306Table 2
0307<img file="EP1463751A2_D0077.tif" />
0308Table 2
0309<img file="EP1463751A2_D0078.tif" />
0310Table 2
0311<img file="EP1463751A2_D0079.tif" />
0312Table 2
0313<img file="EP1463751A2_D0080.tif" />
0314Table 2
0315o o
0316<img file="EP1463751A2_D0081.tif" />
0317Table 2
0318<img file="EP1463751A2_D0082.tif" />
0319Table 2
0320o t
0321<img file="EP1463751A2_D0083.tif" />
0322Table 2
0323<img file="EP1463751A2_D0084.tif" />
0324Table 2
0325<img file="EP1463751A2_D0085.tif" />
0326Table 2
0327<img file="EP1463751A2_D0086.tif" />
0328Table 2
0329<img file="EP1463751A2_D0087.tif" />
0330Table 2
0331o
0332<img file="EP1463751A2_D0088.tif" />
0333Table 2
0334o
033500
0336<img file="EP1463751A2_D0089.tif" />
0337Table 2
0338o
0339<img file="EP1463751A2_D0090.tif" />
0340Table 2
0341<img file="EP1463751A2_D0091.tif" />
0342Table 2
0343<img file="EP1463751A2_D0092.tif" />
0344Table 2
0345<img file="EP1463751A2_D0093.tif" />
0346Table 2
0347<img file="EP1463751A2_D0094.tif" />
0348Table 2
0349<img file="EP1463751A2_D0095.tif" />
0350Table 2
0351en
0352<img file="EP1463751A2_D0096.tif" />
0353Table 2
0354<img file="EP1463751A2_D0097.tif" />
0355Table 2
0356<img file="EP1463751A2_D0098.tif" />
0357Table 2
0358<img file="EP1463751A2_D0099.tif" />
0359Table 2
0360£>
0361<img file="EP1463751A2_D0100.tif" />
0362Table 2
0363<img file="EP1463751A2_D0101.tif" />
0364Table 2
0365<img file="EP1463751A2_D0102.tif" />
0366<img file="EP1463751A2_D0103.tif" />
0367Table 2
0368<img file="EP1463751A2_D0104.tif" />
0369<img file="EP1463751A2_D0105.tif" />
0370[0066] Table 2 provides a non-exhaustive list of polynucleotides of the invention comprising, or alternatively consisting of, nucleic acid molecules encoding an albumin fusion protein. The first column, "Fusion No." gives a fusion number to each polynucleotide.
0371Column 2, "Construct ID" provides a unique numerical identifier for each polynucleotide of the invention. The Construct IDs may be used to identify polynucleotides which encode albumin fusion proteins comprising, or alternatively consisting of, a Therapeutic protein portion corresponding to a given Therapeutic Protein:X listed in the corresponding row of
0372Table 1 wherein that Construct ID is listed in column 5. The "Construct Name" column
0373(column 3) provides the name of a given albumin fusion construct or polynucleotide.
0374[0067] The fourth column in Table 2, "Description" provides a general description of a given albumin fusion construct, and the fifth column, "Expression Vector" lists the vector into which a polynucleotide comprising, or alternatively consisting of, a nucleic acid molecule encoding a given albumin fusion protein was cloned. Vectors are known in the art, and are available commercially or described elsewhere. For example, as described in the
0375Examples, an "expression cassette" comprising, or alternatively consisting of, one or more of
0376(1) a polynucleotide encoding a given albumin fusion protein, (2) a leader sequence, (3) a promoter region, and (4) a transcriptional terminator, may be assembled in a convenient cloning vector and subsequently be moved into an alternative vector, such as, for example, an expression vector including, for example, a yeast expression vector or a mammalian expression vector. In one embodiment, for expression in S. cervisiae, an expression cassette comprising, or alternatively consisting of, a nucleic acid molecule encoding an albumin fusion protein is cloned into pSAC35. In another embodiment, for expression in CHO cells, an expression cassette comprising, or alternatively consisting of, a nucleic acid molecule encoding an albumin fusion protein is cloned into pC4. In a further embodiment, a polynucleotide comprising or alternatively consisting of a nucleic acid molecule encoding the
0377Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein is cloned into pC4:HSA. In a still further embodiment, for expression in NS0 cells, an expression cassette comprising, or alternatively consisting of, a nucleic acid molecule encoding an albumin fusion protein is cloned into pEE12. Other useful cloning and/or expression vectors will be known to the skilled artisan and are within the scope of the invention.
0378[0068] Column 6, "SEQ ID NO:Y," provides the full length amino acid sequence of the albumin fusion protein of the invention. In most instances, SEQ ID NO:Y shows the unprocessed form of the albumin fusion protein encoded - in other words, SEQ ID NO:Y shows the signal sequence, a HSA portion, and a therapeutic portion all encoded by the particular construct. Specifically contemplated by the present invention are all polynucleotides that encode SEQ ID NO:Y. When these polynucleotides are used to express the encoded protein from a cell, the cell's natural secretion and processing steps produces a protein that lacks the signal sequence listed in columns 4 and/or 11 of Table 2. The specific amino acid sequence of the listed signal sequence is shown later in the specification or is well known in the art. Thus, most preferred embodiments of the present invention include the albumin fusion protein produced by a cell (which would lack the leader sequence shown in columns 4 and/or 11 of Table 2). Also most preferred are polypeptides comprising SEQ ID
0379NO:Y without the specific leader sequence listed in columns 4 and/or 11 of Table 2.
0380Compositions comprising these two preferred embodiments, including pharmaceutical compositions, are also preferred. Moreover, it is well within the ability of the skilled artisan to replace the signal sequence listed in columns 4 and/or 11 of Table 2 with a different signal sequence, such as those described later in the specification to facilitate secretion of the processed albumin fusion protein.
0381[0069] The seventh column, "SEQ ID NO:X," provides the parent nucleic acid sequence from which a polynucleotide encoding a Therapeutic protein portion of a given albumin fusion protein may be derived. In one embodiment, the parent nucleic acid sequence from which a polynucleotide encoding a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein may be derived comprises the wild type gene sequence encoding a Therapeutic protein shown in Table 1. In an alternative embodiment, the parent nucleic acid sequence from which a polynucleotide encoding a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein may be derived comprises a variant or derivative of a wild type gene sequence encoding a
0382Therapeutic protein shown in Table 1, such as, for example, a synthetic codon optimized variant of a wild type gene sequence encoding a Therapeutic protein.
0383[0070] The eighth column, "SEQ ID NO:Z," provides a predicted translation of the parent nucleic acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:X). This parent sequence can be a full length parent protein used to derive the particular construct, the mature portion of a parent protein, a variant or fragment of a wildtype protein, or an artificial sequence that can be used to create the described construct. One of skill in the art can use this amino acid sequence shown in SEQ
0384ID NO:Z to determine which amino acid residues of an albumin fusion protein encoded by a given construct are provided by the therapeutic protein. Moreover, it is well within the ability of the skilled artisan to use the sequence shown as SEQ ID NO:Z to derive the construct described in the same row. For example, if SEQ ID NO:Z corresponds to a full length protein, but only a portion of that protein is used to generate the specific CID, it is within the skill of the art to rely on molecular biology techniques, such as PCR, to amplify the specific fragment and clone it into the appropriate vector.
0385[0071] Amplification primers provided in columns 9 and 10, "SEQ ID NO:A" and "SEQ ID NO:B" respectively, are exemplary primers used to generate a polynucleotide comprising or alternatively consisting of a nucleic acid molecule encoding the Therapeutic protein portion of a given albumin fusion protein. In one embodiment of the invention, oligonucleotide primers having the sequences shown in columns 9 and/or 10 (SEQ ID NOS:A and/or B) are used to PCR amplify a polynucleotide encoding the Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein using a nucleic acid molecule comprising or alternatively consisting of the nucleotide sequence provided in column 7 (SEQ ID NO:X)of the corresponding row as the template DNA. PCR methods are well-established in the art. Additional useful primer sequences could readily be envisioned and utilized by those of ordinary skill in the art.
0386[0072] In an alternative embodiment, oligonucleotide primers may be used in overlapping PCR reactions to generate mutations within a template DNA sequence. PCR methods are known in the art.
0387[0073] As shown in Table 3, certain albumin fusion constructs disclosed in this application have been deposited with the ATCC®.
0388Table 3
0389<img file="EP1463751A2_D0106.tif" /><img file="EP1463751A2_D0107.tif" />
0390[0074] It is possible to retrieve a given albumin fusion construct from the deposit by techniques known in the art and described elsewhere herein (see, Example 40). The ATCC is located at 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Virginia 20110-2209, USA. The ATCC deposits were made pursuant to the terms of the Budapest Treaty on the international recognition of the deposit of microorganisms for the purposes of patent procedure. [0075] In a further embodiment of the invention, an "expression cassette" comprising, or alternatively consisting of one or more of (1) a polynucleotide encoding a given albumin fusion protein, (2) a leader sequence, (3) a promoter region, and (4) a transcriptional terminator can be moved or "subcloned" from one vector into another. Fragments to be subcloned may be generated by methods well known in the art, such as, for example, PCR amplification (e.g., using oligonucleotide primers having the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:A or B), and/or restriction enzyme digestion.
0391[0076] In preferred embodiments, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention are capable of a therapeutic activity and/or biologic activity corresponding to the therapeutic activity and/or biologic activity of the Therapeutic protein corresponding to the Therapeutic protein portion of the albumin fusion protein listed in the corresponding row of Table 1. In further preferred embodiments, the therapeutically active protein portions of the albumin fusion proteins of the invention are fragments or variants of the protein encoded by the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:X column of Table 2, and are capable of the therapeutic activity and/or biologic activity of the corresponding Therapeutic protein.
0392Non-human albumin fusion proteins of growth hormone.
0393[0077] In one embodiment, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprise one or more Serum Albumin proteins of a non-human animal species, fused in tandem and in- frame either at the N-terminus or the C-terminus to one or more Growth Hormone proteins of the same non-human animal species. Non-human Serum Albumin and Growth Hormone proteins are well known in the art and available in public databases. For example, Table 4 presents accession numbers corresponding to non-human Serum Albumin sequences (column 2) and non-human Growth Hormone sequences (column 3) found in GenBank. In a preferred embodiment, a Serum Albumin protein from a non-human animal species listed in Table 4 is fused to a Growth Hormone protein from the same non-human animal species. [0078] h a specific embodiment, the albumin fusion protein of the invention comprises one or more Bos taurus Serum Albumin proteins listed in Table 4, column 2, fused in tandem and in-frame either at the N-terminus or the C-terminus to one or more Bos taurus Growth Hormone proteins listed in Table 4, column 3.
0394[0079] Fusion proteins comprising fragments or variants of non-human Serum
0395Albumin, such as, for example, the mature form of Serum Albumin, are also encompassed by the invention. Fusion proteins comprising fragments or variants of non-human Growth Hormone proteins, such as, for example, the mature form of Growth Hormone, are also encompassed by the invention. Preferably the non-human Growth Hormone fragments and variants retain growth hormone activity.
0396[0080] Polynucleotides of the invention comprise, or alternatively consist of, one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding a non-human albumin fusion protein described above. For example, the polynucleotides can comprise, or alternatively consist of, one or more nucleic acid molecules that encode a Serum Albumin protein from a non-human animal species listed in Table 4, column 1 (such as, for example, the non-human Serum Albumin reference sequences listed in Table 4, column 2) fused in tandem and in-frame either 5' or 3' to a polynucleotide that comprises, or alternatively consists of, one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the non-human Growth Hormone protein of the corresponding non- human animal species (for example, the Growth Hormone reference sequences listed in Table 4, column 3).
0397[0081] The above-described non-human albumin fusion proteins are encompassed by the invention, as are host cells and vectors containing these polynucleotides. In one embodiment, a non-human albumin fusion protein encoded by a polynucleotide as described above has extended shelf life. In an additional embodiment, a non-human albumin fusion protein encoded by a polynucleotide described above has a longer serum half-life and/or more stabilized activity in solution (or in a pharmaceutical composition) in vitro and/or in vivo than the corresponding unfused Growth Hormone molecule.
0398[0082] The present invention also encompasses methods of preventing, treating, or ameliorating a disease or disorder in a non-human animal species. In certain embodiments, the present invention encompasses a method of treating a veterinary disease or disorder comprising administering to a non-human animal species in which such treatment, prevention or amelioration is desired an albumin fusion protein of the invention that comprises a Growth Hormone portion corresponding to a Growth Hormone protein (or fragment or variant thereof) in an amount effective to treat, prevent or ameliorate the disease or disorder. Veterinary diseases and/or disorders which may be treated, prevented, or ameliorated include growth disorders (such as, for example, pituitary dwarfism), shin soreness, obesity, growth hormone-responsive dermatosis, dilated cardiomyopathy, eating disorders, reproductive disorders, and endocrine disorders. [0083] Non-human albumin fusion proteins of the invention may also be used to promote healing of skin wounds, corneal injuries, bone fractures, and injuries of joints, tendons, or ligaments.
0399[0084] Non-human albumin fusion proteins of the invention may also be used to increase milk production in lactating animals, hi a preferred embodiment, the lactating animal is a dairy cow.
0400[0085] Non-human albumin fusion proteins of the invention may also be used to improve body condition in aged animals.
0401[0086] Non-human albumin fusion proteins of the invention may also be used to increase fertility, pregnancy rates, and reproductive success in domesticated animals.
0402[0087] Non-human albumin fusion proteins of the invention may also be used to improve the lean-to-fat ratio in animals raised for consumption, as well as to improve appetite, and increase body size and growth rate.
0403Table 4
0404<img file="EP1463751A2_D0108.tif" />
0405<img file="EP1463751A2_D0109.tif" />
0406Polypeptide and Polynucleotide Fragments and Variants
0407Fragments
0408[0088] The present invention is further directed to fragments of the Therapeutic proteins described in Table 1, albumin proteins, and/or albumin fusion proteins of the invention.
0409[0089] The present invention is also directed to polynucleotides encoding fragments of the Therapeutic proteins described in Table 1, albumin proteins, and/or albumin fusion proteins of the invention.
0410[0090] Even if deletion of one or more amino acids from the N-terminus of a protein results in modification or loss of one or more biological functions of the Therapeutic protein, albumin protein, and/or albumin fusion protein of the invention, other Therapeutic activities and/or functional activities (e.g., biological activities, ability to multimerize, ability to bind a ligand) may still be retained. For example, the ability of polypeptides with N-terminal deletions to induce and/or bind to antibodies which recognize the complete or mature forms of the polypeptides generally will be retained when less than the majority of the residues of the complete polypeptide are removed from the N-terminus. Whether a particular polypeptide lacking N-terminal residues of a complete polypeptide retains such immunologic activities can readily be determined by routine methods described herein and otherwise known in the art. It is not unlikely that a mutein with a large number of deleted N-terminal amino acid residues may retain some biological or immunogenic activities. In fact, peptides composed of as few as six amino acid residues may often evoke an immune response.
0411[0091] Accordingly, fragments of a Therapeutic protein corresponding to a
0412Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention, include the full length protein as well as polypeptides having one or more residues deleted from the amino terminus of the amino acid sequence of the reference polypeptide (i.e., a Therapeutic protein referred to in Table 1, or a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein encoded by a polynucleotide or albumin fusion construct described in Table 2). In particular, N- terminal deletions may be described by the general formula m to q, where q is a whole integer representing the total number of amino acid residues in a reference polypeptide (e.g., a
0413Therapeutic protein referred to in Table 1, or a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention, or a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein encoded by a polynucleotide or albumin fusion construct described in Table 2), and m is defined as any integer ranging from 2 to q minus 6. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides are also encompassed by the invention.
0414[0092] h addition, fragments of serum albumin polypeptides corresponding to an albumin protein portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention, include the full length protein as well as polypeptides having one or more residues deleted from the amino terminus of the amino acid sequence of the reference polypeptide (i.e., serum albumin, or a serum albumin portion of an albumin fusion protein encoded by a polynucleotide or albumin fusion construct described in Table 2). hi preferred embodiments, N-terminal deletions may be described by the general formula m to 585, where 585 is a whole integer representing the total number of amino acid residues in mature human serum albumin (SEQ ID NO: 1038), and m is defined as any integer ranging from 2 to 579. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides are also encompassed by the invention, hi additional embodiments, N-terminal deletions may be described by the general formula m to 609, where 609 is a whole integer representing the total number of amino acid residues in full length human serum albumin (SEQ ID NO: 1094), and m is defined as any integer ranging from 2 to 603. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides are also encompassed by the invention.
0415[0093] Moreover, fragments of albumin fusion proteins of the invention, include the full length albumin fusion protein as well as polypeptides having one or more residues deleted from the amino terminus of the albumin fusion protein (e.g., an albumin fusion protein encoded by a polynucleotide or albumin fusion construct described in Table 2; or an albumin fusion protein having the amino acid sequence disclosed in column 6 of Table 2). hi particular, N-terminal deletions may be described by the general formula m to q, where q is a whole integer representing the total number of amino acid residues in the albumin fusion protein, and m is defined as any integer ranging from 2 to q minus 6. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides are also encompassed by the invention.
0416[0094] Also as mentioned above, even if deletion of one or more amino acids from the N-terminus or C-terminus of a reference polypeptide (e.g., a Therapeutic protein; serum albumin protein; or albumin fusion protein of the invention) results in modification or loss of one or more biological functions of the protein, other functional activities (e.g., biological activities, ability to multimerize, ability to bind a ligand) and/or Therapeutic activities may still be retained. For example the ability of polypeptides with C-terminal deletions to induce and/or bind to antibodies which recognize the complete or mature forms of the polypeptide generally will be retained when less than the majority of the residues of the complete or mature polypeptide are removed from the C-terminus. Whether a particular polypeptide lacking the N-terminal and/or C-terminal residues of a reference polypeptide retains
0417Therapeutic activity can readily be determined by routine methods described herein and/or otherwise known in the art.
0418[0095] The present invention further provides polypeptides having one or more residues deleted from the carboxy terminus of the amino acid sequence of a Therapeutic protein corresponding to a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention (e.g., a Therapeutic protein referred to in Table 1, or a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein encoded by a polynucleotide or albumin fusion construct described in Table 2). In particular, C-terminal deletions may be described by the general formula 1 to n, where n is any whole integer ranging from 6 to q minus 1, and where q is a whole integer representing the total number of amino acid residues in a reference polypeptide
0419(e.g., a Therapeutic protein referred to in Table 1, or a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein encoded by a polynucleotide or albumin fusion construct described in
0420Table 2). Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides are also encompassed by the invention.
0421[0096] In addition, the present invention provides polypeptides having one or more residues deleted from the carboxy terminus of the amino acid sequence of an albumin protein corresponding to an albumin protein portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention
0422(e.g., serum albumin or an albumin protein portion of an albumin fusion protein encoded by a polynucleotide or albumin fusion construct described in Table 2). In particular, C-terminal deletions may be described by the general formula 1 to n, where n is any whole integer ranging from 6 to 584, where 584 is the whole integer representing the total number of amino acid residues in mature human serum albumin (SEQ ID NO: 1038) minus 1. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides are also encompassed by the invention. In particular, C-terminal deletions may be described by the general formula 1 to n, where n is any whole integer ranging from 6 to 608, where 608 is the whole integer representing the total number of amino acid residues in serum albumin (SEQ ID NO: 1094) minus 1. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides are also encompassed by the invention.
0423[0097] Moreover, the present invention provides polypeptides having one or more residues deleted from the carboxy terminus of an albumin fusion protein of the invention. In particular, C-terminal deletions may be described by the general formula 1 to n, where n is any whole integer ranging from 6 to q minus 1, and where q is a whole integer representing the total number of amino acid residues in an albumin fusion protein of the invention.
0424Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides are also encompassed by the invention.
0425[0098] In addition, any of the above described N- or C-terminal deletions can be combined to produce a N- and C-terminal deleted reference polypeptide. The invention also provides polypeptides having one or more amino acids deleted from both the amino and the carboxyl termini, which may be described generally as having residues m to n of a reference polypeptide (e.g., a Therapeutic protein referred to in Table 1, or a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein, of the invention, or a Therapeutic protein portion encoded by a polynucleotide or albumin fusion construct described in Table 2, or serum albumin (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 1038), or an albumin protein portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention, or an albumin protein portion encoded by a polynucleotide or albumin fusion construct described in Table 2, or an albumin fusion protein, or an albumin fusion protein encoded by a polynucleotide or albumin fusion construct of the invention) where n and m are integers as described above. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides are also encompassed by the invention.
0426[0099] The present application is also directed to proteins containing polypeptides at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a reference polypeptide sequence (e.g., a Therapeutic protein referred to in Table 1, or a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention, or a Therapeutic protein portion encoded by a polynucleotide or albumin fusion construct described in Table 2, or serum albumin (e.g., SEQ
0427ID NO: 1038), or an albumin protein portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention, or an albumin protein portion encoded by a polynucleotide or albumin fusion construct described in Table 2, or an albumin fusion protein, or an albumin fusion protein encoded by a polynucleotide or albumin fusion construct of the invention) set forth herein, or fragments thereof. In preferred embodiments, the application is directed to proteins comprising polypeptides at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to reference polypeptides having the amino acid sequence of N- and C-terminal deletions as described above. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides are also encompassed by the invention. [0100] Prefeπed polypeptide fragments of the invention are fragments comprising, or alternatively, consisting of, an amino acid sequence that displays a Therapeutic activity and/or functional activity (e.g. biological activity) of the polypeptide sequence of the Therapeutic protein or serum albumin protein of which the amino acid sequence is a fragment. [0101] Other preferred polypeptide fragments are biologically active fragments.
0428Biologically active fragments are those exhibiting activity similar, but not necessarily identical, to an activity of the polypeptide of the present invention. The biological activity of the fragments may include an improved desired activity, or a decreased undesirable activity.
0429Variants
0430[0102] "Variant" refers to a polynucleotide or nucleic acid differing from a reference nucleic acid or polypeptide, but retaining essential properties thereof. Generally, variants are overall closely similar, and, in many regions, identical to the reference nucleic acid or polypeptide.
0431[0103] As used herein, "variant", refers to a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention, albumin portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention, or albumin fusion protein of the invention differing in sequence from a Therapeutic protein
0432(e.g. see "therapeutic" column of Table 1), albumin protein, and/or albumin fusion protein, respectively, but retaining at least one functional and/or therapeutic property thereof as described elsewhere herein or otherwise known in the art. Generally, variants are overall very similar, and, in many regions, identical to the amino acid sequence of the Therapeutic protein corresponding to a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein, albumin protein corresponding to an albumin protein portion of an albumin fusion protein, and/or albumin fusion protein. Nucleic acids encoding these variants are also encompassed by the invention.
0433[0104] The present invention is also directed to proteins which comprise, or alternatively consist of, an amino acid sequence which is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100%, identical to, for example, the amino acid sequence of a Therapeutic protein corresponding to a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention (e.g., the amino acid sequence of a Therapeutic proteimX disclosed in Table 1; or the amino acid sequence of a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein encoded by a polynucleotide or albumin fusion construct described in Table 1 and 2, or fragments or variants thereof), albumin proteins corresponding to an albumin protein portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention (e.g., the amino acid sequence of an albumin protein portion of an albumin fusion protein encoded by a polynucleotide or albumin fusion construct described in Table 1 and 2; the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1038; or fragments or variants thereof), and/or albumin fusion proteins. Fragments of these polypeptides are also provided (e.g., those fragments described herein). Further polypeptides encompassed by the invention are polypeptides encoded by polynucleotides which hybridize to the complement of a nucleic acid molecule encoding an albumin fusion protein of the invention under stringent hybridization conditions (e.g., hybridization to filter bound DNA in
04346X Sodium chloride/Sodium citrate (SSC) at about 45 degrees Celsius, followed by one or more washes in 0.2X SSC, 0.1% SDS at about 50 - 65 degrees Celsius), under highly stringent conditions (e.g., hybridization to filter bound DNA in 6X sodium chloride/Sodium citrate (SSC) at about 45 degrees Celsius, followed by one or more washes in 0.1X SSC,
04350.2%) SDS at about 68 degrees Celsius), or under other stringent hybridization conditions which are known to those of skill in the art (see, for example, Ausubel, F.M. et al., eds., 1989
0436Current protocol in Molecular Biology, Green publishing associates, Inc., and John Wiley &
0437Sons Inc., New York, at pages 6.3.1 - 6.3.6 and 2.10.3). Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides are also encompassed by the invention.
0438[0105] By a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least, for example, 95%
0439"identical" to a query amino acid sequence, it is intended that the amino acid sequence of the subject polypeptide is identical to the query sequence except that the subject polypeptide sequence may include up to five amino acid alterations per each 100 amino acids of the query amino acid sequence. In other words, to obtain a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to a query amino acid sequence, up to 5% of the amino acid residues in the subject sequence may be inserted, deleted, or substituted with another amino acid. These alterations of the reference sequence may occur at the amino- or carboxy-terminal positions of the reference amino acid sequence or anywhere between those terminal positions, interspersed either individually among residues in the reference sequence or in one or more contiguous groups within the reference sequence.
0440[0106] As a practical matter, whether any particular polypeptide is at least 80%, 85%,
044190%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to, for instance, the amino acid sequence of an albumin fusion protein of the invention or a fragment thereof (such as a Therapeutic protein portion of the albumin fusion protein or an albumin portion of the albumin fusion protein), can be determined conventionally using known computer programs. A preferred method for determining the best overall match between a query sequence (a sequence of the present invention) and a subject sequence, also referred to as a global sequence alignment, can be determined using the FASTDB computer program based on the algorithm of Brutlag et al.
0442(Comp. App. Biosci.6:237-245 (1990)). In a sequence alignment the query and subject sequences are either both nucleotide sequences or both amino acid sequences. The result of said global sequence alignment is expressed as percent identity. Preferred parameters used in a FASTDB amino acid alignment are: <img file="EP1463751A2_D0110.tif" /> 0, k-tuple=2, Mismatch Penalty=l,
0443Joining Penalty=20, Randomization Group Length=0, Cutoff Score=T, Window
0444Size=sequence length, Gap Penalty=5, Gap Size Penalty=0.05, Window Size=500 or the length of the subject amino acid sequence, whichever is shorter.
0445[0107] If the subject sequence is shorter than the query sequence due to N- or C- terminal deletions, not because of internal deletions, a manual correction must be made to the results. This is because the FASTDB program does not account for N- and C-terminal truncations of the subject sequence when calculating global percent identity. For subject sequences truncated at the N- and C-termini, relative to the query sequence, the percent identity is corrected by calculating the number of residues of the query sequence that are N- and C-terminal of the subject sequence, which are not matched/aligned with a corresponding subject residue, as a percent of the total bases of the query sequence. Whether a residue is matched/aligned is determined by results of the FASTDB sequence alignment. This percentage is then subtracted from the percent identity, calculated by the above FASTDB program using the specified parameters, to arrive at a final percent identity score. This final percent identity score is what is used for the purposes of the present invention. Only residues to the N- and C-termini of the subject sequence, which are not matched/aligned with the query sequence, are considered for the purposes of manually adjusting the percent identity score. That is, only query residue positions outside the farthest N- and C- terminal residues of the subject sequence.
0446[0108] For example, a 90 amino acid residue subject sequence is aligned with a 100 residue query sequence to determine percent identity. The deletion occurs at the N-terminus of the subject sequence and therefore, the FASTDB alignment does not show a matching/alignment of the first 10 residues at the N-terminus. The 10 unpaired residues represent 10% of the sequence (number of residues at the N- and C- termini not matched/total number of residues in the query sequence) so 10% is subtracted from the percent identity score calculated by the FASTDB program. If the remaining 90 residues were perfectly matched the final percent identity would be 90%. In another example, a 90 residue subject sequence is compared with a 100 residue query sequence. This time the deletions are internal deletions so there are no residues at the N- or C-termini of the subject sequence which are not matched/aligned with the query. In this case the percent identity calculated by FASTDB is not manually corrected. Once again, only residue positions outside the N- and C-terminal ends of the subject sequence, as displayed in the FASTDB alignment, which are not matched/aligned with the query sequence are manually corrected for. No other manual corrections are to made for the purposes of the present invention.
0447[0109] The variant will usually have at least 75 % (preferably at least about 80%,
044890%, 95% or 99%) sequence identity with a length of normal HA or Therapeutic protein which is the same length as the variant. Homology or identity at the nucleotide or amino acid sequence level is determined by BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) analysis using the algorithm employed by the programs blastp, blastn, blastx, tblastn and tblastx (Karlin et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA .87: 2264-2268 (1990) and Altschul, J. Mol. Evol. 36:
0449290-300 (1993), fully incorporated by reference) which are tailored for sequence similarity searching.
0450[0110] The approach used by the BLAST program is to first consider similar segments between a query sequence and a database sequence, then to evaluate the statistical significance of all matches that are identified and finally to summarize only those matches which satisfy a preselected threshold of significance. For a discussion of basic issues in similarity searching of sequence databases, see Altschul et al, (Nature Genetics 6: 119-129
0451(1994)) which is fully incorporated by reference. The search parameters for histogram, descriptions, alignments, expect (i.e., the statistical significance threshold for reporting matches against database sequences), cutoff, matrix and filter are at the default settings. The default scoring matrix used by blastp, blastx, tblastn, and tblastx is the BLOSUM62 matrix
0452(Henikoff et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 10915-10919 (1992), fully incorporated by reference). For blastn, the scoring matrix is set by the ratios of M (i.e., the reward score for a pair of matching residues) to N (i.e., the penalty score for mismatching residues), wherein the default values for M and N are 5 and -A, respectively. Four blastn parameters may be adjusted as follows: Q=10 (gap creation penalty); R=10 (gap extension penalty); wink==l
0453(generates word hits at every<img file="EP1463751A2_D0111.tif" /> position along the query); and gapw=16 (sets the window width within which gapped alignments are generated). The equivalent Blastp parameter settings were Q=9; R=2; wink=T; and gapw=32. A Bestfit comparison between sequences, available in the GCG package version 10.0, uses DNA parameters GAP=50 (gap creation penalty) and LEN=3 (gap extension penalty) and the equivalent settings in protein comparisons are GAP=8 and LEN=2.
0454[0111] The polynucleotide variants of the invention may contain alterations in the coding regions, non-coding regions, or both. Especially prefeπed are polynucleotide variants containing alterations which produce silent substitutions, additions, or deletions, but do not alter the properties or activities of the encoded polypeptide. Nucleotide variants produced by silent substitutions due to the degeneracy of the genetic code are preferred. Moreover, polypeptide variants in which less than 50, less than 40, less than 30, less than 20, less than
045510, or 5-50, 5-25, 5-10, 1-5, or 1-2 amino .acids are substituted, deleted, or added in any combination are also preferred. Polynucleotide variants can be produced for a variety of reasons, e.g., to optimize codon expression for a particular host (change codons in the human mRNA to those preferred by a bacterial host, such as, yeast or E. coli).
0456[0112] In a preferred embodiment, a polynucleotide of the invention which encodes the albumin portion of an albumin fusion protein is optimized for expression in yeast or mammalian cells, hi a further preferred embodiment, a polynucleotide of the invention which encodes the Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein is optimized for expression in yeast or mammalian cells. In a still further preferred embodiment, a polynucleotide encoding an albumin fusion protein of the invention is optimized for expression in yeast or mammalian cells.
0457[0113] In an alternative embodiment, a codon optimized polynucleotide which encodes a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein does not hybridize to the wild type polynucleotide encoding the Therapeutic protein under stringent hybridization conditions as described herein. In a further embodiment, a codon optimized polynucleotide which encodes an albumin portion of an albumin fusion protein does not hybridize to the wild type polynucleotide encoding the albumin protein under stringent hybridization conditions as described herein. In another embodiment, a codon optimized polynucleotide which encodes an albumin fusion protein does not hybridize to the wild type polynucleotide encoding the
0458Therapeutic protein portion or the albumin protein portion under stringent hybridization conditions as described herein.
0459[0114] In an additional embodiment, a polynucleotide which encodes a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein does not comprise, or alternatively consist of, the naturally occurring sequence of that Therapeutic protein, h a further embodiment, a polynucleotide which encodes an albumin protein portion of an albumin fusion protein does not comprise, or alternatively consist of, the naturally occurring sequence of albumin protein. hi an alternative embodiment, a polynucleotide which encodes an albumin fusion protein does not comprise, or alternatively consist of, the naturally occurring sequence of a
0460Therapeutic protein portion or the albumin protein portion.
0461[0115] Naturally occurring variants are called "allelic variants," and refer to one of several alternate forms of a gene occupying a given locus on a chromosome of an organism.
0462(Genes II, Lewin, B., ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York (1985)). These allelic variants can vary at either the polynucleotide and/or polypeptide level and are included in the present invention. Alternatively, non-naturally occurring variants may be produced by mutagenesis techniques or by direct synthesis.
0463[0116] Using known methods of protein engineering and recombinant DNA technology, variants may be generated to improve or alter the characteristics of the polypeptides of the present invention. For instance, one or more amino acids can be deleted from the N-terminus or C-terminus of the polypeptide of the present invention without substantial loss of biological function. As an example, Ron et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 268: 2984-
04642988 (1993)) reported variant KGF proteins having heparin binding activity even after deleting 3, 8, or 27 amino-terminal amino acid residues. Similarly, Interferon gamma exhibited up to ten times higher activity after deleting 8-10 amino acid residues from the carboxy terminus of this protein. (Dobeli et al., J. Biotechnology 7:199-216 (1988).)
0465[0117] Moreover, ample evidence demonstrates that variants often retain a biological activity similar to that of the naturally occurring protein. For example, Gayle and coworkers
0466(J. Biol. Chem. 268:22105-22111 (1993)) conducted extensive mutational analysis of human cytokine JJ -la. They used random mutagenesis to generate over 3,500 individual E -la mutants that averaged 2.5 amino acid changes per variant over the entire length of the molecule. Multiple mutations were examined at every possible amino acid position. The investigators found that "[m]ost of the molecule could be altered with little effect on either [binding or biological activity]." In fact, only 23 unique amino acid sequences, out of more than 3,500 nucleotide sequences examined, produced a protein that significantly differed in activity from wild-type.
0467[0118] Furthermore, even if deleting one or more amino acids from the N-terminus or
0468C-terminus of a polypeptide results in modification or loss of one or more biological functions, other biological activities may still be retained. For example, the ability of a deletion variant to induce and/or to bind antibodies which recognize the secreted form will likely be retained when less than the majority of the residues of the secreted form are removed from the N-terminus or C-terminus. Whether a particular polypeptide lacking N- or
0469C-terminal residues of a protein retains such immunogenic activities can readily be determined by routine methods described herein and otherwise known in the art.
0470[0119] Thus, the invention further includes polypeptide variants which have a functional activity (e.g., biological activity and/or therapeutic activity), hi one embodiment, the invention provides variants of albumin fusion proteins that have a functional activity (e.g., biological activity and/or therapeutic activity) that corresponds to one or more biological and/or therapeutic activities of the Therapeutic protein coπesponding to the Therapeutic protein portion of the albumin fusion protein, another embodiment, the invention provides variants of albumin fusion proteins that have a functional activity (e.g., biological activity and/or therapeutic activity) that coπesponds to one or more biological and/or therapeutic activities of the Therapeutic protein coπesponding to the Therapeutic protein portion of the albumin fusion protein. Such variants include deletions, insertions, inversions, repeats, and substitutions selected according to general rules known in the art so as have little effect on activity. Polynucleotides encoding such variants are also encompassed by the invention.
0471[0120] In prefeπed embodiments, the variants of the invention have conservative substitutions. By "conservative substitutions" is intended swaps within groups such as replacement of the aliphatic or hydrophobic amino acids Ala, Val, Leu and He; replacement of the hydroxyl residues Ser and Thr; replacement of the acidic residues Asp and Glu; replacement of the amide residues Asn and Gin, replacement of the basic residues Lys, Arg, and His; replacement of the aromatic residues Phe, Tyr, and Tip, and replacement of the small-sized amino acids Ala, Ser, Thr, Met, and Gly.
0472[0121] Guidance concerning how to make phenotypically silent amino acid substitutions is provided, for example, in Bowie et al., "Deciphering the Message in Protein
0473Sequences: Tolerance to Amino Acid Substitutions," Science 247:1306-1310 (1990), wherein the authors indicate that there are two main strategies for studying the tolerance of an amino acid sequence to change.
0474[0122] The first strategy exploits the tolerance of amino acid substitutions by natural selection during the process of evolution. By comparing amino acid sequences in different species, conserved amino acids can be identified. These conserved amino acids are likely important for protein function. In contrast, the amino acid positions where substitutions have been tolerated by natural selection indicates that these positions are not critical for protein function. Thus, positions tolerating amino acid substitution could be modified while still maintaining biological activity of the protein.
0475[0123] The second strategy uses genetic engineering to introduce amino acid changes at specific positions of a cloned gene to identify regions critical for protein function. For example, site directed mutagenesis or alanine-scamiing mutagenesis (introduction of single alanine mutations at every residue in the molecule) can be used. See Cunningham and Wells,
0476Science 244:1081-1085 (1989). The resulting mutant molecules can then be tested for biological activity.
0477[0124] As the authors state, these two strategies have revealed that proteins are surprisingly tolerant of amino acid substitutions. The authors further indicate which amino acid changes are likely to be permissive at certain amino acid positions in the protein. For example, most buried (within the tertiary structure of the protein) amino acid residues require nonpolar side chains, whereas few features of surface side chains are generally conserved.
0478Moreover, tolerated conservative amino acid substitutions involve replacement of the aliphatic or hydrophobic amino acids Ala, Val, Leu and He; replacement of the hydroxyl residues Ser and Thr; replacement of the acidic residues Asp and Glu; replacement of the amide residues Asn and Gin, replacement of the basic residues Lys, Arg, and His; replacement of the aromatic residues Phe, Tyr, and Tip, and replacement of the small-sized amino acids Ala, Ser, Thr, Met, and Gly. Besides conservative amino acid substitution, variants of the present invention include (i) polypeptides containing substitutions of one or more of the non-conserved amino acid residues, where the substituted amino acid residues may or may not be one encoded by the genetic code, or (ii) polypeptides containing substitutions of one or more of the amino acid residues having a substituent group, or (iii) polypeptides which have been fused with or chemically conjugated to another compound, such as a compound to increase the stability and/or solubility of the polypeptide (for example, polyethylene glycol), (iv) polypeptide containing additional amino acids, such as, for example, an IgG Fc fusion region peptide . Such variant polypeptides are deemed to be within the scope of those skilled in the art from the teachings herein.
0479[0125] For example, polypeptide variants containing amino acid substitutions of charged amino acids with other charged or neutral amino acids may produce proteins with improved characteristics, such as less aggregation. Aggregation of pharmaceutical formulations both reduces activity and increases clearance due to the aggregate's immunogenic activity. See Pinckard et al., Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2:331-340 (1967); Robbins et al, Diabetes 36: 838-845 (1987); Cleland et al., Crit. Rev. Therapeutic Drug Carrier
0480Systems 10:307-377 (1993).
0481[0126] In specific embodiments, the polypeptides of the invention comprise, or alternatively, consist of, fragments or variants of the amino acid sequence of an albumin fusion protein, the amino acid sequence of a Therapeutic protein and/or human serum albumin, wherein the fragments or variants have 1-5, 5-10, 5-25, 5-50, 10-50 or 50-150, amino acid residue additions, substitutions, and/or deletions when compared to the reference amino acid sequence. In prefeπed embodiments, the amino acid substitutions are conservative. Nucleic acids encoding these polypeptides are also encompassed by the invention.
0482[0127] The polypeptide of the present invention can be composed of amino acids joined to each other by peptide bonds or modified peptide bonds, i.e., peptide isosteres, and may contain amino acids other than the 20 gene-encoded amino acids. The polypeptides may be modified by either natural processes, such as post-translational processing, or by chemical modification techniques which are well known in the art. Such modifications are well described in basic texts and in more detailed monographs, as well as in a voluminous research literature. Modifications can occur anywhere in a polypeptide, including the peptide backbone, the amino acid side-chains and the amino or carboxyl termini. It will be appreciated that the same type of modification may be present in the same or varying degrees at several sites in a given polypeptide. Also, a given polypeptide may contain many types of modifications. Polypeptides may be branched, for example, as a result of ubiquitination, and they may be cyclic, with or without branching. Cyclic, branched, and branched cyclic polypeptides may result from posttranslation natural processes or may be made by synthetic methods. Modifications include acetylation, acylation, ADP-ribosylation, amidation, covalent attachment of flavin, covalent attachment of a heme moiety, covalent attachment of a nucleotide or nucleotide derivative, covalent attachment of a lipid or lipid derivative, covalent attachment of phosphotidylinositol, cross-linking, cyclization, disulfide bond formation, demethylation, formation of covalent cross-links, formation of cysteine, formation of pyroglutamate, formylation, gamma-carboxylation, glycosylation, GPI anchor formation, hydroxylation, iodination, methylation, myristylation, oxidation, pegylation, proteolytic processing, phosphorylation, prenylation, racemization, selenoylation, sulfation, transfer- RNA mediated addition of amino acids to proteins such as arginylation, and ubiquitination. (See, for instance, PROTEINS - STRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR PROPERTIES, 2nd Ed., T. E. Creighton, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York (1993); POST- TRANSLATIONAL COVALENT MODIFICATION OF PROTEINS, B. C. Johnson, Ed., Academic Press, New York, pgs. 1-12 (1983); Seifter et al., Meth. Enzymol. 182:626-646 (1990); Rattan et al, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 663:48-62 (1992)).
0483Functional activity
0484[0128] "A polypeptide having functional activity" refers to a polypeptide capable of displaying one or more known functional activities associated with the full-length, pro- protein, and/or mature form of a Therapeutic protein. Such functional activities include, but are not limited to, biological activity, antigenicity [ability to bind (or compete with a polypeptide for binding) to an anti-polypeptide antibody], immunogenicity (ability to generate antibody which binds to a specific polypeptide of the invention), ability to form multimers with polypeptides of the invention, and ability to bind to a receptor or ligand for a polypeptide.
0485[0129] "A polypeptide having biological activity" refers to a polypeptide exhibiting activity similar to, but not necessarily identical to, an activity of a Therapeutic protein of the present invention, including mature forms, as measured in a particular biological assay, with or without dose dependency, hi the case where dose dependency does exist, it need not be identical to that of the polypeptide, but rather substantially similar to the dose-dependence in a given activity as compared to the polypeptide of the present invention (i.e., the candidate polypeptide will exhibit greater activity or not more than about 25-fold less and, preferably, not more than about tenfold less activity, and most preferably, not more than about three-fold less activity relative to the polypeptide of the present invention).
0486[0130] In preferred embodiments, an albumin fusion protein of the invention has at least one biological and/or therapeutic activity associated with the Therapeutic protein portion
0487(or fragment or variant thereof) when it is not fused to albumin. [0131] The albumin fusion proteins of the invention can be assayed for functional activity (e.g., biological activity) using or routinely modifying assays known in the art, as well as assays described herein. Additionally, one of skill in the art may routinely assay fragments of a Therapeutic protein coπesponding to a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein, for activity using assays referenced in its coπesponding row of Table 1 (e.g., in column 3 of Table 1). Further, one of skill in the art may routinely assay fragments of an albumin protein corresponding to an albumin protein portion of an albumin fusion protein, for activity using assays known in the art and/or as described in the Examples section below. [0132] For example, in one embodiment where one is assaying for the ability of an albumin fusion protein to bind or compete with a Therapeutic protein for binding to an anti- Therapeutic polypeptide antibody and/or anti-albumin antibody, various immunoassays known in the art can be used, including but not limited to, competitive and non-competitive assay systems using techniques such as radioimmunoassays, ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), "sandwich" immunoassays, immunoradiometric assays, gel diffusion precipitation reactions, immunodiffusion assays, in situ immunoassays (using colloidal gold, enzyme or radioisotope labels, for example), western blots, precipitation reactions, agglutination assays (e.g., gel agglutination assays, hemagglutination assays), complement fixation assays, immunofluorescence assays, protein A assays, and immunoelectrophoresis assays, etc. In one embodiment, antibody binding is detected by detecting a label on the primary antibody, hi another embodiment, the primary antibody is detected by detecting binding of a secondary antibody or reagent to the primary antibody, hi a further embodiment, the secondary antibody is labeled. Many means are known in the art for detecting binding in an immunoassay and are within the scope of the present invention.
0488[0133] In a prefeπed embodiment, where a binding partner (e.g., a receptor or a ligand) of a Therapeutic protein is identified, binding to that binding partner by an albumin fusion protein which comprises that Therapeutic protein as the Therapeutic protein portion of the fusion can be assayed, e.g., by means well-known in the art, such as, for example, reducing and non-reducing gel chromatography, protein affinity chromatography, and affinity blotting. See generally, Phizicky et al., Microbiol. Rev. 59:94-123 (1995). In another embodiment, the ability of physiological coπelates of an albumin fusion protein to bind to a substrate(s) of the Therapeutic polypeptide coπesponding to the Therapeutic protein portion of the fusion can be routinely assayed using techniques known in the art.
0489[0134] In an alternative embodiment, where the ability of an albumin fusion protein to multimerize is being evaluated, association with other components of the multimer can be assayed, e.g., by means well-known in the art, such as, for example, reducing and non- reducing gel chromatography, protein affinity chromatography, and affinity blotting. See generally, Phizicky et al., supra.
0490[0135] In prefeπed embodiments, an albumin fusion protein comprising all or a portion of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein, has at least one biological and/or therapeutic activity (e.g., to specifically bind a polypeptide or epitope) associated with the antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein (or fragment or variant thereof) when it is not fused to albumin, h other prefeπed embodiments, the biological activity and/or therapeutic activity of an albumin fusion protein comprising all or a portion of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein is the inhibition (i.e., antagonism) or activation (i.e., agonism) of one or more of the biological activities and/or therapeutic activities associated with the polypeptide that is specifically bound by antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein. [0136] Albumin fusion proteins comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein may be characterized in a variety of ways. In particular, albumin fusion proteins comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein may be assayed for the ability to specifically bind to the same antigens specifically bound by the antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein coπesponding to the Therapeutic protein portion of the albumin fusion protein using techniques described herein or routinely modifying techniques known in the art.
0491[0137] Assays for the ability of the albumin fusion proteins (e.g., comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein) to (specifically) bind a specific protein or epitope may be performed in solution (e.g., Houghten, Bio/Techniques 13:412-421(1992)), on beads (e.g., Lam, Nature 354:82-84 (1991)), on chips (e.g., Fodor, Nature 364:555-556 (1993)), on bacteria (e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,223,409), on spores (e.g., Patent Nos. 5,571,698; 5,403,484; and 5,223,409), on plasmids (e.g., Cull et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:1865-1869 (1992)) or on phage (e.g., Scott and Smith, Science 249:386-390 (1990); Devlin, Science 249:404-406 (1990); Cwirla et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:6378-6382 (1990); and Felici, J. Mol. Biol. 222:301-310 (1991)) (each of these references is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference). Albumin fusion proteins comprising at least a fragment or variant of a Therapeutic antibody may also be assayed for their specificity and affinity for a specific protein or epitope using or routinely modifying techniques described herein or otherwise known in the art. [0138] The albumin fusion proteins comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein may be assayed for cross-reactivity with other antigens (e.g., molecules that have sequence/structure conservation with the molecule(s) specifically bound by the antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein (or fragment or variant thereof) corresponding to the Therapeutic protein portion of the albumin fusion protein of the invention) by any method known in the art.
0492[0139] Immunoassays which can be used to analyze (immunospecific) binding and cross-reactivity include, but are not limited to, competitive and non-competitive assay systems using techniques such as western blots, radioimmunoassays, ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), "sandwich" immunoassays, immunoprecipitation assays, precipitin reactions, gel diffusion precipitin reactions, immunodiffusion assays, agglutination assays, complement-fixation assays, immunoradiometric assays, fluorescent immunoassays, and protein A immunoassays, to name but a few. Such assays are routine and well known in the art (see, e.g., Ausubel et al, eds, 1994, Cuπent Protocols in Molecular Biology, Vol. 1, John
0493Wiley & Sons, hie, New York, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety).
0494Exemplary immunoassays are described briefly below (but are not intended by way of limitation).
0495[0140] Immunoprecipitation protocols generally comprise lysing a population of cells in a lysis buffer such as RIP A buffer (1% NP-40 or Triton X-100, 1% sodium deoxycholate,
04960.1% SDS, 0.15 M NaCl, 0.01 M sodium phosphate at pH 7.2, 1% Trasylol) supplemented with protein phosphatase and/or protease inhibitors (e.g., EDTA, PMSF, aprotinin, sodium vanadate), adding the albumin fusion protein of the invention (e.g., comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein) to the cell lysate, incubating for a period of time (e.g., 1 to 4 hours) at 40 degrees C, adding sepharose beads coupled to an anti-albumin antibody, for example, to the cell lysate, incubating for about an hour or more at 40 degrees C, washing the beads in lysis buffer and resuspending the beads in
0497SDS/sample buffer. The ability of the albumin fusion protein to immunoprecipitate a particular antigen can be assessed by, e.g., western blot analysis. One of skill in the art would be knowledgeable as to the parameters that can be modified to increase the binding of the albumin fusion protein to an antigen and decrease the background (e.g., pre-clearing the cell lysate with sepharose beads). For further discussion regarding immunoprecipitation protocols see, e.g., Ausubel et al, eds, 1994, Cuπent Protocols in Molecular Biology, Vol. 1, John
0498Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York at 10.16.1. [0141] Western blot analysis generally comprises preparing protein samples, electrophoresis of the protein samples in a polyacrylamide gel (e.g., 8%- 20% SDS-PAGE depending on the molecular weight of the antigen), transfeπing the protein sample from the polyacrylamide gel to a membrane such as nitrocellulose, PVDF or nylon, blocking the membrane in blocking solution (e.g., PBS with 3% BSA or non-fat milk), washing the membrane in washing buffer (e.g., PBS-Tween 20), applying the albumin fusion protein of the invention (diluted in blocking buffer) to the membrane, washing the membrane in washing buffer, applying a secondary antibody (which recognizes the albumin fusion protein, e.g., an anti-human serum albumin antibody) conjugated to an enzymatic substrate (e.g., horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase) or radioactive molecule (e.g., <sup>32</sup>P or <sup>125</sup>I) diluted in blocking buffer, washing the membrane in wash buffer, and detecting the presence of the antigen. One of skill in the art would be knowledgeable as to the parameters that can be modified to increase the signal detected and to reduce the background noise. For further discussion regarding western blot protocols see, e.g., Ausubel et al, eds, 1994, Current
0499Protocols in Molecular Biology, Vol. 1 , John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York at 10.8.1.
0500[0142] ELISAs comprise preparing antigen, coating the well of a 96-well microtiter plate with the antigen, washing away antigen that did not bind the wells, adding the albumin fusion protein (e.g., comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a
0501Therapeutic protein) of the invention conjugated to a detectable compound such as an enzymatic substrate (e.g., horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase) to the wells and incubating for a period of time, washing away unbound or non-specifically bound albumin fusion proteins, and detecting the presence of the albumin fusion proteins specifically bound to the antigen coating the well, hi ELISAs the albumin fusion protein does not have to be conjugated to a detectable compound; instead, a second antibody (which recognizes albumin fusion protein) conjugated to a detectable compound may be added to the well. Further, instead of coating the well with the antigen, the albumin fusion protein may be coated to the well. In this case, the detectable molecule could be the antigen conjugated to a detectable compound such as an enzymatic substrate (e.g., horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase). One of skill in the art would be knowledgeable as to the parameters that can be modified to increase the signal detected as well as other variations of ELISAs known in the art. For further discussion regarding ELISAs see, e.g., Ausubel et al, eds, 1994, Cuπent
0502Protocols in Molecular Biology, Vol. 1 , John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York at 11.2.1.
0503[0143] The binding affinity of an albumin fusion protein to a protein, antigen, or epitope and the off-rate of an albumin fusion protein-protein/antigen/epitope interaction can be determined by competitive binding assays. One example of a competitive binding assay is a radioimmunoassay comprising the incubation of labeled antigen (e.g., <sup>3</sup>H or <sup>125</sup>I) with the albumin fusion protein of the invention in the presence of increasing amounts of unlabeled antigen, and the detection of the antibody bound to the labeled antigen. The affinity of the albumin fusion protein for a specific protein, antigen, or epitope and the binding off-rates can be determined from the data by Scatchard plot analysis. Competition with a second protein that binds the same protein, antigen or epitope as the albumin fusion protein, can also be determined using radioimmunoassays. In this case, the protein, antigen or epitope is incubated with an albumin fusion protein conjugated to a labeled compound (e.g., H or I) in the presence of increasing amounts of an unlabeled second protein that binds the same protein, antigen, or epitope as the albumin fusion protein of the invention.
0504[0144] In a prefeπed embodiment, BIAcore kinetic analysis is used to determine the binding on and off rates of albumin fusion proteins of the invention to a protein, antigen or epitope. BIAcore kinetic analysis comprises analyzing the binding and dissociation of albumin fusion proteins, or specific polypeptides, antigens or epitopes from chips with immobilized specific polypeptides, antigens or epitopes or albumin fusion proteins, respectively, on their surface.
0505[0145] Antibodies that bind a Therapeutic protein corresponding to the Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fiision protein may also be described or specified in terms of their binding affinity for a given protein or antigen, preferably the antigen which they specifically bind. Prefeπed binding affinities include those with a dissociation constant or Kd less than 5 X 10<sup>"2</sup> M, 10<sup>"2</sup> M, 5 X 10<sup>"3</sup> M, 10<sup>"3</sup> M, 5 X 10<sup>"4</sup> M, 10<sup>"4</sup> M. More prefeπed binding affinities include those with a dissociation constant or Kd less than 5 X 10<sup>"5</sup> M, 10<sup>"5</sup> M, 5 X
050610<sup>-6</sup> M, 10<sup>"</sup>^, 5 X 10<sup>"7</sup> M, 10<sup>7</sup> M, 5 X 10<sup>"8</sup> M or 10<sup>"8</sup> M. Even more prefeπed binding affinities include those with a dissociation constant or Kd less than 5 X 10<sup>"</sup> M, 10<sup>"9</sup> M, 5 X
050710<sup>"10</sup> M, 10<sup>"10</sup> M, 5 X 10<sup>"n</sup> M, 10<sup>"11</sup> M, 5 X lO<sup>'12</sup> M, <sup>1< 2</sup> M, 5 X 10<sup>"13</sup> M, 10<sup>"13</sup> M, 5 X 10<sup>"14</sup>
0508M, 10<sup>"14</sup> M, 5 X 10<sup>"15</sup> M, or 10<sup>"IS</sup> M. In prefeπed embodiments, albumin fusion proteins comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein, has an affinity for a given protein or epitope similar to that of the coπesponding antibody (not fused to albumin) that binds a Therapeutic protein, taking into account the valency of the albumin fusion protein (comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a
0509Therapeutic protein) and the valency of the coπesponding antibody. In addition, assays described herein (see Examples and Table 1) and otherwise known in the art may routinely be applied to measure the ability of albumin fusion proteins and fragments, variants and derivatives thereof to elicit biological activity and/or Therapeutic activity (either in vitro or in vivo) related to either the Therapeutic protein portion and/or albumin portion of the albumin fusion protein. Other methods will be known to the skilled artisan and are within the scope of the invention.
0510Albumin
0511[0146] As described above, an albumin fiision protein of the invention comprises at least a fragment or variant of a Therapeutic protein and at least a fragment or variant of human serum albumin, which are associated with one another, preferably by genetic fusion.
0512[0147] An additional embodiment comprises at least a fragment or variant of a
0513Therapeutic protein and at least a fragment or variant of human serum albumin, which are linked to one another by chemical conjugation.
0514[0148] The terms, human serum albumin (HSA) and human albumin (HA) are used interchangeably herein. The terms, "albumin and "serum albumin" are broader, and encompass human serum albumin (and fragments and variants thereof) as well as albumin from other species (and fragments and variants thereof).
0515[0149] As used herein, "albumin" refers collectively to albumin protein or amino acid sequence, or an albumin fragment or variant, having one or more functional activities (e.g., biological activities) of albumin. In particular, "albumin" refers to human albumin or fragments thereof (see for example, EP 201 239, EP 322 094 WO 97/24445, WO95/23857) especially the mature form of human albumin as shown in Figure 1 and SEQ ID NO: 1038, or albumin from other vertebrates or fragments thereof, or analogs or variants of these molecules or fragments thereof.
0516[0150] In prefeπed embodiments, the human serum albumin protein used in the albumin fusion proteins of the invention contains one or both of the following sets of point mutations with reference to SEQ ID NO: 1038: Leu-407 to Ala, Leu-408 to Val, Val-409 to
0517Ala, and Arg-410 to Ala; or Arg-410 to A, Lys-413 to Gin, and Lys-414 to Gin (see, e.g.,
0518International Publication No. WO95/23857, hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference herein). In even more prefeπed embodiments, albumin fusion proteins of the invention that contain one or both of above-described sets of point mutations have improved stability/resistance to yeast Yap3p proteolytic cleavage, allowing increased production of recombinant albumin fusion proteins expressed in yeast host cells.
0519[0151] As used herein, a portion of albumin sufficient to prolong the therapeutic activity or shelf-life of the Therapeutic protein refers to a portion of albumin sufficient in length or structure to stabilize or prolong the therapeutic activity of the protein so that the shelf life of the Therapeutic protein portion of the albumin fusion protein is prolonged or extended compared to the shelf-life in the non-fusion state. The albumin portion of the albumin fusion proteins may comprise the full length of the HA sequence as described above, or may include one or more fragments thereof that are capable of stabilizing or prolonging the therapeutic activity. Such fragments may be of 10 or more amino acids in length or may include about 15, 20, 25, 30, 50, or more contiguous amino acids from the HA sequence or may include part or all of specific domains of HA. For instance, one or more fragments of
0520HA spanning the first two immunoglobulin-like domains may be used. In a prefeπed embodiment, the HA fragment is the mature form of HA.
0521[0152] The albumin portion of the albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be a variant of normal HA. The Therapeutic protein portion of the albumin fusion proteins of the invention may also be variants of the Therapeutic proteins as described herein. The term
0522"variants" includes insertions, deletions and substitutions, either conservative or non conservative, where such changes do not substantially alter one or more of the oncotic, useful ligand-binding and non-immunogenic properties of albumin, or the active site, or active domain which confers the therapeutic activities of the Therapeutic proteins.
0523[0153] In particular, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention may include naturally occurring polymorphic variants of human albumin and fragments of human albumin, for example those fragments disclosed in EP 322 094 (namely HA (Pn), where n is
0524369 to 419). The albumin may be derived from any vertebrate, especially any mammal, for example human, cow, sheep, or pig. Non-mammalian albumins include, but are not limited to, hen and salmon. The albumin portion of the albumin fusion protein may be from a different animal than the Therapeutic protein portion.
0525[0154] Generally speaking, an HA fragment or variant will be at least 100 amino acids long, preferably at least 150 amino acids long. The HA variant may consist of or alternatively comprise at least one whole domain of HA, for example domains 1 (amino acids
05261-194 of SEQ ID NO: 1038), domain 2 (amino acids 195-387 of SEQ ID NO: 1038), domain
05273 (amino acids 388-585 of SEQ ID NO: 1038), domains 1 and 2 (1-387 of SEQ ID NO: 1038), domains 2 and 3 (195-585 of SEQ ID NO: 1038) or domains 1 and 3 (amino acids 1-194 of SEQ ID NO: 1038 and amino acids 388-585 of SEQ ID NO: 1038). Each domain is itself made up of two homologous subdomains namely 1-105, 120-194, 195-291, 316-387, 388-491 and 512-585, with flexible inter-subdomain linker regions comprising residues LyslOό to Glul 19, Glu292 to Val315 and Glu492 to Ala511.
0528[0155] Preferably, the albumin portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention comprises at least one subdomain or domain of HA or conservative modifications thereof. If the fusion is based on subdomains, some or all of the adjacent linker is preferably used to link to the Therapeutic protein moiety.
0529Antibodies that Specifically bind Therapeutic proteins are also Therapeutic proteins [0156] The present invention also encompasses albumin fusion proteins that comprise at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that specifically binds a Therapeutic protein disclosed in Table 1. It is specifically contemplated that the term "Therapeutic protein" encompasses antibodies that bind a Therapeutic protein (e.g., as Described in column I of Table 1) and fragments and variants thereof. Thus an albumin fusion protein of the invention may contain at least a fragment or variant of a Therapeutic protein, and/or at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein.
0530Antibody structure and background
0531[0157] The basic antibody structural unit is known to comprise a tetramer. Each tetramer is composed of two identical pairs of polypeptide chains, each pair having one
0532"light" (about 25 kDa) and one "heavy" chain (about 50-70 kDa). The amino-terminal portion of each chain includes a variable region f about 100 to 110 or more amino acids primarily responsible for antigen recognition. The carboxy-terminal portion of each chain defines a constant region primarily responsible for effector function. Human light chains are classified as kappa and lambda light chains. Heavy chains are classified as mu, delta, gamma, alpha, or epsilon, and define the antibody's isotype as IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA, and IgE, respectively. See generally, Fundamental Immunology Chapters 3-5 (Paul, W., ed., 4th ed. Raven Press, N.Y.
0533(1998)) (incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes). The variable regions of each light/heavy chain pair form the antibody binding site.
0534[0158] Thus, an intact IgG antibody has two binding sites. Except in bifunctional or bispecific antibodies, the two binding sites are the same. [0159] The chains all exhibit the same general structure of relatively conserved framework regions (FR) joined by three hypervariable regions, also called complementarity determining regions or CDRs. The CDR regions, in general, are the portions of the antibody which make contact with the antigen and determine its specificity. The CDRs from the heavy and the light chains of each pair are aligned by the framework regions, enabling binding to a specific epitope. From N-terminal to C-terminal, both light and heavy chains variable regions comprise the domains FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3 and FR4. The variable regions are connected to the heavy or light chain constant region. The assignment of amino acids to each domain is in accordance with the definitions of Kabat Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1987 and 1991)), or Chothia & Lesk J Mol. Biol. 196:901-917 (1987); Chothia et al. Nature 342:878-883 (1989). [0160] As used herein, "antibody" refers to immunoglobulin molecules and immunologically active portions of immunoglobulin molecules, i.e., molecules that contain an antigen binding site that specifically binds an antigen (e.g., a molecule containing one or more CDR regions of an antibody). Antibodies that may correspond to a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein include, but are not limited to, monoclonal, multispecific, human, humanized or chimeric antibodies, single chain antibodies (e.g., single chain Fvs), Fab fragments, F(ab') fragments, fragments produced by a Fab expression library, anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies (including, e.g., anti-Id antibodies specific to antibodies of the invention), and epitope-binding fragments of any of the above (e.g., VH domains, VL domains, or one or more CDR regions).
0535Antibodies that bind Therapeutic Proteins
0536[0161] The present invention encompasses albumin fusion proteins that comprise at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic Protein (e.g., as disclosed in Table 1) or fragment or variant thereof.
0537[0162] Antibodies that bind a Therapeutic protein (or fragment or variant thereof) may be from any animal origin, including birds and mammals. Preferably, the antibodies are human, murine (e.g., mouse and rat), donkey, sheep, rabbit, goat, guinea pig, camel, horse, or chicken antibodies. Most preferably, the antibodies are human antibodies. As used herein,
0538"human" antibodies include antibodies having the amino acid sequence of a human immunoglobulin and include antibodies isolated from human immunoglobulin libraries and xenomice or other organisms that have been genetically engineered to produce human antibodies.
0539[0163] The antibody molecules that bind to a Therapeutic protein and that may coπespond to a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention can be of any type (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA and IgY), class (e.g., IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgAl and IgA2) or subclass of immunoglobulin molecule. In prefeπed embodiments, the antibody molecules that bind to a Therapeutic protein and that may coπespond to a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein are IgGl. In other prefeπed embodiments, the immunoglobulin molecules that bind to a Therapeutic protein and that may coπespond to a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein are IgG2. In other prefeπed embodiments, the immunoglobulin molecules that bind to a Therapeutic protein and that may coπespond to a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein are IgG4. [0164] Most preferably the antibodies that bind to a Therapeutic protein and that may coπespond to a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein are human antigen- binding antibody fragments of the present invention and include, but are not limited to, Fab, Fab' and F(ab')2, Fd, single-chain Fvs (scFv), single-chain antibodies, disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFv) and fragments comprising either a VL or VH domain. Antigen-binding antibody fragments, including single-chain antibodies, may comprise the variable region(s) alone or in combination with the entirety or a portion of the following: hinge region, CHI, CH2, and CH3 domains.
0540[0165] The antibodies that bind to a Therapeutic protein and that may coπespond to a
0541Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein may be monospecific, bispecific, trispecific or of greater multispecificity. Multispecific antibodies may be specific for different epitopes of a Therapeutic protein or may be specific for both a Therapeutic protein as well as for a heterologous epitope, such as a heterologous polypeptide or solid support material. See, e.g., PCT publications WO 93/17715; WO 92/08802; WO 91/00360; WO 92/05793; Tutt, et al., J. Immunol. 147:60-69 (1991); U.S. Patent Nos. 4,474,893; 4,714,681; 4,925,648; 5,573,920; 5,601,819; Kostelny et al., J. Immunol. 148:1547-1553 (1992). [0166] Antibodies that bind a Therapeutic protein (or fragment or variant thereof) may be bispecific or bifunctional which means that the antibody is an artificial hybrid antibody having two different heavy/light chain pairs and two different binding sites. Bispecific antibodies can be produced by a variety of methods including fusion of hybridomas or linking of Fab' fragments. See, e.g., Songsivilai & Lachmann Clin. Exp.
0542Immunol. 79: 315-321 (1990), Kostelny et al. J Immunol. 148:1547 1553 (1992). In addition, bispecific antibodies may be formed as "diabodies" (Holliger et al. "'Diabodies': small bivalent and bispecific antibody fragments" PNAS USA 90:6444-6448 (1993)) or "Janusins"
0543(Traunecker et al. "Bispecific single chain molecules (Janusins) target cytotoxic lymphocytes on HIV infected cells" EMBO J 10:3655-3659 (1991) and Traunecker et al. "Janusin: new molecular design for bispecific reagents" IntJ Cancer Suppl 7:51-52 (1992)).
0544[0167] The present invention also provides albumin fusion proteins that comprise, fragments or variants (including derivatives) of an antibody described herein or known elsewhere in the art. Standard techniques known to those of skill in the art can be used to introduce mutations in the nucleotide sequence encoding a molecule of the invention, including, for example, site-directed mutagenesis and PCR-mediated mutagenesis which result in amino acid substitutions. Preferably, the variants (including derivatives) encode less than 50 amino acid substitutions, less than 40 amino acid substitutions, less than 30 amino acid substitutions, less than 25 amino acid substitutions, less than 20 amino acid substitutions, less than 15 amino acid substitutions, less than 10 amino acid substitutions, less than 5 amino acid substitutions, less than 4 amino acid substitutions, less than 3 amino acid substitutions, or less than 2 amino acid substitutions relative to the reference VH domain,
0545VHCDR1, VHCDR2, VHCDR3, VL domain, VLCDR1, VLCDR2, or VLCDR3. In specific embodiments, the variants encode substitutions of VHCDR3. In a preferred embodiment, the variants have conservative amino acid substitutions at one or more predicted non-essential amino acid residues.
0546[0168] Antibodies that bind to a Therapeutic protein and that may coπespond to a
0547Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein may be described or specified in terms of the epitope(s) or portion(s) of a Therapeutic protein which they recognize or specifically bind. Antibodies which specifically bind a Therapeutic protein or a specific epitope of a Therapeutic protein may also be excluded. Therefore, the present invention encompasses antibodies that specifically bind Therapeutic proteins, and allows for the exclusion of the same. In prefeπed embodiments, albumin fiision proteins comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein, binds the same epitopes as the unfused fragment or variant of that antibody itself.
0548[0169] Antibodies that bind to a Therapeutic protein and that may coπespond to a
0549Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein may also be described or specified in terms of their cross-reactivity. Antibodies that do not bind any other analog, ortholog, or homolog of a Therapeutic protein are included. Antibodies that bind polypeptides with at least 95%, at least 90%, at least 85%, at least 80%, at least 75%, at least 70%, at least 65%, at least 60%, at least 55%, and at least 50% sequence identity (as calculated using methods known in the art and described herein) to a Therapeutic protein are also included in the present invention. In specific embodiments, antibodies that bind to a Therapeutic protein and that may coπespond to a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein cross-react with murine, rat and/or rabbit homologs of human proteins and the coπesponding epitopes thereof. Antibodies that do not bind polypeptides with less than 95%, less than 90%, less than 85%, less than 80%, less than 75%, less than 70%, less than 65%, less than 60%, less than 55%, and less than 50% sequence identity (as calculated using methods known in the art and described herein) to a Therapeutic protein are also included in the present invention. In a specific embodiment, the above-described cross-reactivity is with respect to any single specific antigenic or immunogenic polypeptide, or combination(s) of 2, 3, 4, 5, or more of the specific antigenic and/or immunogenic polypeptides disclosed herein. In prefeπed embodiments, albumin fusion proteins comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein, has similar or substantially identical cross reactivity characteristics compared to the fragment or variant of that particular antibody itself. [0170] Further included in the present invention are antibodies which bind polypeptides encoded by polynucleotides which hybridize to a polynucleotide encoding a Therapeutic protein under stringent hybridization conditions (as described herein). Antibodies that bind to a Therapeutic protein and that may coπespond to a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention may also be described or specified in terms of their binding affinity to a polypeptide of the invention. Prefeπed binding affinities include those with a dissociation constant or Kd less than 5 X 10<sup>"</sup> M, 10<sup>"</sup> M, 5 X 10<sup>"3</sup> M, 10<sup>"3</sup> M, 5 X 10<sup>"4</sup> M, 10<sup>"4</sup> M. More prefeπed binding affinities include those with a dissociation constant or Kd less than 5 X 10<sup>"5</sup> M, 10<sup>"5</sup> M, 5 X 10<sup>"6</sup> M, iσ*M, 5 X 10<sup>"7</sup> M, 10<sup>7</sup> M, 5 X 10<sup>"8</sup> M or 10<sup>"8</sup> M. Even more prefeπed binding affinities include those with a dissociation constant or Kd less than 5 X 10<sup>"9</sup> M, 10<sup>"9</sup> M, 5 X 10<sup>"10</sup> M, 10<sup>"10</sup> M, 5 X 10<sup>"n</sup> M, 10<sup>"n</sup> M, 5 X 10<sup>"12</sup> M, <sup>l0"12</sup> M, 5 X 10<sup>"13</sup> M, 10<sup>"13</sup> M, 5 X 10<sup>"14</sup> M, 10<sup>"14</sup> M, 5 X 10<sup>"15</sup> M, or 10<sup>"</sup><sup>15</sup> M. In prefeπed embodiments, albumin fusion proteins comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein, has an affinity for a given protein or epitope similar to that of the coπesponding antibody (not fused to albumin) that binds a Therapeutic protein, taking into account the valency of the albumin fusion protein (comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein) and the valency of the coπesponding antibody.
0550[0171] The invention also provides antibodies that competitively inhibit binding of an antibody to an epitope of a Therapeutic protein as determined by any method known in the art for determining competitive binding, for example, the immunoassays described herein. In prefeπed embodiments, the antibody competitively inhibits binding to the epitope by at least 95%, at least 90%, at least 85 %, at least 80%, at least 75%, at least 70%, at least 60%, or at least 50%. In prefeπed embodiments, albumin fusion proteins comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein, competitively inhibits binding of a second antibody to an epitope of a Therapeutic protein. In other prefeπed embodiments, albumin fusion proteins comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein, competitively inhibits binding of a second antibody to an epitope of a Therapeutic protein by at least 95%, at least 90%, at least 85 %, at least 80%, at least 75%, at least 70%, at least 60%, or at least 50%.
0551[0172] Antibodies that bind to a Therapeutic protein and that may coπespond to a
0552Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention may act as agonists or antagonists of the Therapeutic protein. For example, the present invention includes antibodies which disrupt the receptor/ligand interactions with the polypeptides of the invention either partially or fully. The invention features both receptor-specific antibodies and ligand-specific antibodies. The invention also features receptor-specific antibodies which do not prevent ligand binding but prevent receptor activation. Receptor activation (i.e., signaling) may be determined by techniques described herein or otherwise known in the art. For example, receptor activation can be determined by detecting the phosphorylation (e.g., tyrosine or serine/threonine) of the receptor or its substrate by immunoprecipitation followed by western blot analysis (for example, as described supra). In specific embodiments, antibodies are provided that inhibit ligand activity or receptor activity by at least 95%, at least 90%, at least 85%, at least 80%, at least 75%, at least 70%, at least 60%, or at least 50% of the activity in absence of the antibody. In prefeπed embodiments, albumin fusion proteins comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein, has similar or substantially similar characteristics with regard to preventing ligand binding and/or preventing receptor activation compared to an un-fused fragment or variant of the antibody that binds the Therapeutic protein. [0173] The invention also features receptor-specific antibodies which both prevent ligand binding and receptor activation as well as antibodies that recognize the receptor-ligand complex, and, preferably, do not specifically recognize the unbound receptor or the unbound ligand. Likewise, included in the invention are neutralizing antibodies which bind the ligand and prevent binding of the ligand to the receptor, as well as antibodies which bind the ligand, thereby preventing receptor activation, but do not prevent the ligand from binding the receptor. Further included in the invention are antibodies which activate the receptor. These antibodies may act as receptor agonists, i.e., potentiate or activate either all or a subset of the biological activities of the ligand-mediated receptor activation, for example, by inducing dimerization of the receptor. The antibodies may be specified as agonists, antagonists or inverse agonists for biological activities comprising the specific biological activities of the
0553Therapeutic proteins (e.g. as disclosed in Table 1). The above antibody agonists can be made using methods known in the art. See, e.g., PCT publication WO 96/40281; U.S. Patent No.
05545,811,097; Deng et al., Blood 92(6):1981-1988 (1998); Chen et al., Cancer Res.
055558(16):3668-3678 (1998); Harrop et al., J. Immunol. 161(4):1786-1794 (1998); Zhu et al.,
0556Cancer Res. 58(15):3209-3214 (1998); Yoon et al., J. Immunol. 160(7):3170-3179 (1998);
0557Prat et al., J. Cell. Sci. l ll(Pt2):237-247 (1998); Pitard et al., J. Immunol. Methods
0558205(2):177-190 (1997); Liautard et al., Cytokine 9(4):233-241 (1997); Carlson et al., J. Biol.
0559Chem. 272(17):11295-11301 (1997); Taryman et al., Neuron 14(4):755-762 (1995); Muller et al., Structure 6(9): 1153-1167 (1998); Bartunek et al., Cytokine 8(l):14-20 (1996) (which are all incorporated by reference herein in their entireties), fe prefeπed embodiments, albumin fusion proteins comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a
0560Therapeutic protein, have similar or substantially identical agonist or antagonist properties as an un-fused fragment or variant of the antibody that binds the Therapeutic protein.
0561[0174] Antibodies that bind to a Therapeutic protein and that may coπespond to a
0562Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention may be used, for example, to purify, detect, and target Therapeutic proteins, including both in in vitro and in vivo diagnostic and therapeutic methods. For example, the antibodies have utility in immunoassays for qualitatively and quantitatively measuring levels of the Therapeutic protein in biological samples. See, e.g., Harlow et al., Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, (Cold
0563Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2nd ed. 1988); incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Likewise, albumin fusion proteins comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein, may be used, for example, to purify, detect, and target Therapeutic proteins, including both in vitro and in vivo diagnostic and therapeutic methods.
0564[0175] Antibodies that bind to a Therapeutic protein and that may coπespond to a
0565Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein include derivatives that are modified, i.e., by the covalent attachment of any type of molecule to the antibody. For example, but not by way of limitation, the antibody derivatives include antibodies that have been modified, e.g., by glycosylation, acetylation, pegylation, phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization by known protecting/blocking groups, proteolytic cleavage, linkage to a cellular ligand or other protein, etc. Any of numerous chemical modifications may be carried out by known techniques, including, but not limited to specific chemical cleavage, acetylation, formylation, metabolic synthesis of tunicamycin, etc. Additionally, the derivative may contain one or more non-classical amino acids. Albumin fusion proteins of the invention may also be modified as described above.
0566Methods of Producing Antibodies that bind Therapeutic Proteins
0567[0176] The antibodies that bind to a Therapeutic protein and that may coπespond to a
0568Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention may be generated by any suitable method known in the art. Polyclonal antibodies to an antigen-of-interest can be produced by various procedures well known in the art. For example, a Therapeutic protein may be administered to various host animals including, but not limited to, rabbits, mice, rats, etc. to induce the production of sera containing polyclonal antibodies specific for the antigen.
0569Various adjuvants may be used to increase the immunological response, depending on the host species, and include but are not limited to, Freund's (complete and incomplete), mineral gels such as aluminum hydroxide, surface active substances such as lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, oil emulsions, keyhole limpet hemocyanins, dinitrophenol, and potentially useful human adjuvants such as BCG (bacille Calmette-Guerin) and corynebacterium parvum. Such adjuvants are also well known in the art.
0570[0177] Monoclonal antibodies can be prepared using a wide variety of techniques known in the art including the use of hybridoma, recombinant, and phage display technologies, or a combination thereof. For example, monoclonal antibodies can be produced using hybridoma techniques including those known in the art and taught, for example, in
0571Harlow et al., Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2nd ed. 1988); Hammerling, et al., in: Monoclonal Antibodies and T-Cell Hybridomas 563-681 (Elsevier, N.Y., 1981) (said references incorporated by reference in their entireties). The term "monoclonal antibody" as used herein is not limited to antibodies produced through hybridoma technology. The term "monoclonal antibody" refers to an antibody that is derived from a single clone, including any eukaryotic, prokaryotic, or phage clone, and not the method by which it is produced.
0572[0178] Methods for producing and screening for specific antibodies using hybridoma technology are routine and well known in the art. In a non-limiting example, mice can be immunized with a Therapeutic protein or fragment or variant thereof, an albumin fusion protein, or a cell expressing such a Therapeutic protein or fragment or variant thereof or albumin fusion protein. Once an immune response is detected, e.g., antibodies specific for the antigen are detected in the mouse serum, the mouse spleen is harvested and splenocytes isolated. The splenocytes are then fused by well known techniques to any suitable myeloma cells, for example cells from cell line SP20 available from the ATCC. Hybridomas are selected and cloned by limited dilution. The hybridoma clones are then assayed by methods known in the art for cells that secrete antibodies capable of binding a polypeptide of the invention. Ascites fluid, which generally contains high levels of antibodies, can be generated by immunizing mice with positive hybridoma clones.
0573[0179] Accordingly, the present invention provides methods of generating monoclonal antibodies as well as antibodies produced by the method comprising culturing a hybridoma cell secreting an antibody wherein, preferably, the hybridoma is generated by fusing splenocytes isolated from a mouse immunized with an antigen of the invention with myeloma cells and then screening the hybridomas resulting from the fusion for hybridoma clones that secrete an antibody able to bind a polypeptide of the invention.
0574[0180] Another well known method for producing both polyclonal and monoclonal human B cell lines is transformation using Epstein Ban Virus (EBV). Protocols for generating EBV-transformed B cell lines are commonly known in the art, such as, for example, the protocol outlined in Chapter 7.22 of Cuπent Protocols in Immunology, Coligan et al., Eds., 1994, John Wiley & Sons, NY, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference. The source of B cells for transformation is commonly human peripheral blood, but
0575B cells for transformation may also be derived from other sources including, but not limited to, lymph nodes, tonsil, spleen, tumor tissue, and infected tissues. Tissues are generally made into single cell suspensions prior to EBV transformation. Additionally, steps may be taken to either physically remove or inactivate T cells (e.g., by treatment with cyclosporin A) in B cell-containing samples, because T cells from individuals seropositive for anti-EBV antibodies can suppress B cell immortalization by EBV.
0576[0181] In general, the sample containing human B cells is innoculated with EBV, and cultured for 3-4 weeks. A typical source of EBV is the culture supernatant of the B95-8 cell line (ATCC #VR-1492). Physical signs of EBV transformation can generally be seen towards the end of the 3-4 week culture period. By phase-contrast microscopy, transformed cells may appear large, clear, hairy and tend to aggregate in tight clusters of cells. Initially,
0577EBV lines are generally polyclonal. However, over prolonged periods of cell cultures, EBV lines may become monoclonal or polyclonal as a result of the selective outgrowth of particular B cell clones. Alternatively, polyclonal EBV transformed lines may be subcloned
0578(e.g., by limiting dilution culture) or fused with a suitable fusion partner and plated at limiting dilution to obtain monoclonal B cell lines. Suitable fusion partners for EBV transformed cell lines include mouse myeloma cell lines (e.g., SP2/0, X63-Ag8.653), heteromyeloma cell lines
0579(human x mouse; e.g, SPAM-8, SBC-H20, and CB-F7), and human cell lines (e.g., GM 1500,
0580SKO-007, RPMI 8226, and KR-4). Thus, the present invention also provides a method of generating polyclonal or monoclonal human antibodies against polypeptides of the invention or fragments thereof, comprising EBV-transformation of human B cells.
0581[0182] Antibody fragments which recognize specific epitopes may be generated by known techniques. For example, Fab and F(ab')2 fragments of the invention may be produced by proteolytic cleavage of immunoglobulin molecules, using enzymes such as papain (to produce Fab fragments) or pepsin (to produce F(ab')2 fragments). F(ab')2 fragments contain the variable region, the light chain constant region and the CHI domain of the heavy chain.
0582[0183] For example, antibodies that bind to a Therapeutic protein can also be generated using various phage display methods known in the art. In phage display methods, functional antibody domains are displayed on the surface of phage particles which carry the polynucleotide sequences encoding them. In a particular embodiment, such phage can be utilized to display antigen binding domains expressed from a repertoire or combinatorial antibody library (e.g., human or murine). Phage expressing an antigen binding domain that binds the antigen of interest can be selected or identified with antigen, e.g., using labeled antigen or antigen bound or captured to a solid surface or bead. Phage used in these methods are typically filamentous phage including fd and Ml 3 binding domains expressed from phage with Fab, Fv or disulfide stabilized Fv antibody domains recombinantly fused to either the phage gene IH or gene VIE protein. Examples of phage display methods that can be used to make antibodies that bind to a Therapeutic protein include those disclosed in Brinkman et al., J. Immunol. Methods 182:41-50 (1995); Ames et al., J. Immunol. Methods 184:177-186 (1995); Kettleborough et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 24:952-958 (1994); Persic et al., Gene 187 9- 18 (1997); Burton et al, Advances in Immunology 57:191-280 (1994); PCT application No. PCT/GB91/01134; PCT publications WO 90/02809; WO 91/10737; WO 92/01047; WO 92/18619; WO 93/11236; WO 95/15982; WO 95/20401; and U.S. Patent Nos. 5,698,426; 5,223,409; 5,403,484; 5,580,717; 5,427,908; 5,750,753; 5,821,047; 5,571,698; 5,427,908; 5,516,637; 5,780,225; 5,658,727; 5,733,743 and 5,969,108; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
0583[0184] As described in the above references, after phage selection, the antibody coding regions from the phage can be isolated and used to generate whole antibodies, including human antibodies, or any other desired antigen binding fragment, and expressed in any desired host, including mammalian cells, insect cells, plant cells, yeast, and bacteria, e.g., as described in detail below. For example, techniques to recombinantly produce Fab, Fab' and F(ab')2 fragments can also be employed using methods known in the art such as those disclosed in PCT publication WO 92/22324; Mullinax et al., BioTechniques 12(6):864-869 (1992); and Sawai et al., AJRI 34:26-34 (1995); and Better et al., Science 240:1041-1043
0584(1988) (said references incorporated by reference in their entireties).
0585[0185] Examples of techniques which can be used to produce single-chain Fvs and antibodies include those described in U.S. Patents 4,946,778 and 5,258,498; Huston et al., Methods in Enzymology 203:46-88 (1991); Shu et al., PNAS 90:7995-7999 (1993); and Skeπa et al., Science 240:1038-1040 (1988). For some uses, including in vivo use of antibodies in humans and in vitro detection assays, it may be preferable to use chimeric, humanized, or human antibodies. A chimeric antibody is a molecule in which different portions of the antibody are derived from different animal species, such as antibodies having a variable region derived from a murine monoclonal antibody and a human immunoglobulin constant region. Methods for producing chimeric antibodies are known in the art. See e.g., Morrison, Science 229:1202 (1985); Oi et al., BioTechniques 4:214 (1986); Gillies et al.,
0586(1989) J. Immunol. Methods 125:191-202; U.S. Patent Nos. 5,807,715; 4,816,567; and
05874,816397, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Humanized antibodies are antibody molecules from non-human species antibody that binds the desired antigen having one or more complementarity determining regions (CDRs) from the non- human species and a framework regions from a human immunoglobulin molecule. Often, framework residues in the human framework regions will be substituted with the coπesponding residue from the CDR donor antibody to alter, preferably improve, antigen binding. These framework substitutions are identified by methods well known in the art, e.g., by modeling of the interactions of the CDR and framework residues to identify framework residues important for antigen binding and sequence comparison to identify unusual framework residues at particular positions. (See, e.g., Queen et al., U.S. Patent No.
05885,585,089; Riechmann et al., Nature 332:323 (1988), which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.) Antibodies can be humanized using a variety of techniques known in the art including, for example, CDR-grafting (EP 239,400; PCT publication WO
058991/09967; U.S. Patent Nos. 5,225,539; 5,530,101; and 5,585,089), veneering or resurfacing
0590(EP 592,106; EP 519,596; Padlan, Molecular Immunology 28(4/5):489-498 (1991);
0591Studnicka et al., Protein Engineering 7(6):805-814 (1994); Roguska. et al., PNAS 91:969-973
0592(1994)), and chain shuffling (U.S. Patent No. 5,565,332).
0593[0186] Completely human antibodies are particularly desirable for therapeutic treatment of human patients. Human antibodies can be made by a variety of methods known in the art including phage display methods described above using antibody libraries derived from human immunoglobulin sequences. See also, U.S. Patent Nos. 4,444,887 and
05944,716,111; and PCT publications WO 98/46645, WO 98/50433, WO 98/24893, WO
059598/16654, WO 96/34096, WO 96/33735, and WO 91/10741; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
0596[0187] Human antibodies can also be produced using transgenic mice which are incapable of expressing functional endogenous immunoglobulins, but which can express human immunoglobulin genes. For example, the human heavy and light chain immunoglobulin gene complexes may be introduced randomly or by homologous recombination into mouse embryonic stem cells. Alternatively, the human variable region, constant region, and diversity region may be introduced into mouse embryonic stem cells in addition to the human heavy and light chain genes. The mouse heavy and light chain immunoglobulin genes may be rendered non-functional separately or simultaneously with the introduction of human immunoglobulin loci by homologous recombination. In particular, homozygous deletion of the JH region prevents endogenous antibody production. The modified embryonic stem cells are expanded and microinjected into blastocysts to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to produce homozygous offspring which express human antibodies. The transgenic mice are immunized in the normal fashion with a selected antigen, e.g., all or a portion of a polypeptide of the invention. Monoclonal antibodies directed against the antigen can be obtained from the immunized, transgenic mice using conventional hybridoma technology. The human immunoglobulin transgenes harbored by the transgenic mice reaπange during B cell differentiation, and subsequently undergo class switching and somatic mutation. Thus, using such a technique, it is possible to produce therapeutically useful IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE antibodies. For an overview of this technology for producing human antibodies, see Lonberg and Huszar, Int. Rev. Immunol. 13:65-93 (1995). For a detailed discussion of this technology for producing human antibodies and human monoclonal antibodies and protocols for producing such antibodies, see, e.g., PCT publications WO 98/24893; WO 92/01047; WO 96/34096; WO 96/33735; European Patent No. 0 598 877; U.S. Patent Nos. 5,413,923; 5,625,126; 5,633,425; 5,569,825; 5,661,016; 5,545,806; 5,814,318; 5,885,793; 5,916,771; 5,939,598; 6,075,181; and 6,114,598, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. In addition, companies such as Abgenix, Inc. (Freemont, CA) and Genpharm (San Jose, CA) can be engaged to provide human antibodies directed against a selected antigen using technology similar to that described above.
0597[0188] Completely human antibodies which recognize a selected epitope can be generated using a technique refeπed to as "guided selection." In this approach a selected non-human monoclonal antibody, e.g., a mouse antibody, is used to guide the selection of a completely human antibody recognizing the same epitope. (Jespers et al., Bio/technology 12:899-903 (1988)).
0598Polynucleotides Encoding Antibodies
0599[0189] The invention further provides polynucleotides comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an antibody and fragments thereof. The invention also encompasses polynucleotides that hybridize under stringent or alternatively, under lower stringency hybridization conditions, e.g., as defined supra, to polynucleotides that encode an antibody, preferably, that specifically binds to a Therapeutic protein, and more preferably, an antibody that binds to a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of a "Therapeutic protein:X" as disclosed in the "SEQ ID NO:Z" column of Table 2.
0600[0190] The polynucleotides may be obtained, and the nucleotide sequence of the polynucleotides determined, by any method known in the art. For example, if the nucleotide sequence of the antibody is known, a polynucleotide encoding the antibody may be assembled from chemically synthesized oligonucleotides (e.g., as described in Kutmeier et al.,
0601BioTechniques 17:242 (1994)), which, briefly, involves the synthesis of overlapping oligonucleotides containing portions of the sequence encoding the antibody, annealing and ligating of those oligonucleotides, and then amplification of the ligated oligonucleotides by
0602PCR.
0603[0191] Altematively, a polynucleotide encoding an antibody may be generated from nucleic acid from a suitable source. If a clone containing a nucleic acid encoding a particular antibody is not available, but the sequence of the antibody molecule is known, a nucleic acid encoding the immunoglobulin may be chemically synthesized or obtained from a suitable source (e.g., an antibody cDNA library, or a cDNA library generated from, or nucleic acid, preferably poly A+ RNA, isolated from, any tissue or cells expressing the antibody, such as hybridoma cells selected to express an antibody) by PCR amplification using synthetic primers hybridizable to the 3' and 5' ends of the sequence or by cloning using an oligonucleotide probe specific for the particular gene sequence to identify, e.g., a cDNA clone from a cDNA library that encodes the antibody. Amplified nucleic acids generated by
0604PCR may then be cloned into replicable cloning vectors using any method well known in the art (See Example 107).
0605[0192] Once the nucleotide sequence and coπesponding amino acid sequence of the antibody is determined, the nucleotide sequence of the antibody may be manipulated using methods well known in the art for the manipulation of nucleotide sequences, e.g., recombinant DNA techniques, site directed mutagenesis, PCR, etc. (see, for example, the techniques described in Sambrook et al., 1990, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2d
0606Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY and Ausubel et al., eds., 1998,
0607Cuπent Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, NY, which are both incorporated by reference herein in their entireties ), to generate antibodies having a different amino acid sequence, for example to create amino acid substitutions, deletions, and/or insertions.
0608[0193] In a specific embodiment, the amino acid sequence of the heavy and/or light chain variable domains may be inspected to identify the sequences of the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) by methods that are well know in the art, e.g., by comparison to known amino acid sequences of other heavy and light chain variable regions to determine the regions of sequence hypervariability. Using routine recombinant DNA techniques, one or more of the CDRs may be inserted within framework regions, e.g., into human framework regions to humanize a non-human antibody, as described supra. The framework regions may be naturally occurring or consensus framework regions, and preferably human framework regions (see, e.g., Chothia et al., J. Mol. Biol. 278: 457-479 (1998) for a listing of human framework regions). Preferably, the polynucleotide generated by the combination of the framework regions and CDRs encodes an antibody that specifically binds a polypeptide of the invention. Preferably, as discussed supra, one or more amino acid substitutions may be made within the framework regions, and, preferably, the amino acid substitutions improve binding of the antibody to its antigen. Additionally, such methods may be used to make amino acid substitutions or deletions of one or more variable region cysteine residues participating in an intrachain disulfide bond to generate antibody molecules lacking one or more intrachain disulfide bonds. Other alterations to the polynucleotide are encompassed by the present invention and within the skill of the art.
0609[0194] In addition, techniques developed for the production of "chimeric antibodies"
0610(Morrison et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 81:851-855 (1984); Neuberger et al., Nature 312:604-608 (1984); Takeda et al., Nature 314:452-454 (1985)) by splicing genes from a mouse antibody molecule of appropriate antigen specificity together with genes from a human antibody molecule of appropriate biological activity can be used. As described supra, a chimeric antibody is a molecule in which different portions are derived from different animal species, such as those having a variable region derived from a murine mAb and a human immunoglobulin constant region, e.g., humanized antibodies.
0611[0195] Alternatively, techniques described for the production of single chain antibodies (U.S. Patent No. 4,946,778; Bird, Science 242:423- 42 (1988); Huston et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5879-5883 (1988); and Ward et al, Nature 334:544-54 (1989)) can be adapted to produce single chain antibodies. Single chain antibodies are formed by linking the heavy and light chain fragments of the Fv region via an amino acid bridge, resulting in a single chain polypeptide. Techniques for the assembly of functional Fv fragments in E. coli may also be used (Skeπa et al., Science 242:1038- 1041 (1988)).
0612Recombinant Expression of Antibodies
0613[0196] Recombinant expression of an antibody, or fragment, derivative or analog thereof, (e.g., a heavy or light chain of an antibody or a single chain antibody), requires construction of an expression vector containing a polynucleotide that encodes the antibody. Once a polynucleotide encoding an antibody molecule or a heavy or light chain of an antibody, or portion thereof (preferably containing the heavy or light chain variable domain), of the invention has been obtained, the vector for the production of the antibody molecule may be produced by recombinant DNA technology using techniques well known in the art.
0614Thus, methods for preparing a protein by expressing a polynucleotide containing an antibody encoding nucleotide sequence are described herein. Methods which are well known to those skilled in the art can be used to construct expression vectors containing antibody coding sequences and appropriate transcriptional and translational control signals. These methods include, for example, in vitro recombinant DNA techniques, synthetic techniques, and in vivo genetic recombination. The invention, thus, provides replicable vectors comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an antibody molecule of the invention, or a heavy or light chain thereof, or a heavy or light chain variable domain, operably linked to a promoter. Such vectors may include the nucleotide sequence encoding the constant region of the antibody molecule (see, e.g., PCT Publication WO 86/05807; PCT Publication WO 89/01036; and
0615U.S. Patent No. 5,122,464) and the variable domain of the antibody may be cloned into such a vector for expression of the entire heavy or light chain.
0616[0197] The expression vector is transfeπed to a host cell by conventional techniques and the transfected cells are then cultured by conventional techniques to produce an antibody.
0617Thus, the invention includes host cells containing a polynucleotide encoding an antibody of the invention, or a heavy or light chain thereof, or a single chain antibody, operably linked to a heterologous promoter. In prefeπed embodiments for the expression of double-chained antibodies, vectors encoding both the heavy and light chains may be co-expressed in the host cell for expression of the entire immunoglobulin molecule, as detailed below.
0618[0198] A variety of host-expression vector systems may be utilized to express the antibody molecules of the invention. Such host-expression systems represent vehicles by which the coding sequences of interest may be produced and subsequently purified, but also represent cells which may, when transformed or transfected with the appropriate nucleotide coding sequences, express an antibody molecule of the invention in situ. These include but are not limited to microorganisms such as bacteria (e.g., E. coli, B. subtilis) transformed with recombinant bacteriophage DNA, plasmid DNA or cosmid DNA expression vectors contaimng antibody coding sequences; yeast (e.g., Saccharomyces, Pichia) transformed with recombinant yeast expression vectors containing antibody coding sequences; insect cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus) containing antibody coding sequences; plant cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV; tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) or transformed with recombinant plasmid expression vectors (e.g., Ti plasmid) containing antibody coding sequences; or mammalian cell systems (e.g., COS, CHO, BHK, 293, 3T3 cells) harboring recombinant expression constructs containing promoters derived from the genome of mammalian cells (e.g., metallothionein promoter) or from mammalian viruses (e.g., the adenovirus late promoter; the vaccinia virus 7.5K promoter). Preferably, bacterial cells such as Escherichia coli, and more preferably, eukaryotic cells, especially for the expression of whole recombinant antibody molecule, are used for the expression of a recombinant antibody molecule. For example, mammalian cells such as Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO), in conjunction with a vector such as the major intermediate early gene promoter element from human cytomegalovirus is an effective expression system for antibodies (Foecking et al., Gene 45:101 (1986); Cockett et al., Bio/Technology 8:2 (1990)).
0619[0199] In bacterial systems, a number of expression vectors may be advantageously selected depending upon the use intended for the antibody molecule being expressed. For example, when a large quantity of such a protein is to be produced, for the generation of pharmaceutical compositions of an antibody molecule, vectors which direct the expression of high levels of fusion protein products that are readily purified may be desirable. Such vectors include, but are not limited, to the E. coli expression vector pUR278 (Ruther et al., EMBO J. 2:1791 (1983)), in which the antibody coding sequence may be ligated individually, into the vector in frame with the lac Z coding region so that a fusion protein is produced; pIN vectors (friouye & Inouye, Nucleic Acids Res. 13:3101-3109 (1985); Van Heeke & Schuster, J. Biol. Chem. 24:5503-5509 (1989)); and the like. pGEX vectors may also be used to express foreign polypeptides as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase (GST). In general, such fusion proteins are soluble and can easily be purified from lysed cells by adsorption and binding to matrix glutathione-agarose beads followed by elution in the presence of free glutathione. The pGEX vectors are designed to include thrombin or factor Xa protease cleavage sites so that the cloned target gene product can be released from the GST moiety. [0200] In an insect system, Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus
0620(AcNPV) is used as a vector to express foreign genes. The virus grows in Spodoptera frugiperda cells. The antibody coding sequence may be cloned individually into non- essential regions (for example the polyhedrin gene) of the virus and placed under control of an AcNPV promoter (for example the polyhedrin promoter). [0201] In mammalian host cells, a number of viral-based expression systems may be utilized. In cases where an adenovirus is used as an expression vector, the antibody coding sequence of interest may be ligated to an adenovirus transcription/translation control complex, e.g., the late promoter and tripartite leader sequence. This chimeric gene may then be inserted in the adenovirus genome by in vitro or in vivo recombination. Insertion in a non- essential region of the viral genome (e.g., region El or E3) will result in a recombinant virus that is viable and capable of expressing the antibody molecule in infected hosts, (e.g., see Logan & Shenk, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:355-359 (1984)). Specific initiation signals may also be required for efficient translation of inserted antibody coding sequences. These signals include the ATG initiation codon and adjacent sequences. Furthermore, the initiation codon must be in phase with the reading frame of the desired coding sequence to ensure translation of the entire insert. These exogenous translational control signals and initiation codons can be of a variety of origins, both natural and synthetic. The efficiency of expression may be enhanced by the inclusion of appropriate transcription enhancer elements, transcription terminators, etc. (see Bittner et al., Methods in Enzymol. 153:51-544 (1987)). [0202] In addition, a host cell strain may be chosen which modulates the expression of the inserted sequences, or modifies and processes the gene product in the specific fashion desired. Such modifications (e.g., glycosylation) and processing (e.g., cleavage) of protein products may be important for the function of the protein. Different host cells have characteristic and specific mechanisms for the post-translational processing and modification of proteins and gene products. Appropriate cell lines or host systems can be chosen to ensure the coπect modification and processing of the foreign protein expressed. To this end, eukaryotic host cells which possess the cellular machinery for proper processing of the primary transcript, glycosylation, and phosphorylation of the gene product may be used. Such mammalian host cells include but are not limited to CHO, VERY, BHK, Hela, COS, MDCK, 293, 3T3, WI38, and in particular, breast cancer cell lines such as, for example, BT483, Hs578T, HTB2, BT20 and T47D, and normal mammary gland cell line such as, for example, CRL7030 and Hs578Bst.
0621[0203] For long-term, high-yield production of recombinant proteins, stable expression is prefeπed. For example, cell lines which stably express the antibody molecule may be engineered. Rather than using expression vectors which contain viral origins of replication, host cells can be transformed with DNA controlled by appropriate expression control elements (e.g., promoter, enhancer, sequences, transcription terminators, polyadenylation sites, etc.), and a selectable marker. Following the introduction of the foreign DNA, engineered cells may be allowed to grow for 1-2 days in an enriched media, and then are switched to a selective media. The selectable marker in the recombinant plasmid confers resistance to the selection and allows cells to stably integrate the plasmid into their chromosomes and grow to form foci which in turn can be cloned and expanded into cell lines. This method may advantageously be used to engineer cell lines which express the antibody molecule. Such engineered cell lines may be particularly useful in screening and evaluation of compounds that interact directly or indirectly with the antibody molecule.
0622[0204] A number of selection systems may be used, including but not limited to the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (Wigler et al., Cell 11:223 (1977)), hypoxanthine- guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (Szybalska & Szybalski, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
062348:202 (1992)), and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (Lowy et al., Cell 22:817 (1980)) genes can be employed in tk-, hgprt- or aprt- cells, respectively. Also, antimetabolite resistance can be used as the basis of selection for the following genes: dhfr, which confers resistance to methotrexate (Wigler et al., Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:357 (1980); O'Hare et al.,
0624Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:1527 (1981)); gpt, which confers resistance to mycophenolic acid (Mulligan & Berg, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:2072 (1981)); neo, which confers resistance to the aminoglycoside G-418 Clinical Pharmacy 12:488-505; Wu and Wu,
0625Biotherapy 3:87-95 (1991); Tolstoshev, Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 32:573-596 (1993);
0626Mulligan, Science 260:926-932 (1993); and Morgan and Anderson, Ann. Rev. Biochem.
062762:191-217 (1993); May, 1993, TIB TECH 11(5):155-215 (1993)); and hygro, which confers resistance to hygromycin (Santeπe et al., Gene 30:147 (1984)). Methods commonly known in the art of recombinant DNA technology may be routinely applied to select the desired recombinant clone, and such methods are described, for example, in Ausubel et al. (eds.),
0628Cuπent Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, NY (1993); Kriegler, Gene
0629Transfer and Expression, A Laboratory Manual, Stockton Press, NY (1990); and in Chapters
063012 and 13, Dracopoli et al. (eds), Cuπent Protocols in Human Genetics, John Wiley & Sons,
0631NY (1994); Colbeπe-Garapin et al., J. Mol. Biol. 150:1 (1981), which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.
0632[0205] The expression levels of an antibody molecule can be increased by vector amplification (for a review, see Bebbington and Hentschel, The use of vectors based on gene amplification for the expression of cloned genes in mammalian cells in DNA cloning, Vol.3.
0633(Academic Press, New York, 1987)). When a marker in the vector system expressing antibody is amplifiable, increase in the level of inhibitor present in culture of host cell will increase the number of copies of the marker gene. Since the amplified region is associated with the antibody gene, production of the antibody will also increase (Grouse et al., Mol.
0634Cell. Biol. 3:257 (1983)).
0635[0206] Vectors which use glutamine synthase (GS) or DHFR as the selectable markers can be amplified in the presence of the drugs methionine sulphoximine or methotrexate, respectively. An advantage of glutamine synthase based vectors are the availability of cell lines (e.g., the murine myeloma cell fine, NS0) which are glutamine synthase negative. Glutamine synthase expression systems can also function in glutamine synthase expressing cells (e.g. Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells) by providing additional inhibitor to prevent the functioning of the endogenous gene. A glutamine synthase expression system and components thereof are detailed in PCT publications: WO87/04462;
0636WO86/05807; WO89/01036; WO89/10404; and WO91/06657 which are incorporated in their entireties by reference herein. Additionally, glutamine synthase expression vectors that may be used according to the present invention are commercially available from suppliers, including, for example Lonza Biologies, Inc. (Portsmouth, NH). Expression and production of monoclonal antibodies using a GS expression system in murine myeloma cells is described in Bebbington et al, Bio/technology 10:169(1992) and in Biblia and Robinson Biotechnol.
0637Prog. 11:1 (1995) which are incorporated in their entireties by reference herein.
0638[0207] The host cell may be co-transfected with two expression vectors of the invention, the first vector encoding a heavy chain derived polypeptide and the second vector encoding a light chain derived polypeptide. The two vectors may contain identical selectable markers which enable equal expression of heavy and light chain polypeptides. Alternatively, a single vector may be used which encodes, and is capable of expressing, both heavy and light chain polypeptides. In such situations, the light chain should be placed before the heavy chain to avoid an excess of toxic free heavy chain (Proudfoot, Nature 322:52 (1986);
0639Kohler, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:2197 (1980)). The coding sequences for the heavy and light chains may comprise cDNA or genomic DNA.
0640[0208] Once an antibody molecule of the invention has been produced by an animal, chemically synthesized, or recombinantly expressed, it may be purified by any method known in the art for purification of an immunoglobulin molecule, for example, by chromatography
0641(e.g., ion exchange, affinity, particularly by affinity for the specific antigen after Protein A, and sizing column chromatography), centrifugation, differential solubility, or by any other standard technique for the purification of proteins. In addition, the antibodies that bind to a Therapeutic protein and that may coπespond to a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention or fragments thereof can be fused to heterologous polypeptide sequences described herein or otherwise known in the art, to facilitate purification.
0642Modifications of Antibodies
0643[0209] Antibodies that bind a Therapeutic protein or fragments or variants can be fused to marker sequences, such as a peptide to facilitate purification. In preferred embodiments, the marker amino acid sequence is a hexa-histidine peptide, such as the tag provided in a pQE vector (QIAGEN, Inc., 9259 Eton Avenue, Chatsworth, CA, 91311), among others, many of which are commercially available. As described in Gentz et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:821-824 (1989), for instance, hexa-histidine provides for convenient purification of the fusion protein. Other peptide tags useful for purification include, but are not limited to, the hemagglutinin tag (also called the "HA tag"), which coπesponds to an epitope derived from the influenza hemagglutinin protein (Wilson et al., Cell 37:767 (1984)) and the "flag" tag.
0644[0210] The present invention further encompasses antibodies or fragments thereof conjugated to a diagnostic or therapeutic agent. The antibodies can be used diagnostically to, for example, monitor the development or progression of a tumor as part of a clinical testing procedure to, e.g., determine the efficacy of a given treatment regimen. Detection can be facilitated by coupling the antibody to a detectable substance. Examples of detectable substances include various enzymes, prosthetic groups, fluorescent materials, luminescent materials, bioluminescent materials, radioactive materials, positron emitting metals using various positron emission tomographies, and nonradioactive paramagnetic metal ions. The detectable substance may be coupled or conjugated either directly to the antibody (or fragment thereof) or indirectly, through an intermediate (such as, for example, a linker known in the art) using techniques known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Patent No. 4,741,900 for metal ions which can be conjugated to antibodies for use as diagnostics according to the present invention. Examples of suitable enzymes include horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, or acetylcholinesterase; examples of suitable prosthetic group complexes include streptavidin/biotin and avidin/biotin; examples of suitable fluorescent materials include umbelliferone, fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, dichlorotriazinylamine fluorescein, dansyl chloride or phycoerythrin; an example of a luminescent material includes luminol; examples of bioluminescent materials include luciferase, luciferin, and aequorin; and examples of suitable radioactive material include 1251, 1311, l l lln or 99Tc. Other examples of detectable substances have been described elsewhere herein.
0645[0211] Further, an antibody of the invention may be conjugated to a therapeutic moiety such as a cytotoxin, e.g., a cytostatic or cytocidal agent, a therapeutic agent or a radioactive metal ion, e.g., alpha-emitters such as, for example, 213B A cytotoxin or cytotoxic agent includes any agent that is detrimental to cells. Examples include paclitaxol, cytochalasin B, gramicidin D, ethidium bromide, emetine, mitomycin, etoposide, tenoposide, vincristine, vinblastine, colchicin, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, dihydroxy anthracin dione, mitύxantrone, mithramycin, actinomycin D, 1-dehydrotestosterone, glucocorticoids, procaine, tetracaine, lidocaine, propranolol, and puromycin and analogs or homologs thereof. Therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, antimetabolites (e.g., methotrexate, 6- mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, cytarabine, 5-fluorouracil decarbazine), alkylating agents (e.g., mechlorethamine, thioepa chlorambucil, melphalan, carmustine (BSNU) and lomustine (CCNU), cyclothosphamide, busulfan, dibromomannitol, sfreptozotocin, mitomycin C, and cis- dichlorodiamine platinum (II) (DDP) cisplatin), anthracyclines (e.g., daunorubicin (formerly daunomycin) and doxorubicin), antibiotics (e.g., dactinomycin (formerly actinomycin), bleomycin, mithramycin, and anthramycin (AMC)), and anti-mitotic agents (e.g., vincristine and vinblastine).
0646[0212] The conjugates of the invention can be used for modifying a given biological response, the therapeutic agent or drug moiety is not to be construed as limited to classical chemical therapeutic agents. For example, the drug moiety may be a protein or polypeptide possessing a desired biological activity. Such proteins may include, for example, a toxin such as abrin, ricin A, pseudomonas exotoxin, or diphtheria toxin; a protein such as tumor necrosis factor, alpha-interferon, β-interferon, nerve growth factor, platelet derived growth factor, tissue plasminogen activator, an apoptotic agent, e.g., TNF-alpha, TNF-beta, AIM I (See, International Publication No. WO 97/33899), AIM π (See, International Publication No. WO 97/34911), Fas Ligand (Takahashi et al, Int. Immunol, (5:1567-1574 (1994)), VEGI (See, International Publication No. WO 99/23105), a thrombotic agent or an anti- angiogenic agent, e.g., angiostatin or endostatin; or, biological response modifiers such as, for example, lymphokines, interleukin-1 ("IL-1"), interleukin-2 ("IL-2"), interleukin-6 ("IL-6"), granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor ("GM-CSF"), granulocyte colony stimulating factor ("G-CSF"), or other growth factors.
0647[0213] Antibodies may also be attached to solid supports, which are particularly useful for immunoassays or purification of the target antigen. Such solid supports include, but are not limited to, glass, cellulose, polyacrylamide, nylon, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride or polypropylene.
0648[0214] Techniques for conjugating such therapeutic moiety to antibodies are well known. See, for example, Arnon et al., "Monoclonal Antibodies For hnmunotargeting Of Drugs In Cancer Therapy", in Monoclonal Antibodies And Cancer Therapy, Reisfeld et al. (eds.), pp. 243-56 (Alan R. Liss, Inc. 1985); Hellstrom et al., "Antibodies For Drug Delivery", in Controlled Drug Delivery (2nd Ed.), Robinson et al. (eds.), pp. 623-53 (Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1987); Thorpe, "Antibody Carriers Of Cytotoxic Agents In Cancer Therapy: A Review", in Monoclonal Antibodies '84: Biological And Clinical Applications, Pinchera et al. (eds.), pp. 475-506 (1985); "Analysis, Results, And Future Prospective Of The Therapeutic Use Of Radiolabeled Antibody In Cancer Therapy", in Monoclonal Antibodies For Cancer Detection And Therapy, Baldwin et al. (eds.), pp. 303-16 (Academic Press 1985), and Thorpe et al., "The Preparation And Cytotoxic Properties Of Antibody-Toxin Conjugates", Immunol. Rev. 62:119-58 (1982).
0649[0215] Alternatively, an antibody can be conjugated to a second antibody to form an antibody heteroconjugate as described by Segal in U.S. Patent No. 4,676,980, which is incorporated hergin by reference in its entirety. <sup>(</sup>
0650[0216] An antibody, with or without a therapeutic moiety conjugated to it, administered alone or in combination with cytotoxic factor(s) and/or cytokine(s) can be used as a therapeutic.
0651Antibody-albumin fusion
0652[0217] Antibodies that bind to a Therapeutic protein and that may coπespond to a
0653Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention include, but are not limited to, antibodies that bind a Therapeutic protein disclosed in the "Therapeutic Protein X" column of Table 1, or a fragment or variant thereof.
0654[0218] In specific embodiments, the fragment or variant of an antibody that immunospecifcally binds a Therapeutic protein and that coπesponds to a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein comprises, or alternatively consists of, the VH domain. In other embodiments, the fragment or variant of an antibody that immunospecifcally binds a Therapeutic protein and that coπesponds to a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein comprises, or alternatively consists of, one, two or three VH CDRs. In other embodiments, the fragment or variant of an antibody that immunospecifcally binds a Therapeutic protein and that coπesponds to a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein comprises, or alternatively consists of, the VH CDR1. In other embodiments, the fragment or variant of an antibody that immunospecifcally binds a Therapeutic protein and that coπesponds to a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein comprises, or alternatively consists of, the VH CDR2. In other embodiments, the fragment or variant of an antibody that immunospecifcally binds a Therapeutic protein and that coπesponds to a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein comprises, or alternatively consists of, the VH CDR3.
0655[0219] In specific embodiments, the fragment or variant of an antibody that immunospecifcally binds a Therapeutic protein and that coπesponds to a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein comprises, or alternatively consists of, the VL domain. In other embodiments, the fragment or variant of an antibody that immunospecifcally binds a Therapeutic protein and that coπesponds to a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein comprises, or alternatively consists of, one, two or three VL CDRs. In other embodiments, the fragment or variant of an antibody that immunospecifcally binds a Therapeutic protein and that coπesponds to a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein comprises, or alternatively consists of, the VL CDR1. In other embodiments, the fragment or variant of an antibody that immunospecifcally binds a Therapeutic protein and that coπesponds to a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein comprises, or alternatively consists of, the VL CDR2. In other embodiments, the fragment or variant of an antibody that immunospecifcally binds a Therapeutic protein and that coπesponds to a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein comprises, or alternatively consists of, the VL CDR3.
0656[0220] In other embodiments, the fragment or variant of an antibody that immunospecifcally binds a Therapeutic protein and that coπesponds to a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein comprises, or alternatively consists of, one, two, three, four, five, or six VH and/or VL CDRs. [0221] In prefeπed embodiments, the fragment or variant of an antibody that immunospecifically binds a Therapeutic protein and that coπesponds to a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein comprises, or alternatively consists of, an scFv comprising the VH domain of the Therapeutic antibody, linked to the VL domain of the therapeutic antibody by a peptide linker such as (Gly<sub>4</sub>Ser)<sub>3</sub> (SEQ ID NO: 1092).
0657Immunophenotyping
0658[0222] The antibodies of the invention or albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein (or fragment or variant thereof) may be utilized for immunophenotyping of cell lines and biological samples. Therapeutic proteins of the present invention may be useful as cell- specific markers, or more specifically as cellular markers that are differentially expressed at various stages of differentiation and/or maturation of particular cell types. Monoclonal antibodies (or albumin fusion proteins comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein) directed against a specific epitope, or combination of epitopes, will allow for the screening of cellular populations expressing the marker. Various techniques can be utilized using monoclonal antibodies (or albumin fusion proteins comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein) to screen for cellular populations expressing the marker(s), and include magnetic separation using antibody-coated magnetic beads, "panning" with antibody attached to a solid matrix (i.e., plate), and flow cytometry (See, e.g., U.S. Patent 5,985,660; and Morrison et al, Cell, 95:737-49 (1999)). .
0659[0223] These techniques allow for the screening of particular populations of cells, such as might be found with hematological malignancies (i.e. minimal residual disease (MRD) in acute leukemic patients) and "non-self cells in transplantations to prevent Graft- versus-Host Disease (GVHD). Alternatively, these techniques allow for the screening of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells capable of undergoing proliferation and/or differentiation, as might be found in human umbilical cord blood.
0660Characterizing Antibodies that bind a Therapeutic Protein and Albumin Fusion Proteins Comprising a Fragment or Variant of an Antibody that binds a Therapeutic Protein [0224] The antibodies of the invention or albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein (or fragment or variant thereof) may be characterized in a variety of ways. In particular, Albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein may be assayed for the ability to specifically bind to the same antigens specifically bound by the antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein coπesponding to the antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein portion of the albumin fusion protein using techniques described herein or routinely modifying techniques known in the art. [0225] Assays for the ability of the antibodies of the invention or albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein (or fragment or variant thereof) to (specifically) bind a specific protein or epitope may be performed in solution (e.g., Houghten, Bio/Techniques 13:412-421(1992)), on beads (e.g., Lam, Nature 354:82-84 (1991)), on chips (e.g., Fodor, Nature 364:555-556 (1993)), on bacteria (e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,223,409), on spores (e.g., Patent Nos. 5,571,698; 5,403,484; and 5,223,409), on plasmids (e.g., Cull et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:1865-1869 (1992)) or on phage (e.g., Scott and Smith, Science 249:386-390 (1990); Devlin, Science 249:404-406 (1990); Cwirla et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:6378-6382 (1990); and Felici, J. Mol. Biol. 222:301-310 (1991)) (each of these references is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference). The antibodies of the invention or albumin, fusion proteins of the invention comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein (or fragment or variant thereof) may also be assayed for their specificity and affinity for a specific protein or epitope using or routinely modifying techniques described herein or otherwise known in the art.
0661[0226] The albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein may be assayed for cross-reactivity with other antigens (e.g., molecules that have sequence/structure conservation with the molecule(s) specifically bound by the antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein (or fragment or variant thereof) coπesponding to the Therapeutic protein portion of the albumin fusion protein of the invention) by any method known in the art.
0662[0227] Immunoassays which can be used to analyze (immunospecific) binding and cross-reactivity include, but are not limited to, competitive and non-competitive assay systems using techniques such as western blots, radioimmunoassays, ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), "sandwich" immunoassays, immunoprecipitation assays, precipitm reactions, gel diffusion precipitin reactions, immunodiffusion assays, agglutination assays, complement-fixation assays, immunoradiometric assays, fluorescent immunoassays, and protein A immunoassays, to name but a few. Such assays are routine and well known in the art (see, e.g., Ausubel et al, eds, 1994, Cuπent Protocols in Molecular Biology, Vol. 1, John
0663Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety).
0664Exemplary immunoassays are described briefly below (but are not intended by way of limitation).
0665[0228] Immunoprecipitation protocols generally comprise lysing a population of cells in a lysis buffer such as RDPA buffer (1% NP-40 or Triton X-100, 1% sodium deoxycholate,
06660.1% SDS, 0.15 M NaCl, 0.01 M sodium phosphate at pH 7.2, 1 % Trasylol) supplemented with protein phosphatase and or protease inhibitors (e.g., EDTA, PMSF, aprotinin, sodium vanadate), adding an antibody of the invention or albumin fusion protein of the invention comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein (or fragment or variant thereof) to the cell lysate, incubating for a period of time (e.g., 1 to 4 hours) at 40 degrees C, adding protein A and/or protein G sepharose beads (or beads coated with an appropriate anti-idiotypic antibody or anti-albumin antibody in the case when an albumin fusion protein comprising at least a fragment or variant of a Therapeutic antibody) to the cell lysate, incubating for about an hour or more at 40 degrees C, washing the beads in lysis buffer and resuspending the beads in SDS/sample buffer. The ability of the antibody or albumin fusion protein of the invention to immunoprecipitate a particular antigen can be assessed by, e.g., western blot analysis. One of skill in the art would be knowledgeable as to the parameters that can be modified to increase the binding of the antibody or albumin fusion protein to an antigen and decrease the background (e.g., pre-clearing the cell lysate with sepharose beads). For further discussion regarding immunoprecipitation protocols see, e.g.,
0667Ausubel et al, eds, 1994, Cuπent Protocols in Molecular Biology, Vol. 1, John Wiley & Sons,
0668Inc., New York at 10.16.1.
0669[0229] Western blot analysis generally comprises preparing protein samples, electrophoresis of the protein samples in a polyacrylamide gel (e.g., 8%- 20% SDS-PAGE depending on the molecular weight of the antigen), transferring the protein sample from the polyacrylamide gel to a membrane such as nitrocellulose, PVDF or nylon, blocking the membrane in blocking solution (e.g., PBS with 3% BSA or non-fat milk), washing the membrane in washing buffer (e.g., PBS-Tween 20), applying the antibody or albumin fusion protein of the invention (diluted in blocking buffer) to the membrane, washing the membrane in washing buffer, applying a secondary antibody (which recognizes the albumin fusion protein, e.g., an anti-human serum albumin antibody) conjugated to an enzymatic substrate
0670(e.g., horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase) or radioactive molecule (e.g., <sup>32</sup>P or I) diluted in blocking buffer, washing the membrane in wash buffer, and detecting the presence of the antigen. One of skill in the art would be knowledgeable as to the parameters that can be modified to increase the signal detected and to reduce the background noise. For further discussion regarding western blot protocols see, e.g., Ausubel et al, eds, 1994, Cuπent
0671Protocols in Molecular Biology, Vol. 1, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York at 10.8.1.
0672[0230] ELISAs comprise preparing antigen, coating the well of a 96-well microtiter plate with the antigen, washing away antigen that did not bind the wells, adding the antibody or albumin fusion protein (comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein) of the invention conjugated to a detectable compound such as an enzymatic substrate (e.g., horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase) to the wells and incubating for a period of time, washing away unbound or non-specifically bound albumin fusion proteins, and detecting the presence of the antibody or albumin fusion proteins specifically bound to the antigen coating the well. In ELISAs the antibody or albumin fusion protein does not have to be conjugated to a detectable compound; instead, a second antibody
0673(which recognizes the antibody or albumin fusion protein, respectively) conjugated to a detectable compound may be added to the well. Further, instead of coating the well with the antigen, antibody or the albumin fusion protein may be coated to the well. In this case, the detectable molecule could be the antigen conjugated to a detectable compound such as an enzymatic substrate (e.g., horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase). One of skill in the art would be knowledgeable as to the parameters that can be modified to increase the signal detected as well as other variations of ELISAs known in the art. For further discussion regarding ELISAs see, e.g., Ausubel et al, eds, 1994, Cuπent Protocols in Molecular Biology,
0674Vol. 1 , John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York at 11.2.1.
0675[0231] The binding affinity of an albumin fusion protein to a protein, antigen, or epitope and the off-rate of an antibody- or albumin fusion protein-protein/antigen/epitope interaction can be determined by competitive binding assays. One example of a competitive binding assay is a radioimmunoassay comprising the incubation of labeled antigen (e.g., H or
0676<sup>125</sup>I) with the antibody or albumin fusion protein of the invention in the presence of increasing amounts of unlabeled antigen, and the detection of the antibody bound to the labeled antigen.
0677The affinity of the antibody or albumin fusion protein of the invention for a specific protein, antigen, or epitope and the binding off-rates can be determined from the data by Scatchard plot analysis. Competition with a second protein that binds the same protein, antigen or epitope as the antibody or albumin fusion protein, can also be determined using radioimmunoassays. In this case, the protein, antigen or epitope is incubated with an antibody or albumin fusion protein of the invention conjugated to a labeled compound (e.g., <sup>3</sup>H or <sup>125</sup>I) in the presence of increasing amounts of an unlabeled second protein that binds the same protein, antigen, or epitope as the albumin fusion protein of the invention. [0232] In a prefeπed embodiment, BIAcore kinetic analysis is used to determine the binding on and off rates of antibody or albumin fusion proteins of the invention to a protein, antigen or epitope. BIAcore kinetic analysis comprises analyzing the binding and dissociation of antibodies, albumin fusion proteins, or specific polypeptides, antigens or epitopes from chips with immobilized specific polypeptides, antigens or epitopes, antibodies or albumin fusion proteins, respectively, on their surface.
0678Therapeutic Uses
0679[0233] The present invention is further directed to antibody-based therapies which involve administering antibodies of the invention or albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein to an animal, preferably a mammal, and most preferably a human, patient for treating one or more of the disclosed diseases, disorders, or conditions. Therapeutic compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, antibodies of the invention (including fragments, analogs and derivatives thereof as described herein), nucleic acids encoding antibodies of the invention
0680(including fragments, analogs and derivatives thereof and anti-idiotypic antibodies as described herein), albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein, and nucleic acids encoding such albumin fusion proteins. The antibodies of the invention or albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein can be used to treat, inhibit or prevent diseases, disorders or conditions associated with abeπant expression and/or activity of a Therapeutic protein, including, but not limited to, any one or more of the diseases, disorders, or conditions described herein. The treatment and/or prevention of diseases, disorders, or conditions associated with abeπant expression and/or activity of a Therapeutic protein includes, but is not limited to, alleviating symptoms associated with those diseases, disorders or conditions, antibodies of the invention or albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein may be provided in pharmaceutically acceptable compositions as known in the art or as described herein. [0234] In a specific and prefeπed embodiment, the present invention is directed to antibody-based therapies which involve administering antibodies of the invention or albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein to an animal, preferably a mammal, and most preferably a human, patient for treating one or more diseases, disorders, or conditions, including but not limited to: neural disorders, immune system disorders, muscular disorders, reproductive disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, pulmonary disorders, cardiovascular disorders, renal disorders, proliferative disorders, and/or cancerous diseases and conditions., and/or as described elsewhere herein. Therapeutic compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, antibodies of the invention (e.g., antibodies directed to the full length protein expressed on the cell surface of a mammalian cell; antibodies directed to an epitope of a Therapeutic protein and nucleic acids encoding antibodies of the invention (including fragments, analogs and derivatives thereof and anti-idiotypic antibodies as described herein). The antibodies of the invention can be used to treat, inhibit or prevent diseases, disorders or conditions associated with abeπant expression and/or activity of a Therapeutic protein, including, but not limited to, any one or more of the diseases, disorders, or conditions described herein. The treatment and/or prevention of diseases, disorders, or conditions associated with aberrant expression and/or activity of a Therapeutic protein includes, but is not limited to, alleviating symptoms associated with those diseases, disorders or conditions. Antibodies of the invention or albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein may be provided in pharmaceutically acceptable compositions as known in the art or as described herein.
0681[0235] A summary of the ways in which the antibodies of the invention or albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein may be used therapeutically includes binding Therapeutic proteins locally or systemically in the body or by direct cytotoxicity of the antibody, e.g. as mediated by complement (CDC) or by effector cells (ADCC). Some of these approaches are described in more detail below. Armed with the teachings provided herein, one of ordinary skill in the art will know how to use the antibodies of the invention or albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein for diagnostic, monitoring or therapeutic purposes without undue experimentation. [0236] The antibodies of the invention or albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein may be advantageously utilized in combination with other monoclonal or chimeric antibodies, or with lymphokines or hematopoietic growth factors (such as, e.g., EL-2, IL-3 and IL-7), for example, which serve to increase the number or activity of effector cells which interact with the antibodies.
0682[0237] The antibodies of the invention or albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein may be administered alone or in combination with other types of treatments (e.g., radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, immunotherapy and anti-tumor agents). Generally, administration of products of a species origin or species reactivity (in the case of antibodies) that is the same species as that of the patient is prefeπed. Thus, in a prefeπed embodiment, human antibodies, fragments derivatives, analogs, or nucleic acids, are administered to a human patient for therapy or prophylaxis.
0683[0238] It is prefeπed to use high affinity and/or potent in vivo inhibiting and/or neutralizing antibodies against Therapeutic proteins, fragments or regions thereof, (or the albumin fusion protein coπelate of such an antibody) for both immunoassays directed to and therapy of disorders related to polynucleotides or polypeptides, including fragments thereof, of the present invention. Such antibodies, fragments, or regions, will preferably have an affinity for polynucleotides or polypeptides of the invention, including fragments thereof. Prefeπed binding affinities include dissociation constants or Kd's less than 5 X 10<sup>"2</sup> M, 10<sup>"2</sup> M, 5 X 10<sup>"3</sup> M, 10<sup>"3</sup> M, 5 X 10<sup>"4</sup> M, 10<sup>"4</sup> M. More prefeπed binding affinities include those with a dissociation constant or Kd less than 5 X 10<sup>"5</sup> M, 10<sup>"5</sup> M, 5 X 10<sup>"6</sup> M, 10<sup>"</sup>^, 5 X 10<sup>"7</sup> M, 10<sup>7</sup> M, 5 X 10<sup>"8</sup> M or 10<sup>"8</sup> M. Even more prefeπed binding affinities include those with a dissociation constant or Kd less than 5 X 10<sup>"9</sup> M, 10<sup>"9</sup> M, 5 X 10<sup>"10</sup> M, 10<sup>"10</sup> M, 5 X 10<sup>"</sup>" M, 10<sup>"u</sup> M, 5 X 10<sup>"12</sup> M, 10<sup>"12</sup> M, 5 X 10<sup>"13</sup> M, 10<sup>"13</sup> M, 5 X 10<sup>"14</sup> M, 10<sup>"14</sup> M, 5 X 10<sup>"15</sup> M, or 10<sup>"</sup><sup>15</sup> M.
0684Gene Therapy
0685[0239] In a specific embodiment, nucleic acids comprising sequences encoding antibodies that bind therapeutic proteins or albumin fusion proteins comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein are administered to treat, inhibit or prevent a disease or disorder associated with abeπant expression and/or activity of a Therapeutic protein, by way of gene therapy. Gene therapy refers to therapy performed by the administration to a subject of an expressed or expressible nucleic acid. In this embodiment of the invention, the nucleic acids produce their encoded protein that mediates a therapeutic effect.
0686[0240] Any of the methods for gene therapy available in the art can be used according to the present invention. Exemplary methods are described in more detail elsewhere in this application.
0687Demonstration of Therapeutic or Prophylactic Activity
0688[0241] The compounds or pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are preferably tested in vitro, and then in vivo for the desired therapeutic or prophylactic activity, prior to use in humans. For example, in vitro assays to demonstrate the therapeutic or prophylactic utility of a compound or pharmaceutical composition include, the effect of a compound on a cell line or a patient tissue sample. The effect of the compound or composition on the cell line and/or tissue sample can be determined utilizing techniques known to those of skill in the art including, but not limited to, rosette formation assays and cell lysis assays. In accordance with the invention, in vitro assays which can be used to determine whether administration of a specific compound is indicated, include in vitro cell culture assays in which a patient tissue sample is grown in culture, and exposed to or otherwise administered a compound, and the effect of such compound upon the tissue sample is observed.
0689Therapeutic/Prophylactic Administration and Composition
0690[0242] The invention provides methods of treatment, inhibition and prophylaxis by administration to a subject of an effective amount of a compound or pharmaceutical composition of the invention. In a prefeπed embodiment, the compound is substantially purified (e.g., substantially free from substances that limit its effect or produce undesired side-effects). The subject is preferably an animal, including but not limited to animals such as cows, pigs, horses, chickens, cats, dogs, etc., and is preferably a mammal, and most preferably human.
0691[0243] Formulations and methods of administration that can be employed when the compound comprises a nucleic acid or an immunoglobulin are described above; additional appropriate formulations and routes of administration can be selected from among those described herein below.
0692[0244] Various delivery systems are known and can be used to administer a compound of the invention, e.g., encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, microcapsules, recombinant cells capable of expressing the compound, receptor-mediated endocytosis (see, e.g., Wu and Wu, J. Biol. Chem. 262:4429-4432 (1987)), construction of a nucleic acid as part of a retroviral or other vector, etc. Methods of introduction include but are not limited to intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, and oral routes. The compounds or compositions may be administered by any convenient route, for example by infusion or bolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g., oral mucosa, rectal and intestinal mucosa, etc.) and may be administered together with other biologically active agents. Administration can be systemic or local. In addition, it may be desirable to introduce the pharmaceutical compounds or compositions of the invention into the central nervous system by any suitable route, including intraventricular and intrathecai injection; intraventricular injection may be facilitated by an intraventricular catheter, for example, attached to a reservoir, such as an
0693Ommaya reservoir. Pulmonary administration can also be employed, e.g., by use of an inhaler or nebulizer, and formulation with an aerosolizing agent.
0694[0245] In a specific embodiment, it may be desirable to administer the pharmaceutical compounds or compositions of the invention locally to the area in need of treatment; this may be achieved by, for example, and not by way of limitation, local infusion during surgery, topical application, e.g., in conjunction with a wound dressing after surgery, by injection, by means of a catheter, by means of a suppository, or by means of an implant, said implant being of a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous material, including membranes, such as sialastic membranes, or fibers. Preferably, when administering a protein, including an antibody, of the invention, care must be taken to use materials to which the protein does not absorb.
0695[0246] In another embodiment, the compound or composition can be delivered in a vesicle, in particular a liposome (see Langer, Science 249:1527-1533 (1990); Treat et al., in
0696Liposomes in the Therapy of Infectious Disease and Cancer, Lopez-Berestein and Fidler
0697(eds.), Liss, New York, pp. 353- 365 (1989); Lopez-Berestein, ibid., pp. 317-327; see generally ibid.)
0698[0247] In yet another embodiment, the compound or composition can be delivered in a controlled release system. In one embodiment, a pump may be used (see Langer, supra; Sefton, CRC Crit. Ref. Biomed. Eng. 14:201 (1987); Buchwald et al., Surgery 88:507 (1980);
0699Saudek et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 321:574 (1989)). In another embodiment, polymeric materials can be used (see Medical Applications of Controlled Release, Langer and Wise
0700(eds.), CRC Pres., Boca Raton, Florida (1974); Controlled Drug Bioavailability, Drug
0701Product Design and Performance, Smolen and Ball (eds.), Wiley, New York (1984); Ranger and Peppas, J., Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. 23:61 (1983); see also Levy et al.,
0702Science 228:190 (1985); During et al., Ann. Neurol. 25:351 (1989); Howard et al.,
0703J.Neurosurg. 71:105 (1989)). In yet another embodiment, a controlled release system can be placed in proximity of the therapeutic target, e.g., the brain, thus requiring only a fraction of the systemic dose (see, e.g., Goodson, in Medical Applications of Controlled Release, supra, vol. 2, pp. 115-138 (1984)).
0704[0248] Other controlled release systems are discussed in the review by Langer
0705(Science 249:1527-1533 (1990)).
0706[0249] In a specific embodiment where the compound of the invention is a nucleic acid encoding a protein, the nucleic acid can be administered in vivo to promote expression of its encoded protein, by constructing it as part of an appropriate nucleic acid expression vector and administering it so that it becomes intracellular, e.g., by use of a retroviral vector (see
0707U.S. Patent No. 4,980,286), or by direct injection, or by use of microparticle bombardment
0708(e.g., a gene gun; Biolistic, Dupont), or coating with lipids or cell-surface receptors or transfecting agents, or by administering it in linkage to a homeobox- like peptide which is known to enter the nucleus (see e.g., Joliot et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:1864-1868
0709(1991)), etc. Altematively, a nucleic acid can be introduced intracellularly and incorporated within host cell DNA for expression, by homologous recombination.
0710[0250] The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions. Such compositions comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a compound, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In a specific embodiment, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable" means approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans. The term "carrier" refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or vehicle with which the therapeutic is administered. Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like. Water is a prefeπed carrier when the pharmaceutical composition is administered intravenously. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions. Suitable pharmaceutical excipients include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like. The composition, if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents. These compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsion, tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained-release formulations and the like. The composition can be formulated as a suppository, with traditional binders and carriers such as triglycerides. Oral formulation can include standard carriers such as pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, cellulose, magnesium carbonate, etc. Examples of suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences" by
0711E.W. Martin. Such compositions will contain a therapeutically effective amount of the compound, preferably in purified form, together with a suitable amount of carrier so as to provide the form for proper administration to the patient. The formulation should suit the mode of administration.
0712[0251] In a prefeπed embodiment, the composition is formulated in accordance with routine procedures as a pharmaceutical composition adapted for intravenous administration to human beings. Typically, compositions for intravenous administration are solutions in sterile isotonic aqueous buffer. Where necessary, the composition may also include a solubilizing agent and a local anesthetic such as lignocaine to ease pain at the site of the injection. Generally, the ingredients are supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent. Where the composition is to be administered by infusion, it can be dispensed with an infusion bottle containing sterile pharmaceutical grade water or saline. Where the composition is administered by injection, an ampoule of sterile water for injection or saline can be provided so that the ingredients may be mixed prior to administration.
0713[0252] The compounds of the invention can be formulated as neutral or salt forms.
0714Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those formed with anions such as those derived from hydrochloric, phosphoric, acetic, oxalic, tartaric acids, etc., and those formed with cations such as those derived from sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, ferric hydroxides, isopropylamine, triethylamine, 2-ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine, etc. [0253] The amount of the compound of the invention which will be effective in the treatment, inhibition and prevention of a disease or disorder associated with abeπant expression and/or activity of a Therapeutic protein can be determined by standard clinical techniques. In addition, in vitro assays may optionally be employed to help identify optimal dosage ranges. The precise dose to be employed in the formulation will also depend on the route of administration, and the seriousness of the disease or disorder, and should be decided according to the judgment of the practitioner and each patient's circumstances. Effective doses may be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems.
0715[0254] For antibodies, the dosage administered to a patient is typically 0.1 mg kg to
0716100 mg/kg of the patient's body weight. Preferably, the dosage administered to a patient is between 0.1 mg kg and 20 mg/kg of the patient's body weight, more preferably 1 mg kg to 10 mg kg of the patient's body weight. Generally, human antibodies have a longer half-life within the human body than antibodies from other species due to the immune response to the foreign polypeptides. Thus, lower dosages of human antibodies and less frequent administration is often possible. Further, the dosage and frequency of administration of antibodies of the invention may be reduced by enhancing uptake and tissue penetration (e.g., into the brain) of the antibodies by modifications such as, for example, lipidation.
0717Diagnosis and Imaging
0718[0255] Labeled antibodies and derivatives and analogs thereof that bind a Therapeutic protein (or fragment or variant thereof) (including albumin fusion proteins comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein), can be used for diagnostic purposes to detect, diagnose, or monitor diseases, disorders, and/or conditions associated with the abeπant expression and/or activity of Therapeutic protein. The invention provides for the detection of abeπant expression of a Therapeutic protein, comprising (a) assaying the expression of the Therapeutic protein in cells or body fluid of an individual using one or more antibodies specific to the polypeptide interest and (b) comparing the level of gene expression with a standard gene expression level, whereby an increase or decrease in the assayed Therapeutic protein expression level compared to the standard expression level is indicative of abeπant expression.
0719[0256] The invention provides a diagnostic assay for diagnosing a disorder, comprising (a) assaying the expression of the Therapeutic protein in cells or body fluid of an individual using one or more antibodies specific to the Therapeutic protein or albumin fusion proteins comprising at least a fragment of variant of an antibody specific to a Therapeutic protein, and (b) comparing the level of gene expression with a standard gene expression level, whereby an increase or decrease in the assayed Therapeutic protein gene expression level compared to the standard expression level is indicative of a particular disorder. With respect to cancer, the presence of a relatively high amount of transcript in biopsied tissue from an individual may indicate a predisposition for the development of the disease, or may provide a means for detecting the disease prior to the appearance of actual clinical symptoms. A more definitive diagnosis of this type may allow health professionals to employ preventative measures or aggressive treatment earlier thereby preventing the development or further progression of the cancer.
0720[0257] Antibodies of the invention or albumin fusion proteins comprising at least a fragment of variant of an antibody specific to a Therapeutic protein can be used to assay protein levels in a biological sample using classical immunohistological methods known to those of skill in the art (e.g., see Jalkanen et al., J. Cell. Biol. 101:976-985 (1985); Jalkanen et al., J. Cell . Biol. 105:3087-3096 (1987)). Other antibody-based methods useful for detecting protein gene expression include immunoassays, such as the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the radioimmunoassay (RIA). Suitable antibody assay labels are known in the art and include enzyme labels, such as, glucose oxidase; radioisotopes, such as iodine
0721(1251, 1211), carbon (14C), sulfur (35S), tritium (3H), indium (112In), and technetium
0722(99Tc); luminescent labels, such as luminol; and fluorescent labels, such as fluorescein and rhodamine, and biotin.
0723[0258] One facet of the invention is the detection and diagnosis of a disease or disorder associated with abeπant expression of a Therapeutic protein in an animal, preferably a mammal and most preferably a human. In one embodiment, diagnosis comprises: a) administering (for example, parenterally, subcutaneously, or intraperitoneally) to a subject an effective amount of a labeled molecule which specifically binds to the polypeptide of interest; b) waiting for a time interval following the administering for permitting the labeled molecule to preferentially concentrate at sites in the subject where the Therapeutic protein is expressed (and for unbound labeled molecule to be cleared to background level); c) determining background level; and d) detecting the labeled molecule in the subject, such that detection of labeled molecule above the background level indicates that the subject has a particular disease or disorder associated with abeπant expression of the therapeutic protein. Background level can be determined by various methods including, comparing the amount of labeled molecule detected to a standard value previously determined for a particular system.
0724[0259] It will be understood in the art that the size of the subject and the imaging system used will determine the quantity of imaging moiety needed to produce diagnostic images. In the case of a radioisotope moiety, for a human subject, the quantity of radioactivity injected will normally range from about 5 to 20 millicuries of 99mTc. The labeled antibody, antibody fragment, or albumin fusion protein comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein will then preferentially accumulate at the location of cells which contain the specific Therapeutic protein. In vivo tumor imaging is described in S.W. Burchiel et al., "Immunopharmacokinetics of
0725Radiolabeled Antibodies and Their Fragments." (Chapter 13 in Tumor Imaging: The
0726Radiochemical Detection of Cancer, S.W. Burchiel and B. A. Rhodes, eds., Masson
0727Publishing Inc. (1982)).
0728[0260] Depending on several variables, including the type of label used and the mode of administration, the time interval following the administration for permitting the labeled molecule to preferentially concentrate at sites in the subject and for unbound labeled molecule to be cleared to background level is 6 to 48 hours or 6 to 24 hours or 6 to 12 hours.
0729In another embodiment the time interval following administration is 5 to 20 days or 5 to 10 days.
0730[0261] In an embodiment, monitoring of the disease or disorder is carried out by repeating the method for diagnosing the disease or disease, for example, one month after initial diagnosis, six months after initial diagnosis, one year after initial diagnosis, etc.
0731[0262] Presence of the labeled molecule can be detected in the patient using methods known in the art for in vivo scanning. These methods depend upon the type of label used.
0732Skilled artisans will be able to determine the appropriate method for detecting a particular label. Methods and devices that may be used in the diagnostic methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, computed tomography (CT), whole body scan such as position emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and sonography.
0733[0263] In a specific embodiment, the molecule is labeled with a radioisotope and is detected in the patient using a radiation responsive surgical instrument (Thurston et al., U.S.
0734Patent No. 5,441,050). In another embodiment, the molecule is labeled with a fluorescent compound and is detected in the patient using a fluorescence responsive scanning instrument.
0735In another embodiment, the molecule is labeled with a positron emitting metal and is detected in the patent using positron emission-tomography. In yet another embodiment, the molecule is labeled with a paramagnetic label and is detected in a patient using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Antibodies that specifically detect the albumin fusion protein but not albumin or the therapeutic protein alone are a prefeπed embodiment. These can be used to detect the albumin fusion protein as described throughout the specification.
0736Kits
0737[0264] The present invention provides kits that can be used in the above methods. In one embodiment, a kit comprises an antibody, preferably a purified antibody, in one or more containers. In a specific embodiment, the kits of the present invention contain a substantially isolated polypeptide comprising an epitope which is specifically immunoreactive with an antibody included in the kit. Preferably, the kits of the present invention further comprise a control antibody which does not react with the polypeptide of interest. In another specific embodiment, the kits of the present invention contain a means for detecting the binding of an antibody to a polypeptide of interest (e.g., the antibody may be conjugated to a detectable substrate such as a fluorescent compound, an enzymatic substrate, a radioactive compound or a luminescent compound, or a second antibody which recognizes the first antibody may be conjugated to a detectable substrate).
0738[0265] In another specific embodiment of the present invention, the kit is a diagnostic kit for use in screening serum containing antibodies specific against proliferative and/or cancerous polynucleotides and polypeptides. Such a kit may^include a control antibody that does not react with the polypeptide of interest. Such a kit may include a substantially isolated polypeptide antigen comprising an epitope which is specifically immunoreactive with at least one anti-polypeptide antigen antibody. Further, such a kit includes means for detecting the binding of said antibody to the antigen (e.g., the antibody may be conjugated to a fluorescent compound such as fluorescein or rhodamine which can be detected by flow cytometry). In specific embodiments, the kit may include a recombinantly produced or chemically synthesized polypeptide antigen. The polypeptide antigen of the kit may also be attached to a solid support.
0739[0266] In a more specific embodiment the detecting means of the above-described kit includes a solid support to which said polypeptide antigen is attached. Such a kit may also include a non-attached reporter-labeled anti-human antibody. In this embodiment, binding of the antibody to the polypeptide antigen can be detected by binding of the said reporter-labeled antibody.
0740[0267] In an additional embodiment, the invention includes a diagnostic kit for use in screening serum containing antigens of the polypeptide of the invention. The diagnostic kit includes a substantially isolated antibody specifically immunoreactive with polypeptide or polynucleotide antigens, and means for detecting the binding of the polynucleotide or polypeptide antigen to the antibody. In one embodiment, the antibody is attached to a solid support. In a specific embodiment, the antibody may be a monoclonal antibody. The detecting means of the kit may include a second, labeled monoclonal antibody. Alternatively, or in addition, the detecting means may include a labeled, competing antigen. [0268] In one diagnostic configuration, test serum is reacted with a solid phase reagent having a surface-bound antigen obtained by the methods of the present invention. After binding with specific antigen antibody to the reagent and removing unbound serum components by washing, the reagent is reacted with reporter-labeled anti-human antibody to bind reporter to the reagent in proportion to the amount of bound anti-antigen antibody on the solid support. The reagent is again washed to remove unbound labeled antibody, and the amount of reporter associated with the reagent is determined. Typically, the reporter is an enzyme which is detected by incubating the solid phase in the presence of a suitable fluorometric, luminescent or colorimetric substrate (Sigma, St. Louis, MO). [0269] The solid surface reagent in the above assay is prepared by known techniques for attaching protein material to solid support material, such as polymeric beads, dip sticks, 96-well plate or filter material. These attachment methods generally include non-specific adsorption of the protein to the support or covalent attachment of the protein, typically through a free amine group, to a chemically reactive group on the solid support, such as an activated carboxyl, hydroxyl, or aldehyde group. Alternatively, streptavidin coated plates can be used in conjunction with biotinylated antigen(s).
0741[0270] Thus, the invention provides an assay system or kit for carrying out this diagnostic method. The kit generally includes a support with surface-bound recombinant antigens, and a reporter-labeled anti-human antibody for detecting surface-bound anti-antigen antibody.
0742Albumin Fusion Proteins
0743[0271] The present invention relates generally to albumin fusion proteins and methods of treating, preventing, or ameliorating diseases or disorders. As used herein,
0744"albumin fusion protein" refers to a protein formed by the fusion of at least one molecule of albumin (or a fragment or variant thereof) to at least one molecule of a Therapeutic protein
0745(or fragment or variant thereof). An albumin fusion protein of the invention comprises at least a fragment or variant of a Therapeutic protein and at least a fragment or variant of human serum albumin, which are associated with one another, preferably by genetic fusion (i.e., the albumin fusion protein is generated by translation of a nucleic acid in which a polynucleotide encoding all or a portion of a Therapeutic protein is joined in-frame with a polynucleotide encoding all or a portion of albumin) or to one another. The Therapeutic protein and albumin protein, once part of the albumin fusion protein, may each be refeπed to as a "portion",
0746"region" or "moiety" of the albumin fusion protein.
0747[0272] In a prefeπed embodiment, the invention provides an albumin fusion protein encoded by a polynucleotide or albumin fusion construct described in Table 1 or Table 2.
0748Polynucleotides encoding these albumin fusion proteins are also encompassed by the invention.
0749[0273] Prefeπed albumin fusion proteins of the invention, include, but are not limited to, albumin fusion proteins encoded by a nucleic acid molecule comprising, or alternatively consisting of, a polynucleotide encoding at least one molecule of albumin (or a fragment or variant thereof) joined in frame to at least one polynucleotide encoding at least one molecule of a Therapeutic protein (or fragment or variant thereof); a nucleic acid molecule comprising, or alternatively consisting of, a polynucleotide encoding at least one molecule of albumin (or a fragment or variant thereof) joined in frame to at least one polynucleotide encoding at least one molecule of a Therapeutic protein (or fragment or variant thereof) generated as described in Table 1, Table 2 or in the Examples; or a nucleic acid molecule comprising, or alternatively consisting of, a polynucleotide encoding at least one molecule of albumin (or a fragment or variant thereof) joined in frame to at least one polynucleotide encoding at least one molecule of a Therapeutic protein (or fragment or variant thereof), further comprising, for example, one or more of the following elements: (1) a functional self-replicating vector
0750(including but not limited to, a shuttle vector, an expression vector, an integration vector, and or a replication system), (2) a region for initiation of transcription (e.g., a promoter region, such as for example, a regulatable or inducible promoter, a constitutive promoter), (3) a region for termination of transcription, (4) a leader sequence, and (5) a selectable marker.
0751[0274] In one embodiment, the invention provides an albumin fusion protein comprising, or alternatively consisting of, a Therapeutic protein (e.g., as described in Table 1) and a serum albumin protein. In other embodiments, the invention provides an albumin fusion protein comprising, or alternatively consisting of, a biologically active and/or therapeutically active fragment of a Therapeutic protein and a serum albumin protein. In other embodiments, the invention provides an albumin fusion protein comprising, or alternatively consisting of, a biologically active and/or therapeutically active variant of a Therapeutic protein and a serum albumin protein. In prefeπed embodiments, the serum albumin protein component of the albumin fusion protein is the mature portion of serum albumin.
0752[0275] In further embodiments, the invention provides an albumin fusion protein comprising, or alternatively consisting of, a Therapeutic protein, and a biologically active and/or therapeutically active fragment of serum albumin. In further embodiments, the invention provides an albumin fusion protein comprising, or alternatively consisting of, a
0753Therapeutic protein and a biologically active and/or therapeutically active variant of serum albumin. In prefeπed embodiments, the Therapeutic protein portion of the albumin fusion protein is the mature portion of the Therapeutic protein.
0754[0276] In further embodiments, the invention provides an albumin fusion protein comprising, or alternatively consisting of, a biologically active and/or therapeutically active fragment or variant of a Therapeutic protein and a biologically active and/or therapeutically active fragment or variant of serum albumin. In prefeπed embodiments, the invention provides an albumin fusion protein comprising, or alternatively consisting of, the mature portion of a Therapeutic protein and the mature portion of serum albumin.
0755[0277] Preferably, the albumin fusion protein comprises HA as the N-terminal portion, and a Therapeutic protein as the C-terminal portion. Alternatively, an albumin fusion protein comprising HA as the C-terminal portion, and a Therapeutic protein as the N- terminal portion may also be used.
0756[0278] In other embodiments, the albumin fusion protein has a Therapeutic protein fused to both the N-terminus and the C-terminus of albumin. In a prefeπed embodiment, the
0757Therapeutic proteins fused at the N- and C- termini are the same Therapeutic proteins. In an alternative prefeπed embodiment, the Therapeutic proteins fused at the N- and C- termini are different Therapeutic proteins. In another prefeπed embodiment, the Therapeutic proteins fused at the N- and C- termini are different Therapeutic proteins which may be used to treat or prevent the same or a related disease, disorder, or condition (e.g. as listed in the "Prefeπed
0758Indication Y" column of Table 1). In another prefeπed embodiment, the Therapeutic proteins fused at the N- and C- termini are different Therapeutic proteins which may be used to treat, ameliorate, or prevent diseases or disorders (e.g. as listed in the "Prefeπed Indication Y" column of Table 1) which are known in the art to commonly occur in patients simultaneously, concuπently, or consecutively, or which commonly occur in patients in association with one another.
0759[0279] Exemplary fusion proteins of the invention containing multiple Therapeutic protein portions fused at the N- and C- termini of albumin include, but are not limited to,
0760GCSF-HSA-EPO, EPO-HSA-GCSF, IFNalpha-HSA-IL2, D 2-HSA-IFNalpha, GCSF-HSA-
E 2, E 2-HSA-GCSF, IL2-HSA-EPO, EPO-HSA-IL2, D 3-HSA-EPO, EPO-HSA-IL3,
GCSF-HSA-GMCSF, GMCSF-HSA-GCSF, IL2-HSA-GMCSF, GMCSF-HSA-IL2, PTH-
0763HSA-Calcitonin, Calcitonin-HSA-PTH, PTH-PTH-HSA-Calcitonin, Calcitonin-HSA-PTH-
0764PTH, PTH-Calcitonin-HSA-PTH, or PTH-HSA-Calcitonin-PTH.
0765[0280] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention encompass proteins containing one, two, three, four, or more molecules of a given Therapeutic protein X or variant thereof fused to the N- or C- terminus of an albumin fusion protein of the invention, and/or to the N- and or
0766C- terminus of albumin or variant thereof. Molecules of a given Therapeutic protein X or variants thereof may be in any number of orientations, including, but not limited to, a 'head to head' orientation (e.g., wherein the N-terminus of one molecule of a Therapeutic protein X is fused to the N-terminus of another molecule of the Therapeutic protein X), or a 'head to tail' orientation (e.g., wherein the C-terminus of one molecule of a Therapeutic protein X is fused to the N-terminus of another molecule of Therapeutic protein X).
0767[0281] In one embodiment, one, two, three, or more tandemly oriented Therapeutic protein X polypeptides (or fragments or variants thereof) are fused to the N- or C- terminus of an albumin fusion protein of the invention, and/or to the N- and/or C- terminus of albumin or variant thereof.
0768[0282] In a specific embodiment, one, two, three, four, five, or more tandemly oriented molecules of PTH are fused to the N- or C-terminus of albumin or variant thereof.
0769For example, one, two, three, four, five, or more tandemly oriented molecules of PTH
0770(including, but not limited to, molecules of PTH comprising, or alternatively consisting of, amino acids 1 to 34) are fused to the N- or C-terminus of albumin or variant thereof.
0771Exemplary fusion proteins of the invention containing multiple protein portions of PTH, include, but are not limited to, PTH-PTH-HSA, HSA-PTH-PTH, PTH-PTH-PTH-HSA,
0772HSA-PTH-PTH-PTH, PTH-PTH-PTH-PTH-HS A, or HSA-PTH-PTH-PTH-PTH. [0283] In another specific embodiment, one, two, three, four, five, or more tandemly oriented molecules of GLP-1 are fused to the N- or C-terminus of albumin or variant thereof.
0773For example, one, two, three, four, five, or more tandemly oriented molecules of GLP-1
0774(including, but not limited to, molecules of GLP-1 comprising, or alternatively consisting of, amino acids 7 to 36, with residue 8 being mutated from an Alanine to a Glycine) (See for
0775Example, the mutants disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,545,618, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety) are fused to the N- or C-terminus of albumin or variant thereof.
0776Exemplary fusion proteins of the invention containing multiple protein portions of GLP-1, include, but are not limited to, GL1-GLP1-HSA, HSA-GLP1-GLP1, GLPlmutant-
0777GLPlmutant-HSA, HSA-GLPlmutant-GLPl mutant, GLPlmutant-GLPl-HSA, HSA-
0778GLPlmutant-GLPl, GLPl-GLPlmutant-HSA, or HSA-GLPl-GLPlmutant. Particularly prefeπed embodiments are GLP-1 tandem fusions such as construct ID #3070 and the protein encoded by such construct.
0779[0284] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention further encompass proteins containing one, two, three, four, or more molecules of a given Therapeutic protein X or variant thereof fused to the N- or C- terminus of an albumin fusion protein of the invention, and/or to the N- and or C- terminus of albumin or variant thereof, wherein the molecules are joined through peptide linkers. Examples include those peptide linkers described in U.S. Pat.
0780No. 5,073,627 (hereby incorporated by reference). Albumin fusion proteins comprising multiple Therapeutic protein X polypeptides separated by peptide linkers may be produced using conventional recombinant DNA technology. Linkers are particularly important when fusing a small peptide to the large HSA molecule. The peptide itself can be a linker by fusing tandem copies of the peptide (see for example GLP-1) or other known linkers can be used.
0781Constructs that incorporate linkers are described in Table 2 or are apparent when examining
0782SEQ ID NO: Y.
0783[0285] Further, albumin fusion proteins of the invention may also be produced by fusing a Therapeutic protein X or variants thereof to the N-terminal and/or C-terminal of albumin or variants thereof in such a way as to allow the formation of intramolecular and/or intermolecular multimeric forms. In one embodiment of the invention, albumin fusion proteins may be in monomeric or multimeric forms (i.e., dimers, trimers, tetramers and higher multimers). In a further embodiment of the invention, the Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein may be in monomeric form or multimeric form (i.e., dimers, trimers, tetramers and higher multimers). In a specific embodiment, the Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein is in multimeric form (i.e., dimers, trimers, tetramers and higher multimers), and the albumin protein portion is in monomeric form.
0784[0286] In addition to albumin fusion protein in which the albumin portion is fused N- terminal and or C-terminal of the Therapeutic protein portion, albumin fusion proteins of the invention may also be produced by inserting the Therapeutic protein or peptide of interest
0785(e.g., a Therapeutic protein X as disclosed in Table 1, or an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein or a fragment or variant thereof) into an internal region of HA. For instance, within the protein sequence of the HA molecule a number of loops or turns exist between the end and beginning of α-helices, which are stabilized by disulphide bonds. The loops, as determined from the crystal structure of HA (PDB identifiers 1 AO6, 1BJ5, 1BKE, 1BM0,
07861E7E to 1E7I and 1UOR) for the most part extend away from the body of the molecule.
0787These loops are useful for the insertion, or internal fusion, of therapeutically active peptides, particularly those requiring a secondary structure to be functional, or Therapeutic proteins, to essentially generate an albumin molecule with specific biological activity.
0788[0287] Loops in human albumin structure into which peptides or polypeptides may be inserted to generate albumin fusion proteins of the invention include: Val54-Asn61, Thr76-
0789Asp89, Ala92-Glul00, Glnl70-Alal76, His 247 - Glu252, Glu 266 - Glu277, Glu 280-
0790His288, Ala362-Glu368, Lys439-Pro447, Val462-Lys475, Thr478-Pro486, and Lys560-
0791Thr566. In more prefeπed embodiments, peptides or polypeptides are inserted into the
0792Val54-Asn61, Glnl70-Alal76, and/or Lys560-Thr566 loops of mature human albumin (SEQ
0793ID NO: 1038).
0794[0288] Peptides to be inserted may be derived from either phage display or synthetic peptide libraries screened for specific biological activity or from the active portions of a molecule with the desired function. Additionally, random peptide libraries may be generated within particular loops or by insertions of randomized peptides into particular loops of the
0795HA molecule and in which all possible combinations of amino acids are represented.
0796[0289] Such library(s) could be generated on HA or domain fragments of HA by one of the following methods:
0797[0290] randomized mutation of amino acids within one or more peptide loops of HA or HA domain fragments. Either one, more or all the residues within a loop could be mutated in this manner;
0798[0291] replacement of, or insertion into one or more loops of HA or HA domain fragments (i.e., internal fiision) of a randomized peptide(s) of length X<sub>n</sub> (where X is an amino acid and n is the number of residues;
0799[0292] N-, C- or N- and C- terminal peptide/protein fusions in addition to (a) and/or
0800(b).
0801[0293] The HA or HA domain fragment may also be made multifunctional by grafting the peptides derived from different screens of different loops against different targets into the same HA or HA domain fragment.
0802[0294] In prefeπed embodiments, peptides inserted into a loop of human serum albumin are peptide fragments or peptide variants of the Therapeutic proteins disclosed in
0803Table 1. More particularly, the invention encompasses albumin fusion proteins which comprise peptide fragments or peptide variants at least 7 at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, or at least 40 amino acids in length inserted into a loop of human serum albumin.
0804The invention also encompasses albumin fusion proteins which comprise peptide fragments or peptide variants at least 7 at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least
080513, at least 14, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, or at least 40 amino acids fused to the N-terminus of human serum albumin. The invention also encompasses albumin fusion proteins which comprise peptide fragments or peptide variants at least 7 at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least
080620, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, or at least 40 amino acids fused to the C-terminus of human serum albumin. For example, short peptides described in Table 1 and 2 (e.g.,
0807Therapeutic Y) can be inserted into the albumin loops.
0808[0295] Generally, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention may have one
0809HA-derived region and one Therapeutic protein-derived region. Multiple regions of each protein, however, may be used to make an albumin fusion protein of the invention. Similarly, more than one Therapeutic protein may be used to make an albumin fusion protein of the invention. For instance, a Therapeutic protein may be fused to both the N- and C-terminal ends of the HA. In such a configuration, the Therapeutic protein portions may be the same or different Therapeutic protein molecules. The structure of bifunctional albumin fusion proteins maybe represented as: X-HA-Y or Y-HA-X.
0810[0296] For example, an anti-BLyS™ scFv-HA-IFNα-2b fusion may be prepared to modulate the immune response to IFNα-2b by anti-BLyS™ scFv. An alternative is making a bi (or even multi) functional dose of HA-fusions e.g. HA-IFNα-2b fusion mixed with HA- anti-BLyS™ scFv fusion or other HA-fusions in various ratio's depending on function, half- life etc.
0811[0297] Bi- or multi-functional albumin fusion proteins may also be prepared to target the Therapeutic protein portion of a fusion to a target organ or cell type via protein or peptide at the opposite terminus of HA.
0812[0298] As an alternative to the fusion of known therapeutic molecules, the peptides could be obtained by screening libraries constructed as fusions to the N-, C- or N- and C- termini of HA, or domain fragment of HA, of typically 6, 8, 12, 20 or 25 or X„ (where X is an amino acid (aa) and n equals the number of residues) randomized amino acids, and in which all possible combinations of amino acids were represented. A particular advantage of this approach is that the peptides may be selected in situ on the HA molecule and the properties of the peptide would therefore be as selected for rather than, potentially, modified as might be the case for a peptide derived by any other method then being attached to HA.
0813[0299] Additionally, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention may include a linker peptide between the fused portions to provide greater physical separation between the moieties and thus maximize the accessibility of the Therapeutic protein portion, for instance, for binding to its cognate receptor. The linker peptide may consist of amino acids such that it is flexible or more rigid.
0814[0300] The linker sequence may be cleavable by a protease or chemically to yield the growth hormone related moiety. Preferably, the protease is one which is produced naturally by the host, for example the S. cerevisiae protease kex2 or equivalent proteases.
0815[0301] <sub>o</sub> Therefore, as described above, the albumin fiision proteins of the invention may have the following formula R1-L-R2; R2-L-R1; or R1-L-R2-L-R1, wherein Rl is at least one Therapeutic protein, peptide or polypeptide sequence, and not necessarily the same
0816Therapeutic protein, L is a linker and R2 is a serum albumin sequence.
0817[0302] In prefeπed embodiments, Albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprising a Therapeutic protein have extended shelf life compared to the shelf life the same
0818Therapeutic protein when not fused to albumin. Shelf-life typically refers to the time period over which the therapeutic activity of a Therapeutic protein in solution or in some other storage formulation, is stable without undue loss of therapeutic activity. Many of the
0819Therapeutic proteins are highly labile in their unfused state. As described below, the typical shelf-life of these Therapeutic proteins is markedly prolonged upon incorporation into the albumin fusion protein of the invention.
0820[0303] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention with "prolonged" or "extended" shelf-life exhibit greater therapeutic activity relative to a standard that has been subjected to the same storage and handling conditions. The standard may be the unfused full-length Therapeutic protein. When the Therapeutic protein portion of the albumin fusion protein is an analog, a variant, or is otherwise altered or does not include the complete sequence for that protein, the prolongation of therapeutic activity may alternatively be compared to the unfused equivalent of that analog, variant, altered peptide or incomplete sequence. As an example, an albumin fusion protein of the invention may retain greater than about 100% of the therapeutic activity, or greater than about 105%, 110%, 120%, 130%, 150% or 200% of the therapeutic activity of a standard when subjected to the same storage and handling conditions as the standard when compared at a given time point.
0821[0304] Shelf-life may also be assessed in terms of therapeutic activity remaining after storage, normalized to therapeutic activity when storage began. Albumin fusion proteins of the invention with prolonged or extended shelf-life as exhibited by prolonged or extended therapeutic activity may retain greater than about 50% of the therapeutic activity, about 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% or more of the therapeutic activity of the equivalent unfused Therapeutic protein when subjected to the same conditions. For example, as discussed in Example 38, an albumin fusion protein of the invention comprising hGH fused to the full length HA sequence may retain about 80% or more of its original activity in solution for periods of up to 5 weeks or more under various temperature conditions.
0822Expression of Fusion Proteins
0823[0305] The albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be produced as recombinant molecules by secretion from yeast, a microorganism such as a bacterium, or a human or animal cell line. Preferably, the polypeptide is secreted from the host cells.
0824[0306] A particular embodiment of the invention comprises a DNA construct encoding a signal sequence effective for directing secretion in yeast, particularly a yeast-derived signal sequence (especially one which is homologous to the yeast host), and the fused molecule of the first aspect of the invention, there being no yeast-derived pro sequence between the signal and the mature polypeptide.
0825[0307] The Saccharomyces cerevisiae invertase signal is a prefeπed example of a yeast-derived signal sequence.
0826[0308] Conjugates of the kind prepared by Poznansky et al, (FEBS Lett. 239:18
0827(1988)), in which separately-prepared polypeptides are joined by chemical cross-linking, are not contemplated.
0828[0309] The present invention also includes a cell, preferably a yeast cell transformed to express an albumin fusion protein of the invention. In addition to the transformed host cells themselves, the present invention also contemplates a culture of those cells, preferably a monoclonal (clonally homogeneous) culture, or a culture derived from a monoclonal culture, in a nutrient medium. If the polypeptide is secreted, the medium will contain the polypeptide, with the cells, or without the cells if they have been filtered or centrifuged away. Many expression systems are known and may be used, including bacteria (for example E. coli and
0829Bacillus subtilis), yeasts (for example Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces lactis and
0830Pichia pastoris, filamentous fungi (for example Aspergillus), plant cells, animal cells and insect cells.
0831[0310] Prefeπed yeast strains to be used in the production of albumin fusion proteins are D88, DXY1 and BXP10. D88 [leu2-3, leu2-122, canl, pral, ubc4] is a derivative of parent strain AH22his<sup>+</sup> (also known as DB1; see, e.g., Sleep et al. Biotechnology 8:42-46
0832(1990)). The strain contains a leu2 mutation which allows for auxotropic selection of 2 micron-based plasmids that contain the LEU2 gene. D88 also exhibits a derepression of
0833PRB1 in glucose excess. The PRB1 promoter is normally controlled by two checkpoints that monitor glucose levels and growth stage. The promoter is activated in wild type yeast upon glucose depletion and entry into stationary phase. Strain D88 exhibits the repression by glucose but maintains the induction upon entry into stationary phase. The PRA1 gene encodes a yeast vacuolar protease, YscA endoprotease A, that is localized in the ER. The
0834UBC4 gene is in the ubiquitination pathway and is involved in targeting short lived and abnormal proteins for ubiquitin dependant degradation. Isolation of this ubc4 mutation was found to increase the copy number of an expression plasmid in the cell and cause an increased level of expression of a desired protein expressed from the plasmid (see, e.g., International
0835Publication No. WO99/00504, hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference herein).
0836[0311] DXY1, a derivative of D88, has the following genotype: [leu2-3, leu2-122, canl, pral, ubc4, ura3::yap3]. In addition to the mutations isolated in D88, this strain also has a knockout of the YAP3 protease. This protease causes cleavage of mostly di-basic residues (RR, RK, KR, KK) but can also promote cleavage at single basic residues in proteins. Isolation of this yap3 mutation resulted in higher levels of full length HSA production (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,965,386 and Kerry- Williams et al., Yeast 14:161-169
0837(1998), hereby incorporated in their entireties by reference herein). [0312] BXP10 has the following genotype: leu2-3, leu2-122, canl, pral, ubc4, ura3, yap3::URA3, lys2, hspl50::LYS2, pmtl::URA3. In addition to the mutations isolated in
0838DXY1, this strain also has a knockout of the PMT1 gene and the HSP150 gene. The PMT1 gene is a member of the evolutionarily conserved family of dolichyl-phosphate-D-mannose protein O-mannosyltransferases (Pmts). The transmembrane topology of Pmtlp suggests that it is an integral membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum with a role in O-linked glycosylation. This mutation serves to reduce/eliminate O-linked glycosylation of HSA fusions (see, e.g., International Publication No. WO00/44772, hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference herein). Studies revealed that the Hspl50 protein is inefficiently separated from rHA by ion exchange chromatography. The mutation in the HSP150 gene removes a potential contaminant that has proven difficult to remove by standard purification techniques. See, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,783,423, hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference herein.
0839[0313] The desired protein is produced in conventional ways, for example from a coding sequence inserted in the host chromosome or on a free plasmid. The yeasts are transformed with a coding sequence for the desired protein in any of the usual ways, for example electroporation. Methods for transformation of yeast by electroporation are disclosed in Becker & Guarente (1990) Methods Enzymol. 194, 182.
0840[0314] Successfully transformed cells, i.e., cells that contain a DNA construct of the present invention, can be identified by well known techniques. For example, cells resulting from the introduction of an expression construct can be grown to produce the desired polypeptide. Cells can be harvested and lysed and their DNA content examined for the presence of the DNA using a method such as that described by Southern (1975) J. Mol. Biol.
084198, 503 or Berent et al. (1985) Biotech. 3, 208. Alternatively, the presence of the protein in the supernatant can be detected using antibodies.
0842[0315] Useful yeast plasmid vectors include pRS403-406 and pRS413-416 and are generally available from Stratagene Cloning Systems, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Plasmids pRS403, pRS404, pRS405 and pRS406 are Yeast Integrating plasmids (Yips) and incorporate the yeast selectable markers HIS3, 7RP1, LEU2 and URA3. Plasmids pRS413-416 are Yeast
0843Centromere plasmids (Ycps).
0844[0316] Prefeπed vectors for making albumin fusion proteins for expression in yeast include pPPC0005, pScCHSA, pScNHSA, and pC4:HSA which are described in detail in
0845Example 1. Figure 2 shows a map of the pPPC0005 plasmid that can be used as the base vector into which polynucleotides encoding Therapeutic proteins may be cloned to form HA- fusions. It contains a PRB1 S. cerevisiae promoter (PRBlp), a Fusion leader sequence (FL), DNA encoding HA (rHA) and an ADH1 S. cerevisiae terminator sequence. The sequence of the fusion leader sequence consists of the first 19 amino acids of the signal peptide of human serum albumin (SEQ ID NO: 1094) and the last five amino acids of the mating factor alpha 1 promoter (SLDKR, see EP-A-387 319 which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).
0846[0317] The plasmids, pPPC0005, pScCHSA, pScNHSA, and pC4:HSA were deposited on April 11, 2001 at the American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Virginia 20110-2209 and given accession numbers ATCC PTA-3278, PTA-3276, PTA-3279, and PTA-3277, respectively. Another vector useful for expressing an albumin fusion protein in yeast the pSAC35 vector which is described in Sleep et al, BioTechnology 8:42 (1990) which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. [0318] Another yeast promoter that can be used to express the albumin fusion protein is the MET25 promoter. See, for example, Dominik Mumburg, Rolf Muller and Martin Funk. Nucleic Acids Research, 1994, Vol. 22, No. 25, pp. 5767-5768. The Met25 promoter is 383 bases long (bases -382 to -1) and the genes expressed by this promoter are also known as Metl5, Metl7, and YLR303W. A prefeπed embodiment uses the sequence below, where, at the 5' end of the sequence below, the Not 1 site used in the cloning is underlined and at the 3' end, the ATG start codon is underlined:
0847GCGGCCGCCGGATGCAAGGGTTCGAATCCCTTAGCTCTCATTATTTTTTGCTTTTT CTCTTGAGGTCACATGATCGCAAAATGGCAAATGGCACGTGAAGCTGTCGATATT GGGGAACTGTGGTGGTTGGCAAATGACTAATTAAGTTAGTCAAGGCGCCATCCTC ATGAAAACTGTGTAACATAATAACCGAAGTGTCGAAAAGGTGGCACCTTGTCCA ATTGAACACGCTCGATGAAAAAAATAAGATATATATAAGGTTAAGTAAAGCGTC TGTTAGAAAGGAAGTTTTTCCTTTTTCTTGCTCTCTTGTCTTTTCATCTACTATTTC CTTCGTGTAATACAGGGTCGTCAGATACATAGATACAATTCTATTACCCCCATCC ATACAATG (SEQ ID NO: 2138)
0848[0319] A variety of methods have been developed to operably link DNA to vectors via complementary cohesive termini. For instance, complementary homopolymer tracts can be added to the DNA segment to be inserted to the vector DNA. The vector and DNA segment are then joined by hydrogen bonding between the complementary homopolymeric tails to form recombinant DNA molecules. [0320] Synthetic linkers containing one or more restriction sites provide an alternative method of joining the DNA segment to vectors. The DNA segment, generated by endonuclease restriction digestion, is treated with bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase or E. coli DNA polymerase I, enzymes that remove protruding, gamma-single-stranded termini with their 3' 5'-exonucleolytic activities, and fill in recessed 3'-ends with their polymerizing activities.
0849[0321] The combination of these activities therefore generates blunt-ended DNA segments. The blunt-ended segments are then incubated with a large molar excess of linker molecules in the presence of an enzyme that is able to catalyze the ligation of blunt-ended
0850DNA molecules, such as bacteriophage T4 DNA ligase. Thus, the products of the reaction are
0851DNA segments carrying polymeric linker sequences at their ends. These DNA segments are then cleaved with the appropriate restriction enzyme and ligated to an expression vector that has been cleaved with an enzyme that produces termini compatible with those of the DNA segment.
0852[0322] Synthetic linkers containing a variety of restriction endonuclease sites are commercially available from a number of sources including International Biotechnologies
0853Inc, New Haven, CT, USA.
0854[0323] A desirable way to modify the DNA in accordance with the invention, if, for example, HA variants are to be prepared, is to use the polymerase chain reaction as disclosed by Saiki et al. (1988) Science 239, 487-491. In this method the DNA to be enzymatically amplified is flanked by two specific oligonucleotide primers which themselves become incorporated into the amplified DNA. The specific primers may contain restriction endonuclease recognition sites which can be used for cloning into expression vectors using methods known in the art.
0855[0324] Exemplary genera of yeast contemplated to be useful in the practice of the present invention as hosts for expressing the albumin fusion proteins are Pichia (Hansenula),
0856Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, Candida, Torulopsis, Torulaspora, Schizosaccharomyces,
0857Citeromyces, Pachysolen, Debaromyces, Metschunikowia, Rhodosporidium, Leucosporidium,
0858Botryoascus, Sporidiobolus, Endomycopsis, and the like. Prefeπed genera are those selected from the group consisting of Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, Pichia and Torulaspora. Examples of Saccharomyces spp. are S. cerevisiae, S. italicus and S. rouxii.
0859[0325] Examples of Kluyveromyces spp. are K. fragilis, K. lactis and K. marxianus. A suitable Torulaspora species is T. delbrueckii. Examples of Pichia (Hansenula) spp. are P. angusta (formerly H. polymorpha), P. anomala (formerly H. anomala) and P. pastoris.
0860Methods for the transformation of S. cerevisiae are taught generally in EP 251 744, EP 258
0861067 and WO 90/01063, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
0862[0326] Prefeπed exemplary species of Saccharomyces include S. cerevisiae, S. italicus, S. diastaticus, and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii. Prefeπed exemplary species of
0863Kluyveromyces include K. fragilis and K. lactis. Prefeπed exemplary species of Hansenula include H. polymorpha (now Pichia angusta), H. anomala (now Pichia anomala), and Pichia capsulata. Additional prefeπed exemplary species of Pichia include P. pastoris. Prefeπed exemplary species of Aspergillus include A. niger and A. nidulans. Prefeπed exemplary species of Yarrowia include Y. lipolytica. Many prefeπed yeast species are available from the ATCC. For example, the following prefeπed yeast species are available from the ATCC and are useful in the expression of albumin fusion proteins: Saccharomyces cerevisiae
0864Ηansen, teleomorph strain BY4743 yap3 mutant (ATCC Accession No. 4022731);
0865Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ηansen, teleomorph strain BY4743 hsplSO mutant (ATCC
0866Accession No. 4021266); Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ηansen, teleomorph strain BY4743 pmtl mutant (ATCC Accession No. 4023792); Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ηansen, teleomorph
0867(ATCC Accession Nos. 20626; 44773; 44774; and 62995); Saccharomyces diastaticus
0868Andrews et Gilliland ex van der Walt, teleomorph (ATCC Accession No. 62987);
0869Kluyveromyces lactis (Dombrowski) van der Walt, teleomorph (ATCC Accession No.
087076492); Pichia angusta (Teunisson et al.) Kurtzman, teleomorph deposited as Hansenula polymorpha de Morais et Maia, teleomorph (ATCC Accession No. 26012); Aspergillus niger van Tieghem, anamorph (ATCC Accession No. 9029); Aspergillus niger van Tieghem, anamorph (ATCC Accession No. 16404); Aspergillus nidulans (Eidam) Winter, anamorph
0871(ATCC Accession No. 48756); and Yarrowia lipolytica (Wickerham et al.) van der Walt et von Arx, teleomorph (ATCC Accession No. 201847).
0872[0327] Suitable promoters for S. cerevisiae include those associated with the PGKI gene, GAL1 or GAL10 genes, CYCI, PΗO5, TRPI, ADHI, ADH2, the genes for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase, pyruvate decarboxylase, phosphofructokinase, triose phosphate isomerase, phosphoglucose isomerase, glucokinase, alpha-mating factor pheromone, [a mating factor pheromone], the PRBI promoter, the GUT2 promoter, the GPDI promoter, and hybrid promoters involving hybrids of parts of 5' regulatory regions with parts of 5' regulatory regions of other promoters or with upstream activation sites (e.g. the promoter of EP-A-258 067). [0328] Convenient regulatable promoters for use in Schizosaccharomyces pombe are the thiamine-repressible promoter from the nmt gene as described by Maundrell (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 10857-10864 and the glucose repressible jbpl gene promoter as described by Hoffman & Winston (1990) Genetics 124, 807-816.
0873[0329] Methods of transforming Pichia for expression of foreign genes are taught in, for example, Cregg et al. (1993), and various Phillips patents (e.g. US 4 857 467, incorporated herein by reference), and Pichia expression kits are commercially available from Invitrogen BV, Leek, Netherlands, and hrvitrogen Corp., San Diego, California. Suitable promoters include AOXI and AOX2. Gleeson et al. (1986) j. Gen. Microbiol. 132, 3459-3465 include information on Hansenula vectors and transformation, suitable promoters being MOX1 and FMD1; whilst EP 361 991, Fleer et al. (1991) and other- publications from Rhone-Poulenc Rorer teach how to express foreign proteins in Kluyveromyces spp., a suitable promoter being PGKI.
0874[0330] The transcription termination signal is preferably the 3' flanking sequence of a eukaryotic gene which contains proper signals for transcription termination and polyadenylation. Suitable 3' flanking sequences may, for example, be those of the gene naturally linked to the expression control sequence used, i.e. may coπespond to the promoter. Alternatively, they may be different in which case the termination signal of the S. cerevisiae ADHI gene is prefeπed.
0875[0331] The desired albumin fusion protein may be initially expressed with a secretion leader sequence, which may be any leader effective in the yeast chosen. Leaders useful in yeast include any of the following: a) the MPIF-1 signal sequence (e.g., amino acids 1-21 of GenBank Accession number AAB51134) MKVSVAALSCLMLVTALGSQA (SEQ ID NO:2132) b) the stanniocalcin signal sequence (MLQNSAVLLLLVISASA, SEQ ID NO: 1054) c) the pre-pro region of the HSA signal sequence (e.g., MKWVTFISLLFLFSSAYSRGVFRR, SEQ ID NO: 1176) d) the pre region of the HSA signal sequence (e.g., MKWVTFISLLFLFSSAYS, SEQ ID NO: 1177) or variants thereof, such as, for example, MKWVSFISLLFLFSSAYS, (SEQ ID NO:1168) e) the invertase signal sequence (e.g., MLLQAFLFLLAGFAAKISA, SEQ ID NO: 1108) f) the yeast mating factor alpha signal sequence (e.g., MRFPSIFTAVLAFAASSALAAPVNTTTEDETAQIPAEAVIGYSDLEGDFDV
0876AVLPFSNSTNNGLLFINTTIASIAAKEEGVSLEKR, SEQ ID NO: 1109 or
MRFPSIFTAVLAFAASSALAAPVNTTTEDETAQIPAEAVIGYSDLEGDFDV
0878AVLPFSNSTNNGLLFINTTIASIAAKEEGVSLDKR, SEQ ID NO: 1109) g) K. lactis killer toxin leader sequence h) a hybrid signal sequence (e.g., MKWVSFISLLFLFSSAYSRSLEKR, SEQ ID
0879NO: 1110) i) an HSA/MFα-1 hybrid signal sequence (also known as HSA kex2) (e.g.,
0880MKWVSFISLLFLFSSAYSRSLDKR, SEQ ID NO:l 111) j) a K lactis killer/ MFα-1 fusion leader sequence (e.g.,
0881MNIFYIFLFLLSFVQGSLDKR, SEQ ID NO:l 169) k) the Immunoglobulin Ig signal sequence (e.g., MGWSCIILFLVATATGVHS, SEQ
0882ID NO: 1095) 1) the Fibulin B precursor signal sequence (e.g.,
0883MERAAPSRRVPLPLLLLGGLALLAAGVDA, SEQ ID NO: 1096) m) the clusterin precursor signal sequence (e.g., MMKTLLLFVGLLLTWESGQVLG,
0884SEQ ID NO: 1097) n) the insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 4 signal sequence (e.g.,
0885MLPLCLVAALLLAAGPGPSLG, SEQ ID NO: 1098) o) variants of the pre-pro-region of the HSA signal sequence such as, for example,
MKWVSFISLLFLFSSAYSRGVFRR (SEQ ID N6:1167),
MKWVTFISLLFLFAGVLG (SEQ ID NO: 1099),
MKWVTFISLLFLFSGVLG (SEQ ID NO: 1100),
MKWVTFISLLFLFGGVLG (SEQ ID NO: 1101),
0890Modified HSA leader HSA #64
MKWVTFISLLFLFAGVSG (SEQ ID NO:2133);
0892Modified HSA leader HSA #66
MKWVTFISLLFLFGGVSG (SEQ ID NO.2134);
0894Modified HSA (A14) leader -
MKWVTFISLLFLFAGVSG (SEQ ID NO: 1102);
0896Modified HSA (SI 4) leader (also known as modified HSA #65) -
MKWVTFISLLFLFSGVSG (SEQ ID NO: 1103),
0898Modified HSA (G14) leader - MKWVTFISLLFLFGGVSG (SEQ ID NO: 1104), or
0899MKWVTFISLLFLFGGVLGDLHKS (SEQ ID NO:l 105) p) a consensus signal sequence (MPTWAWWLFLVLLLALWAPARG, SEQ ID
0900NO: 1055) q) acid phosphatase (PH05) leader (e.g., MFKSVVYSILAASLANA SEQ ID
0901NO:2135) r) the pre-sequence of MFoz- 1 s) the pre-sequence of 0 glucanase (BGL2) t) killer toxin leader u) the presequence of killer toxin v) k. lactis killer toxin prepro (29 amino acids; 16 amino acids of pre and 13 amino acids of pro) MNIFYIFLFLLSFVQGLEHTHRRGSLDKR (SEQ ID NO:2136) w) S. diastaticus glucoarnylase II secretion leader sequence x) S. carlsbergensis α-galactosidase (MELI) secretion leader sequence y) Candida glucoarnylase leader sequence z) The hybrid leaders disclosed in EP-A-387 319 (herin incorporated by reference) aa) the gp67 signal sequence (in conjunction with baculoviral expression systems)
0902(e.g., amino acids 1-19 of GenBank Accession Number AAA72759) or bb) the natural leader of the therapeutic protein X; cc) S. cerevisiae invertase (SUC2) leader, as disclosed in JP 62-096086 (granted as
0903911036516, herein incorporate by reference); or dd) Inulinase - MKLAYSLLLPLAGVSASVINYKR (SEQ ID NO.2137). ee) A modified TA57 propeptide leader variant #1 -
MKXKTVRSAVLSSLFASQYLGQPIDDTESQTTSVNLMADDTESAFATQTN
0905SGGLDWGLISMAKR (SEQ ID NO:2128) ff) A modified TA57 propeptide leader variant #2 -
MKLKTVRSAVLSSLFASQVLGQPIDDTESQTTSVNLMADDTESAFATQTN
SGGLDWGLISMAEEGEPKR (SEQ ID NO:2129)
0908Additional Methods of Recombinant and Synthetic Production of Albumin Fusion Proteins
0909[0332] The present invention also relates to vectors containing a polynucleotide encoding an albumin fusion protein of the present invention, host cells, and the production of albumin fusion proteins by synthetic and recombinant techniques. The vector may be, for example, a phage, plasmid, viral, or retroviral vector. Retroviral vectors may be replication competent or replication defective. In the latter case, viral propagation generally will occur only in complementing host cells.
0910[0333] The polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be joined to a vector containing a selectable marker for propagation in a host. Generally, a plasmid vector is introduced in a precipitate, such as a calcium phosphate precipitate, or in a complex with a charged lipid. If the vector is a virus, it may be packaged in vitro using an appropriate packaging cell line and then transduced into host cells.
0911[0334] The polynucleotide insert should be operatively linked to an appropriate promoter, such as the phage lambda PL promoter, the E. coli lac, trp, phoA and tac promoters, the SV40 early and late promoters and promoters of retroviral LTRs, to name a few. Other suitable promoters will be known to the skilled artisan. The expression constructs will further contain sites for transcription initiation, termination, and, in the transcribed region, a ribosome binding site for translation. The coding portion of the transcripts expressed by the constructs will preferably include a translation initiating codon at the beginning and a termination codon (UAA, UGA or UAG) appropriately positioned at the end of the polypeptide to be translated.
0912[0335] As indicated, the expression vectors will preferably include at least one selectable marker. Such markers include dihydrofolate reductase, G418, glutamine synthase, or neomycin resistance for eukaryotic cell culture, and tetracycline, kanamycin or ampicillin resistance genes for culturing in E. coli and other bacteria. Representative examples of appropriate hosts include, but are not limited to, bacterial cells, such as E. coli, Streptomyces and Salmonella typhimurium cells; fungal cells, such as yeast cells (e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Pichia pastoris (ATCC Accession No. 201178)); insect cells such as Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf9 cells; animal cells such as CHO, COS, NSO, 293, and Bowes melanoma cells; and plant cells. Appropriate culture mediums and conditions for the above- described host cells are known in the art.
0913[0336] Among vectors prefeπed for use in bacteria include pQE70, pQE60 and pQE-
09149, available from QIAGEN, Inc.; pBluescript vectors, Phagescript vectors, pNH8A, pNH16a, pNH18A, pNH46A, available from Stratagene Cloning Systems, Inc.; and ptrc99a, pKK223- 3, pKK233-3, pDR540, pRTT5 available from Pharmacia Biotech, Inc. Among prefeπed eukaryotic vectors are pWLNEO, pSV2CAT, ρOG44, pXTl and pSG available from Stratagene; and pSVK3, pBPV, pMSG and pSVL available from Pharmacia. Prefeπed expression vectors for use in yeast systems include, but are not limited to pYES2, pYDl, pTEFl/Zeo, pYES2/GS, pPICZ, pGAPZ, pGAPZalph, pPIC9, pPIC3.5, pHIL-D2, pHEL-Sl, pPIC3.5K, pPIC9K, and PAO815 (all available from Invitrogen, Carlbad, CA). Other suitable vectors will be readily apparent to the skilled artisan.
0915[0337] In one embodiment, polynucleotides encoding an albumin fusion protein of the invention may be fused to signal sequences which will direct the localization of a protein of the invention to particular compartments of a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell and/or direct the secretion of a protein of the invention from a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell. For example, in E. coli, one may wish to direct the expression of the protein to the periplasmic space. Examples of signal sequences or proteins (or fragments thereof) to which the albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be fused in order to direct the expression of the polypeptide to the periplasmic space of bacteria include, but are not limited to, i epelB signal sequence, the maltose binding protein (MBP) signal sequence, MBP, the ompA signal sequence, the signal sequence of the periplasmic E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin B-subunit, and the signal sequence of alkaline phosphatase. Several vectors are commercially available for the construction of fusion proteins which will direct the localization of a protein, such as the pMAL series of vectors (particularly the pMAL-p series) available from New England Biolabs. In a specific embodiment, polynucleotides albumin fiision proteins of the invention may be fused to the pelB pectate lyase signal sequence to increase the efficiency of expression and purification of such polypeptides in Gram-negative bacteria. See, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,576,195 and 5,846,818, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties. [0338] Examples of signal peptides that may be fused to an albumin fusion protein of the invention in order to direct its secretion in mammalian cells include, but are not limited to: a) the MPIF-1 signal sequence (e.g., amino acids 1-21 of GenBank Accession number AAB51134) MKVSVAALSCLMLVTALGSQA (SEQ ID NO:2132) b) the stanniocalcin signal sequence (MLQNSAVLLLLVISASA, SEQ ID NO:1054) c) the pre-pro region of the HSA signal sequence (e.g., MKWVTFISLLFLFSSAYSRGVFRR, SEQ ID NO: 1176) d) the pre region of the HSA signal sequence (e.g., MKWVTFISLLFLFSSAYS, SEQ ID NO: 1177) or variants thereof, such as, for example, MKWVSFISLLFLFSSAYS, (SEQ ID NO:1168) e) the invertase signal sequence (e.g., MLLQAFLFLLAGFAAKISA, SEQ ID NO:1108) f) the yeast mating factor alpha signal sequence (e.g.,
0916MRFPSIFTAVLAFAASSALAAPVNTTTEDETAQIPAEAVIGYSDLEGDFDVAVL PFSNSTNNGLLFINTTIASIAAKEEGVSLEKR, SEQ ID NO: 1109 or MRFPSIFTAVLAFAASSALAAPVNTTTEDETAQIPAEAVIGYSDLEGDFDVAVL PFSNSTNNGLLFINTTIASIAAKEEGVSLDKR, SEQ ID NO: 1109) g) K. lactis killer toxin leader sequence h) a hybrid signal sequence (e.g., MKWVSFISLLFLFSSAYSRSLEKR, SEQ ID NO:1110) i) an HSA/MFα-1 hybrid signal sequence (also known as HSA/kex2) (e.g., MKWVSFISLLFLFSSAYSRSLDKR, SEQ ID NO: 1111) j) a K. lactis killer/ MFα-1 fusion leader sequence (e.g., MNIFYIFLFLLSFVQGSLDKR, SEQ ID NO:l 169) k) the Immunoglobulin Ig signal sequence (e.g., MGWSCIILFLVATATGVHS, SEQ ID NO: 1095)
09171) the Fibulin B precursor signal sequence (e.g., MERAAPSRRVPLPLLLLGGLALLAAGVDA, SEQ ID NO: 1096) m) the clusterin precursor signal sequence (e.g., MMKTLLLFVGLLLTWESGQVLG, SEQ ID NO: 1097) n) the insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 4 signal sequence (e.g., MLPLCLVAALLLAAGPGPSLG, SEQ ID NO: 1098) o) variants of the pre-pro-region of the HSA signal sequence such as, for example, MKWVSFISLLFLFSSAYSRGVFRR (SEQ ID NO: 1167),
MKWVTFISLLFLFAGVLG (SEQ ID NO: 1099),
MKWVTFISLLFLFSGVLG (SEQ ID NO: 1100),
0920MKWVTFISLLFLFGGVLG (SEQ ID NO:l 101),
0921Modified HSA leader HSA #64
MKWVTFISLLFLFAGVSG (SEQ ID NO:2133);
0923Modified HSA leader HSA #66
MKWVTFISLLFLFGGVSG (SEQ ID NO:2134);
0925Modified HSA (A14) leader -
0926MKWVTFISLLFLFAGVSG (SEQ ID NO: 1102); Modified HSA (S14) leader (also known as modified HSA #65) -
0927MKWVTFISLLFLFSGVSG (SEQ ID NO: 1103), Modified HSA (G14) leader -
0928MKWVTFISLLFLFGGVSG (SEQ ID NO: 1104), or MKWVTFISLLFLFGGVLGDLHKS (SEQ ID NO: 1105) p) a consensus signal sequence (MPTWAWWLFLVLLLALWAPARG, SEQ ID
0929NO:1055) q) acid phosphatase (PH05) leader (e.g., MFKSWYSHAASLANA SEQ ED
0930NO:2135) r) the pre-sequence of MFoz-1 s) the pre-sequence of 0 glucanase (BGL2) t) killer toxin leader u) the presequence of killer toxin v) k. lactis killer toxin prepro (29 amino acids; 16 amino acids of pre and 13 amino acids of pro) MNIFYIFLFLLSFVQGLEHTHRRGSLDKR (SEQ ID NO:2136) w) S. diastaticus glucoarnylase II secretion leader sequence x) S. carlsbergensis α-galactosidase (MELI) secretion leader sequence y) Candida glucoarnylase leader sequence z) The hybrid leaders disclosed in EP-A-387 319 (herin incorporated by reference) aa) the gp67 signal sequence (in conjunction with baculoviral expression systems)
0931(e.g., amino acids 1-19 of GenBank Accession Number AAA72759) or bb) the natural leader of the therapeutic protein X; cc) S. cerevisiae invertase (SUC2) leader, as disclosed in JP 62-096086 (granted as
0932911036516, herein incorporate by reference); or dd) Inulinase - MKLAYSLLLPLAGVSASVINYKR (SEQ ID NO:2137). ee) A modified TA57 propeptide leader variant #1 -
0933MKLKTVRSAVLSSLFASQVLGQPIDDTESQTTSVNLMADDTESAFATQTNSGG LDWGLISMAKR (SEQ ID NO:2128) ff) A modified TA57 propeptide leader variant #2 -
MKLKTVRSAVLSSLFASQVLGQPIDDTESQTTSVNLMADDTESAFATQTNSG
0935GLDWGLISMAEEGEPKR (SEQ ID NO.2129) [0339] Vectors which use glutamine synthase (GS) or DHFR as the selectable markers can be amplified in the presence of the drugs methionine sulphoximine or methotrexate, respectively. An advantage of glutamine synthase based vectors are the availability of cell lines (e.g., the murine myeloma cell line, NSO) which are glutamine synthase negative. Glutamine synthase expression systems can also function in glutamine synthase expressing cells (e.g., Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells) by providing additional inhibitor to prevent the functioning of the endogenous gene. A glutamine synthase expression system and components thereof are detailed in PCT publications: WO87/04462; WO86/05807; WO89/01036; WO89/10404; and WO91/06657, which are hereby incorporated in their entireties by reference herein. Additionally, glutamine synthase expression vectors can be obtained from Lonza Biologies, Inc. (Portsmouth, NH). Expression and production of monoclonal antibodies using a GS expression system in murine myeloma cells is described in Bebbington et al, Bio/technology 10:169(1992) and in Biblia and Robinson Biotechnol. Prog. 11:1 (1995) which are herein incorporated by reference. [0340] The present invention also relates to host cells containing the above-described vector constructs described herein, and additionally encompasses host cells containing nucleotide sequences of the invention that are operably associated with one or more heterologous control regions (e.g., promoter and/or enhancer) using techniques known of in the art. The host cell can be a higher eukaryotic cell, such as a mammalian cell (e.g., a human derived cell), or a lower eukaryotic cell, such as a yeast cell, or the host cell can be a prokaryotic cell, such as a bacterial cell. A host strain may be chosen which modulates the expression of the inserted gene sequences, or modifies and processes the gene product in the specific fashion desired. Expression from certain promoters can be elevated in the presence of certain inducers; thus expression of the genetically engineered polypeptide may be controlled. Furthermore, different host cells have characteristics and specific mechanisms for the translational and post-translational processing and modification (e.g., phosphorylation, cleavage) of proteins. Appropriate cell lines can be chosen to ensure the desired modifications and processing of the foreign protein expressed.
0936[0341] Introduction of the nucleic acids and nucleic acid constructs of the invention into the host cell can be effected by calcium phosphate fransfection, DEAE-dextran mediated transfection, cationic lipid-mediated transfection, electroporation, transduction, infection, or other methods. Such methods are described in many standard laboratory manuals, such as Davis et al., Basic Methods In Molecular Biology (1986). It is specifically contemplated that the polypeptides of the present invention may in fact be expressed by a host cell lacking a recombinant vector.
0937[0342] In addition to encompassing host cells containing the vector constructs discussed herein, the invention also encompasses primary, secondary, and immortalized host cells of vertebrate origin, particularly mammalian origin, that have been engineered to delete or replace endogenous genetic material (e.g., the coding sequence coπesponding to a
0938Therapeutic protein may be replaced with an albumin fusion protein coπesponding to the
0939Therapeutic protein), and/or to include genetic material (e.g., heterologous polynucleotide sequences such as for example, an albumin fusion protein of the invention coπesponding to the Therapeutic protein may be included). The genetic material operably associated with the endogenous polynucleotide may activate, alter, and/or amplify endogenous polynucleotides.
0940[0343] In addition, techniques known in the art may be used to operably associate heterologous polynucleotides (e.g., polynucleotides encoding an albumin protein, or a fragment or variant thereof) and/or heterologous control regions (e.g., promoter and/or enhancer) with endogenous polynucleotide sequences encoding a Therapeutic protein via homologous recombination (see, e.g., US Patent Number 5,641,670, issued June 24, 1997;
0941International Publication Number WO 96/29411; International Publication Number WO
094294/12650; Koller et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 55:8932-8935 (1989); and Zijlstra et al,
0943Nature 342:435-438 (1989), the disclosures of each of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties).
0944[0344] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention can be recovered and purified from recombinant cell cultures by well-known methods including ammonium sulfate or ethanol precipitation, acid extraction, anion or cation exchange chromatography, phosphocellulose chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, affinity chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography, hydrophobic charge interaction chromatography and lectin chromatography. Most preferably, high performance liquid chromatography ("HPLC") is employed for purification.
0945[0345] In prefeπed embodiments the albumin fusion proteins of the invention are purified using Anion Exchange Chromatography including, but not limited to, chromatography on Q-sepharose, DEAE sepharose, poros HQ, poros DEAE, Toyopearl Q,
0946Toyopearl QAE, Toyopearl DEAE, Resource/Source Q and DEAE, Fractogel Q and DEAE columns.
0947[0346] In specific embodiments the albumin fusion proteins of the invention are purified using Cation Exchange Chromatography including, but not limited to, SP-sepharose,
0948CM sepharose, poros HS, poros CM, Toyopearl SP, Toyopearl CM, Resource/Source S and
0949CM, Fractogel S and CM columns and their equivalents and comparables.
0950[0347] In specific embodiments the albumin fusion proteins of the invention are purified using Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography including, but not limited to, Phenyl,
0951Butyl, Methyl, Octyl, Hexyl-sepharose, poros Phenyl, Butyl, Methyl, Octyl, Hexyl, Toyopearl
0952Phenyl, Butyl, Methyl, Octyl, Hexyl Resource/Source Phenyl, Butyl, Methyl, Octyl, Hexyl,
0953Fractogel Phenyl, Butyl, Methyl, Octyl, Hexyl columns and their equivalents and comparables.
0954[0348] In specific embodiments the albumin fusion proteins of the invention are purified using Size Exclusion Chromatography including, but not limited to, sepharose SI 00,
0955S200, S300, superdex resin columns and their equivalents and comparables.
0956[0349] In specific embodiments the albumin fiision proteins of the invention are purified using Affinity Chromatography including, but not limited to, Mimetic Dye affinity, peptide affinity and antibody affinity columns that are-selective for either the HSA or the
0957"fusion target" molecules.
0958[0350] In prefeπed embodiments albumin fusion proteins of the invention are purified using one or more Chromatography methods listed above. In other prefeπed embodiments, albumin fusion proteins of the invention are purified using one or more of the following
0959Chromatography columns, Q sepharose FF column, SP Sepharose FF column, Q Sepharose
0960High Performance Column, Blue Sepharose FF column , Bluέ Column, Phenyl Sepharose FF column, DEAE Sepharose FF, or Methyl Column.
0961[0351] Additionally, albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be purified using the process described in PCT International Publication WO 00/44772 which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. One of skill in the art could easily modify the process described therein for use in the purification of albumin fusion proteins of the invention.
0962[0352] Albumin fusion proteins of the present invention may be recovered from: products of chemical synthetic procedures; and products produced by recombinant techniques from a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host, including, for example, bacterial, yeast, higher plant, insect, and mammalian cells. Depending upon the host employed in a recombinant production procedure, the polypeptides of the present invention may be glycosylated or may be non-glycosylated. In addition, albumin fusion proteins of the invention may also include an initial modified methionine residue, in some cases as a result of host-mediated processes. Thus, it is well known in the art that the N-terminal methionine encoded by the translation initiation codon generally is removed with high efficiency from any protein after translation in all eukaryotic cells. While the N-terminal methionine on most proteins also is efficiently removed in most prokaryotes, for some proteins, this prokaryotic removal process is inefficient, depending on the nature of the amino acid to which the N-terminal methionine is covalently linked.
0963[0353] In one embodiment, the yeast Pichia pastoris is used to express albumin fusion proteins of the invention in a eukaryotic system. Pichia pastoris is a methylotrophic yeast which can metabolize methanol as its sole carbon source. A main step in the methanol metabolization pathway is the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde using O<sub>2</sub>. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme alcohol oxidase. In order to metabolize methanol as its sole carbon source, Pichia pastoris must generate high levels of alcohol oxidase due, in part, to the relatively low affinity of alcohol oxidase for O<sub>2</sub>. Consequently, in a growth medium depending on methanol as a main carbon source, the promoter region of one of the two alcohol oxidase genes (AOXl) is highly active. In the presence of methanol, alcohol oxidase produced from the AOXl gene comprises up to approximately 30% of the total soluble protein in Pichia pastoris. See Ellis, S.B., et al, Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:1111-21 (1985); Koutz, P.J, et al, Yeast 5:167-77 (1989); Tschopp, J.F., et al, Nucl Acids Res. 15:3859-76 (1987). Thus, a heterologous coding sequence, such as, for example, a polynucleotide of the present invention, under the transcriptional regulation of all or part of the AOXl regulatory sequence is expressed at exceptionally high levels in Pichia yeast grown in the presence of methanol. [0354] In one example, the plasmid vector pPIC9K is used to express DNA encoding an albumin fusion protein of the invention, as set forth herein, in a Pichea yeast system essentially as described in "Pichia Protocols: Methods in Molecular Biology," D.R. Higgins and J. Cregg, eds. The Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, 1998. This expression vector allows expression and secretion of a polypeptide of the invention by virtue of the strong AOXl promoter linked to the Pichia pastoris alkaline phosphatase (PHO) secretory signal peptide (i.e., leader) located upstream of a multiple cloning site.
0964[0355] Many other yeast vectors could be used in place of pPIC9K, such as, pYES2, pYDl, pTEFl/Zeo, pYES2/GS, pPICZ, pGAPZ, pGAPZalpha, pPIC9, pPIC3.5, pHIL-D2, pHIL-Sl, pPIC3.5K, and PAO815, as one skilled in the art would readily appreciate, as long as the proposed expression construct provides appropriately located signals for transcription, translation, secretion (if desired), and the like, including an in-frame AUG as required. [0356] In another embodiment, high-level expression of a heterologous coding sequence, such as, for example, a polynucleotide encoding an albumin fusion protein of the present invention, may be achieved by cloning the heterologous polynucleotide of the invention into an expression vector such as, for example, pGAPZ or pGAPZalpha, and growing the yeast culture in the absence of methanol.
0965[0357] In addition, albumin fusion proteins of the invention can be chemically synthesized using techniques known in the art (e.g., see Creighton, 1983, Proteins: Structures and Molecular Principles, W.H. Freeman & Co., N.Y., and Hunkapiller et al., Nature, 310:105-111 (1984)). For example, a polypeptide coπesponding to a fragment of a polypeptide can be synthesized by use of a peptide synthesizer. Furthermore, if desired, nonclassical amino acids or chemical amino acid analogs can be introduced as a substitution or addition into the polypeptide sequence. Non-classical amino acids include, but are not limited to, to the D-isomers of the common amino acids, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, a-amino isobutyric acid, 4-aminobutyric acid, Abu, 2-amino butyric acid, g-Abu, e-Ahx, 6-amino hexanoic acid, Aib, 2-amino isobutyric acid, 3-amino propionic acid, ornithine, norleucine, norvaline, hydroxyproline, sarcosine, citrulline, homocitrulline, cysteic acid, t-butylglycine, t- butylalanine, phenylglycine, cyclohexylalanine, b-alanine, fluoro-amino acids, designer amino acids such as b-methyl amino acids, Ca-methyl amino acids, Na-methyl amino acids, and amino acid analogs in general. Furthermore, the amino acid can be D (dextrorotary) or L (levorotary).
0966[0358] The invention encompasses albumin fusion proteins of the present invention which are differentially modified during or after translation, e.g., by glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization by known protecting/blocking groups, proteolytic cleavage, linkage to an antibody molecule or other cellular ligand, etc. Any of numerous chemical modifications may be carried out by known techniques, including but not limited, to specific chemical cleavage by cyanogen bromide, trypsin, chymotrypsin, papain, V8 protease, NaBH ; acetylation, formylation, oxidation, reduction; metabolic synthesis in the presence of tunicamycin; etc. [0359] Additional post-translational modifications encompassed by the invention include, for example, e.g., N-linked or O-linked carbohydrate chains, processing of
0967N-terminal or C-terminal ends), attachment of chemical moieties to the amino acid backbone, chemical modifications of N-linked or O-linked carbohydrate chains, and addition or deletion of an N-terminal methionine residue as a result of procaryotic host cell expression. The albumin fusion proteins may also be modified with a detectable label, such as an enzymatic, fluorescent, isotopic or affinity label to allow for detection and isolation of the protein.
0968[0360] Examples of suitable enzymes include horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, or acetylcholinesterase; examples of suitable prosthetic group complexes include streptavidin/biotin and avidin/biotin; examples of suitable fluorescent materials include umbelliferone, fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, dichlorotriazinylamine fluorescein, dansyl chloride or phycoerythrin; an example of a luminescent material includes luminol; examples of bioluminescent materials include luciferase, luciferin, and aequorin; and examples of suitable radioactive material include iodine (<sup>12,</sup>1, <sup>123</sup>1, <sup>125</sup>I, <sup>131</sup>I), carbon (<sup>14</sup>C), sulfur (<sup>35</sup>S), tritium (<sup>3</sup>H), indium (<sup>m</sup>In, <sup>112</sup>ln, <sup>U3m</sup>In,
0969<sup>1 I5m</sup>In), technetium (<sup>99</sup>Tc,<sup>99m</sup>Tc), thallium (<sup>201</sup>Ti), gallium (<sup>68</sup>Ga, <sup>67</sup>Ga), palladium (<sup>103</sup>Pd), molybdenum (<sup>99</sup>Mo), xenon (<sup>133</sup>Xe), fluorine (<sup>18</sup>F), <sup>153</sup>Sm, <sup>177</sup>Lu, <sup>159</sup>Gd, <sup>149</sup>Pm, <sup>140</sup>La, <sup>l75</sup>Yb,
0970<sup>166</sup>Ho, "Y, <sup>47</sup>Sc, <sup>186</sup>Re, <sup>188</sup>Re, <sup>142</sup>Pr, <sup>105</sup>Rh, and <sup>97</sup>Ru.
0971[0361] In specific embodiments, albumin fusion proteins of the present invention or fragments or variants thereof are attached to macrocyclic chelators that associate with radiometal ions, including but not limited to, <sup>177</sup>Lu, <sup>90</sup>Y, <sup>166</sup>Ho, and <sup>153</sup>Sm, to polypeptides. In a prefeπed embodiment, the radiometal ion associated with the macrocyclic chelators is <sup>m</sup>In.
0972In another prefeπed embodiment, the radiometal ion associated with the macrocyclic chelator is <sup>90</sup>Y. In specific embodiments, the macrocyclic chelator is 1,4,7,10- tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N",N"'-tetraacetic acid (DOTA). In other specific embodiments,
0973DOTA is attached to an antibody of the invention or fragment thereof via linker molecule.
0974Examples of linker molecules useful for conjugating DOTA to a polypeptide are commonly known in the art - see, for example, DeNardo et al., Clin Cancer Res. 4(10):2483-90 (1998);
0975Peterson et al., Bioconjug. Chem. 10(4):553-7 (1999); and Zimmerman et al, Nucl. Med.
0976Biol. 26(8):943-50 (1999); which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
0977[0362] As mentioned, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be modified by either natural processes, such as post-translational processing, or by chemical modification techniques which are well known in the art. It will be appreciated that the same type of modification may be present in the same or varying degrees at several sites in a given polypeptide. Polypeptides of the invention may be branched, for example, as a result of ubiquitination, and they may be cyclic, with or without branching. Cyclic, branched, and branched cyclic polypeptides may result from posttranslation natural processes or may be made by synthetic methods. Modifications include acetylation, acylation, ADP-ribosylation, amidation, covalent attachment of flavin, covalent attachment of a heme moiety, covalent attachment of a nucleotide or nucleotide derivative, covalent attachment of a lipid or lipid derivative, covalent attachment of phosphotidylinositol, cross-linking, cyclization, disulfide bond formation, demethylation, formation of covalent cross-links, formation of cysteine, formation of pyroglutamate, formylation, gamma-carboxylation, glycosylation, GPI anchor formation, hydroxylation, iodination, methylation, myristylation, oxidation, pegylation, proteolytic processing, phosphorylation, prenylation, racemization, selenoylation, sulfation, transfer-RNA mediated addition of amino acids to proteins such as arginylation, and ubiquitination. (See, for instance, PROTEINS - STRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR
0978PROPERTIES, 2nd Ed., T. E. Creighton, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York (1993);
0979POST-TRANSLATIONAL COVALENT MODIFICATION OF PROTEINS, B. C. Johnson,
0980Ed., Academic Press, New York, pgs. 1-12 (1983); Seifter et al., Meth. Enzymol. 182:626-
0981646 (1990); Rattan et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 663:48-62 (1992)).
0982[0363] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and antibodies that bind a
0983Therapeutic protein or fragments or variants thereof can be fused to marker sequences, such as a peptide to facilitate purification. In prefeπed embodiments, the marker amino acid sequence is a hexa-histidine peptide, such as the tag provided in a pQE vector (QIAGEN,
0984Inc., 9259 Eton Avenue, Chatsworth, CA, 91311), among others, many of which are commercially available. As described in Gentz et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:821-
0985824 (1989), for instance, hexa-histidine provides for convenient purification of the fusion protein. Other peptide tags useful for purification include, but are not limited to, the "HA" tag, which coπesponds to an epitope derived from the influenza hemagglutinin protein
0986(Wilson et al., Cell 37:767 (1984)) and the "flag" tag.
0987[0364] Further, an albumin fusion protein of the invention may be conjugated to a therapeutic moiety such as a cytotoxin, e.g., a cytostatic or cytocidal agent, a therapeutic agent or a radioactive metal ion, e.g., alpha-emitters such as, for example, 213Bi. A cytotoxin or cytotoxic agent includes any agent that is detrimental to cells. Examples include paclitaxol, cytochalasin B, gramicidin D, ethidium bromide, emetine, mitomycin, etoposide, tenoposide, vincristine, vinblastine, colchicin, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, dihydroxy anthracin dione, mitoxantrone, mithramycin, actinomycin D, 1-dehydrotestosterone, glucocorticoids, procaine, tetracaine, lidocaine, propranolol, and puromycin and analogs or homologs thereof. Therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, antimetabolites (e.g., methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, cytarabine, 5-fluorouracil decarbazine), alkylating agents (e.g., mechlorethamine, thioepa chlorambucil, melphalan, carmustine (BSNU) and lomustine (CCNU), cyclothosphamide, busulfan, dibromomannitol, streptozotocin, mitomycin C, and cis- dichlorodiamine platinum (II) (DDP) cisplatin), anthracyclines (e.g., daunorubicin (formerly daunomycin) and doxorubicin), antibiotics (e.g., dactinomycin (formerly actinomycin), bleomycin, mithramycin, and anthramycin (AMC)), and anti-mitotic agents (e.g., vincristine and vinblastine).
0988[0365] The conjugates of the invention can be used for modifying a given biological response, the therapeutic agent or drug moiety is not to be construed as limited to classical chemical therapeutic agents. For example, the drug moiety may be a protein or polypeptide possessing a desired biological activity. Such proteins may include, for example, a toxin such as abrin, ricin A, pseudomonas exotoxin, or diphtheria toxin; a protein such as tumor necrosis factor, alpha-interferon, β-interferon, nerve growth factor, platelet derived growth factor, tissue plasminogen activator, an apoptotic agent, e.g., TNF-alpha, TNF-beta, AIM I (See, International Publication No. WO 97/33899), AIM II (See, International Publication No. WO 97/34911), Fas Ligand (Takahashi et al, Int. Immunol, 6: 1567-1574 (1994)), VEGI (See, International Publication No. WO 99/23105), a thrombotic agent or an anti- angiogenic agent, e.g., angiostatin or endostatin; or, biological response modifiers such as, for example, lymphokines, interleukin-1 ("IL-1"), interleukin-2 ("IL-2"), interleukin-6 ("IL-6"), granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor ("GM-CSF"), granulocyte colony stimulating factor ("G-CSF"), or other growth factors. Techniques for conjugating such therapeutic moiety to proteins (e.g., albumin fusion proteins) are well known in the art. [0366] Albumin fusion proteins may also be attached to solid supports, which are particularly useful for immunoassays or purification of polypeptides that are bound by, that bind to, or associate with albumin fusion proteins of the invention. Such solid supports include, but are not limited to, glass, cellulose, polyacrylamide, nylon, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride or polypropylene.
0989[0367] Albumin fusion proteins, with or without a therapeutic moiety conjugated to it, administered alone or in combination with cytotoxic factor(s) and/or cytokine(s) can be used as a therapeutic. [0368] In embodiments where the albumin fusion protein of the invention comprises only the VH domain of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein, it may be necessary and or desirable to coexpress the fusion protein with the VL domain of the same antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein, such that the VH-albumin fusion protein and VL protein will associate (either covalently or non-cova ently) post-translationally.
0990[0369] In embodiments where the albumin fusion protein of the invention comprises only the VL domain of an antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein, it may be necessary and or desirable to coexpress the fusion protein with the VH domain of the same antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein, such that the VL-albumin fusion protein and VH protein will associate (either covalently or non-covalently) post-translationally.
0991[0370] Some Therapeutic antibodies are bispecific antibodies, meaning the antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein is an artificial hybrid antibody having two different heavy/light chain pairs and two different binding sites. In order to create an albumin fusion protein corresponding to that Therapeutic protein, it is possible to create an albumin fusion protein which has an scFv fragment fused to both the N- and C- terminus of the albumin protein moiety. More particularly, the scFv fused to the N-terminus of albumin would coπespond to one of the heavy/light (VH/VL) pairs of the original antibody that binds a
0992Therapeutic protein and the scFv fused to the C-terminus of albumin would coπespond to the other heavy/light (VH/VL) pair of the original antibody that binds a Therapeutic protein.
0993[0371] Also provided by the invention are chemically modified derivatives of the albumin fiision proteins of the invention which may provide additional advantages such as increased solubility, stability and circulating time of the polypeptide, or decreased immunogenicity (see U.S. Patent No. 4,179,337). The chemical moieties for derivitization may be selected from water soluble polymers such as polyethylene glycol, ethylene glycol propylene glycol copolymers, carboxymethylcellulose, dextran, polyvinyl alcohol and the like. The albumin fusion proteins may be modified at random positions within the molecule, or at predetermined positions within the molecule and may include one, two, three or more attached chemical moieties.
0994[0372] The polymer may be of any molecular weight, and may be branched or unbranched. For polyethylene glycol, the prefeπed molecular weight is between about 1 kDa and about 100 kDa (the term "about" indicating that in preparations of polyethylene glycol, some molecules will weigh more, some less, than the stated molecular weight) for ease in handling and manufacturing. Other sizes may be used, depending on the desired therapeutic profile (e.g., the duration of sustained release desired, the effects, if any on biological activity, the ease in handling, the degree or lack of antigenicity and other known effects of the polyethylene glycol to a Therapeutic protein or analog). For example, the polyethylene glycol may have an average molecular weight of about 200, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500, 6000, 6500, 7000, 7500, 8000, 8500, 9000, 9500, 10,000, 10,500, 11,000, 11,500, 12,000, 12,500, 13,000, 13,500, 14,000, 14,500, 15,000, 15,500, 16,000, 16,500, 17,000, 17,500, 18,000, 18,500, 19,000, 19,500, 20,000, 25,000, 30,000, 35,000, 40,000, 45,000, 50,000, 55,000, 60,000, 65,000, 70,000, 75,000, 80,000, 85,000, 90,000, 95,000, or 100,000 kDa.
0995[0373] As noted above, the polyethylene glycol may have a branched structure.
0996Branched polyethylene glycols are described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 5,643,575; Morpurgo et al, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol 56:59-72 (1996); Vorobjev et al, Nucleosides Nucleotides 75:2745-2750 (1999); and Caliceti et al, Bioconjug. Chem. 70:638-646 (1999), the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference. [0374] The polyethylene glycol molecules (or other chemical moieties) should be attached to the protein with consideration of effects on functional or antigenic domains of the protein. There are a number of attachment methods available to those skilled in the art, such as, for example, the method disclosed in EP 0 401 384 (coupling PEG to G-CSF), herein incorporated by reference; see also Malik et al., Exp. Hematol. 20:1028-1035 (1992), reporting pegylation of GM-CSF using tresyl chloride. For example, polyethylene glycol may be covalently bound through amino acid residues via reactive group, such as a free amino or carboxyl group. Reactive groups are those to which an activated polyethylene glycol molecule may be bound. The amino acid residues having a free amino group may include lysine residues and the N-terminal amino acid residues; those having a free carboxyl group may include aspartic acid residues glutamic acid residues and the C-terminal amino acid residue. Sulfhydryl groups may also be used as a reactive group for attaching the polyethylene glycol molecules. Prefeπed for therapeutic purposes is attachment at an amino group, such as attachment at the N-terminus or lysine group.
0997[0375] As suggested above, polyethylene glycol may be attached to proteins via linkage to any of a number of amino acid residues. For example, polyethylene glycol can be linked to proteins via covalent bonds to lysine, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, or cysteine residues. One or more reaction chemistries may be employed to attach polyethylene glycol to specific amino acid residues (e.g., lysine, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, or cysteine) of the protein or to more than one type of amino acid residue (e.g., lysine, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, cysteine and combinations thereof) of the protein. [0376] One may specifically desire proteins chemically modified at the N-terminus.
0998Using polyethylene glycol as an illustration of the present composition, one may select from a variety of polyethylene glycol molecules (by molecular weight, branching, etc.), the proportion of polyethylene glycol molecules to protein (polypeptide) molecules in the reaction mix, the type of pegylation reaction to be performed, and the method of obtaining the selected N-terminally pegylated protein. The method of obtaining the N-terminally pegylated preparation (i.e., separating this moiety from other monopegylated moieties if necessary) may be by purification of the N-terminally pegylated material from a population of pegylated protein molecules. Selective proteins chemically modified at the N-terminus modification may be accomplished by reductive alkylation which exploits differential reactivity of different types of primary amino groups (lysine versus the N-terminal) available for derivatization in a particular protein. Under the appropriate reaction conditions, substantially selective derivatization of the protein at the N-terminus with a carbonyl group containing polymer is achieved.
0999[0377] As indicated above, pegylation of the albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be accomplished by any number of means. For example, polyethylene glycol may be attached to the albumin fusion protein either directly or by an intervening linker. Linkerless systems for attaching polyethylene glycol to proteins are described in Delgado et al., Crit. Rev. Thera. Drug Carrier Sys. 9:249-304 (1992); Francis et al.,<Intern. J. of Hematol. 68:1-18 (1998); U.S. Patent No. 4,002,531; U.S. Patent No. 5,349,052; WO 95/06058; and WO 98/32466, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference. [0378] One system for attaching polyethylene glycol directly to amino acid residues of proteins without an intervening linker employs tresylated MPEG, which is produced by the modification of monmethoxy polyethylene glycol (MPEG) using tresylchloride (ClSO<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CF<sub>3</sub>). Upon reaction of protein with tresylated MPEG, polyethylene glycol is directly attached to amine groups of the protein. Thus, the invention includes protein- polyethylene glycol conjugates produced by reacting proteins of the invention with a polyethylene glycol molecule having a 2,2,2-trifluoreothane sulphonyl group. [0379] Polyethylene glycol can also be attached to proteins using a number of different intervening linkers. For example, U.S. Patent No. 5,612,460, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses urethane linkers for connecting polyethylene glycol to proteins. Protein-polyethylene glycol conjugates wherein the polyethylene glycol is attached to the protein by a linker can also be produced by reaction of proteins with compounds such as MPEG-succinimidylsuccinate, MPEG activated with 1 , 1 '-carbonyldiimidazole, MPEG-2,4,5-trichloropenylcarbonate, MPEG-p- nitrophenolcarbonate, and various MPEG-succinate derivatives. A number of additional polyethylene glycol derivatives and reaction chemistries for attaching polyethylene glycol to proteins are described in International Publication No. WO 98/32466, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Pegylated protein products produced using the reaction chemistries set out herein are included within the scope of the invention. [0380] The number of polyethylene glycol moieties attached to each albumin fusion protein of the invention (i.e., the degree of substitution) may also vary. For example, the pegylated proteins of the invention may be linked, on average, to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17, 20, or more polyethylene glycol molecules. Similarly, the average degree of substitution within ranges such as 1-3, 2-4, 3-5, 4-6, 5-7, 6-8, 7-9, 8-10, 9-11, 10-12, 11-13, 12-14, 13-15, 14-16, 15-17, 16-18, 17-19, or 18-20 polyethylene glycol moieties per protein molecule. Methods for determining the degree of substitution are discussed, for example, in Delgado et al., Crit. Rev. Thera. Drug Carrier Sys. 9:249-304 (1992).
1000[0381] The polypeptides of the invention can be recovered and purified from chemical synthesis and recombinant cell cultures by standard methods which include, but are not limited to, ammonium sulfate or ethanol precipitation, acid extraction, anion or cation exchange chromatography, phosphocellulose chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, affinity chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography and lectin chromatography. Most preferably, high performance liquid chromatography ("HPLC") is employed for purification. Well known techniques for refolding protein may be employed to regenerate active conformation when the polypeptide is denatured during isolation and/or purification.
1001[0382] The presence and quantity of albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be determined using ELISA, a well known immunoassay known in the art. In one ELISA protocol that would be useful for detecting/quantifying albumin fusion proteins of the invention, comprises the steps of coating an ELISA plate with an anti-human serum albumin antibody, blocking the plate to prevent non-specific binding, washing the ELISA plate, adding a solution containing the albumin fusion protein of the invention (at one or more different concentrations), adding a secondary anti-Therapeutic protein specific antibody coupled to a detectable label (as described herein or otherwise known in the art), and detecting the presence of the secondary antibody. In an alternate version of this protocol, the ELISA plate might be coated with the anti-Therapeutic protein specific antibody and the labeled secondary reagent might be the anti-human albumin specific antibody.
1002Uses of the Polynucleotides
1003[0383] Each of the polynucleotides identified herein can be used in numerous ways as reagents. The following description should be considered exemplary and utilizes known techniques.
1004[0384] The polynucleotides of the present invention are useful to produce the albumin fusion proteins of the invention. As described in more detail below, polynucleotides of the invention (encoding albumin fusion proteins) may be used in recombinant DNA methods useful in genetic engineering to make cells, cell lines, or tissues that express the albumin fusion protein encoded by the polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention.
1005[0385] Polynucleotides of the present invention are also useful in gene therapy. One goal of gene therapy is to insert a normal gene into an organism having a defective gene, in an effort to coπect the genetic defect. The polynucleotides disclosed in the present invention offer a means of targeting such genetic defects in a highly accurate manner. Another goal is to insert a new gene that was not present in the host genome, thereby producing a new trait in the host cell. Additional non-limiting examples of gene therapy methods encompassed by the present invention are more thoroughly described elsewhere herein (see, e.g., the sections labeled "Gene Therapy", and Examples 63 and 64).
1006Uses of the Polypeptides
1007[0386] Each of the polypeptides identified herein can be used in numerous ways. The following description should be considered exemplary and utilizes known techniques.
1008[0387] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention are useful to provide immunological probes for differential identification of the tissue(s) (e.g., immunohistochemistry assays such as, for example, ABC immunoperoxidase (Hsu et al., J. Histochem. Cytochem. 29:577-580
1009(1981)) or cell type(s) (e.g., immunocytochemistry assays).
1010[0388] Albumin fusion proteins can be used to assay levels of polypeptides in a biological sample using classical immunohistological methods known to those of skill in the art (e.g., see Jalkanen, et al., J. Cell. Biol. 101:976-985 (1985); Jalkanen, et al., J. Cell. Biol.
1011105:3087-3096 (1987)). Other methods useful for detecting protein gene expression include immunoassays, such as the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the radioimmunoassay (RIA). Suitable assay labels are known in the art and include enzyme labels, such as, glucose oxidase; radioisotopes, such as iodine ( I, I, I, I), carbon
1012(<sup>14</sup>C), sulfur (<sup>35</sup>S), tritium (<sup>3</sup>H), indium (<sup>1 I5m</sup>In, <sup>1 I3m</sup>In, <sup>u2</sup>In, <sup>π l</sup>In), and technetium (<sup>99</sup>Tc,
1013<sup>99m</sup>Tc), thallium (<sup>201</sup>Ti), gallium (<sup>68</sup>Ga, <sup>67</sup>Ga), palladium (<sup>103</sup>Pd), molybdenum ("Mo), xenon
1014(<sup>133</sup>Xe), fluorine (<sup>18</sup>F), <sup>153</sup>Sm, <sup>177</sup>Lu, <sup>159</sup>Gd, <sup>149</sup>Pm, <sup>,40</sup>La, <sup>175</sup>Yb, <sup>16</sup>1Ho, »Y, <sup>47</sup>Sc, <sup>186</sup>Re, <sup>,88</sup>Re,
1015<sup>142</sup>Pr, <sup>105</sup>Rh, <sup>97</sup>Ru; luminescent labels, such as luminol; and fluorescent labels, such as fluorescein and rhodamine, and biotin.
1016[0389] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention can also be detected in vivo by imaging. Labels or markers for in vivo imaging of protein include those detectable by X- radiography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) or electron spin relaxtion (ESR). For X- radiography, suitable labels include radioisotopes such as barium or cesium, which emit detectable radiation but are not overtly harmful to the subject. Suitable markers for NMR and
1017ESR include those with a detectable characteristic spin, such as deuterium, which may be incorporated into the albumin fusion protein by labeling of nutrients given to a cell line expressing the albumin fusion protein of the invention.
1018[0390] An albumin fusion protein which has been labeled with an appropriate detectable imaging moiety, such as a radioisotope (for example, I, In, Tc, ( I, I,
1019<sup>,23</sup>I, <sup>l21</sup>I), carbon (<sup>,4</sup>C), sulfur (<sup>35</sup>S), tritium (<sup>3</sup>H), indium (<sup>U5m</sup>In, <sup>l l3m</sup>In, <sup>112</sup>In, <sup>l u</sup>In), and technetium ("Tc, <sup>99m</sup>Tc), thallium (<sup>201</sup>Ti), gallium (<sup>68</sup>Ga, <sup>67</sup>Ga), palladium (<sup>,03</sup>Pd), molybdenum ("Mo), xenon (<sup>133</sup>Xe), fluorine (<sup>I8</sup>F, <sup>153</sup>Sm, <sup>177</sup>Lu, <sup>159</sup>Gd, <sup>l49</sup>Pm, <sup>140</sup>La, <sup>175</sup>Yb,
1020<sup>166</sup>Ho, ""Y, <sup>47</sup>SC, <sup>186</sup>Re, <sup>188</sup>Re, <sup>I42</sup>Pr, <sup>105</sup>Rh, <sup>97</sup>Ru), a radio-opaque substance, or a material detectable by nuclear magnetic resonance, is introduced (for example, parenterally, subcutaneously or intraperitoneally) into the mammal to be examined for immune system disorder. It will be understood in the art that the size of the subject and the imaging system used will determine the quantity of imaging moiety needed to produce diagnostic images. In the case of a radioisotope moiety, for a human subject, the quantity of radioactivity injected will normally range from about 5 to 20 millicuries of <sup>99m</sup>Tc. The labeled albumin fusion protein will then preferentially accumulate at locations in the body (e.g., organs, cells, extracellular spaces or matrices) where one or more receptors, ligands or substrates
1021(coπesponding to that of the Therapeutic protein used to make the albumin fusion protein of the invention) are located. Alternatively, in the case where the albumin fusion protein comprises at least a fragment or variant of a Therapeutic antibody, the labeled albumin fusion protein will then preferentially accumulate at the locations in the body (e.g., organs, cells, extracellular spaces or matrices) where the polypeptides/epitopes coπesponding to those bound by the Therapeutic antibody (used to make the albumin fusion protein of the invention) are located. In vivo tumor imaging is described in S.W. Burchiel et al.,
1022"Immunopharmacokinetics of Radiolabeled Antibodies and Their Fragments" (Chapter 13 in
1023Tumor Imaging: The Radiochemical Detection of Cancer, S.W. Burchiel and B. A. Rhodes, eds., Masson Publishing Inc. (1982)). The protocols described therein could easily be modified by one of skill in the art for use with the albumin fusion proteins of the invention.
1024[0391] In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for the specific delivery of albumin fusion proteins of the invention to cells by administering albumin fusion proteins of the invention (e.g., polypeptides encoded by polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention and or antibodies) that are associated with heterologous polypeptides or nucleic acids. In one example, the invention provides a method for delivering a Therapeutic protein into the targeted cell. <sup>;</sup> In another example, the invention provides a method for delivering a single stranded nucleic acid (e.g., antisense of ribozymes) or double stranded nucleic acid (e.g., DNA that can integrate into the cell's genome or replicate episomally and that can be transcribed) into the targeted cell.
1025[0392] In another embodiment, the invention provides a method for the specific destruction of cells (e.g., the destruction of tumor cells) by administering albumin fusion proteins of the invention in association with toxins or cytotoxic prodrugs.
1026[0393] By "toxin" is meant one or more compounds that bind and activate endogenous cytotoxic effector systems, radioisotopes, holotoxins, modified toxins, catalytic subunits of toxins, or any molecules or enzymes not normally present in or on the surface of a cell that under defined conditions cause the cell's death. Toxins that may be used according to the methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, radioisotopes known in the art, compounds such as, for example, antibodies (or complement fixing containing portions thereof) that bind an inherent or induced endogenous cytotoxic effector system, thymidine kinase, endonuclease, RNAse, alpha toxin, ricin, abrin, Pseudomonas exotoxin A, diphtheria toxin, saporin, momordin, gelonin, pokeweed antiviral protein, alpha-sarcin and cholera toxin. "Toxin" also includes a cytostatic or cytocidal agent, a therapeutic agent or a radioactive metal ion, e.g., alpha-emitters such as, for example, <sup>213</sup>Bi, or other radioisotopes such as, for example, <sup>103</sup>Pd, <sup>,33</sup>Xe, <sup>131</sup>I, <sup>68</sup>Ge, <sup>57</sup>Co, <sup>65</sup>Zn, <sup>85</sup>Sr, <sup>32</sup>P, <sup>35</sup>S, *>Y, <sup>153</sup>Sm, <sup>l53</sup>Gd, <sup>169</sup>Yb, <sup>51</sup>Cr, <sup>54</sup>Mn, <sup>75</sup>Se, <sup>l l3</sup>Sn, <sup>90</sup>Yttrium, <sup>117</sup>Tin, <sup>186</sup>Rhenium, <sup>166</sup>Holmium, and <sup>188</sup>Rhenium; luminescent labels, such as luminol; and fluorescent labels, such as fluorescein and rhodamine, and biotin. In a specific embodiment, the invention provides a method for the specific destruction of cells (e.g., the destruction of tumor cells) by administering polypeptides of the invention or antibodies of the invention in association with the on radioisotope Y. In another specific embodiment, the invention provides a method for the specific destruction of cells (e.g., the destruction of tumor cells) by administering polypeptides of the invention or antibodies of the invention in association with the radioisotope <sup>ι π</sup>In. In a further specific embodiment, the invention provides a method for the specific destruction of cells (e.g., the destruction of tumor cells) by administering polypeptides of the invention or antibodies of the invention in association with the radioisotope <sup>I31</sup>I.
1027[0394] Techniques known in the art may be applied to label polypeptides of the invention. Such techniques include, but are not limited to, the use of bifunctional conjugating agents (see e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 5,756,065; 5,714,631; 5,696,239; 5,652,361; 5,505,931; 5,489,425; 5,435,990; 5,428,139; 5,342,604; 5,274,119; 4,994,560; and 5,808,003; the contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). [0395] The albumin fusion proteins of the present invention are useful for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and/or prognosis of various disorders in mammals, preferably humans. Such disorders include, but are not limited to, those described herein under the section heading "Biological Activities," below.
1028[0396] Thus, the invention provides a diagnostic method of a disorder, which involves (a) assaying the expression level of a certain polypeptide in cells or body fluid of an individual using an albumin fusion protein of the invention; and (b) comparing the assayed polypeptide expression level with a standard polypeptide expression level, whereby an increase or decrease in the assayed polypeptide expression level compared to the standard expression level is indicative of a disorder. With respect to cancer, the presence of a relatively high amount of transcript in biopsied tissue from an individual may indicate a predisposition for the development of the disease, or may provide a means for detecting the disease prior to the appearance of actual clinical symptoms. A more definitive diagnosis of this type may allow health professionals to employ preventative measures or aggressive treatment earlier thereby preventing the development or further progression of the cancer. [0397] Moreover, albumin fusion proteins of the present invention can be used to treat or prevent diseases or conditions such as, for example, neural disorders, immune system disorders, muscular disorders, reproductive disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, pulmonary disorders, cardiovascular disorders, renal disorders, proliferative disorders, and/or cancerous diseases and conditions. For example, patients can be administered a polypeptide of the present invention in an effort to replace absent or decreased levels of the polypeptide (e.g., insulin), to supplement absent or decreased levels of a different polypeptide (e.g., hemoglobin S for hemoglobin B, SOD, catalase, DNA repair proteins), to inhibit the activity of a polypeptide (e.g., an oncogene or tumor supressor), to activate the activity of a polypeptide (e.g., by binding to a receptor), to reduce the activity of a membrane bound receptor by competing with it for free ligand (e.g., soluble TNF receptors used in reducing inflammation), or to bring about a desired response (e.g., blood vessel growth inhibition, enhancement of the immune response to proliferative cells or tissues).
1029[0398] In particular, albumin fusion proteins comprising of at least a fragment or variant of a Therapeutic antibody can also be used to treat disease (as described supra, and elsewhere herein). For example, administration of an albumin fusion protein comprising of at least a fragment or variant of a Therapeutic antibody can bind, and/or neutralize the polypeptide to which the Therapeutic antibody used to make the albumin fusion protein specifically binds, and/or reduce overproduction of the polypeptide to which the Therapeutic antibody used to make the albumin fusion protein specifically binds. Similarly, administration of an albumin fusion protein comprising of at least a fragment or variant of a Therapeutic antibody can activate the polypeptide to which the Therapeutic antibody used to make the albumin fusion protein specifically binds, by binding to the polypeptide bound to a membrane (receptor).
1030[0399] At the very least, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention of the present invention can be used as molecular weight markers on SDS-PAGE gels or on molecular sieve gel filtration columns using methods well known to those of skill in the art. Albumin fusion proteins of the invention can also be used to raise antibodies, which in turn may be used to measure protein expression of the Therapeutic protein, albumin protein, and/or the albumin fusion protein of the invention from a recombinant cell, as a way of assessing transformation of the host cell, or in a biological sample. Moreover, the albumin fusion proteins of the present invention can be used to test the biological activities described herein. Diagnostic Assays
1031[0400] The compounds of the present invention are useful for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and/or prognosis of various disorders in mammals, preferably humans. Such disorders include, but are not limited to, those described for each Therapeutic protein in the coπesponding row of Table 1 and herein under the section headings "Immune Activity,"
1032"Blood Related Disorders," "Hyperproliferative Disorders," "Renal Disorders,"
1033"Cardiovascular Disorders," "Respiratory Disorders," "Anti-Angiogenesis Activity,"
1034"Diseases at the Cellular Level," "Wound Healing and Epithelial Cell Proliferation," "Neural
1035Activity and Neurological Diseases," "Endocrine Disorders," "Reproductive System
1036Disorders," "Infectious Disease," "Regeneration," and/or "Gastrointestinal Disorders," infra.
1037[0401] For a number of disorders, substantially altered (increased or decreased) levels of gene expression can be detected in tissues, cells or bodily fluids (e.g., sera, plasma, urine, semen, synovial fluid or spinal fluid) taken from an individual having such a disorder, relative to a "standard" gene expression level, that is, the expression level in tissues or bodily fluids from an individual not having the disorder. Thus, the invention provides a diagnostic method useful during diagnosis of a disorder, which involves measuring the expression level of the gene encoding a polypeptide in tissues, cells or body fluid from an individual and comparing the measured gene expression level with a standard gene expression level, whereby an increase or decrease in the gene expression level(s) compared to the standard is indicative of a disorder. These diagnostic assays may be performed in vivo or in vitro, such as, for example, on blood samples, biopsy tissue or autopsy tissue.
1038[0402] The present invention is also useful as a prognostic indicator, whereby patients exhibiting enhanced or depressed gene expression will experience a worse clinical outcome
1039[0403] By "assaying the expression level of the gene encoding a polypeptide" is intended qualitatively or quantitatively measuring or estimating the level of a particular polypeptide (e.g. a polypeptide coπesponding to a Therapeutic protein disclosed in Table 1) or the level of the mRNA encoding the polypeptide of the invention in a first biological sample either directly (e.g., by determining or estimating absolute protein level or mRNA level) or relatively (e.g., by comparing to the polypeptide level or mRNA level in a second biological sample). Preferably, the polypeptide expression level or mRNA level in the first biological sample is measured or estimated and compared to a standard polypeptide level or mRNA level, the standard being taken from a second biological sample obtained from an individual not having the disorder or being determined by averaging levels from a population of individuals not having the disorder. As will be appreciated in the art, once a standard polypeptide level or mRNA level is known, it can be used repeatedly as a standard for comparison.
1040[0404] By "biological sample" is intended any biological sample obtained from an
1041_<* individual, cell line, tissue culture, or other source containing polypeptides of the invention
1042(including portions thereof) or mRNA. As indicated, biological samples include body fluids
1043(such as sera, plasma, urine, synovial fluid and spinal fluid) and tissue sources found to express the full length or fragments thereof of a polypeptide or mRNA. Methods for obtaining tissue biopsies and body fluids from mammals are well known in the art. Where the biological sample is to include mRNA, a tissue biopsy is the prefeπed source.
1044[0405] Total cellular RNA can be isolated from a biological sample using any suitable technique such as the single-step guanidinium-thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform method described in Chomczynski and Sacchi, Anal. Biochem. 162:156-159 (1987). Levels of mRNA encoding the polypeptides of the invention are then assayed using any appropriate method. These include Northern blot analysis, SI nuclease mapping, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), reverse transcription in combination with the polymerase chain reaction
1045(RT-PCR), and reverse transcription in combination with the ligase chain reaction (RT-LCR).
1046[0406] The present invention also relates to diagnostic assays such as quantitative and diagnostic assays for detecting levels of polypeptides that bind to, are bound by, or associate with albumin fusion proteins of the invention, in a biological sample (e.g., cells and tissues), including determination of normal and abnormal levels of polyp<sup>*</sup> eptides. Thus, for instance, a diagnostic assay n accordance with the invention for detecting abnormal expression of polypeptides that bind to, are bound by, or associate with albumin fusion proteins compared to normal control tissue samples may be used to detect the presence of tumors. Assay techniques that can be used to determine levels of a polypeptide that bind to, are bound by, or associate with albumin fusion proteins of the present invention in a sample derived from a host are well-known to those of skill in the art. Such assay methods include radioimmunoassays, competitive-binding assays, Western Blot analysis and ELISA assays.
1047Assaying polypeptide levels in a biological sample can occur using any art-known method.
1048[0407] Assaying polypeptide levels in a biological sample can occur using a variety of techniques. For example, polypeptide expression in tissues can be studied with classical immunohistological methods (Jalkanen et al, J. Cell. Biol. 101:976-985 (1985); Jalkanen,
1049M., et al., J. Cell . Biol. 105:3087-3096 (1987)). Other methods useful for detecting polypeptide gene expression include immunoassays, such as the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the radioimmunoassay (RIA). Suitable antibody assay labels are known in the art and include enzyme labels, such as, glucose oxidase, and radioisotopes, such as iodine (<sup>125</sup>1, <sup>121</sup>I), carbon (<sup>14</sup>C), sulfur (<sup>35</sup>S), tritium (<sup>3</sup>H), indium (<sup>112</sup>In), and technetium (<sup>9 m</sup>Tc), and fluorescent labels, such as fluorescein and rhodamine, and biotin.
1050[0408] The tissue or cell type to be analyzed will generally include those which are known, or suspected, to express the gene of interest (such as, for example, cancer). The protein isolation methods employed herein may, for example, be such as those described in
1051Harlow and Lane (Harlow, E. and Lane, D., 1988, "Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual", Cold
1052Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The isolated cells can be derived from cell culture or from a patient. The analysis of cells taken from culture may be a necessary step in the assessment of cells that could be used as part of a cell-based gene therapy technique or, alternatively, to test the effect of compounds on the expression of the gene.
1053[0409] For example, albumin fusion proteins may be used to quantitatively or qualitatively detect the presence of polypeptides that bind to, are bound by, or associate with albumin fusion proteins of the present invention. This can be accomplished, for example, by immunofluorescence techniques employing a fluorescently labeled albumin fusion protein coupled with light microscopic, flow cytometric, or fluorimetric detection.
1054[0410] In a prefeπed embodiment, albumin fusion proteins comprising at least a fragment or variant of an antibody that specifically binds at least a Therapeutic protein disclosed herein (e.g., the Therapeutic proteins disclosed in Table 1) or otherwise known in the art may be used to quantitatively or qualitatively detect the presence of gene products or conserved variants or peptide fragments thereof. This can be accomplished, for example, by immunofluorescence techniques employing a fluorescently labeled antibody coupled with light microscopic, flow cytometric, or fluorimetric detection.
1055[0411] The albumin fusion proteins of the present invention may, additionally, be employed histologically, as in immunofluorescence, immunoelectron microscopy or non- immunological assays, for in situ detection of polypeptides that bind to, are bound by, or associate with an albumin fusion protein of the present invention. In situ detection may be accomplished by removing a histological specimen from a patient, and applying thereto a labeled antibody or polypeptide of the present invention. The albumin fusion proteins are preferably applied by overlaying the labeled albumin fusion proteins onto a biological sample. Through the use of such a procedure, it is possible to determine not only the presence of the polypeptides that bind to, are bound by, or associate with albumin fusion proteins, but also its distribution in the examined tissue. Using the present invention, those of ordinary skill will readily perceive that any of a wide variety of histological methods (such as staining procedures) can be modified in order to achieve such in situ detection.
1056[0412] Immunoassays and non-immunoassays that detect polypeptides that bind to, are bound by, or associate with albumin fusion proteins will typically comprise incubating a sample, such as a biological fluid, a tissue extract, freshly harvested cells, or lysates of cells which have been incubated in cell culture, in the presence of a detectably labeled antibody capable of binding gene products or conserved variants or peptide fragments thereof, and detecting the bound antibody by any of a number of techniques well-known in the art.
1057[0413] The biological sample may be brought in contact with and immobilized onto a solid phase support or carrier such as nitrocellulose, or other solid support which is capable of immobilizing cells, cell particles or soluble proteins. The support may then be washed with suitable buffers followed by treatment with the detectably labeled albumin fusion protein of the invention. The solid phase support may then be washed with the buffer a second time to remove unbound antibody or polypeptide. Optionally the antibody is subsequently labeled.
1058The amount of bound label on solid support may then be detected by conventional means.
1059[0414] By "solid phase support or carrier" is intended any support capable of binding a polypeptide (e.g., an albumin fusion protein, or polypeptide that binds, is bound by, or associates with an albumin fusion protein of the invention.) Well-known supports or carriers include glass, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, dextran, nylon, amylases, natural and modified celluloses, polyacrylamides, gabbros, and magnetite. The nature of the carrier can be either soluble to some extent or insoluble for the purposes of the present invention. The support material may have virtually any possible structural configuration so long as the coupled molecule is capable of binding to a polypeptide. Thus, the support configuration may be spherical, as in a bead, or cylindrical, as in the inside surface of a test tube, or the external surface of a rod. Alternatively, the surface may be flat such as a sheet, test strip, etc.
1060Prefeπed supports include polystyrene beads. Those skilled in the art will know many other suitable carriers for binding antibody or antigen, or will be able to ascertain the same by use of routine experimentation.
1061[0415] The binding activity of a given lot of albumin fusion protein may be determined according to well known methods. Those skilled in the art will be able to determine operative and optimal assay conditions for each determination by employing routine experimentation.
1062[0416] In addition to assaying polypeptide levels in a biological sample obtained from an individual, polypeptide can also be detected in vivo by imaging. For example, in one embodiment of the invention, albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used to image diseased or neoplastic cells.
1063[0417] Labels or markers for in vivo imaging of albumin fusion proteins of the invention include those detectable by X-radiography, NMR, MRI, CAT-scans or ESR. For
1064X-radiography, suitable labels include radioisotopes such as barium or cesium, which emit detectable radiation but are not overtly harmful to the subject. Suitable markers for NMR and
1065ESR include those with a detectable characteristic spin, such as deuterium, which may be incorporated into the albumin fusion protein by labeling of nutrients of a cell line (or bacterial or yeast strain) engineered.
1066[0418] Additionally, albumin fusion proteins of the invention whose presence can be detected, can be administered. For example, albumin fiision proteins of the invention labeled with a radio-opaque or other appropriate compound can be administered and visualized in vivo, as discussed, above for labeled antibodies. Further, such polypeptides can be utilized for in vitro diagnostic procedures.
1067[0419] A polypeptide-specific antibody or antibody fragment which has been labeled with an appropriate detectable imaging moiety, such as a radioisotope (for example, I,
1068<sup>U2</sup>Ih, <sup>99m</sup>Tc), a radio-opaque substance, or a material detectable by nuclear magnetic resonance, is introduced (for example, parenterally, subcutaneously or intraperitoneally) into the mammal to be examined for a disorder. It will be understood in the art that the size of the subject and the imaging system used will determine the quantity of imaging moiety needed to produce diagnostic images. In the case of a radioisotope moiety, for a human subject, the quantity of radioactivity injected will normally range from about 5 to 20 millicuries of <sup>99m</sup>Tc.
1069The labeled albumin fusion protein will then preferentially accumulate at the locations in the body which contain a polypeptide or other substance that binds to, is bound by or associates with an albumin fusion protein of the present invention. In vivo tumor imaging is described in S.W. Burchiel et al., "Immunopharmacokinetics of Radiolabeled Antibodies and Their
1070Fragments" (Chapter 13 in Tumor Imaging: The Radiochemical Detection of Cancer, S.W.
1071Burchiel and B. A. Rhodes, eds., Masson Publishing Inc. (1982)).
1072[0420] One of the ways in which an albumin fusion protein of the present invention can be detectably labeled is by linking the same to a reporter enzyme and using the linked product in an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (Voller, A., "The Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)", 1978, Diagnostic Horizons 2:1-7, Microbiological Associates Quarterly Publication, Walkersville, MD); Voller et al., J. Clin. Pathol 31:507-520 (1978); Butler, J.E., Meth. Enzymol 73:482-523 (1981); Maggio, E. (ed.), 1980, Enzyme Immunoassay, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL,; Ishikawa, E. et al., (eds.), 1981, Enzyme Immunoassay, Kgaku Shoin, Tokyo). The reporter enzyme which is bound to the antibody will react with an appropriate substrate, preferably a chromogenic substrate, in such a manner as to produce a chemical moiety which can be detected, for example, by spectrophotometric, fluorimetric or by visual means. Reporter enzymes which can be used to detectably label the antibody include, but are not limited to, malate dehydrogenase, staphylococcal nuclease, delta-5- steroid isomerase, yeast alcohol dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerophosphate, dehydrogenase, triose phosphate isomerase, horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, asparaginase, glucose oxidase, beta-galactosidase, ribonuclease, urease, catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucoarnylase and acetylcholinesterase. Additionally, the detection can be accomplished by colorimetric methods which employ a chromogenic substrate for the reporter enzyme. Detection may also be accomplished by visual comparison of the extent of enzymatic reaction of a substrate in comparison with similarly prepared standards. [0421] Albumin fusion proteins may also be radiolabelled and used in any of a variety of other immunoassays. For example, by radioactively labeling the albumin fusion proteins, it is possible to the use the albumin fusion proteins in a radioimmunoassay (RIA) (see, for example, Weintraub, B., Principles of Radioimmunoassays, Seventh Training Course on Radioligand Assay Techniques, The Endocrine Society, March, 1986, which is incorporated by reference herein). The radioactive isotope can be detected by means including, but not limited to, a gamma counter, a scintillation counter, or autoradiography. [0422] Additionally, chelator molecules, are known in the art and can be used to label the Albumin fusion proteins. Chelator molecules may be attached Albumin fusion proteins of the invention to facilitate labeling said protein with metal ions including radionuchdes or fluorescent labels. For example, see Subramanian, R. and Meares, C.F., "Bifunctional Chelating Agents for Radiometal-labeled monoclonal Antibodies," in Cancer Imaging with Radiolabeled Antibodies (D. M. Goldenberg, Ed.) Kluwer Academic Publications, Boston; Saji, H., "Targeted delivery of radiolabeled imaging and therapeutic agents: bifunctional radiopharmaceuticals." Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst. 76:209-244 (1999); Srivastava S.C. and Mease R.C., "Progress in research on ligands, nuclides and techniques for labeling monoclonal antibodies." 7«t. J. Rad. Appl. Instrum. B 75:589-603 (1991); and Liu, S. and
1073Edwards, D.S., "Bifunctional chelators for therapeutic lanthanide radiopharmaceuticals."
1074Bioconjug. Chem. 12:7-34 (2001). Any chelator which can be covalently bound to said
1075Albumin fusion proteins may be used according to the present invention. The chelator may further comprise a linker moiety that connects the chelating moiety to the Albumin fusion protein.
1076[0423] In one embodiment, the Albumin fusion protein of the invention are attached to an acyclic chelator such as diethylene triamine-N,N,N',N",N"-pentaacetic acid (DPTA), analogues of DPTA, and derivatives of DPTA. As non-limiting examples, the chelator may be 2-(p-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-6- methyldiethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (1B4M-DPTA, also known as MX-DTPA), 2-methyl-6-(rho-nitrobenzyl)- 1,4,7- triazaheptane-N,N,N',N",N"- pentaacetic acid (nitro-lB4M-DTPA or nitro-MX-DTPA); 2-(p-isothiocyanatobenzyl)- cyclohexyldiethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (CHX-DTPA), or N-[2-amino-3-(rho- nitrophenyl)propyl]-trans-cyclohexane-l ,2-diamine-N,N',N"-pentaacetic acid (nitro-CHX-A-
1077DTPA).
1078[0424] In another embodiment, the Albumin fusion protein of the invention are attached to an acyclic terpyridine chelator such as 6,6"-bis[[N,N,N",N"- tefra(carboxymethyl)amino]methyl]-4<sup>,</sup>-(3-amino-4-methoxyphenyl)-2,2':6',2 "- terpyridine
1079(TMT-amine).
1080[0425] In specific embodiments, the macrocyclic chelator which is attached to the the
1081Albumin fusion protein of the invention is 1, 4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N",N'"- tetraacetic acid (DOTA). In other specific embodiments, the DOTA is attached to the the
1082Albumin fiision protein of the invention via a linker molecule. Examples of linker molecules useful for conjugating DOTA to a polypeptide are commonly known in the art - see, for example, DeNardo et al, Clin. Cancer Res. (10):2483-90, 1998; Peterson et al, Bioconjug.
1083Chem. 10(4):553-7, 1999; and Zimmerman et al, Nucl Med. Biol. 26(8):943-50, 1999 which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. In addition, U.S. Patents 5,652,361 and
10845,756,065, which disclose chelating agents that may be conjugated to antibodies, and methods for making and using them, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
1085Though U.S. Patents 5,652,361 and 5,756,065 focus on conjugating chelating agents to antibodies, one skilled in the art could readily adapt the method disclosed therein in order to conjugate chelating agents to other polypeptides. [0426] Bifunctional chelators based on macrocyclic ligands in which conjugation is via an activated arm, or functional group, attached to the carbon backbone of the ligand can be employed as described by M. Moi et al, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 49:2639 (1989) (2-p- nitiObenzyl-l,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N",N'"-tetraacetic acid); S. V. Deshpande et al, J. Nucl Med. 31:473 (1990); G. Ruser et al, Bioconj. Chem. 7:345 (1990); C. J. Broan et al, J. C. S. Chem. Comm. 23:1739 (1990); and C. J. Anderson et al, J. Nucl. Med. 56:850
1086(1995).
1087[0427] In one embodiment, a macrocyclic chelator, such as polyazamacrocyclic chelators, optionally containing one or more carboxy, amino, hydroxamate, phosphonate, or phosphate groups, are attached to the Albumin fusion protein of the invention. In another embodiment, the chelator is a chelator selected from the group consisting of DOTA, analogues of DOTA, and derivatives of DOTA.
1088[0428] In one embodiment, suitable chelator molecules that may be attached to the the
1089Albumin fusion protein of the invention include DOXA (l-oxa-4,7,10- triazacyclododecanetriacetic acid), NOT A (1,4,7-triazacyclononanetriacetic acid), TETA
1090(1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecanetetraacetic acid), and THT (4'-(3-amino-4-methoxy- phenyl)-6,6"-bis(N',N'-dicarboxymethyl-N-methylhydra zino)-2,2':6',2"-terpyridine), and analogs and derivatives thereof. See, e.g., Ohmono et al, J. Med. Chem. 35: 157-162
1091(1992); Kung et al, J. Nucl Med. 25: 326-332 (1984); Jurisson et al, Chem. Rev. 93:1137-
10921156 (1993); and U.S. Patent No. 5,367,080. Other suitable chelators include chelating agents disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,647,447; 4,687,659; 4,885,363; EP-A-71564;
1093WO89/00557; and EP-A-232751.
1094[0429] In another embodiment, suitable macrocyclic carboxylic acid chelators which can be used in the present invention include 1, 4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N',N"- tetraacetic acid (DOTA); l,4,8,12-tetraazacyclopentadecane-N<sub>;</sub>N'N"<sub>»</sub>N<sup>,</sup>"-tetraacetic acid
1095(15Ν4); l,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N"-triacetic acid (9N3); 1,5,9-triazacyclododecane-
1096N,N,N"-triacetic acid (12N3); and 6-bromoacetamido-benzyl-l, 4,8,11- tetraazacyclotetradecane- NN'^V"N"'-tetraacetic acid (BAT).
1097[0430] A prefeπed chelator that can be attached to the Albumin Fusion protein of the invention is α-(5-isothiocyanato- 2-methoxyphenyl)- 1, 4,7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane-
10981,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid, which is also known as MeO-DOTA-ΝCS. A salt or ester of α-(5- isothiocyanato- 2-methoxyphenyl)- l,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-l,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid may also be used. [0431] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention to which chelators such as those decribed are covalently attached may be labeled (via the coordination site of the chelator) with radionuchdes that are suitable for therapeutic, diagnostic, or both therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Examples of appropriate metals include Ag, At, Au, Bi, Cu, Ga, Ho, In, Lu, Pb, Pd, Pm, Pr, Rb, Re, Rh, Sc, Sr, Tc, TI, Y, and Yb. Examples of the radionuclide used for diagnostic purposes are Fe, Gd, '"in, <sup>67</sup>Ga, or <sup>68</sup>Ga. In another embodiment, the radionuclide used for diagnostic purposes is <sup>l l l</sup>In, or <sup>67</sup>Ga. Examples of the radionuclide used for therapeutic purposes are <sup>166</sup>Ho, <sup>165</sup>Dy, ^Y, <sup>115m</sup>In, <sup>52</sup>Fe, or <sup>7</sup> Ga. In one embodiment, the radionuclide used for diagnostic purposes is <sup>I66</sup>Ho or <sup>90</sup>Y. Examples of the radionuchdes used for both therapeutic and diagnostic purposes include <sup>153</sup>Sm, <sup>177</sup>Lu, <sup>159</sup>Gd, <sup>,75</sup>Yb, or <sup>47</sup>Sc. In one embodiment, the radionuclide is <sup>153</sup>Sm, <sup>177</sup>Lu, <sup>175</sup>Yb, or <sup>159</sup>Gd. [0432] Prefeπed metal radionuchdes include <sup>90</sup>Y, <sup>99m</sup>Tc, <sup>π ι</sup>In, <sup>47</sup>Sc, <sup>67</sup>Ga, <sup>51</sup>Cr,
1099<sup>177m</sup>Sn, <sup>67</sup>Cu, <sup>167</sup>Tm, <sup>97</sup>Ru, <sup>188</sup>Re, <sup>177</sup>Lu, <sup>199</sup>Au, <sup>47</sup>Sc, <sup>67</sup>Ga, <sup>51</sup>Cr, <sup>I77m</sup>Sn, <sup>67</sup>Cu, <sup>167</sup>Tm, <sup>95</sup>Ru, <sup>188</sup>Re, <sup>177</sup>Lu, <sup>l99</sup>Au, <sup>203</sup>Pb and <sup>141</sup>Ce.
1100[0433] In a particular embodiment, Albumin fusion proteins of the invention to which chelators are covalently attached may be labeled with a metal ion selected from the group consisting of ^Y, <sup>m</sup>In, <sup>177</sup>Lu, <sup>166</sup>Ho, <sup>15</sup>Bi, and <sup>225</sup>Ac.
1101[0434] Moreover, γ-emitting radionuchdes, such as <sup>99m</sup>Tc, <sup>m</sup>In, <sup>67</sup>Ga, and <sup>l69</sup>Yb have been approved or under investigation for diagnostic imaging, while β-emitters, such as Cu, <sup>111</sup> Ag, <sup>186</sup>Re, and ^ are useful for the applications in tumor therapy. Also other useful radionuchdes include γ-emitters, such as <sup>99m</sup>Tc, <sup>n ι</sup>In, <sup>67</sup>Ga, and <sup>169</sup>Yb, and β-emitters, such as <sup>67</sup>Cu, <sup>m</sup>Ag, <sup>l86</sup>Re, <sup>188</sup>Re and '"Y as well as other radionuchdes of interest such as <sup>2U</sup>At, <sup>212</sup>Bi, <sup>,77</sup>Lu, <sup>86</sup>Rb , <sup>105</sup>Rh, <sup>153</sup>Sm, <sup>198</sup>Au, <sup>149</sup>Pm, <sup>85</sup>Sr, <sup>142</sup>Pr, <sup>214</sup>Pb, <sup>,09</sup>Pd, <sup>166</sup>Ho, <sup>208</sup>T1, and «Sc. Albumin fusion proteins of the invention to which chelators are covalently attached may be labeled with the radionuchdes described above.
1102[0435] In another embodiment, Albumin fusion proteins of the invention to which chelators are covalently attached may be labeled with paramagnetic metal ions including ions of transition and lanthanide metal, such as metals having atomic numbers of 21-29, 42, 43, 44, or 57-71, in particular ions of Cr, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu. The paramagnetic metals used in compositions for magnetic resonance imaging include the elements having atomic numbers of 22 to 29, 42, 44 and 58-70. [0436] In another embodiment, Albumin fusion proteins of the invention to which chelators are covalently attached may be labeled with fluorescent metal ions including lanthanides, in particular La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu (e.g., <sup>152</sup>Eu), Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu.
1103[0437] In another embodiment, Albumin fusion proteins of the invention to which chelators are covalently attached may be labeled with heavy metal-containing reporters may include atoms of Mo, Bi, Si, and W.
1104[0438] It is also possible to label the albumin fusion proteins with a fluorescent compound. When the fluorescently labeled antibody is exposed to light of the proper wave length, its presence can then be detected due to fluorescence. Among the most commonly used fluorescent labeling compounds are fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, ophthaldehyde and fluorescamine. [0439] The albumin fusion protein can also be detectably labeled using fluorescence emitting metals such as <sup>152</sup>Eu, or others of the lanthanide series. These metals can be attached to the antibody using such metal chelating groups as diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid (DTP A) or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).
1105[0440] The albumin fusion proteins can also can be detectably labeled by coupling it to a chemiluminescent compound. The presence of the chemiluminescent-tagged albumin fusion protein is then determined by detecting the presence of luminescence that arises during the course of a chemical reaction. Examples of particularly useful chemiluminescent labeling compounds are luminol, isoluminol, theromatic acridinium ester, imidazole, acridinium salt and oxalate ester. ~<sup>^</sup>
1106[0441] Likewise, a bioluminescent compound may be used to label albumin fusion proteins of the present invention. Bioluminescence is a type of chemiluminescence found in biological systems in, which a catalytic protein increases the efficiency of the chemiluminescent reaction. The presence of a bioluminescent protein is determined by detecting the presence of luminescence. Important bioluminescent compounds for purposes of labeling are luciferin, luciferase and aequorin.
1107Transgenic Organisms
1108[0442] Transgenic organisms that express the albumin fusion proteins of the invention are also included in the invention. Transgenic organisms are genetically modified organisms into which recombinant, exogenous or cloned genetic material has been transfeπed. Such genetic material is often refeπed to as a transgene. The nucleic acid sequence of the transgene may include one or more transcriptional regulatory sequences and other nucleic acid sequences such as introns, that may be necessary for optimal expression and secretion of the encoded protein. The transgene may be designed to direct the expression of the encoded protein in a manner that facilitates its recovery from the organism or from a product produced by the organism, e.g. from the milk, blood, urine, eggs, hair or seeds of the organism. The transgene may consist of nucleic acid sequences derived from the genome of the same species or of a different species than the species of the target animal. The transgene may be integrated either at a locus of a genome where that particular nucleic acid sequence is not otherwise normally found or at the normal locus for the transgene.
1109[0443] The term "germ cell line transgenic organism" refers to a transgenic organism in which the genetic alteration or genetic information was introduced into a germ line cell, thereby conferring the ability of the transgenic organism to transfer the genetic information to offspring. If such offspring in fact possess some or all of that alteration or genetic information, then they too are transgenic organisms. The alteration or genetic information may be foreign to the species of organism to which the recipient belongs, foreign only to the particular individual recipient, or may be genetic information already possessed by the recipient. In the last case, the altered or introduced gene may be expressed differently than the native gene.
1110[0444] A transgenic organism may be a transgenic animal or a transgenic plant.
1111Transgenic animals can be produced by a variety of different methods including transfection, electroporation, microinjection, gene targeting in embryonic stem cells and recombinant viral and retroviral infection (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 4,736,866; U.S. Patent No. 5,602,307;
1112Mullins et al. (1993) Hypertension 22(4):630-633; Brenin et al. (1997) Surg. Oncol. 6(2)99-
1113110; Tuan (ed.), Recombinant Gene Expression Protocols, Methods in Molecular Biology
1114No. 62, Humana Press (1997)). The method of introduction of nucleic acid fragments into recombination competent mammalian cells can be by any method which favors co-transformation of multiple nucleic acid molecules. Detailed procedures for producing transgenic animals are readily available to one skilled in the art, including the disclosures in
1115U.S. Patent No. 5,489,743 and U.S. Patent No. 5,602,307.
1116[0445] A number of recombinant or transgenic mice have been produced, including those which express an activated oncogene sequence (U.S. Patent No. 4,736,866); express simian SV40 T-antigen (U.S. Patent No. 5,728,915); lack the expression of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) (U.S. Patent No. 5,731,490); exhibit dopaminergic dysfunction (U.S.. Patent No. 5,723,719); express at least one human gene which participates in blood pressure control (U.S. Patent No. 5,731,489); display greater similarity to the conditions existing in naturally occurring Alzheimer's disease (U.S. Patent No. 5,720,936); have a reduced capacity to mediate cellular adhesion (U.S. Patent No. 5,602,307); possess a bovine growth hormone gene (Clutter et al. (1996) Genetics 143(4): 1753-1760); or, are capable of generating a fully human antibody response (McCarthy (1997) The Lancet 349(9049):405). [0446] While mice and rats remain the animals of choice for most transgenic experimentation, in some instances it is preferable or even necessary to use alternative animal species. Transgenic procedures have been successfully utilized in a variety of non-murine animals, including sheep, goats, pigs, dogs, cats, monkeys, chimpanzees, hamsters, rabbits, cows and guinea pigs (see, e.g., Kim et al. (1997) Mol. Reprod. Dev. 46(4):515-526; Houdebine (1995) Reprod. Nurr. Dev. 35(6):609-617; Petters (1994) Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 6(5):643-645; Schnieke et al. (1997) Science 278(5346):2130-2133; and Amoah (1997) J. Animal Science 75(2):578-585).
1117[0447] To direct the secretion of the transgene-encoded protein of the invention into the milk of transgenic mammals, it may be put under the control of a promoter that is preferentially activated in mammary epithelial cells. Promoters that control the genes encoding milk proteins are prefeπed, for example the promoter for casein, beta lactoglobulin, whey acid protein, or lactalbumin (see, e.g., DiTullio (1992) BioTechnology 10:74-77; Clark et al. (1989) BioTechnology 7:487-492; Gorton et al. (1987) BioTechnology 5:1183-1187; and Soulier et al. (1992) FEBS Letts. 297:13). The transgenic mammals of choice would produce large volumes of milk and have long lactating periods, for example goats, cows, camels or sheep.
1118[0448] An albumin fusion protein of the invention can also be expressed in a transgenic plant, e.g. a plant in which the DNA transgene is inserted into the nuclear or plastidic genome. Plant transformation procedures used to introduce foreign nucleic acids into plant cells or protoplasts are known in the art. See, in general, Methods in Enzymology Vol. 153 ("Recombinant DNA Part D") 1987, Wu and Grossman Eds., Academic Press and European Patent Application EP 693554. Methods for generation of genetically engineered plants are further described in US Patent No. 5,283,184, US Patent No. 5, 482,852, and European Patent Application EP 693 554, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Pharmaceutical or Therapeutic Compositions
1119[0449] The albumin fusion proteins of the invention or formulations thereof may be administered by any conventional method including parenteral (e.g. subcutaneous or intramuscular) injection or intravenous infusion. The treatment may consist of a single dose or a plurality of doses over a period of time.
1120[0450] While it is possible for an albumin fusion protein of the invention to be administered alone, it is preferable to present it as a pharmaceutical formulation, together with one or more acceptable carriers. The carrier(s) must be "acceptable" in the sense of being compatible with the albumin fusion protein and not deleterious to the recipients thereof.
1121Typically, the carriers will be water or saline which will be sterile and pyrogen free.
1122Albumin fusion proteins of the invention are particularly well suited to formulation in aqueous carriers such as sterile pyrogen free water, saline or other isotonic solutions because of their extended shelf-life in solution. For instance, pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be formulated well in advance in aqueous form, for instance, weeks or months or longer time periods before being dispensed.
1123[0451] For example, formulations containing the albumin fusion protein may be prepared taking into account the extended shelf-life of the albumin fusion protein in aqueous formulations. As discussed above, the shelf-life of many of these Therapeutic proteins are markedly increased or prolonged after fusion to HA.
1124[0452] In instances where aerosol administration is appropriate, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention can be formulated as aerosols using standard procedures. The term
1125"aerosol" includes any gas-bome suspended phase of an albumin fusion protein of the instant invention which is capable of being inhaled into the bronchioles or nasal passages.
1126Specifically, aerosol includes a gas-borne suspension of droplets of an albumin fusion protein of the instant invention, as may be produced in a metered dose inhaler or nebulizer, or in a mist sprayer. Aerosol also includes a dry powder composition of a compound of the instant invention suspended in air or other carrier gas, which may be delivered by insufflation from an inhaler device, for example. See Ganderton & Jones, Drug Delivery to the Respiratory
1127Tract, Ellis Horwood (19 87); Gonda (1990) Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier
1128Systems 6:273-313; and Raeburn et al,. (1992) Pharmacol. Toxicol Methods 27:143-159.
1129[0453] The formulations of the invention are also typically non-immunogenic, in part, because of the use of the components of the albumin fusion protein being derived from the proper species. For instance, for human use, both the Therapeutic protein and albumin portions of the albumin fusion protein will typically be human. In some cases, wherein either component is non human-derived, that component may be humanized by substitution of key amino acids so that specific epitopes appear to the human immune system to be human in nature rather than foreign.
1130[0454] The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Such methods include the step of bringing into association the albumin fusion protein with the carrier that constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
1131[0455] Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation appropriate for the intended recipient, and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents. The formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampules, vials or syringes, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilised) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders. Dosage formulations may contain the Therapeutic protein portion at a lower molar concentration or lower dosage compared to the non-fused standard formulation for the Therapeutic protein given the extended serum half-life exhibited by many of the albumin fusion proteins of the invention.
1132[0456] As an example, when an albumin fusion protein of the invention comprises one of the proteins listed in the "Therapeutic ProteimX" column of Table 1 as one or more of the Therapeutic protein regions, the dosage form can be calculated on the basis of the potency of the albumin fusion protein relative to the potency of hGH, while taking into account the prolonged serum half-life and shelf-life of the albumin fusion proteins compared to that of native hGH. Growth hormone is typically administered at 0.3 to 30.0 IU/kg week, for example 0.9 to 12.0 IU/kg/week, given in three or seven divided doses for a year or more. In an albumin fusion protein consisting of full length HA fused to full length GH, an equivalent dose in terms of units would represent a greater weight of agent but the dosage frequency can be reduced, for example to twice a week, once a week or less.
1133[0457] Formulations or compositions of the invention may be packaged together with, or included in a kit with, instructions or a package insert referring to the extended shelf-life of the albumin fusion protein component. For instance, such instructions or package inserts may address recommended storage conditions, such as time, temperature and light, taking into account the extended or prolonged shelf-life of the albumin fusion proteins of the invention.
1134Such instructions or package inserts may also address the particular advantages of the albumin fusion proteins of the inventions, such as the ease of storage for formulations that may require use in the field, outside of controlled hospital, clinic or office conditions. As described above, formulations of the invention may be in aqueous form and may be stored under less than ideal circumstances without significant loss of therapeutic activity.
1135[0458] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention can also be included in nutraceuticals. For instance, certain albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be administered in natural products, including milk or milk product obtained from a transgenic mammal which expresses albumin fusion protein. Such compositions can also include plant or plant products obtained from a transgenic plant which expresses the albumin fusion protein. The albumin fusion protein can also be provided in powder or tablet form, with or without other known additives, carriers, fillers and diluents. Nutraceuticals are described in
1136Scott Hegenhart, Food Product Design, Dec. 1993.
1137[0459] The invention also provides methods of treatment and/or prevention of diseases or disorders (such as, for example, any one or more of the diseases or disorders disclosed herein) by administration to a subject of an effective amount of an albumin fusion protein of the invention or a polynucleotide encoding an albumin fusion protein of the invention ("albumin fusion polynucleotide") in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
1138[0460] The albumin fusion protein and/or polynucleotide will be formulated and dosed in a fashion consistent with good medical practice, taking into account the clinical condition of the individual patient (especially the side effects of treatment with the albumin fusion protein and/or polynucleotide alone), the site of delivery, the method of administration, the scheduling of administration, and other factors known to practitioners. The "effective amount" for purposes herein is thus determined by such considerations.
1139[0461] As a general proposition, the total pharmaceutically effective amount of the albumin fusion protein administered parenterally per dose will be in the range of about lug/kg/day to 10 mg/kg/day of patient body weight, although, as noted above, this will be subject to therapeutic discretion. More preferably, this dose is at least 0.01 mg/kg/day, and most preferably for humans between about 0.01 and 1 mg/kg day for the hormone. If given continuously, the albumin fusion protein is typically administered at a dose rate of about 1 ug/kg/hour to about 50 ug/kg/hour, either by 1-4 injections per day or by continuous subcutaneous infusions, for example, using a mini-pump. An intravenous bag solution may also be employed. The length of treatment needed to observe changes and the interval following treatment for responses to occur appears to vary depending on the desired effect. [0462] Albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides can be are administered orally, rectally, parenterally, intracisternally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, topically (as by powders, ointments, gels, drops or transdermal patch), bucally, or as an oral or nasal spray. "Pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" refers to a non-toxic solid, semisolid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any. The term "parenteral" as used herein refers to modes of administration which include intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrasternal, subcutaneous and intraarticular injection and infusion. [0463] Albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are also suitably administered by sustained-release systems. Examples of sustained-release albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides are administered orally, rectally, parenterally, intracisternally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, topically (as by powders, ointments, gels, drops or transdermal patch), bucally, or as an oral or nasal spray. "Pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" refers to a non-toxic solid, semisolid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type. The term "parenteral" as used herein refers to modes of administration which include intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrasternal, subcutaneous and intraarticular injection and infusion. Additional examples of sustained-release albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides include suitable polymeric materials (such as, for example, semi-permeable polymer matrices in the form of shaped articles, e.g., films, or mirocapsules), suitable hydrophobic materials (for example as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, and sparingly soluble derivatives (such as, for example, a sparingly soluble salt).
1140[0464] Sustained-release matrices include polylactides (U.S. Pat. No. 3,773,919, EP
114158,481), copolymers of L-glutamic acid and gamma-ethyl-L-glutamate (Sidman et al., Biopolymers 22:547-556 (1983)), poly (2- hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (Langer et al., J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 15:167-277 (1981), and Langer, Chem. Tech. 12:98-105 (1982)), ethylene vinyl acetate (Langer et al, Id.) or poly-D- (-)-3-hydroxybutyric acid (EP 133,988). [0465] Sustained-release albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides also include liposomally entrapped albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention (see generally, Langer, Science 249:1527-1533 (1990); Treat et al., in Liposomes in the Therapy of
1142Infectious Disease and Cancer, Lopez-Berestein and Fidler (eds.), Liss, New York, pp. 317 -
1143327 and 353-365 (1989)). Liposomes containing the albumin fusion protein and/or polynucleotide are prepared by methods known per se: DE 3,218,121; Epstein et al., Proc.
1144Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 82:3688-3692 (1985); Hwang et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.(USA)
114577:4030-4034 (1980); EP 52,322; EP 36,676; EP 88,046; EP 143,949; EP 142,641; Japanese
1146Pat. Appl. 83-118008; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,485,045 and 4,544,545; and EP 102,324. Ordinarily, the liposomes are of the small (about 200-800 Angstroms) unilamellar type in which the lipid content is greater than about 30 mol. percent cholesterol, the selected proportion being adjusted for the optimal Therapeutic.
1147[0466] In yet an additional embodiment, the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are delivered by way of a pump (see Langer, supra; Sefton,
1148CRC Crit. Ref. Biomed. Eng. 14:201 (1987); Buchwald et al., Surgery 88:507 (1980); Saudek et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 321:574 (1989)).
1149[0467] Other controlled release systems are discussed in the review by Langer
1150(Science 249: 1527-1533 (1990)).
1151[0468] For parenteral administration, in one embodiment, the albumin fusion protein and/or polynucleotide is formulated generally by mixing it at the desired degree of purity, in a unit dosage injectable form (solution, suspension, or emulsion), with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, i.e., one that is non-toxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed and is compatible with other ingredients of the formulation. For example, the formulation preferably does not include oxidizing agents and other compounds that are known to be deleterious to the Therapeutic.
1152[0469] Generally, the formulations are prepared by contacting the albumin fusion protein and or polynucleotide uniformly and intimately with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both. Then, if necessary, the product is shaped into the desired formulation.
1153Preferably the carrier is a parenteral carrier, more preferably a solution that is isotonic with the blood of the recipient. Examples of such carrier vehicles include water, saline, Ringer's solution, and dextrose solution. Non-aqueous vehicles such as fixed oils and ethyl oleate are also useful herein, as well as liposomes.
1154[0470] The carrier suitably contains minor amounts of additives such as substances that enhance isotonicity and chemical stability. Such materials are non-toxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, succinate, acetic acid, and other organic acids or their salts; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid; low molecular weight (less than about ten residues) polypeptides, e.g., polyarginine or tripeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyπolidone; amino acids, such as glycine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, or arginine; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including cellulose or its derivatives, glucose, manose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugar alcohols such as mannitol or sorbitol; counterions such as sodium; and/or nonionic surfactants such as polysorbates, poloxamers, or PEG.
1155[0471] The albumin fusion protein is typically formulated in such vehicles at a concentration of about 0.1 mg/ml to 100 mg/ml, preferably 1-10 mg/ml, at a pH of about 3 to
11568. It will be understood that the use of certain of the foregoing excipients, carriers, or stabilizers will result in the formation of polypeptide salts.
1157[0472] Any pharmaceutical used for therapeutic administration can be sterile.
1158Sterility is readily accomplished by filtration through sterile filtration membranes (e.g., 0.2 micron membranes). Albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides generally are placed into a container having a sterile access port, for example, an intravenous solution bag or vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle.
1159[0473] Albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides ordinarily will be stored in unit or multi-dose containers, for example, sealed ampoules or vials, as an aqueous solution or as a lyophiHzed formulation for reconstitution. As an example of a lyophilized formulation, 10-ml vials are filled with 5 ml of sterile-filtered<sup>1</sup> ^ (w/v) aqueous albumin fiision protein and/or polynucleotide solution, and the resulting mixture is lyophilized. The infusion solution is prepared by reconstituting the lyophilized albumin fusion protein and/or polynucleotide using bacteriostatic Water-for-Injection.
1160[0474] In a specific and prefeπed embodiment, the Albumin fusion protein formulations comprises 0.01 M sodium phosphate, 0.15 mM sodium chloride, 0.16 micromole sodium octanoate/milligram of fusion protein, 15 micrograms/milliliter polysorbate 80, pH 7.2. In another specific and prefeπed embodiment, the Albumin fusion protein formulations consists 0.01 M sodium phosphate, 0.15 mM sodium chloride, 0.16 micromole sodium octanoate/milligram of fusion protein, 15 micrograms/milliliter polysorbate 80, pH 7.2. The pH and buffer are chosen to match physiological conditions and the salt is added as a tonicifier. Sodium octanoate has been chosen due to its reported ability to increase the thermal stability of the protein in solution. Finally, polysorbate has been added as a generic surfactant, which lowers the surface tension of the solution and lowers non-specific adsorption of the albumin fusion protein to the container closure system. [0475] The invention also provides a pharmaceutical pack or kit comprising one or more containers filled with one or more of the ingredients of the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention. Associated with such container(s) can be a notice in the form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use or sale of pharmaceuticals or biological products, which notice reflects approval by the agency of manufacture, use or sale for human administration. In addition, the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides may be employed in conjunction with other therapeutic compounds. [0476] The albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention may be administered alone or in combination with adjuvants. Adjuvants that may be administered with the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention include, but are not limited to, alum, alum plus deoxycholate (ImmunoAg), MTP-PE (Biocine Corp.), QS21 (Genentech, Inc.), BCG (e.g., THERACYS®), MPL and nonviable preparations of Corynebacterium parvum. In a specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are administered in combination with alum, hi another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are administered in combination with QS-21. Further adjuvants that may be administered with the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention include, but are not limited to, Monophosphoryl lipid immunomodulator, AdjuVax 100a, QS-21, QS-18, CRL1005, Aluminum salts, MF-59, and Virosomal adjuvant technology. Vaccines that may be administered with the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention include, but are not limited to, vaccines directed toward protection against MMR (measles, mumps, rubella), polio, varicella, tetanus/diptheria, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae B, whooping cough, pneumonia, influenza, Lyme's Disease, rotavirus, cholera, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, poliomyelitis, rabies, typhoid fever, and pertussis. Combinations may be administered either concomitantly, e.g., as an admixture, separately but simultaneously or concuπently; or sequentially. This includes presentations in which the combined agents are administered together as a therapeutic mixture, and also procedures in which the combined agents are administered separately but simultaneously, e.g., as through separate intravenous lines into the same individual. Administration "in combination" further includes the separate administration of one of the compounds or agents given first, followed by the second. [0477] The albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention may be administered alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents. Albumin fusion protein and/or polynucleotide agents that may be administered in combination with the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention, include but not limited to, chemotherapeutic agents, antibiotics, steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, conventional immunotherapeutic agents, and/or therapeutic treatments described below.
1161Combinations may be administered either concomitantly, e.g., as an admixture, separately but simultaneously or concuπently; or sequentially. This includes presentations in which the combined agents are administered together as a therapeutic mixture, and also procedures in which the combined agents are administered separately but simultaneously, e.g., as through separate intravenous lines into the same individual. Administration "in combination" further includes the separate administration of one of the compounds or agents given first, followed by the second.
1162[0478] In one embodiment, the albumin fusion proteins and or polynucleotides of the invention are administered in combination with an anticoagulant. Anticoagulants that may be administered with the compositions of the invention include, but are not limited to, heparin, low molecular weight heparin, warfarin sodium (e.g., COUMADIN®), dicumarol, 4- hydroxycoumarin, anisindione (e.g., MIRADON™), acenocoumarol (e.g., nicoumalone,
1163SINTHROME™), indan-l,3-dione, phenprocoumon (e.g., MARCUMAR™), ethyl biscoumacetate (e.g., TROMEXAN™), and aspirin. In a specific embodiment, compositions of the invention are administered in combination with heparin and or warfarin. In another specific embodiment, compositions of the invention are administered in combination with warfarin. In another specific embodiment, compositions of the invention are administered in combination with warfarin and aspirin. In another specific embodiment, compositions of the invention are administered in combination with heparin. In another specific embodiment, compositions of the invention are administered in combination with heparin and aspirin.
1164[0479] In another embodiment, the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are administered in combination with thrombolytic drugs. Thrombolytic drugs that may be administered with the compositions of the invention include, but are not limited to, plasminogen, lys-plasminogen, alpha2-antiplasmin, streptokinae (e.g., KABQϋNASE™), antiresplace (e.g., EMINASE™), tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA, altevase,
1165ACTIVASE™), urokinase (e.g., ABBOKINASE™), sauruplase, (Prourokinase, single chain urokinase), and aminocaproic acid (e.g., AMICAR™). In a specific embodiment, compositions of the invention are administered in combination with tissue plasminogen activator and aspirin.
1166[0480] In another embodiment, the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are administered in combination with antiplatelet drugs. Antiplatelet drugs that may be administered with the compositions of the invention include, but are not limited to, aspirin, dipyridamole (e.g., PERSANTINE™), and ticlopidine (e.g., TICLID™).
1167[0481] In specific embodiments, the use of anti-coagulants, thrombolytic and/or antiplatelet drugs in combination with albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention is contemplated for the prevention, diagnosis, and/or treatment of thrombosis, arterial thrombosis, venous thrombosis, thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack, unstable angina. In specific embodiments, the use of anticoagulants, thrombolytic drugs and/or antiplatelet drugs in combination with albumin fusion proteins and or polynucleotides of the invention is contemplated for the prevention of occulsion of saphenous grafts, for reducing the risk of periprocedural thrombosis as might accompany angioplasty procedures, for reducing the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation including nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation, for reducing the risk of embolism associated with mechanical heart valves and or mitral valves disease. Other uses for the therapeutics of the invention, alone or in combination with antiplatelet, anticoagulant, and/or thrombolytic drugs, include, but are not limited to, the prevention of occlusions in extracorporeal devices (e.g., intravascular canulas, vascular access shunts in hemodialysis patients, hemodialysis machines, and cardiopulmonary bypass machines).
1168[0482] In certain embodiments, albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are administered in combination with antiretroviral agents, nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
1169(NNRTIs), and/or protease inhibitors (Pis). NRTIs that may be administered in combination with the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention, include, but are not limited to, RETROVTR™ (zidovudine/AZT), VIDEX™ (didanosine/ddl), HTVTD™
1170(zalcitabine/ddC), ZERTT™ (stavudine/d4T), EPTVTR™ (lamivudine/3TC), and COMBIVIR™
1171(zidovudine/lamivudine). NNRTIs that may be administered in combination with the albumin fusion proteins and or polynucleotides of the invention, include, but are not limited to, VIRAMUNE™ (nevirapine), RESCRIPTOR™ (delavirdine), and SUSTIVA™ (efavirenz).
1172Protease inhibitors that may be administered in combination with the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention, include, but are not limited to, CRIXIVAN™ (indiriavir), NORVIR™ (ritonavir), INVIRASE™ (saquinavir), and VIRACEPT™ (nelfinavir). In a specific embodiment, antiretroviral agents, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and/or protease inhibitors may be used in any combination with albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention to treat AIDS and/or to prevent or treat HIV infection.
1173[0483] Additional NRTIs include LODENOSINE™ (F-ddA; an acid-stable adenosine
1174NRTI; Triangle/Abbott; COVIRACIL™ (emtricitabine/FTC; structurally related to lamivudine (3TC) but with 3- to 10-fold greater activity in vitro; Triangle/Abbott); dOTC (BCH-10652, also structurally related to lamivudine but retains activity against a substantial proportion of lamivudine-resistant isolates; Biochem Pharma); Adefovir (refused approval for anti-HIV therapy by FDA; Gilead Sciences); PREVEON® (Adefovir Dipivoxil, the active prodrug of adefovir; its active form is PMEA-pp); TENOFO TR™ (bis-POC PMPA, a PMPA prodrug; Gilead); DAPD/DXG (active metabolite of DAPD; Triangle/Abbott); D- D4FC (related to 3TC, with activity against AZT/3TC-resistant virus); GW420867X (Glaxo Wellcome); ZIAGEN™ (abacavir/159U89; Glaxo Wellcome Inc.); CS-87 (3'azido-2',3'- dideoxyuridine; WO 99/66936); and S-acyl-2-thioethyl (SATE)-bearing prodrug forms of β- L-FD4C and β-L-FddC (WO 98/17281).
1175[0484] Additional NNRTIs include COACTINON™ (Emivirine/MKC-442, potent
1176NNRTI of the HEPT class; Triangle/Abbott); CAPRAVIRINE™ (AG-1549/S-1153, a next generation NNRTI with activity against viruses containing the K103N mutation; Agouron); PNU- 142721 (has 20- to 50-fold greater activity than its predecessor delavirdine and is active against K103N mutants; Pharmacia & Upjohn); DPC-961 and DPC-963 (second-generation derivatives of efavirenz, designed to be active against viruses with the K103N mutation; DuPont); GW-420867X (has 25-fold greater activity than HBY097 and is active against K103N mutants; Glaxo Wellcome); CALANOLIDE A (naturally occurring agent from the latex tree; active against viruses containing either or both the Y181C and K103N mutations); and Propolis (WO 99/49830).
1177[0485] Additional protease inhibitors include LOPINAVIR™ (ABT378/r; Abbott
1178Laboratories); BMS-232632 (an azapeptide; Bristol-Myres Squibb); TIPRANAVIR™ (PNU- 140690, a non-peptic dihydropyrone; Pharmacia & Upjohn); PD-178390 (a nonpeptidic dihydropyrone; Parke-Davis); BMS 232632 (an azapeptide; Bristol-Myers Squibb); L- 756,423 (an indinavir analog; Merck); DMP-450 (a cyclic urea compound; Avid & DuPont); AG-1776 (a peptidomimetic with in vitro activity against protease inhibitor-resistant viruses; Agouron); VX-175/GW-433908 (phosphate prodrug of amprenavir; Vertex & Glaxo Welcome); CGP61755 (Ciba); and AGENERASE™ (amprenavir; Glaxo Wellcome Inc.). [0486] Additional antiretroviral agents include fusion inhibitors/gp41 binders. Fusion inhibitors/gp41 binders include T-20 (a peptide from residues 643-678 of the HIV gp41 transmembrane protein ectodomain which binds to gp41 in its resting state and prevents transformation to the fusogenic state; Trimeris) and T-1249 (a second-generation fusion inhibitor; Trimeris).
1179[0487] Additional antiretroviral agents include fusion inhibitors/chemokine receptor antagonists. Fusion inhibitors/chemokine receptor antagonists include CXCR4 antagonists such as AMD 3100 (a bicyclam), SDF-1 and its analogs, and ALX40-4C (a cationic peptide), T22 (an 18 amino acid peptide; Trimeris) and the T22 analogs T134 and T140; CCR5 antagonists such as RANTES (9-68), AOP-RANTES, NNY-RANTES, and TAK-779; and CCR5/CXCR4 antagonists such as NSC 651016 (a distamycin analog). Also included are CCR2B, CCR3, and CCR6 antagonists. Chemokine recpetor agonists such as RANTES, SDF-1, MlP-l , MBP-lβ, etc., may also inhibit fusion.
1180[0488] Additional antiretroviral agents include integrase inhibitors. bitegrase inhibitors include dicaffeoylquinic (DFQA) acids; L-chicoric acid (a dicaffeoyltartaric (DCTA) acid); quinalizarin (QLC) and related anthraquinones; ZINTEVIR™ (AR 177, an oligonucleotide that probably acts at cell surface rather than being a true integrase inhibitor; Arondex); and naphthols such as those disclosed in WO 98/50347.
1181[0489] Additional antiretroviral agents include hydroxyurea-like compunds such as
1182BCX-34 (a purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor; Biocryst); ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors such as DIDOX™ (Molecules for Health); inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitors sucha as VX-497 (Vertex); and mycopholic acids such as CellCept (mycophenolate mofetil; Roche).
1183[0490] Additional antiretroviral agents include inhibitors of viral integrase, inhibitors of viral genome nuclear franslocation such as arylene bis(methylketone) compounds; inhibitors of HIV entry such as AOP-RANTES, NNY-RANTES, RANTES-IgG fusion protein, soluble complexes of RANTES and glycosaminoglycans (GAG), and AMD-3100; nucleocapsid zinc finger inhibitors such as dithiane compounds; targets of HIV Tat and Rev; and pharmacoenhancers such as ABT-378.
1184[0491] Other antiretroviral therapies and adjunct therapies include cytokines and lymphokines such as MEP-l , MEP-lβ, SDF-lα, IL-2, PROLEUKIN™ (aldesleukin/L2-7001; Chiron), IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-13; interferons such as BFN-alpha2a, IFN-alpha2b, or IFNbeta; antagonists of TNFs, NFKB, GM-CSF, M-CSF, and IL-10; agents that modulate immune activation such as cyclosporin and prednisone; vaccines such as Remune™ (HIV hnmunogen), APL 400-003 (Apollon), recombinant gpl20 and fragments, bivalent (B/E) recombinant envelope glycoprotein, rgpl20CM235, MN rgpl20, SF-2 rgpl20, gpl20/soluble CD4 complex, Delta JR-FL protein, branched synthetic peptide derived from discontinuous gpl20 C3/C4 domain, fusion-competent immunogens, and Gag, Pol, Nef, and Tat vaccines; gene-based therapies such as genetic suppressor elements (GSEs; WO 98/54366), and intrakines (genetically modified CC chemokines targetted to the ER to block surface expression of newly synthesized CCR5 (Yang et al, PNAS 94:1X567-72 (1997); Chen et al, Nat. Med. 5:1110-16 (1997)); antibodies such as the anti-CXCR4 antibody 12G5, the anti- CCR5 antibodies 2D7, 5C7, PA8, PA9, PA10, PAH, PA12, and PA14, the anti-CD4 antibodies Q4120 and RPA-T4, the anti-CCR3 antibody 7B11, the anti-gρl20 antibodies 17b, 48d, 447-52D, 257-D, 268-D and 50.1, anti-Tat antibodies, anti-TNF-α antibodies, and monoclonal antibody 33A; aryl hydrocarbon (AH) receptor agonists and antagonists such as TCDD, 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl, 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl, and α-naphthoflavone (WO 98/30213); and antioxidants such as γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine ethyl ester (γ-GCE; WO 99/56764).
1185[0492] In a further embodiment, the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are administered in combination with an antiviral agent. Antiviral agents that may be administered with the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention include, but are not limited to, acyclovir, ribavirin, amantadine, remantidine, maxamine, or thymalfasin. Specifically, interferon albumin fusion protein can be administered in combination with any of these agents. Moreover, interferon alpha albumin fusion protein can also be admistered with any of these agents, and preferably, interferon alpha 2a or 2b albumin fusion protein can be administered with any of these agents. Furthermore, interferon beta albumin fusion protein can also be admistered with any of these agents. Additionally, any of the IFN hybrids albumin fusion proteins can be administered in combination with any of these agents.
1186[0493] In a most prefeπed embodiment, interferon albumin fusion protein is administered in combination with ribavirin. In a further prefeπed embodiment, interferon alpha albumin fusion protein is administered in combination with ribavirin. In a further prefeπed embodiment, interferon alpha 2a albumin fusion protein is administered in combination with ribavirin. In a further prefeπed embodiment, interferon alpha 2b albumin fusion protein is administered in combination with ribavirin. In a further prefeπed embodiment, interferon beta albumin fusion protein is administered in combination with ribavirin. In a further prefeπed embodiment, hybrid interferon albumin fusion protein is administered in combination with ribavirin. ,
1187[0494] In other embodiments, albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention may be administered in combination with anti-opportunistic infection agents. Anti- opportunistic agents that may be administered in combination with the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention, include, but are not limited to,
1188TRIMETHOPPJM-SULFAMETHOXAZOLE™, DAPSONE™, PENTAMIDINE™, ATOVAQUONE™, ISONIAZID™, RIFAMPIN™, PYRAZINAMIDE™, ETHAMBUTOL™, RIFABUΉN™, CLARΠΉROMYCIN™ AZITHROMYCIN™, GANCICLOVIR™, FOSCAKNET™, CΓDOFOVIR™, FLUCONAZOLE™, ΓΓRACONAZOLE™,
1189KETOCONAZOLE™, ACYCLOVIR™, FAMCICOLVIR™, PYRIMETHAMINE™, LEUCOVORIN™, NEUPOGEN™ (filgrastim/G-CSF), and LEUKINE™ (sargramostim GM- CSF). In a specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are used in any combination with TRIMETHOPRIM-SULFAMETHOXAZOLE™, DAPSONE™, PENTAMIDINE™, and/or ATOVAQUONE™ to prophylactically treat or prevent an opportunistic Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia infection. In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are used in any combination with ISONIAZID™, RIFAMPIN™, PYRAZINAMIDE™, and/or ETHAMBUTOL™ to prophylactically treat or prevent an opportunistic Mycobacterium avium complex infection. In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are used in any combination with RIFABUTIN™, CLARITHROMYCIN™, and/or AZITHROMYCIN™ to prophylactically treat or prevent an opportunistic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. In another specific embodiment, albumin fiision proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are used in any combination with GANCICLOVIR™, FOSCARNET™, and/or CIDOFOVIR™ to prophylactically treat or prevent an opportunistic cytomegalovirus infection. In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are used in any combination with FLUCONAZOLE™, ITRACONAZOLE™, and/or KETOCONAZOLE™ to prophylactically treat or prevent an opportunistic fungal infection. In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are used in any combination with ACYCLOVIR™ and/or FAMCICOLVIR™ to prophylactically treat or prevent an opportunistic herpes simplex virus type I and/or type II infection. In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins and or polynucleotides of the invention are used in any combination with PYRIMETHAMINE™ and or LEUCOVORIN™ to prophylactically treat or prevent an opportunistic Toxoplasma gondii infection. In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are used in any combination with LEUCOVORIN™ and/or NEUPOGEN™ to prophylactically treat or prevent an opportunistic bacterial infection.
1190[0495] In a further embodiment, the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are administered in combination with an antibiotic agent. Antibiotic agents that may be administered with the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention include, but are not limited to, amoxicillin, beta-lactamases, aminoglycosides, beta- lactam (glycopeptide), beta-lactamases, Clindamycin, chloramphenicol, cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, metronidazole, penicillins, quinolones, rapamycin, rifampin, streptomycin, sulfonamide, tetracyclines, trimethoprim, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxa^ole, and vancomycin.
1191[0496] In other embodiments, the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are administered in combination with immunestimulants. Immunostimulants that may be administered in combination with the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention include, but are not limited to, levamisole (e.g., ERGAMISOL™), isoprinosine (e.g. INOSffLEX™), interferons (e.g. interferon alpha), and interleukins (e.g., IL-2).
1192[0497] In other embodiments, albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are administered in combination with immunosuppressive agents. Immunosuppressive agents that may be administered in combination with the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention include, but are not limited to, steroids, cyclosporine, cyclosporine analogs, cyclophosphamide methylprednisone, prednisone, azathioprine, FK-506, 15-deoxyspergualin, and other immunosuppressive agents that act by suppressing the function of responding T cells. Other immunosuppressive agents that may be administered in combination with the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention include, but are not limited to, prednisolone, methotrexate, thalidomide, methoxsalen, rapamycin, leflunomide, mizoribine (BREDININ™), brequinar, deoxyspergualin, and azaspirane (SKF 105685), ORTHOCLONE OKT® 3 (muromonab- CD3), SANDIMMUNE™, NEORAL™, SANGDYA™ (cyclosporine), PROGRAF® (FK506, tacrolimus), CELLCEPT® (mycophenolate motefil, of which the active metabolite is mycophenolic acid), IMURAN™ (azathioprine), glucocorticosteroids, adrenocortical steroids such as DELTASONE™ (prednisone) and HYDELTRASOL™ (prednisolone), FOLEX™ and MEXATE™ (methotrxate), OXSORALEN-ULTRA™ (methoxsalen) and RAPAMUNE™ (sirolimus). In a specific embodiment, immunosuppressants may be used to prevent rejection of organ or bone maπow transplantation.
1193[0498] In an additional embodiment, albumin fiision proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are administered alone or in combination with one or more intravenous immune globulin preparations. Intravenous immune globulin preparations that may be administered with the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention include, but not limited to, GAMMAR™, IVEEGAM™, SANDOGLOBULIN™, GAMMAGARD S/D™, ATGAM™ (antithymocyte glubulin), and GAM UNE™. In a specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are administered in combination with intravenous immune globulin preparations in transplantation therapy (e.g., bone maπow transplant).
1194[0499] In another embodiment, the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are administered alone or as part of a combination therapy, either in vivo to patients or in vitro to cells, for the treament of cancer. In a specific embodiment, the albumin fusion proteins, particularly EL-2-albumin fusions, are administered repeatedly during passive immunotherapy for cancer, such as adoptive cell transfer therapy for metastatic melanoma as described in Dudley et al. (Science Express, 19 September 2002., at www.scienceexpress.org, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).
1195[0500] In certain embodiments, the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are administered alone or in combination with an anti-inflammatory agent. Anti-inflammatory agents that may be administered with the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention include, but are not limited to, corticosteroids (e.g. betamethasone, budesonide, cortisone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, prednisolone, prednisone, and triamcinolone), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., diclofenac, diflunisal, etodolac, fenoprofen, floctafenine, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, meclofenamate, mefenamic acid, meloxicam, nabumetone, naproxen, oxaprozin, phenylbutazone, piroxicam, sulindac, tenoxicam, tiaprofenic acid, and tolmetin.), as well as antihistamines, aminoarylcarboxylic acid derivatives, arylacetic acid derivatives, arylbutyric acid derivatives, arylcarboxylic acids, arylpropionic acid derivatives, pyrazoles, pyrazolones, salicylic acid derivatives, thiazinecarboxamides, e-acetamidocaproic acid, S-adenosylmethionine, 3-amino-4-hydroxybutyric acid, amixetrine, bendazac, benzydamine, bucolome, difenpiramide, ditazol, emorfazone, guaiazulene, nabumetone, nimes»lide, orgotein, oxaceprol, paranyline, perisoxal, pifoxime, proquazone, proxazole, and tenidap.
1196[0501] In an additional embodiment, the compositions of the invention are administered alone or in combination with an anti-angiogenic agent. Anti-angiogenic agents that may be administered with the compositions of the invention include, but are not limited to, Angiostatin (Entremed, Rockville, MD), Troponin-1 (Boston Life Sciences, Boston,
1197MA), anti-Invasive Factor, retinoic acid and derivatives thereof, paclitaxel (Taxol), Suramin,
1198Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1, Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2, VEGI,
1199Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor- 1, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-2, and various forms of the lighter "d group" transition metals.
1200[0502] Lighter "d group" transition metals include, for example, vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten, titanium, niobium, and tantalum species. Such transition metal species may form transition metal complexes. Suitable complexes of the above-mentioned transition metal species include oxo transition metal complexes.
1201[0503] Representative examples of vanadium complexes include oxo vanadium complexes such as vanadate and vanadyl complexes. Suitable vanadate complexes include metavanadate and orthovanadate complexes such as, for example, ammonium metavanadate, sodium metavanadate, and sodium orthovanadate. Suitable vanadyl complexes include, for example, vanadyl acetylacetonate and vanadyl sulfate including vanadyl sulfate hydrates such as vanadyl sulfate mono- and trihydrates.
1202[0504] Representative examples of tungsten and molybdenum complexes also include oxo complexes. Suitable oxo tungsten complexes include tungstate and tungsten oxide complexes. Suitable tungstate complexes include ammonium tungstate, calcium tungstate, sodium tungstate dihydrate, and tungstic acid. Suitable tungsten oxides include tungsten (IV) oxide and tungsten (VI) oxide. Suitable oxo molybdenum complexes include molybdate, molybdenum oxide, and molybdenyl complexes. Suitable molybdate complexes include ammonium molybdate and its hydrates, sodium molybdate and its hydrates, and potassium molybdate and its hydrates. Suitable molybdenum oxides include molybdenum (VI) oxide, molybdenum (VI) oxide, and molybdic acid. Suitable molybdenyl complexes include, for example, molybdenyl acetylacetonate. Other suitable tungsten and molybdenum complexes include hydroxo derivatives derived from, for example, glycerol, tartaric acid, and sugars. [0505] A wide variety of other anti-angiogenic factors may also be utilized within the context of the present invention. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, platelet factor 4; protamine sulphate; sulphated chitin derivatives (prepared from queen crab shells), (Murata et al., Cancer Res. 51:22-26, (1991)); Sulphated Polysaccharide Peptidoglycan Complex (SP- PG) (the function of this compound may be enhanced by the presence of steroids such as estrogen, and tamoxifen citrate); Staurosporine; modulators of matrix, metabolism, including for example, proline analogs, cishydroxyproline, d,L-3,4- dehydroproline, Thiaproline, alpha,alpha-dipyridyl, aminopropionitrile fumarate; 4-propyl-5- (4-pyridinyl)-2(3H)-oxazolone; Methotrexate; Mitoxantrone; Heparin; Interferons; 2 Macroglobulin-serum; ChIMP-3 (Pavloff et al., J. Bio. Chem. 267:17321-17326, (1992)); Chymostatin (Tomkinson et al., Biochem J. 286:475-480, (1992)); Cyclodextrin Tetradecasulfate; Eponemycin; Camptothecin; Fumagillin (frigber et al., Nature 348:555-557, (1990)); Gold Sodium Thiomalate ("GST"; Matsubara and Ziff, J. Clin. Invest. 79:1440- 1446, (1987)); anticollagenase-serum; alpha2-antiplasmin (Holmes et al., J. Biol. Chem. 262(4): 1659- 1664, (1987)); Bisantrene (National Cancer Institute); Lobenzarit disodium (N- (2)-carboxyphenyl-4- chloroanthronilic acid disodium or "CCA"; (Takeuchi et al., Agents Actions 36:312-316, (1992)); and metalloproteinase inhibitors such as BB94. [0506] Additional anti-angiogenic factors that may also be utilized within the context of the present invention include Thalidomide, (Celgene, Warren, NJ); Angiostatic steroid; AGM-1470 (H. Brem and J. Folkman JPediatr. Surg. 28:445-51 (1993)); an integrin alpha v beta 3 antagonist (C. Storgard et al., J Clin. Invest. 103:47-54 (1999)); carboxynaminolmidazole; Carboxyamidotriazole (CAT) (National Cancer Institute, Bethesda,
1203MD); Conbretastatin A-4 (CA4P) (OXiGENE, Boston, MA); Squalamine (Magainin Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA); TNP-470, (Tap Pharmaceuticals, Deerfield, IL); ZD-0101 AstraZeneca (London, UK); APRA (CT2584); Benefin, Byrostatin-1 (SC339555); CGP-41251 (PKC 412); CM101; Dexrazoxane (ICRF187); DMXAA; Endostatin; Flavopridiol; Genestein; GTE; ImmTher; Iressa (ZD1839); Octreotide (Somatostatin); Panretin; Penacillamine; Photopoint; PI-88; Prinomastat (AG-3340) Purlytin; Suradista (FCE26644); Tamoxifen (Nolvadex); Tazarotene; Tetrathiomolybdate; Xeloda (Capecitabine); and 5-Fluorouracil.
1204[0507] Anti-angiogenic agents that may be administed in combination with the compounds of the invention may work through a variety of mechanisms including, but not limited to, inhibiting proteolysis of the extracellular matrix, blocking the function of endothelial cell-extracellular matrix adhesion molecules, by antagonizing the function of angiogenesis inducers such as growth factors, and inhibiting integrin receptors expressed on proliferating endothelial cells. Examples of anti-angiogenic inhibitors that interfere with extracellular matrix proteolysis and which may be administered in combination with the compositons of the invention include, but are not limited to, AG-3340 (Agouron, La Jolla, CA), BAY-12-9566 (Bayer, West Haven, CT), BMS-275291 (Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ), CGS-27032A (Novartis, East Hanover, NJ), Marimastat (British Biotech, Oxford, UK), and Metastat (Aetema, St-Foy, Quebec). Examples of anti-angiogenic inhibitors that act by blocking the function of endothelial cell-extracellular matrix adhesion molecules and which may be administered in combination with the compositons of the invention include, but are not limited to, EMD-121974 (Merck KcgaA Darmstadt, Germany) and Vitaxin (Ixsys, La Jolla, CA Medimmune, Gaithersburg, MD). Examples of antiangiogenic agents that act by directly antagonizing or inhibiting angiogenesis inducers and which may be administered in combination with the compositons of the invention include, but are not limited to, Angiozyme (Ribozyme, Boulder, CO), Anti-VEGF antibody (Genentech, S. San Francisco, CA), PTK-787/ZK-225846 (Novartis, Basel, Switzerland), SU-101 (Sugen, S. San Francisco, CA), SU-5416 (Sugen/ Pharmacia Upjohn, Bridgewater, NJ), and SU-6668 (Sugen). Other anti-angiogenic agents act to indirectly inhibit angiogenesis. Examples of indirect inhibitors of angiogenesis which may be administered in combination with the compositons of the invention include, but are not limited to, IM-862 (Cytran, Kirkland, WA), Interferon-alpha, IL-12 (Roche, Nutley, NJ), and Pentosan polysulfate (Georgetown University, Washington, DC).
1205[0508] In particular embodiments, the use of compositions of the invention in combination with anti-angiogenic agents is contemplated for the treatment, prevention, and/or amelioration of an autoimmune disease, such as for example, an autoimmune disease described herein.
1206[0509] In a particular embodiment, the use of compositions of the invention in combination with anti-angiogenic agents is contemplated for the treatment, prevention, and/or amelioration of arthritis. In a more particular embodiment, the use of compositions of the invention in combination with anti-angiogenic agents is contemplated for the treatment, prevention, and/or amelioration of rheumatoid arthritis.
1207[0510] In another embodiment, the polynucleotides encoding a polypeptide of the present invention are administered in combination with an angiogenic protein, or polynucleotides encoding an angiogenic protein. Examples of angiogenic proteins that may be administered with the compositions, of the invention include, but are not limited to, acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors, VEGF-1, VEGF-2, VEGF-3, epidermal growth factor alpha and beta, platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, tumor necrosis factor alpha, hepatocyte growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, colony stimulating factor, macrophage colony stimulating factor, granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor, and nitric oxide synthase.
1208[0511] In additional embodiments, compositions of the invention are administered in combination with a chemotherapeutic agent. Chemotherapeutic agents that may be administered with the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention include, but are not limited to alkylating agents such as nitrogen mustards (for example,
1209Mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide, Cyclophosphamide Ifosfamide, Melphalan (L- sarcolysin), and Chlorambucil), ethylenimines and methylmelamines (for example,
1210Hexamethylmelamine and Thiotepa), alkyl sulfonates (for example, Busulfan), nitrosoureas
1211(for example, Carmustine (BCNU), Lomustine (CCNU), Semustine (methyl-CCNU), and
1212Streptozocin (streptozotocin)), triazenes (for example, Dacarbazine (DTIC; dimethyltriazenoimidazolecarboxamide)), folic acid analogs (for example, Methotrexate
1213(amethopterin)), pyrimidine analogs (for example, Fluorouacil (5-fluorouracil; 5-FU),
1214Floxuridine (fluorodeoxyuridine; FudR), and Cytarabine (cytosine arabinoside)), purine analogs and related inhibitors (for example, Mercaptopurine (6-mercaptopurine; 6-MP),
1215Thioguanine (6-thioguanine; TG), and Pentostatin (2'-deoxycoformycin)), vinca alkaloids (for example, Vinblastine (VLB, vinblastine sulfate)) and Vincristine (vincristine sulfate)), epipodophyllotoxins (for example, Etoposide and Teniposide), antibiotics (for example, Dactinomycin (actinomycin D), Daunorubicin (daunomycin; rubidomycin), Doxorubicin,
1216Bleomycin, Plicamycin (mithramycin), and Mitomycin (mitomycin C), enzymes (for example, L-Asparaginase), biological response modifiers (for example, Interferon-alpha and interferon-alpha-2b), platinum coordination compounds (for example, Cisplatin (cis-DDP) and Carboplatin), anthracenedione (Mitoxantrone), substituted ureas (for example,
1217Hydroxyurea), methylhydrazine derivatives (for example, Procarbazine (N-methylhydrazine;
1218MM), adrenocorticosteroids (for example, Prednisone), progestins (for example,
1219Hydroxyprogesterone caproate, Medroxyprogesterone, Medroxyprogesterone acetate, and
1220Megestrol acetate), estrogens (for example, Diethylstilbestrol (DES), Diethylstilbestrol diphosphate, Estradiol, and Ethinyl estradiol), antiestrogens (for example, Tamoxifen), androgens (Testosterone proprionate, and Fluoxymesterone), antiandrogens (for example,
1221Flutamide), gonadotropin-releasing horomone analogs (for example, Leuprolide), other hormones and hormone analogs (for example, methyltestosterone, estramustine, estramustine phosphate sodium, chlorotrianisene, and testolactone), and others (for example, dicarbazine, glutamic acid, and mitotane).
1222[0512] In one embodiment, the compositions of the invention are administered in combination with one or more of the following drugs: infliximab (also known as
1223Remicade™ Centocor, Inc.), Trocade (Roche, RO-32-3555), Leflunomide (also known as
1224Arava™ from Hoechst Marion Roussel), Kineret™ (an IL-1 Receptor antagonist also known as Anakinra from Amgen, Inc.)
1225[0513] In a specific embodiment, compositions of the invention are administered in combination with CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) or combination of one or more of the components of CHOP. In one embodiment, the compositions of the invention are administered in combination with anti-CD20 antibodies, human monoclonal anti-CD20 antibodies. In another embodiment, the compositions of the invention are administered in combination with anti-CD20 antibodies and CHOP, or anti-
1226CD20 antibodies and any combination of one or more of the components of CHOP, particularly cyclophosphamide and/or prednisone. In a specific embodiment, compositions of the invention are administered in combination with Rituximab. In a further embodiment, compositions of the invention are administered with Rituximab and CHOP, or Rituximab and any combination of one or more of the components of CHOP, particularly cyclophosphamide and/or prednisone. In a specific embodiment, compositions of the invention are administered in combination with tositumomab. In a further embodiment, compositions of the invention are administered with tositumomab and CHOP, or tositumomab and any combination of one or more of the components of CHOP, particularly cyclophosphamide and/or prednisone. The anti-CD20 antibodies may optionally be associated with radioisotopes, toxins or cytotoxic prodrugs.
1227[0514] In another specific embodiment, the compositions of the invention are administered in combination Zevalin™. In a further embodiment, compositions of the invention are administered with Zevalin™ and CHOP, or Zevalin™ and any combination of one or more of the components of CHOP, particularly cyclophosphamide and/or prednisone. Zevalin™ may be associated with one or more radisotopes. Particularly prefeπed isotopes are ^ and <sup>111</sup> !.
1228[0515] In an additional embodiment, the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are administered in combination with cytokines. Cytokines that may be administered with the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention include, but are not limited to, IL2, IL3, EL4, E 5, IL6, IL7, IL10, BL12, ILl 3, ILl 5, anti-CD40, CD40L, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. In another embodiment, albumin fusion proteins and or polynucleotides of the invention may be administered with any interleukin, including, but not limited to, D -1 alpha, EL- 1 beta, IL-2, BL-3, IL-4, BL-5, IL-6, E -7, IL-8, EL- 9, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12, IL-13, IL-14, IL-15, BL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-19, IL-20, and IL-21. [0516] In one embodiment, the albumin fusion proteins and or polynucleotides of the invention are administered in combination with members of the TNF family. TNF, TNF- related or TNF-like molecules that may be administered with the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention include, but are not limited to, soluble forms of TNF- alpha, lymphotoxin-alpha (LT-alpha, also known as TNF-beta), LT-beta (found in complex heterotrimer LT-alpha2-beta), OPGL, FasL, CD27L, CD30L, CD40L, 4-1BBL, DcR3, OX40L, TNF-gamma (International Publication No. WO 96/14328), AIM-I (hitemational Publication No. WO 97/33899), endokine-alpha (International Publication No. WO 98/07880), OPG, and neutrokine-alpha (International Publication No. WO 98/18921, OX40, and nerve growth factor (NGF), and soluble forms of Fas, CD30, CD27, CD40 and 4-IBB, TR2 (International Publication No. WO 96/34095), DR3 (International Publication No. WO 97/33904), DR4 (International Publication No. WO 98/32856), TR5 (hitemational Publication No. WO 98/30693), TRANK, TR9 (International Publication No. WO 98/56892),TR10 (International Publication No. WO 98/54202), 312C2 (International
1229Publication No. WO 98/06842), and TR12, and soluble forms CD154, CD70, and CD153. [0517] In an additional embodiment, the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are administered in combination with angiogenic proteins.
1230Angiogenic proteins that may be administered with the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention include, but are not limited to, Glioma Derived Growth
1231Factor (GDGF), as disclosed in European Patent Number EP-399816; Platelet Derived
1232Growth Factor- A (PDGF-A), as disclosed in European Patent Number EP-682110; Platelet
1233Derived Growth Factor-B (PDGF-B), as disclosed in European Patent Number EP-282317;
1234Placental Growth Factor (P1GF), as disclosed in hitemational Publication Number WO
123592/06194; Placental Growth Factor-2 (P1GF-2), as disclosed in Hauser et al., Growth Factors,
12364:259-268 (1993); Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), as disclosed in International
1237Publication Number WO 90/13649; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A (VEGF-A), as disclosed in European Patent Number EP-506477; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-2
1238(VEGF-2), as disclosed in International Publication Number WO 96/39515; Vascular
1239Endothelial Growth Factor B (VEGF-3); Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor B-186 (VEGF-
1240B186), as disclosed in hitemational Publication Number WO 96/26736; Vascular Endothelial
1241Growth Factor-D (VEGF-D), as disclosed in hitemational Publication Number WO
124298/02543; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-D (VEGF-D), as disclosed in hitemational
1243Publication Number WO 98/07832; and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-E (VEGF-E), as disclosed in German Patent Number DE19639601. The above mentioned references are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.
1244[0518] In an additional embodiment, the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are administered in combination with Fibroblast Growth
1245Factors. Fibroblast Growth Factors that may be administered with the albumin fiision proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention include, but are not limited to, FGF-1, FGF-
12462, FGF-3, FGF-4, FGF-5, FGF-6, FGF-7, FGF-8, FGF-9, FGF-10, FGF-11, FGF-12, FGF-13,
1247FGF-14, and FGF-15.
1248[0519] In an additional embodiment, the albumin fiision proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are administered in combination with hematopoietic growth factors. Hematopoietic growth factors that may be administered with the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention include, but are not limited to, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (sargramostim, LEUKINE™,
1249PROKINE™), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) (filgrastim, NEUPOGEN™), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF, CSF-1) erythropoietin (epoetin alfa, EPOGEN™, PROCRIT™), stem cell factor (SCF, c-kit ligand, steel factor), megakaryocyte colony stimulating factor, PIXY321 (a GMCSF/IL-3 fusion protein), interleukins, especially any one or more of IL-1 through IL-12, interferon-gamma, or thrombopoietin. [0520] In certain embodiments, albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the present invention are administered in combination with adrenergic blockers, such as, for example, acebutolol, atenolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, carteolol, labetalol, metoprolol, nadolol, oxprenolol, penbutolol, pindolol, propranolol, sotalol, and timolol.
1250[0521] In another embodiment, the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are administered in combination with an antiaπhythmic drug (e.g., adenosine, amidoarone, bretylium, digitalis, digoxin, digitoxin, diliazem, disopyramide, esmolol, flecainide, lidocaine, mexiletine, moricizine, phenytoin, procainamide, N-acetyl procainamide, propafenone, propranolol, quinidine, sotalol, tocainide, and vrerapamil). [0522] In another embodiment, the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are administered in combination with diuretic agents, such as carbonic anhydrase-inhibiting agents (e.g., acetazolamide, dichlorphenamide, and methazolamide), osmotic diuretics (e.g., glycerin, isosorbide, mannitol, and. urea),, diuretics that inhibit Na - K<sup>+</sup>-2C1<sup>"</sup> symport (e.g., furosemide, bumetanide, azosemide, piretanide, tripamide, ethacrynic acid, muzolimine, and torsemide), thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics (e.g., bendroflumethiazide, benzthiazide, chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, hydroflumethiazide, methyclothiazide, polythiazide, trichormethiazide, chlorthalidone, indapamide, metolazone, and quinethazone), potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., amiloride and triamterene), and mineralcorticoid receptor antagonists (e.g., spironolactone, canrenone, and potassium canrenoate).
1251[0523] In one embodiment, the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are administered in combination with treatments for endocrine and/or hormone imbalance disorders. Treatments for endocrine and/or hormone imbalance disorders include, but are not limited to, <sup>127</sup>I, radioactive isotopes of iodine such as <sup>131</sup>I and <sup>123</sup>I; recombinant growth hormone, such as HUMATROPE™ (recombinant somatropin); growth hormone analogs such as PROTROPIN™ (somatrem); dopamine agonists such as PARLODEL™ (bromocriptine); somatostatin analogs such as SANDOSTATIN™ (octreotide); gonadotropin preparations such as PREGNYL™, A.P.L.™ and PROFASr<sup>~M</sup> (chorionic gonadotropin (CG)), PERGONAL™ (menotropins), and METRODIN™ (urofollifropin (uFSH)); synthetic human gonadotropin releasing hormone preparations such as FACTREL™ and LUTREPULSE™ (gonadorelin hydrochloride); synthetic gonadotropin agonists such as LUPRON™ (leuprolide acetate), SUPPRELIN™ (histrelin acetate), SYNAREL™ (nafarelin acetate), and ZOLADEX™ (goserelin acetate); synthetic preparations of thyrotropin-releasing hormone such as RELEFACT TRH™ and THYPINONE™ (protirelin); recombinant human TSH such as THYROGEN™; synthetic preparations of the sodium salts of the natural isomers of thyroid hormones such as L-T<sub>4</sub>™, SYNTHROID™ and LEVOTHROID™ (levothyroxine sodium), L- T<sub>3</sub>™, CYTOMEL™ and TRIOSTAT™ (liothyroine sodium), and THYROLAR™ (liotrix); antithyroid compounds such as 6-w-propylthiouracil (propylthiouracil), l-methyl-2- mercaptoimidazole and TAPAZOLE™ (methimazole), NEO-MERCAZOLE™ (carbimazole); beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists such as propranolol and esmolol; Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel blockers; dexamethasone and iodinated radiological contrast agents such as TELEPAQUE™ (iopanoic acid) and ORAGRAFIN™ (sodium ipodate).
1252[0524] Additional treatments for endocrine and/or hormone imbalance disorders include, but are not limited to, estrogens or congugated estrogens such as ESTRACE™ (estradiol), ESΗNYL™ (ethinyl estradiol), PREMARIN™, ESTRATAB™, ORTHO-EST™, OGEN™ and estropipate (estrone), ESTROVIS™ (quinestrol), ESTRADERM™ (estradiol), DELESTROGEN™ and VALERGEN™ (estradiol valerate), DEPO-ESTRADIOL CYPIONATE™ and ESTROJECT LA™ (estradiol cypionate); antiestrogens such as NOLVADEX™ (tamoxifen), SEROPHENE™ and CLOMID™ (clomiphene); progestins such as DURALUTIN™ (hydroxyprogesterone caproate), MPA™ and DEPO-PROVERA™ (medroxyprogesterone acetate), PROVERA™ and CYCRIN™ (MPA), MEGACE™ (megestrol acetate), NORLUTIN™ (norethindrone), and NORLUTATE™ and AYGESTIN™ (norethindrone acetate); progesterone implants such as NORPLANT SYSTEM™ (subdermal implants of norgestrel); antiprogestins such as RU 486™ (mifepristone); hormonal contraceptives such as ENOVID™ (norethynodrel plus mestranol), PROGESTASERT™ (intrauterine device that releases progesterone), LOESTRIN™, BREVICON™, MODICON™, GENORA™, NELONA™, NORINYL™, OVACON-35™ and OVACON-50™ (ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone), LEVLEN™, NORDETTE™, TRI-LEVLEN™, and TRIPHASIL-21™ (ethinyl esfradiol/levonorgesfrel) LO/OVRAL™ and OVRAL™ (ethinyl estradiol norgestrel), DEMULEN™ (ethinyl estradiol ethynodiol diacetate), NORINYL™, ORTHO-NOVUM™, NORETHIN™, GENORA™, and NELOVA™ (norethindrone/mestranol), DESOGEN™ and ORTHO-CEPT™ (ethinyl estradiol/desogestrel), ORTHO-CYCLEN™ and ORTHO- TRICYCLEN™ (ethinyl estradiol/norgestimate), MICRONOR™ and NOR-QD™ (norethindrone), and OVRETTE™ (norgestrel).
1253[0525] Additional treatments for endocrine and/or hormone imbalance disorders include, but are not limited to, testosterone esters such as methenolone acetate and testosterone undecanoate; parenteral and oral androgens such as TESTOJECT-50™ (testosterone), TESTEX™ (testosterone propionate), DELATESTRYL™ (testosterone enanthate), DEPO-TESTOSTERONE™ (testosterone cypionate), DANOCRINE™ (danazol), HALOTESTIN™ (fluoxymesterone), ORETON METHYL™, TESTRED™ and VIRILON™ (methyltestosterone), and OXANDRIN™ (oxandrolone); testosterone transdermal systems such as TESTODERM™; androgen receptor antagonist and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors such as ANDROCUR™ (cyproterone acetate), EULEXIN™ (flutamide), and PROSCAR™ (finasteride); adrenocorticotropic hormone preparations such as CORTROSYN™ (cosyntropin); adrenocortical steroids and their synthetic analogs such as ACLOVATE™ (alclometasone dipropionate), CYCLOCORT™ (amcinonide), BECLOVENT™ and VANCERIL™ (beclomethasone dipropionate), CELESTONE™ (betamethasone), BENISONE™ and UTICORT™ (betamethasone benzoate), DIPROSONE™ (betamethasone dipropionate), CELESTONE PHOSPHATE™ (betamethasone sodium phosphate), CELESTONE SOLUSPAN™ (betamethasone sodium phosphate and acetate), BETA-VAL™ and VALISONE™ (betamethasone valerate), TEMOVATE™ (clobetasol propionate), CLODERM™ (clocortolone pivalate), CORTEF™ and HYDROCORTONE™ (cortisol (hydrocortisone)), HYDROCORTONE ACETATE™ (cortisol (hydrocortisone) acetate), LOCOID™ (cortisol (hydrocortisone) butyrate), HYDROCORTONE PHOSPHATE™ (cortisol (hydrocortisone) sodium phosphate), A-HYDROCORT™ and SOLU CORTEF™ (cortisol (hydrocortisone) sodium succinate), WESTCORT™ (cortisol (hydrocortisone) valerate), CORTISONE ACETATE™ (cortisone acetate), DESOWEN™ and
1254TRJDESILON™ (desonide), TOPICORT™ (desoximetasone), DECADRON™ (dexamethasone), DECADRON LA™ (dexamethasone acetate), DECADRON PHOSPHATE™ and HEXADROL PHOSPHATE™ (dexamethasone sodium phosphate), FLORONE™ and MAXIFLOR™ (diflorasone diacetate), FLORINEF ACETATE™ (fludrocortisone acetate), AEROBID™ and NASALIDE™ (flunisolide), FLUONID™ and SYNALAR™ (fluocinolone acetonide), LIDEX™ (fluocinonide), FLUOR-OP™ and FML™ (fluorometholone), CORDRAN™ (flurandrenolide), HALOG™ (halcinonide), HMS LIZUIFILM™ (medrysone), MEDROL™ (methylprednisolone), DEPO-MEDROL™ and MEDROL ACETATE™ (methylprednisone acetate), A-METHAPRED™ and SOLUMEDROL™ (methylprednisolone sodium succinate), ELOCON™ (mometasone furcate), HALDRONE™ (paramethasone acetate), DELTA-CORTEF™ (prednisolone), ECONOPRED™ (prednisolone acetate), HYDELTRASOL™ (prednisolone sodium phosphate), HYDELTRA-T.B.A™ (prednisolone tebutate), DELTASONE™ (prednisone), ARISTOCORT™ and KENACORT™ (triamcinolone), KENALOG™ (triamcinolone acetonide), ARISTOCORT™ and KENACORT DIACETATE™ (triamcinolone diacetate), and ARISTOSPAN™ (triamcinolone hexacetonide); inhibitors of biosynthesis and action of adrenocortical steroids such as CYTADREN™ (aminoglutethimide), NIZORAL™ (ketoconazole), MODRASTANE™ (trilostane), and METOPIRONE™ (metyrapone); bovine, porcine or human insulin or mixtures thereof; insulin analogs; recombinant human insulin such as HUMULIN™ and NOVOLIN™; oral hypoglycemic agents such as ORAMIDE™ and ORINASE™ (tolbutamide), DIABINESE™ (chlorpropamide), TOLAMIDE™ and TOLINASE™ (tolazamide), DYMELOR™ (acetohexamide), glibenclamide, MICRONASE™, DIBETA™ and GLYNASE™ (glyburide), GLUCOTROL™ (glipizide), and DIAMICRON™ (gliclazide), GLUCOPHAGE™ (metformin), ciglitazone, pioglitazone, and alpha- glucosidase inhibitors; bovine or porcine glucagon; somatostatins such as SANDOSTATIN™ (octreotide); and diazoxides such as PROGLYCEM™ (diazoxide).
1255[0526] In one embodiment, the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are administered in combination with treatments for uterine motility disorders. Treatments for uterine motility disorders include, but are not limited to, estrogen drugs such as conjugated estrogens (e.g., PREMARIN<sup>®</sup> and ESTRATAB<sup>®</sup>), estradiols (e.g., CLIMARA<sup>®</sup> and ALORA<sup>®</sup>), estropipate, and chlorotrianisene; progestin drugs (e.g., AMEt (medroxyprogesterone), MICRONOR<sup>®</sup> (norethidrone acetate), PROMETRIUM<sup>®</sup> progesterone, and megesfrol acetate); and estrogen/progesterone combination therapies such as, for example, conjugated esfrogens/medroxyprogesterone (e.g., PREMPRO™ and PREMPHASE<sup>®</sup>) and norethindrone acetate/ethinyl estsradiol (e.g., FEMHRT™). [0527] In an additional embodiment, the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are administered in combination with drugs effective in treating iron deficiency and hypochromic anemias, including but not limited to, feπous sulfate (iron sulfate, FEOSOL™), feπous fumarate (e.g., FEOSTAT™), feπous gluconate
1256(e.g., FERGON™), polysaccharide-iron complex (e.g., NIFEREX™), iron dextran injection
1257(e.g., INFED™), cupric sulfate, pyroxidine, riboflavin, Vitamin Bj<sub>2</sub>, cyancobalamin injection
1258(e.g., REDISOL™, RUBRAMIN PC™), hydroxocobalamin, folic acid (e.g., FOLVITE™), leucovorin (folinic acid, 5-CHOH4PteGlu, citrovorum factor) or WELLCOVOR1N (Calcium salt of leucovorin), transferrin or ferritin.
1259[0528] In certain embodiments, the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are administered in combination with agents used to treat psychiatric disorders.
1260Psychiatric drugs that may be administered with the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention include, but are not limited to, antipsychotic agents (e.g., chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene, clozapine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, loxapine, mesoridazine, molindone, olanzapine, perphenazine, pimozide, quetiapine, risperidone, thioridazine, thiothixene, trifluoperazine, and triflupromazine), antimanic agents (e.g., carbamazepine, divalproex sodium, lithium carbonate, and lithium citrate), antidepressants
1261(e.g., amitriptyline, amoxapine, bupropion, citalopram, clomipramine, desipramine, doxepin, fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, imipramine, isocarboxazid, maprotiline, mirtazapine, nefazodone, nortriptyline, paroxetine, phenelzine, protriptyline, sertraline, tranylcypromine, trazodone, trimipramine, and venlafaxine), antianxiety agents (e.g., alprazolam, buspirone, chlordiazepoxide, clorazepate, diazepam, halazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam, and prazepam), and stimulants (e.g., d-amphetamine, methylphenidate, and pemoline).
1262[0529] In other embodiments, the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are administered in combination with agents used to treat neurological disorders. Neurological agents that may be administered with the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention include, but are not limited to, antiepileptic agents
1263(e.g., carbamazepine, clonazepam, ethosuximide, phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone, valproic acid, divalproex sodium, felbamate, gabapentin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, tiagabine, topiramate, zonisamide, diazepam, lorazepam, and clonazepam), antiparkinsonian agents (e.g., levodopa/carbidopa, selegiline, amantidine, bromocriptine, pergolide, ropinirole, pramipexole, benzfropine; biperiden; ethopropazine; procyclidine; trihexyphenidyl, tolcapone), and ALS therapeutics (e.g. riluzole). [0530] In another embodiment, albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are administered in combination with vasodilating agents and/or calcium channel blocking agents. Vasodilating agents that may be administered with the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention include, but are not limited to, Angiotensin
1264Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (e.g., papaverine, isoxsuprine, benazepril, captopril, cilazapril, enalapril, enalaprilat, fosinopril, lisinopril, moexipril, perindopril, quinapril, ramipril, spirapril, trandόlapril, and nylidrin), and nitrates (e.g., isosorbide dinitrate, isosorbide mononitrate, and nitroglycerin). Examples of calcium channel blocking agents that may be administered in combination with the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention include, but are not limited to amlodipine, bepridil, diltiazem, felodipine, flunarizine, isradipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, nimodipine, and verapamil.
1265[0531] In certain embodiments, the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are administered in combination with treatments for gastrointestinal disorders.
1266Treatments for gastrointestinal disorders that may be administered with the albumin fusion protein and/or polynucleotide of the invention include, but are not limited to, H<sub>2</sub> histamine receptor antagonists (e.g., TAGAMET™ (cimetidine), ZANTAC™ (ranitidine), PEPCID™
1267(famotidine), and AXID™ (nizatidine)); inhibitors of ϊ , K<sup>+</sup> ATPase (e.g., PREVACID™
1268(lansoprazole) and PRILOSEC™ (omeprazole)); Bismuth compounds (e.g., PEPTO-
1269BISMOL™ (bismuth subsalicylate) and DE-NOL™ (bismuth subcitrate)); various antacids; sucralfate; prostaglandin analogs (e.g. CYTOTEC™ (misoprostol)); muscarinic cholinergic antagonists; laxatives (e.g., surfactant laxatives, stimulant laxatives, saline and osmotic laxatives); antidiaπheal agents (e.g., LOMOTIL™ (diphenoxylate), MOTOFEN™
1270(diphenoxin), and ODIUM™ (loperamide hydrochloride)), synthetic analogs of somatostatin such as SANDOSTATIN™ (octreotide), antiemetic agents (e.g., ZOFRAN™
1271(ondansetron), KYTREL™ (granisetron hydrochloride), tropisetron, dolasetron, metoclopramide, chloφromazine, peφhenazine, prochloφerazine, promethazine, thiethylperazine, triflupromazine, domperidone, haloperidol, droperidol, trimethobenzamide, dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, dronabinol, and nabilone); D2 antagonists (e.g., metoclopramide, trimethobenzamide and chloφromazine); bile salts; chenodeoxycholic acid; ursodeoxychohc acid; and pancreatic enzyme preparations such as pancreatin and pancrelipase.
1272[0532] In additional embodiments, the albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides of the invention are administered in combination with other therapeutic or prophylactic regimens, such as, for example, radiation therapy.
1273[0533] The invention also provides a pharmaceutical pack or kit comprising one or more containers filled with one or more of the ingredients of the pharmaceutical compositions comprising albumin fusion proteins of the invention. Optionally associated with such container(s) can be a notice in the form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use or sale of pharmaceuticals or biological products, which notice reflects approval by the agency of manufacture, use or sale. for human administration.
1274Gene Therapy *
1275[0534] Constructs encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention can be used as a part of a gene therapy protocol to deliver therapeutically effective doses of the albumin fusion protein. A prefeπed approach for in vivo introduction of nucleic acid into a cell is by use of a viral vector containing nucleic acid, encoding an albumin fusion protein of the invention. Infection of cells with a viral vector has the advantage that a large proportion of the targeted cells can receive the nucleic acid. Additionally, molecules encoded within the viral vector, e.g., by a cDNA contained in the viral vector, are expressed efficiently in cells which have taken up viral vector nucleic acid.
1276[0535] Retrovirus vectors and adeno-associated virus vectors can be used as a recombinant gene delivery system for the transfer of exogenous nucleic acid molecules encoding albumin fusion proteins in vivo. These vectors provide efficient delivery of nucleic acids into cells, and the transfeπed nucleic acids are stably integrated into the chromosomal DNA of the host. The development of specialized cell lines (termed "packaging cells") which produce only replication-defective retroviruses has increased the utility of retroviruses for gene therapy, and defective retroviruses are characterized for use in gene transfer for gene therapy puφoses (for a review see Miller, A.D. (1990) Blood 76:27 1). A replication defective retrovirus can be packaged into virions which can be used to infect a target cell through the use of a helper virus by standard techniques. Protocols for producing recombinant retroviruses and for infecting cells in vitro or in vivo with such viruses can be found in Cuπent Protocols in Molecular Biology, Ausubel, F.M. et al, (eds.) Greene Publishing Associates, (1989), Sections 9.10-9.14 and other standard laboratory manuals. [0536] Another viral gene delivery system useful in the present invention uses adenovirus-derived vectors. The genome of an adenovirus can be manipulated such that it encodes and expresses a gene product of interest but is inactivated in terms of its ability to replicate in a normal lytic viral life cycle. See, for example, Berkner et al, BioTechniques 6:616 (1988); Rosenfeld et al, Science 252:431-434 (1991); and Rosenfeld et al, Cell 68:143-155 (1992). Suitable adenoviral vectors derived from the adenovirus strain Ad type 5 dl324 or other strains of adenovirus (e.g., Ad2, Ad3, Ad7 etc.) are known to those skilled in the art. Recombinant adenoviruses can be advantageous in certain circumstances in that they are not capable of infecting nondividing cells and can be used to infect a wide variety of cell types, including epithelial cells (Rosenfeld et al, (1992) cited supra). Furthermore, the virus particle is relatively stable and amenable to purification and concentration, and as above, can be modified so as to affect the spectrum of infectivity. Additionally, introduced adenoviral DNA (and foreign DNA contained therein) is not integrated into the genome of a host cell but remains episomal, thereby avoiding potential problems that can occur as a result of insertional mutagenesis in situations where introduced DNA becomes integrated into the host genome (e.g., retroviral DNA). Moreover, the carrying capacity of the adenoviral genome for foreign DNA is large (up to 8 kilobases) relative to other gene delivery vectors (Berkner et al, cited supra; Haj-Ahmand et al, J. Virol. 57:267 (1986)).
1277[0537] In another embodiment, non-viral gene delivery systems of the present invention rely on endocytic pathways for the uptake of the subject nucleotide molecule by the targeted cell. Exemplary gene delivery systems of this type include liposomal derived systems, poly-lysine conjugates, and artificial viral envelopes. In a representative embodiment, a nucleic acid molecule encoding an albumin fusion protein of the invention can be entrapped in liposomes bearing positive charges on their surface (e.g., lipofectins) and (optionally) which are tagged with antibodies against cell surface antigens of the target tissue (Mizuno et al. (1992) No Shinkei Geka 20:547-5 5 1; PCT publication W091/06309; Japanese patent application 1047381; and European patent publication EP-A-43075). [0538] Gene delivery systems for a gene encoding an albumin fusion protein of the invention can be introduced into a patient by any of a number of methods. For instance, a pharmaceutical preparation of the gene delivery system can be introduced systemically, e.g. by intravenous injection, and specific transduction of the protein in the target cells occurs predominantly from specificity of transfection provided by the gene delivery vehicle, cell-type or tissue-type expression due to the transcriptional regulatory sequences controlling expression of the receptor gene, or a combination thereof. In other embodiments, initial delivery of the recombinant gene is more limited with introduction into the animal being quite localized. For example, the gene delivery vehicle can be introduced by catheter (see U.S. Patent 5,328,470) or by Stereotactic injection (e.g. Chen et al. (1994) PNAS 91: 3 054-3 05 7). The pharmaceutical preparation of the gene therapy construct can consist essentially of the gene delivery system in an acceptable diluent, or can comprise a slow release matrix in which the gene delivery vehicle is imbedded. Where the albumin fusion protein can be produced intact from recombinant cells, e.g. retroviral vectors, the pharmaceutical preparation can comprise one or more cells which produce the albumin fusion protein.
1278Additional Gene Therapy Methods
1279[0539] Also encompassed by the invention are gene therapy methods for treating or preventing disorders, diseases and conditions. The gene therapy methods relate to the introduction of nucleic acid (DNA, RNA and antisense DNA or RNA) sequences into an animal to achieve expression of an albumin fusion protein of the invention. This method requires a polynucleotide which codes for an albumin fusion protein of the present invention operatively linked to a promoter and any other genetic elements necessary for the expression of the fusion protein by the target tissue. Such gene therapy and delivery techniques are known in the art, see, for example, WO90/11092, which is herein incoφorated by reference. [0540] Thus, for example, cells from a patient may be engineered with a polynucleotide (DNA or RNA) comprising a promoter operably linked to a polynucleotide encoding an albumin fusion protein of the present invention ex vivo, with the engineered cells then being provided to a patient to be treated with the fusion protein of the present invention. Such methods are well-known in the art. For example, see Belldegrun, A., et al., J. Natl. Cancer frist. 85: 207-216 (1993); Feπantini, M. et al., Cancer Research 53: 1107-1112 (1993); Feπantini, M. et al., J. Immunology 153: 4604-4615 (1994); Kaido, T., et al., Int. J. Cancer 60: 221-229 (1995); Ogura, H, et al, Cancer Research 50: 5102-5106 (1990); Santodonato, L., et al., Human Gene Therapy 7:1-10 (1996); Santodonato, L., et al., Gene Therapy 4:1246-1255 (1997); and Zhang, J.-F. et al., Cancer Gene Therapy 3: 31-38 (1996)), which are herein incoφorated by reference. In one embodiment, the cells which are engineered are arterial cells. The arterial cells may be reinfroduced into the patient through direct injection to the artery, the tissues suπounding the artery, or through catheter injection. [0541] As discussed in more detail below, the polynucleotide constructs can be delivered by any method that delivers injectable materials to the cells of an animal, such as, injection into the interstitial space of tissues (heart, muscle, skin, lung, liver, and the like). The polynucleotide constructs may be delivered in a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid or aqueous carrier.
1280[0542] In one embodiment, polynucleotides encoding the albumin fusion proteins of the present invention is delivered as a naked polynucleotide. The term "naked" polynucleotide, DNA or RNA refers to sequences that are free from any delivery vehicle that acts to assist, promote or facilitate entry into the cell, including viral sequences, viral particles, liposome formulations, lipofectin or precipitating agents and the like. However, polynucleotides encoding the albumin fusion proteins of the present invention can also be delivered in liposome formulations and lipofectin formulations and the like can be prepared by methods well known to those skilled in the art. Such methods are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,593,972, 5,589,466, and 5,580,859, which are herein incoφorated by reference.
1281[0543] The polynucleotide vector constructs used in the gene therapy method are preferably constructs that will not integrate into the host genome nor will they contain sequences that allow for replication. Appropriate vectors include pWLNEO, pSV2CAT, pOG44, pXTl and pSG available from Stratagene; pSVK3, pBPV, pMSG and pSVL available from Pharmacia; and pEFl/V5, pcDNA3.1, and pRc/CMV2 available from Invitrogen. Other suitable vectors will be readily apparent to the skilled artisan. [0544] Any strong promoter known to those skilled in the art can be used for driving the expression of the polynucleotide sequence. Suitable promoters include adenoviral promoters, such as the adenoviral major late promoter; or heterologous promoters, such as the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter; the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) promoter; inducible promoters, such as the MMT promoter, the metallothionein promoter; heat shock promoters; the albumin promoter; the ApoAI promoter; human globin promoters; viral thymidine kinase promoters, such as the Heφes Simplex thymidine kinase promoter; retroviral LTRs; the b- actin promoter; and human growth hormone promoters. The promoter also may be the native promoter for the gene coπesponding to the Therapeutic protein portion of the albumin fusion proteins of the invention.
1282[0545] Unlike other gene therapy techniques, one major advantage of introducing naked nucleic acid sequences into target cells is the transitory nature of the polynucleotide synthesis in the cells. Studies have shown that non-replicating DNA sequences can be introduced into cells to provide production of the desired polypeptide for periods of up to six months. [0546] The polynucleotide construct can be delivered to the interstitial space of tissues within the an animal, including of muscle, skin, brain, lung, liver, spleen, bone maπow, thymus, heart, lymph, blood, bone, cartilage, pancreas, kidney, gall bladder, stomach, intestine, testis, ovary, uterus, rectum, nervous system, eye, gland, and connective tissue. Interstitial space of the tissues comprises the intercellular, fluid, mucopolysaccharide matrix among the reticular fibers of organ tissues, elastic fibers in the walls of vessels or chambers, collagen fibers of fibrous tissues, or that same matrix within connective tissue ensheathing muscle cells or in the lacunae of bone. It is similarly the space occupied by the plasma of the circulation and the lymph fluid of the lymphatic channels. Delivery to the interstitial space of muscle tissue is prefeπed for the reasons discussed below. They may be conveniently delivered by injection into the tissues comprising these cells. They are preferably delivered to and expressed in persistent, non-dividing cells which are differentiated, although delivery and expression may be achieved in non-differentiated or less completely differentiated cells, such as, for example, stem cells of blood or skin fibroblasts. In vivo muscle cells are particularly competent in their ability to take up and express polynucleotides.
1283[0547] For the naked nucleic acid sequence injection, an effective dosage amount of
1284DNA or RNA will be in the range of from about 0.05 mg/kg body weight to about 50 mg/kg body weight. Preferably the dosage will be from about 0.005 mg/kg to about 20 mg kg and more preferably from about 0.05 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg. Of course, as the artisan of ordinary skill will appreciate, this dosage will vary according to the tissue site of injection. The appropriate and effective dosage of nucleic acid sequence can readily be determined by those of ordinary skill in the art and may depend on the condition being treated and the route of administration.
1285[0548] The prefeπed route of administration is by the parenteral route of injection into the interstitial space of tissues. However, other parenteral routes may also be used, such as, inhalation of an aerosol formulation particularly for delivery to lungs or bronchial tissues, throat or mucous membranes of the nose. In addition, naked DNA constructs can be delivered to arteries during angioplasty by the catheter used in the procedure. [0549] The naked polynucleotides are delivered by any method known in the art, including, but not limited to, direct needle injection at the delivery site, intravenous injection, topical administration, catheter infusion, and so-called "gene guns". These delivery methods are known in the art. [0550] The constructs may also be delivered with delivery vehicles such as viral sequences, viral particles, liposome formulations, lipofectin, precipitating agents, etc. Such methods of delivery are known in the art.
1286[0551] In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide constructs are complexed in a liposome preparation. Liposomal preparations for use in the instant invention include cationic (positively charged), anionic (negatively charged) and neutral preparations. However, cationic liposomes are particularly prefeπed because a tight charge complex can be formed between the cationic liposome and the polyanionic nucleic acid. Cationic liposomes have been shown to mediate intracellular delivery of plasmid DNA (Feigner et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1987) 84:7413-7416, which is herein incoφorated by reference); mRNA (Malone et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1989) 86:6077-6081, which is herein incoφorated by reference); and purified transcription factors (Debs et al., J. Biol. Chem. (1990) 265:10189-10192, which is herein incoφorated by reference), in functional form. [0552] Cationic liposomes are readily available. For example,
1287N[l-2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-triethylammonium (DOTMA) liposomes are particularly useful and are available under the trademark Lipofectin, from GEBCO BRL, Grand Island, N.Y. (See, also, Feigner et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA (1987) 84:7413-7416, which is herein incoφorated by reference). Other commercially available liposomes include transfectace (DDAB/DOPE) and DOTAP/DOPE (Boehringer).
1288[0553] Other cationic liposomes can be prepared from readily available materials using techniques well known in the art. See, e.g. PCT Publication No. WO 90/11092 (which is herein incoφorated by reference) for a description of the synthesis of DOTAP (1,2- bis(oleoyloxy)-3-(trimethylammonio)propane) liposomes. Preparation of DOTMA liposomes is explained in the literature, see, e.g., P. Feigner et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:7413-7417, which is herein incoφorated by reference. Similar methods can be used to prepare liposomes from other cationic lipid materials.
1289[0554] Similarly, anionic and neutral liposomes are readily available, such as from
1290Avanti Polar Lipids (Birmingham, Ala.), or can be easily prepared using readily available materials. Such materials include phosphatidyl, choline, cholesterol, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, dioleoylphosphatidyl choline (DOPC), dioleoylphosphatidyl glycerol (DOPG), dioleoylphoshatidyl ethanolamine (DOPE), among others. These materials can also be mixed with the DOTMA and DOTAP starting materials in appropriate ratios. Methods for making liposomes using these materials are well known in the art. [0555] For example, commercially dioleoylphosphatidyl choline (DOPC), dioleoylphosphatidyl glycerol (DOPG), and dioleoylphosphatidyl ethanolamine (DOPE) can be used in various combinations to make conventional liposomes, with or without the addition of cholesterol. Thus, for example, DOPG/DOPC vesicles can be prepared by drying 50 mg each of DOPG and DOPC under a stream of nitrogen gas into a sonication vial. The sample is placed under a vacuum pump overnight and is hydrated the following day with deionized water. The sample is then sonicated for 2 hours in a capped vial, using a Heat Systems model 350 sonicator equipped with an inverted cup (bath type) probe at the maximum setting while the bath is circulated at 15EC. Alternatively, negatively charged vesicles can be prepared without sonication to produce multilamellar vesicles or by extrusion through nucleopore membranes to produce unilamellar vesicles of discrete size. Other methods are known and available to those of skill in the art.
1291[0556] The liposomes can comprise multilamellar vesicles (MLVs), small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs), or large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs), with SUVs being prefeπed. The various liposome-nucleic acid complexes are prepared using methods well known in the art. See, e.g., Straubinger et al., Methods of Immunology (1983), 101:512-527, which is herein incoφorated by reference. For example, MLVs containing nucleic acid can be prepared by depositing a thin film of phospholipid on the walls of a glass tube and subsequently hydrating with a solution of the material to be encapsulated. SUVs are prepared by extended sonication of MLVs to produce a homogeneous population of unilamellar liposomes. The material to be entrapped is added to a suspension of preformed MLVs and then sonicated. When using liposomes containing cationic lipids, the dried lipid film is resuspended in an appropriate solution such as sterile water or an isotonic buffer solution such as 10 mM Tris/NaCl, sonicated, and then the preformed liposomes are mixed directly with the DNA. The liposome and DNA form a very stable complex due to binding of the positively charged liposomes to the cationic DNA. SUVs find use with small nucleic acid fragments. LUVs are prepared by a number of methods, well known in the art. Commonly used methods include Ca<sup>2+</sup>-EDTA chelation (Papahadjopoulos et al, Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1975) 394:483; Wilson et al., Cell 17:77 (1979)); ether injection (Deamer, D. and Bangham, A., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 443:629 (1976); Ostro et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 76:836 (1977); Fraley et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:3348 (1979)); detergent dialysis (Enoch, H. and Strittmatter, P., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:145 (1979)); and reverse-phase evaporation (REV) (Fraley et al., J. Biol. Chem. 255:10431 (1980); Szoka, F. and Papahadjopoulos, D., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75:145 (1978); Schaefer-Ridder et al., Science 215:166 (1982)), which are herein incoφorated by reference.
1292[0557] Generally, the ratio of DNA to liposomes will be from about 10:1 to about
12931:10. Preferably, the ration will be from about 5:1 to about 1:5. More preferably, the ration will be about 3:1 to about 1:3. Still more preferably, the ratio will be about 1:1.
1294[0558] U.S. Patent No. 5,676,954 (which is herein incoφorated by reference) reports on the injection of genetic material, complexed with cationic liposomes carriers, into mice.
1295U.S. Patent Nos. 4,897,355, 4,946,787, 5,049,386, 5,459,127, 5,589,466, 5,693,622,
12965,580,859, 5,703,055, and international publication no. WO 94/9469 (which are herein incoφorated by reference) provide cationic lipids for use in transfecting DNA into cells and mammals. U.S. Patent Nos. 5,589,466, 5,693,622, 5,580,859, 5,703,055, and international publication no. WO 94/9469 provide methods for delivering DNA-cationic lipid complexes to mammals.
1297[0559] In certain embodiments, cells are engineered, ex vivo or in vivo, using a retroviral particle containing RNA which comprises a sequence encoding an albumin fusion protein of the present invention. Retroviruses from which the retroviral plasmid vectors may be derived include, but are not limited to, Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus, spleen necrosis vims, Rous sarcoma Virus, Harvey Sarcoma Virus, avian leukosis virus, gibbon ape leukemia virus, human immunodeficiency virus, Myeloproliferative Sarcoma Virus, and mammary tumor virus.
1298[0560] The retroviral plasmid vector is employed to transduce packaging cell lines to form producer cell lines. Examples of packaging cells which may be transfected include, but are not limited to, the PE501, PA317, R-2, R-AM, PA12, T19-14X, VT-19-17-H2, RCRE,
1299RCREP, GP+E-86, GP+envAml2, and DAN cell lines as described in Miller, Human Gene
1300Therapy 1:5-14 (1990), which is incoφorated herein by reference in its entirety. The vector may transduce the packaging cells through any means known in the art. Such means include, but are not limited to, electroporation, the use of liposomes, and CaPO precipitation. In one alternative, the retroviral plasmid vector may be encapsulated into a liposome, or coupled to a lipid, and then administered to a host.
1301[0561] The producer cell line generates infectious retroviral vector particles which include polynucleotide encoding an albumin fusion protein of the present invention. Such retroviral vector particles then may be employed, to transduce eukaryotic cells, either in vitro or in vivo. The transduced eukaryotic cells will express a fusion protin of the present invention.
1302[0562] In certain other embodiments, cells are engineered, ex vivo or in vivo, with polynucleotide contained in an adenovirus vector. Adenovirus can be manipulated such that it encodes and expresses fusion protein of the present invention, and at the same time is inactivated in terms of its ability to replicate in a normal lytic viral life cycle. Adenovirus expression is achieved without integration of the viral DNA into the host cell chromosome, thereby alleviating concerns about insertional mutagenesis. Furthermore, adenovimses have been used as live enteric vaccines for many years with an excellent safety profile (Schwartz et al. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.l09:233-238 (1974)). Finally, adenovirus mediated gene transfer has been demonstrated in a number of instances including transfer of alpha- 1-antitrypsin and CFTR to the lungs of cotton rats (Rosenfeld, M. A. et al. (1991) Science 252:431-434; Rosenfeld et al., (1992) Cell 68:143-155). Furthermore, extensive studies to attempt to establish adenovirus as a causative agent in human cancer were uniformly negative (Green, M. et al. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:6606).
1303[0563] Suitable adenoviral vectors useful in the present invention are described, for example, in Kozarsky and Wilson, Curr. Opin. Genet. Devel. 3:499-503 (1993); Rosenfeld et al., Cell 68:143-155 (1992); Engelhardt et al., Human Genet. Ther. 4:759-769 (1993); Yang et al., Nature Genet. 7:362-369 (1994); Wilson et al., Nature 365:691-692 (1993); and U.S. Patent No. 5,652,224, which are herein incoφorated by reference. For example, the adenovirus vector Ad2 is useful and can be grown in human 293 cells. These cells contain the El region of adenovirus and constitutively express Ela and Elb, which complement the defective adenovimses by providing the products of the genes deleted from the vector. In addition to Ad2, other varieties of adenovirus (e.g., Ad3, Ad5, and Ad7) are also useful in the present invention.
1304[0564] Preferably, the adenovimses used in the present invention are replication deficient. Replication deficient adenovimses require the aid of a helper virus and/or packaging cell line to form infectious particles. The resulting virus is capable of infecting cells and can express a polynucleotide of interest which is operably linked to a promoter, but cannot replicate in most cells. Replication deficient adenovimses may be deleted in one or more of all or a portion of the following genes: Ela, Elb, E3, E4, E2a, or LI through L5. [0565] In certain other embodiments, the cells are engineered, ex vivo or in vivo, using an adeno-associated vims (AAV). AAVs are naturally occurring defective vimses that require helper vimses to produce infectious particles (Muzyczka, N., Cuπ. Topics in Microbiol. Immunol. 158:97 (1992)). It is also one of the few vimses that may integrate its
1305DNA into non-dividing cells. Vectors containing as little as 300 base pairs of AAV can be packaged and can integrate, but space for exogenous DNA is limited to about 4.5 kb.
1306Methods for producing and using such AAVs are known in the art. See, for example, U.S.
1307Patent Nos. 5,139,941, 5,173,414, 5,354,678, 5,436,146, 5,474,935, 5,478,745, and
13085,589,377.
1309[0566] For example, an appropriate AAV vector for use in the present invention will include all the sequences necessary for DNA replication, encapsidation, and host-cell integration. The polynucleotide construct is inserted into the AAV vector using standard cloning methods, such as those found in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory
1310Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press (1989). The recombinant AAV vector is then transfected into packaging cells which are infected with a helper vims, using any standard technique, including lipofection, electroporation, calcium phosphate precipitation, etc. Appropriate helper vimses include adenovimses, cytomegaloviruses, vaccinia vimses, or heφes vimses.
1311Once the packaging cells are transfected and infected, they will produce infectious AAV viral particles which contain the polynucleotide construct. These viral particles are then used to transduce eukaryotic cells, either ex vivo or in vivo. The transduced cells will contain the polynucleotide construct integrated into its genome, and will express a fusion protein of the invention.
1312[0567] Another method of gene therapy involves operably associating heterologous control regions and endogenous polynucleotide sequences (e.g. encoding a polypeptide of the present invention) via homologous recombination (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,641,670, issued June 24, 1997; International Publication No. WO 96/29411, published September 26,
13131996; International Publication No. WO 94/12650, published August 4, 1994; Roller et al.,
1314Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:8932-8935 (1989); and Zijlstra et al., Nature 342:435-438
1315(1989), which are herein encoφorated by reference. This method involves the activation of a gene which is present in the target cells, but which is not normally expressed in the cells, or is expressed at a lower level than desired.
1316[0568] Polynucleotide constructs are made, using standard techniques known in the art, which contain the promoter with targeting sequences flanking the promoter. Suitable promoters are described herein. The targeting sequence is sufficiently complementary to an endogenous sequence to permit homologous recombination of the promoter-targeting sequence with the endogenous sequence. The targeting sequence will be sufficiently near the 5' end of the desired endogenous polynucleotide sequence so the promoter will be operably linked to the endogenous sequence upon homologous recombination.
1317[0569] The promoter and the targeting sequences can be amplified using PCR.
1318Preferably, the amplified promoter contains distinct restriction enzyme sites on the 5' and 3' ends. Preferably, the 3' end of the first targeting sequence contains the same restriction enzyme site as the 5' end of the amplified promoter and the 5' end of the second targeting sequence contains the same restriction site as the 3' end of the amplified promoter. The amplified promoter and targeting sequences are digested and ligated together. [0570] The promoter-targeting sequence construct is delivered to the cells, either as naked polynucleotide, or in conjunction with transfection-facilitating agents, such as liposomes, viral sequences, viral particles, whole vimses, lipofection, precipitating agents, etc., described in more detail above. The P promoter-targeting sequence can be delivered by any method, included direct needle injection, intravenous injection, topical administration, catheter infusion, particle accelerators, etc. The methods are described in more detail below. [0571] The promoter-targeting sequence construct is taken up by cells. Homologous recombination between the construct and the endogenous sequence takes place, such that an endogenous sequence is placed under the control of the promoter. The promoter then drives the expression of the endogenous sequence.
1319[0572] The polynucleotide encoding an albumin fusion protein of the present invention may contain a secretory signal sequence that facilitates secretion of the protein. Typically, the signal sequence is positioned in the coding region of the polynucleotide to be expressed towards ftr at the 5' end of the coding region. The signal sequence may be homologous or heterologous to the polynucleotide of interest and may be homologous or heterologous to the cells to be transfected. Additionally, the signal sequence may be chemically synthesized using methods known in the art.
1320[0573] Any mode of administration of any of the above-described polynucleotides constructs can be used so long as the mode results in the expression of one or more molecules in an amount sufficient to provide a therapeutic effect. This includes direct needle injection, systemic injection, catheter infusion, biolistic injectors, particle accelerators (i.e., "gene guns"), gelfoam sponge depots, other commercially available depot materials, osmotic pumps (e.g., Alza minipumps), oral or suppositorial solid (tablet or pill) pharmaceutical formulations, and decanting or topical applications during surgery. For example, direct injection of naked calcium phosphate-precipitated plasmid into rat liver and rat spleen or a protein-coated plasmid into the portal vein has resulted in gene expression of the foreign gene in the rat livers (Kaneda et al., Science 243:375 (1989)).
1321[0574] A prefeπed method of local administration is by direct injection. Preferably, an albumin fusion protein of the present invention complexed with a delivery vehicle is administered by direct injection into or locally within the area of arteries. Administration of a composition locally within the area of arteries refers to injecting the composition centimeters and preferably, millimeters within arteries.
1322[0575] Another method of local administration is to contact a polynucleotide construct of the present invention in or around a surgical wound. For example, a patient can undergo surgery and the polynucleotide construct can be coated on the surface of tissue inside the wound or the construct can be injected into areas of tissue inside the wound.
1323[0576] Therapeutic compositions useful in systemic administration, include fusion proteins of the present invention complexed to a targeted delivery vehicle of the present invention. Suitable delivery vehicles for use with systemic administration comprise liposomes comprising ligands for targeting the vehicle to a particular site. In specific embodiments, suitable delivery vehicles for use with systemic administration comprise liposomes comprising albumin fusion proteins of the invention for targeting the vehicle to a particular site.
1324[0577] Prefeπed methods of systemic administration, include intravenous injection, aerosol, oral and percutaneous (topical) delivery. Intravenous injections can be performed using methods standard in the art. Aerosol delivery can also be performed using methods standard in the art (see, for example, Stribling et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
1325189:11277-11281, 1992, which is incoφorated herein by reference). Oral delivery can be performed by complexing a polynucleotide construct of the present invention to a carrier capable of withstanding degradation by digestive enzymes in the gut of an animal. Examples of such carriers, include plastic capsules or tablets, such as those known in the art. Topical delivery can be performed by mixing a polynucleotide construct of the present invention with a lipophilic reagent (e.g., DMSO) that is capable of passing into the skin.
1326[0578] Determining an effective amount of substance to be delivered can depend upon a number of factors including, for example, the chemical structure and biological activity of the substance, the age and weight of the animal, the precise condition requiring treatment and its severity, and the route of administration. The frequency of treatments depends upon a number of factors, such as the amount of polynucleotide constmcts administered per dose, as well as the health and history of the subject. The precise amount, number of doses, and timing of doses will be determined by the attending physician or veterinarian.
1327[0579] Albumin fusion proteins of the present invention can be administered to any animal, preferably to mammals and birds. Prefeπed mammals include humans, dogs, cats, mice, rats, rabbits sheep, cattle, horses and pigs, with humans being particularly prefeπed.
1328Biological Activities
1329[0580] Albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the present invention, can be used in assays to test for one or more biological activities. If an albumin fusion protein and/or polynucleotide exhibits an activity in a particular assay, it is likely that the Therapeutic protein coπesponding to the fusion portein may be involved in the diseases associated with the biological activity. Thus, the fusion protein could be used to treat the associated disease.
1330[0581] In prefeπed embodiments, the present invention encompasses a method of treating a disease or disorder listed in the "Prefeπed Indication Y" column of Table 1 comprising administering to a patient in which such treatment, prevention or amelioration is desired an albumin fusion protein of the invention that comprises a Therapeutic protein portion corresponding to a Therapeutic protein disclosed in the "Therapeutic Protein X" column of Table 1 (in the same row as the disease or disorder to be treated is listed in the
1331"Prefeπed Indication Y" column of Table 1) in an amount effective to treat, prevent or ameliorate the disease or disorder.
1332[0582] In a further prefeπed embodiment, the present invention encompasses a method of treating a disease or disorder listed for a particular Therapeutic protein in the
1333"Prefeπed Indication: Y" column of Table 1 comprising administering to a patient in which such treatment, prevention or amelioration is desired an albumin fusion protein of the invention that comprises a Therapeutic protein portion corresponding to the Therapeutic protein for which the indications in the Examples are related in an amount effective to treat, prevent or ameliorate the disease or disorder.
1334[0583] Specifically contemplated by the present invention are albumin fusion proteins produced by a cell when encoded by the polynucleotides that encode SEQ ID NO:Y. When these polynucleotides are used to express the encoded protein from a cell, the cell's natural secretion and processing steps produces a protein that lacks the signal sequence explicitly listed in columns 4 and/or 11 of Table 2. The specific amino acid sequence of the listed signal sequence is shown in the specification or is well known in the art. Thus, most prefeπed embodiments of the present invention include the albumin fusion protein produced by a cell (which would lack the leader sequence shown in columns 4 and/or 11 of Table 2).
1335Also most prefeπed are polypeptides comprising SEQ ED NO:Y without the specific leader sequence listed in columns 4 and/or 11 of Table 2. Compositions comprising these two prefeπed embodiments, including pharmaceutical compositions, are also prefeπed. These albumin fiision proteins are specifically contemplated to treat, prevent, or ameliorate a disease or disorder listed for a particular Therapeutic protein in the "Prefeπed Indication:Y" column of Table 1.
1336[0584] In prefeπed embodiments, fusion proteins of the present invention may be used in the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention and/or treatment of diseases and/or disorders relating to diseases and disorders of the endocrine system (see, for example, "Endocrine
1337Disorders" section below), the nervous system (see, for example, "Neurological Disorders" section below), the immune system (see, for example, "Immune Activity" section below), respiratory system (see, for example, "Respiratory Disorders" section below), cardiovascular system (see, for example, "Cardiovascular Disorders" section below), reproductive system
1338(see, for example, "Reproductive System Disorders" section below) digestive system (see, for example, "Gastrointestinal Disorders" section below), diseases and/or disorders relating to cell proliferation (see, for example, "Hypeφroliferative Disorders" section below), and/or diseases or disorders relating to the blood (see, for example, "Blood-Related Disorders" section below).
1339[0585] In certain embodiments, an albumin fusion protein of the present invention may be used to diagnose and/or prognose diseases and/or disorders associated with the tissue(s) in which the gene corresponding to the Therapeutic protein portion of the fusion protein of the invention is expressed.
1340[0586] Thus, fusion proteins of the invention and polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are useful in the diagnosis, detection and/or treatment of diseases and/or disorders associated with activities that include, but are not limited to, prohormone activation, neurofransmitter activity, cellular signaling, cellular proliferation, cellular differentiation, and cell migration.
1341[0587] More generally, fusion proteins of the invention and polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be useful for the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention and/or treatment of diseases and/or disorders associated with the following systems.
1342Immune Activity
1343[0588] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be useful in treating, preventing, diagnosing and/or prognosing diseases, disorders, and/or conditions of the immune system, by, for example, activating or inhibiting the proliferation, differentiation, or mobilization
1344(chemotaxis) of immune cells. Immune cells develop through a process called hematopoiesis, producing myeloid (platelets, red blood cells, neutrophils, and macrophages) and lymphoid (B and T lymphocytes) cells from pluripotent stem cells. The etiology of these immune diseases, disorders, and/or conditions may be genetic, somatic, such as cancer and some autoimmune diseases, acquired (e.g., by chemotherapy or toxins), or infectious.
1345Moreover, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention can be used as a marker or detector of a particular immune system disease or disorder.
1346[0589] In another embodiment, a fusion protein of the invention and/or polynucleotide encoding an albumin fusion protein of the invention, may be used to treat diseases and disorders of the immune system and/or to inhibit or enhance an immune response generated by cells associated with the tissue(s) in which the polypeptide of the invention is expressed.
1347[0590] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be useful in treating, preventing, diagnosing, and/or prognosing immunodeficiencies, including both congenital and acquired immunodeficiencies. Examples of B cell immunodeficiencies in which immunoglobulin levels B cell function and/or B cell numbers are decreased include: X-linked agammaglobulinemia (Bruton's disease), X-linked infantile agammaglobulinemia, X-linked immunodeficiency with hyper IgM, non X-linked immunodeficiency with hyper IgM, X- linked lymphoprohferative syndrome (XLP), agammaglobulinemia including congenital and acquired agammaglobulinemia, adult onset agammaglobulinemia, late-onset agammaglobulinemia, dysgammaglobulinemia, hypogammaglobulinemia, unspecified hypogammaglobulinemia, recessive agammaglobulinemia (Swiss type), Selective IgM deficiency, selective IgA deficiency, selective IgG subclass deficiencies, IgG subclass deficiency (with or without IgA deficiency), Ig deficiency with increased IgM, IgG and IgA deficiency with increased IgM, antibody deficiency with normal or elevated Igs, Ig heavy chain deletions, kappa chain deficiency, B cell lymphoprohferative disorder (BLPD), common variable immunodeficiency (CVED), common variable immunodeficiency (CVI) (acquired), and transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy.
1348[0591] In specific embodiments, ataxia-telangiectasia or conditions associated with ataxia-telangiectasia are treated, prevented, diagnosed, and/or prognosing using the, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention.
1349[0592] Examples of congenital immunodeficiencies in which T cell and or B cell function and/or number is decreased include, but are not limited to: DiGeorge anohialy, severe combined immunodeficiencies (SOD) (including, but not limited to, X-linked SOD, autosomal recessive SOD, adenosine deaminase deficiency, purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency, Class II MHC deficiency (Bare lymphocyte syndrome), Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, and ataxia telangiectasia), thymic hypoplasia, third and fourth pharyngeal pouch syndrome, 22ql 1.2 deletion, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, natural killer cell deficiency (NK), idiopathic CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia, immunodeficiency with predominant T cell defect (unspecified), and unspecified immunodeficiency of cell mediated immunity. [0593] In specific embodiments, DiGeorge anomaly or conditions associated with
1350DiGeorge anomaly are treated, prevented, diagnosed, and/or prognosed using fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention. [0594] Other immunodeficiencies that may be treated, prevented, diagnosed, and or prognosed using fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, include, but are not limited to, chronic granulomatous disease, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, myeloperoxidase deficiency, leukocyte glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, X-linked lymphoprohferative syndrome (XLP), leukocyte adhesion deficiency, complement component deficiencies (including Cl, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8 and/or C9 deficiencies), reticular dysgenesis, thymic alymphoplasia- aplasia, immunodeficiency with thymoma, severe congenital leukopenia, dysplasia with immunodeficiency, neonatal neutropenia, short limbed dwarfism, and Nezelof syndrome- combined immunodeficiency with Igs.
1351[0595] In a prefeπed embodiment, the immunodeficiencies and/or conditions associated with the immunodeficiencies recited above are treated, prevented, diagnosed and/or prognosed using fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention.
1352[0596] In a prefeπed embodiment fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention could be used as an agent to boost immunoresponsiveness among immunodeficient individuals. In specific embodiments, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention could be used as an agent to boost immunoresponsiveness among B cell and or T cell immunodeficient individuals.
1353[0597] The albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be useful in treating, preventing, diagnosing and/or prognosing autoimmune disorders. Many autoimmune disorders result from inappropriate recognition of self as foreign material by immune cells. This inappropriate recognition results in an immune response leading to the destruction of the host tissue.
1354Therefore, the administration of fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fiision proteins of the invention that can inhibit an immune response, particularly the proliferation, differentiation, or chemotaxis of T-cells, may be an effective therapy in preventing autoimmune disorders.
1355[0598] Autoimmune diseases or disorders that may be treated, prevented, diagnosed and/or prognosed by fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, multiple sclerosis, autoimmune thyroiditis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, autoimmune thrombocytopenia puφura, autoimmune neonatal thrombocytopenia, idiopathic thrombocytopenia puφura, puφura (e.g.,
1356Henloch-Scoenlein puφura), autoimmunocytopenia, Goodpasture's syndrome, Pemphigus vulgaris, myasthenia gravis, Grave's disease (hyperthyroidism), and insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus.
1357[0599] Additional disorders that are likely to have an autoimmune component that may be treated, prevented, and/or diagnosed with the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fiision proteins of the invention include, but are not limited to, type II collagen-induced arthritis, antiphospholipid syndrome, dermatitis, allergic encephalomyelitis, myocarditis, relapsing polychondritis, rheumatic heart disease, neuritis, uveitis ophthalmia, polyendocrinopathies, Reiter's Disease, Stiff-Man Syndrome, autoimmune pulmonary inflammation, autism, Guillain-Baπe Syndrome, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, and autoimmune inflammatory eye disorders.
1358[0600] Additional disorders that are likely to have an autoimmune component that may be treated, prevented, diagnosed and/or prognosed with the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention include, but are not limited to, scleroderma with anti-collagen antibodies (often characterized, e.g., by nucleolar and other nuclear antibodies), mixed connective tissue disease (often characterized, e.g., by antibodies to extractable nuclear antigens (e.g., ribonucleoprotein)), polymyositis (often characterized, e.g., by nonhistone ANA), pernicious anemia (often characterized, e.g., by antiparietal cell, microsomes, and intrinsic factor antibodies), idiopathic Addison's disease (often characterized, e.g., by humoral and cell-mediated adrenal cytotoxicity, infertility (often characterized, e.g., by antispermatozoal antibodies), glomerulonephritis (often characterized, e.g., by glomerular basement membrane antibodies or immune complexes), bullous pemphigoid (often characterized, e.g., by IgG and complement in basement membrane), Sjogren's syndrome (often characterized, e.g., by multiple tissue antibodies, and/or a specific nonhistone ANA (SS-B)), diabetes mellitus
1359(often characterized, e.g., by cell-mediated and humoral islet cell antibodies), and adrenergic drug resistance (including adrenergic drug resistance with asthma or cystic fibrosis) (often characterized, e.g., by beta-adrenergic receptor antibodies).
1360[0601] Additional disorders that may have an autoimmune<sup>1</sup> component that may be treated, prevented, diagnosed and/or prognosed with the albumin fiision proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention include, but are not limited to, chronic active hepatitis (often characterized, e.g., by smooth muscle antibodies), primary biliary ciπhosis (often characterized, e.g., by mitochondria antibodies), other endocrine gland failure (often characterized, e.g., by specific tissue antibodies in some cases), vitiligo (often characterized, e.g., by melanocyte antibodies), vasculitis (often characterized, e.g., by Ig and complement in vessel walls and/or low serum complement), post-MI (often characterized, e.g., by myocardial antibodies), cardiotomy syndrome (often characterized, e.g., by myocardial antibodies), urticaria (often characterized, e.g., by IgG and
1361IgM antibodies to IgE), atopic dermatitis (often characterized, e.g., by IgG and IgM antibodies to IgE), asthma (often characterized, e.g., by IgG and IgM antibodies to IgE), and many other inflammatory, granulomatous, degenerative, and atrophic disorders. [0602] In a prefeπed embodiment, the autoimmune diseases and disorders and/or conditions associated with the diseases and disorders recited above are treated, prevented, diagnosed and/or prognosed using for example, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention. In a specific prefeπed embodiment, rheumatoid arthritis is treated, prevented, and/or diagnosed using fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention.
1362[0603] In another specific prefeπed embodiment, systemic lupus erythematosus is treated, prevented, and/or diagnosed using fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention. In another specific prefeπed embodiment, idiopathic thrombocytopenia puφura is treated, prevented, and/or diagnosed using fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention.
1363[0604] In another specific prefeπed embodiment IgA nephropathy is treated, prevented, and/or diagnosed using fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention.
1364[0605] In a prefeπed embodiment, the autoimmune diseases and disorders and/or conditions associated with the diseases and disorders recited above are treated, prevented, diagnosed and/or prognosed using fiision proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin- fusion proteins of the invention.
1365[0606] In prefeπed embodiments, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used as a immunosuppressive agent(s).
1366[0607] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be useful in treating, preventing, prognosing, and/or diagnosing diseases, disorders, and/or conditions of hematopoietic cells. Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fiision proteins of the invention could be used to increase differentiation and proliferation of hematopoietic cells, including the pluripotent stem cells, in an effort to treat or prevent those diseases, disorders, and/or conditions associated with a decrease in certain (or many) types hematopoietic cells, including but not limited to, leukopenia, neutropenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. Alternatively, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention could be used to increase differentiation and proliferation of hematopoietic cells, including the pluripotent stem cells, in an effort to treat or prevent those diseases, disorders, and/or conditions associated with an increase in certain (or many) types of hematopoietic cells, including but not limited to, histiocytosis.
1367[0608] Allergic reactions and conditions, such as asthma (particularly allergic asthma) or other respiratory problems, may also be treated, prevented, diagnosed and/or prognosed using fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention. Moreover, these molecules can be used to treat, prevent, prognose, and/or diagnose anaphylaxis, hypersensitivity to an antigenic molecule, or blood group incompatibility.
1368[0609] Additionally, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, may be used to treat, prevent, diagnose and/or prognose IgE-mediated allergic reactions. Such allergic reactions include, but are not limited to, asthma, rhinitis, and eczema. In specific embodiments, fusion proteins of the invention and or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be used to modulate IgE concentrations in vitro or in vivo.
1369[0610] Moreover, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention have uses in the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, and/or treatment of inflammatory conditions. For example, since fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may inhibit the activation, proliferation and/or differentiation of cells involved in an inflammatory response, these molecules can be used to prevent and/or treat chronic and acute inflammatory conditions. Such inflammatory conditions include, but are not limited to, for example, inflammation associated with infection (e.g., septic shock, sepsis, or systemic inflammatory response syndrome), ischemia-reperfusion injury, endotoxin lethality, complement-mediated hyperacute rejection, nephritis, cytokine or chemokine induced lung injury, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, over production of cytokines (e.g., TNF or DL-L), respiratory disorders (e.g., asthma and allergy); gastrointestinal disorders (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease); cancers (e.g., gastric, ovarian, lung, bladder, liver, and breast); CNS disorders (e.g., multiple sclerosis; ischemic brain injury and/or stroke, traumatic brain injury, neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease); AIDS- related dementia; and prion disease); cardiovascular disorders (e.g., atherosclerosis, myocarditis, cardiovascular disease, and cardiopulmonary bypass complications); as well as many additional diseases, conditions, and disorders that are characterized by inflammation (e.g., hepatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, trauma, pancreatitis, sarcoidosis, dermatitis, renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, Grave's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes mellitus, and allogenic transplant rejection).
1370[0611] Because inflammation is a fundamental defense mechanism, inflammatory disorders can effect virtually any tissue of the body. Accordingly, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, have uses in the treatment of tissue-specific inflammatory disorders, including, but not limited to, adrenalitis, alveolitis, angiocholecystitis, appendicitis, balanitis, blepharitis, bronchitis, bursitis, carditis, cellulitis, cervicitis, cholecystitis, chorditis, cochlitis, colitis, conjunctivitis, cystitis, dermatitis, diverticulitis, encephalitis, endocarditis, esophagitis, eustachitis, fibrositis, folliculitis, gastritis, gastroenteritis, gingivitis, glossitis, hepatosplenitis, keratitis, labyrinthitis, laryngitis, lymphangitis, mastitis, media otitis, meningitis, metritis, mucitis, myocarditis, myosititis, myringitis, nephritis, neuritis, orchitis, osteochondritis, otitis, pericarditis, peritendonitis, peritonitis, pharyngitis, phlebitis, poliomyelitis, prostatitis, pulpitis, retinitis, rhinitis, salpingitis, scleritis, scierochoroiditis, scrotitis, sinusitis, spondylitis, steatitis, stomatitis, synovitis, syringitis, tendonitis, tonsillitis, urethritis, and vaginitis.
1371[0612] hi specific embodiments, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, are useful to diagnose, prognose, prevent, and/or treat organ transplant rejections and graft-versus-host disease.
1372Organ rejection occurs by host immune cell destruction of the transplanted tissue through an immune response. Similarly, an immune response is also involved in GVHD, but, in this case, the foreign transplanted immune cells destroy the host tissues. Polypeptides, antibodies, or polynucleotides of the invention, and/or agonists or antagonists thereof, that inhibit an immune response, particularly the activation, proliferation, differentiation, or chemotaxis of
1373T-cells, may be an effective therapy in preventing organ rejection or GVHD. In specific embodiments, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, that inhibit an immune response, particularly the activation, proliferation, differentiation, or chemotaxis of T-cells, may be an effective therapy in preventing experimental allergic and hyperacute xenograft rejection.
1374[0613] In other embodiments, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, are useful to diagnose, prognose, prevent, and/or treat immune complex diseases, including, but not limited to, serum sickness, post streptococcal glomerulonephritis, polyarteritis nodosa, and immune complex-induced vasculitis.
1375[0614] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention can be used to treat, detect, and/or prevent infectious agents. For example, by increasing the immune response, particularly increasing the proliferation activation and/or differentiation of B and/or T cells, infectious diseases may be treated, detected, and/or prevented. The immune response may be increased by either enhancing an existing immune response, or by initiating a new immune response.
1376Alternatively, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may also directly inhibit the infectious agent (refer to section of application listing infectious agents, etc), without necessarily eliciting an immune response.
1377[0615] In another embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used as a vaccine adjuvant that enhances immune responsiveness to an antigen. In a specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used as an adjuvant to enhance tumor-specific immune responses.
1378[0616] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used as an adjuvant to enhance anti-viral immune responses. Anti-viral immune responses that may be enhanced using the compositions of the invention as an adjuvant, include vims and vims associated diseases or symptoms described herein or otherwise known in the art. In specific embodiments, the compositions of the invention are used as an adjuvant to enhance an immune response to a vims, disease, or symptom selected from the group consisting of:
1379AIDS, meningitis, Dengue, EBV, and hepatitis (e.g., hepatitis B). In another specific embodiment, the compositions of the invention are used as an adjuvant to enhance an immune response to a vims, disease, or symptom selected from the group consisting of:
1380HIV/AIDS, respiratory syncytial vims, Dengue, rotavims, Japanese B encephalitis, influenza
1381A and B, parainfluenza, measles, cytomegaloviras, rabies, Junin, Chikungunya, Rift Valley
1382Fever, heφes simplex, and yellow fever.
1383[0617] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used as an adjuvant to enhance anti-bacterial or anti-fungal immune responses. Anti-bacterial or antifungal immune responses that may be enhanced using the compositions of the invention as an adjuvant, include bacteria or fungus and bacteria or fungus associated diseases or symptoms described herein or otherwise known in the art. In specific embodiments, the compositions of the invention are used as an adjuvant to enhance an immune response to a bacteria or fungus, disease, or symptom selected from the group consisting of: tetanus, Diphtheria, botulism, and meningitis type B.
1384[0618] In another specific embodiment, the compositions of the invention are used as an adjuvant to enhance an immune response to a bacteria or fungus, disease, or symptom selected from the group consisting of: Vibrio cholerae, Mycobacterium leprae, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Meisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Group B streptococcus, Shigella spp., Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Enterohemoπhagic E. coli, and Borrelia burgdorferi.
1385[0619] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used as an adjuvant to enhance anti-parasitic immune responses. Anti-parasitic immune responses that may be enhanced using the compositions of the invention as an adjuvant, include parasite and parasite associated diseases or symptoms described herein or otherwise known in the art. In specific embodiments, the compositions of the invention are used as an adjuvant to enhance an immune response to a parasite. In another specific embodiment, the compositions of the invention are used as an adjuvant to enhance an immune response to Plasmodium (malaria) or Leishmania.
1386[0620] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may also be employed to treat infectious diseases including silicosis, sarcoidosis, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; for example, by preventing the recmitment and activation of mononuclear phagocytes.
1387[0621] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used as an antigen for the generation of antibodies to inhibit or enhance immune mediated responses against polypeptides of the invention. [0622] In one embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are administered to an animal (e.g., mouse, rat, rabbit, hamster, guinea pig, pigs, micro-pig, chicken, camel, goat, horse, cow, sheep, dog, cat, non-human primate, and human, most preferably human) to boost the immune system to produce increased quantities of one or more antibodies (e.g., IgG, IgA,
1388IgM, and IgE), to induce higher affinity antibody production and immunoglobulin class switching (e.g., IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE), and/or to increase an immune response.
1389[0623] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used as a stimulator of B cell responsiveness to pathogens.
1390[0624] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used as an activator of T cells.
1391[0625] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used as an agent that elevates the immune status of an individual prior to their receipt of immunosuppressive therapies.
1392[0626] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used as an agent to induce higher affinity antibodies.
1393[0627] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used as an agent to increase serum immunoglobulin concentrations.
1394[0628] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used as an agent to accelerate recovery of immunocompromised individuals.
1395[0629] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used as an agent to boost immunoresponsiveness among aged populations and/or neonates.
1396[0630] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used as an immune system enhancer prior to, during, or after bone maπow transplant and/or other transplants (e.g., allogeneic or xenogeneic organ transplantation). With respect to transplantation, compositions of the invention may be administered prior to, concomitant with, and/or after transplantation. In a specific embodiment, compositions of the invention are administered after transplantation, prior to the beginning of recovery of T-cell populations. In another specific embodiment, compositions of the invention are first administered after transplantation after the beginning of recovery of T cell populations, but prior to full recovery of B cell populations.
1397[0631] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used as an agent to boost immunoresponsiveness among individuals having an acquired loss of B cell function. Conditions resulting in an acquired loss of B cell function that may be ameliorated or treated by administering the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, include, but are not limited to, HIV Infection, ADDS, bone maπow transplant, and B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
1398[0632] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used as an agent to boost immunoresponsiveness among individuals having a temporary immune deficiency.
1399Conditions resulting in a temporary immune deficiency that may be ameliorated or treated by administering the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, include, but are not limited to, recovery from viral infections (e.g., influenza), conditions associated with malnutrition, recovery from infectious mononucleosis, or conditions associated with stress, recovery from measles, recovery from blood transfusion, and recovery from surgery.
1400[0633] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used as a regulator of antigen presentation by monocytes, dendritic cells, and/or B-cells. In one embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention enhance antigen presentation or antagonize antigen presentation in vitro or in vivo. Moreover, in related embodiments, this enhancement or antagonism of antigen presentation may be useful as an anti-tumor treatment or to modulate the immune system.
1401[0634] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used as an agent to direct an individual's immune system towards development of a humoral response (i.e.
1402TH2) as opposed to a TH1 cellular response. [0635] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used as a means to induce tumor proliferation and thus make it more susceptible to anti-neoplastic agents. For example, multiple myeloma is a slowly dividing disease and is thus refractory to virtually all anti-neoplastic regimens. If these cells were forced to proliferate more rapidly their susceptibility profile would likely change.
1403[0636] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used as a stimulator of B cell production in pathologies such as AIDS, chronic lymphocyte disorder and/or Common Variable Immunodificiency.
1404[0637] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used as a therapy for generation and/or regeneration of lymphoid tissues following surgery, trauma or genetic defect. In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used in the pretreatment of bone maπow samples prior to transplant.
1405[0638] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fiision proteins of the invention are used as a gene- based therapy for genetically inherited disorders resulting in immuno- incompetence/immunodeficiency such as observed among SCED patients. [0639] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion prpteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used as a means of activating monocytes/macrophages to defend against parasitic diseases that effect monocytes such as Leishmania.
1406[0640] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used as a means of regulating secreted cytokines that are elicited by polypeptides of the invention. [0641] In another embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used in one or more of the applications decribed herein, as they may apply to veterinary medicine. [0642] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used as a means of blocking various aspects of immune responses to foreign agents or self. Examples of diseases or conditions in which blocking of certain aspects of immune responses may be desired include autoimmune disorders such as lupus, and arthritis, as well as immunoresponsiveness to skin allergies, inflammation, bowel disease, injury and diseases/disorders associated with pathogens.
1407[0643] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used as a therapy for preventing the B cell proliferation and Ig secretion associated with autoimmune diseases such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic puφura, systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis.
1408[0644] In another specific embodiment, polypeptides, antibodies, polynucleotides and or agonists or antagonists of the present fusion proteins of the invention and or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention invention are used as a inhibitor of B and/or T cell migration in endothelial cells. This activity disrupts tissue architecture or cognate responses and is useful, for example in disrupting immune responses, and blocking sepsis.
1409[0645] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used as a therapy for chronic hypergammaglobulinemia evident in such diseases as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), Waldenstrom's disease, related idiopathic monoclonal gammopathies, and plasmacytomas.
1410[0646] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucfeδtides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be employed for instance to inhibit polypeptide chemotaxis and activation of macrophages and their precursors, and of neutrophils, basophils, B lymphocytes and some T-cell subsets, e.g., activated and CD8 cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells, in certain autoimmune and chronic inflammatory and infective diseases. Examples of autoimmune diseases are described herein and include multiple sclerosis, and insulin-dependent diabetes.
1411[0647] The albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may also be employed to treat idiopathic hyper- eosinophilic syndrome by, for example, preventing eosinophil production and migration.
1412[0648] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used to enhance or inhibit complement mediated cell lysis. [0649] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used to enhance or inhibit antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
1413[0650] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may also be employed for treating atherosclerosis, for example, by preventing monocyte infiltration in the artery wall.
1414[0651] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be employed to treat adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
1415[0652] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be useful for stimulating wound and tissue repair, stimulating angiogenesis, and/or stimulating the repair of vascular or lymphatic diseases or disorders. Additionally, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be used to stimulate the regeneration of mucosal surfaces.
1416[0653] In a specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used to diagnose, prognose, treat, and/or prevent a disorder characterized by primary or acquired immunodeficiency, deficient serum immunoglobulin production, recurrent infections, and/or immune system dysfunction. Moreover, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be used to treat or prevent infections of the joints, bones, skin, and or parotid glands, blood-bome infections
1417(e.g., sepsis, meningitis, septic arthritis, and/or osteomyelitis), autoimmune diseases (e.g., those disclosed herein), inflammatory disorders, and malignancies, and/or any disease or disorder or condition associated with these infections, diseases, disorders and/or malignancies) including, but not limited to, CVTD, other primary immune deficiencies, HIV disease, CLL, recuπent bronchitis, sinusitis, otitis media, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, hepatitis, meningitis, heφes zoster (e.g., severe heφes zoster), and/or pneumocystis carnii.
1418Other diseases and disorders that may be prevented, diagnosed, prognosed, and/or treated with fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention include, but are not limited to, HTV infection, HTLV-BLV infection, lymphopenia, phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction anemia, thrombocytopenia, and hemoglobinuria.
1419[0654] In another embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used to treat, and/or diagnose an individual having common variable immunodeficiency disease ("CVID"; also known as "acquired agammaglobulinemia" and "acquired hypogammaglobulinemia") or a subset of this disease.
1420[0655] In a specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be used to diagnose, prognose, prevent, and/or treat cancers or neoplasms including immune cell or immune tissue-related cancers or neoplasms. Examples of cancers or neoplasms that may be prevented, diagnosed, or treated by fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention include, but are not limited to, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, acute lymphocytic anemia (ALL) Chronic lymphocyte leukemia, plasmacytomas, multiple myeloma, Burkitt's lymphoma, EBV-transfoimed diseases, and/or diseases and disorders described in the section entitled "Hypeφroliferative Disorders" elsewhere herein. [0656] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used as a therapy for decreasing cellular proliferation of Large B-cell Lymphomas. [0657] In another specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used as a means of decreasing the involvement of B cells and Ig associated with Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia.
1421[0658] In specific embodiments, the compositions of the invention are used as an agent to boost immunoresponsiveness among B cell immunodeficient individuals, such as, for example, an individual who has undergone a partial or complete splenectomy.
1422Blood-Related Disorders
1423[0659] The albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be used to modulate hemostatic (the stopping of bleeding) or thrombolytic (clot dissolving) activity. For example, by increasing hemostatic or thrombolytic activity, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention could be used to treat or prevent blood coagulation diseases, disorders, and/or conditions (e.g., afibrinogenemia, factor deficiencies, hemophilia), blood platelet diseases, disorders, and or conditions (e.g., thrombocytopenia), or wounds resulting from trauma, surgery, or other causes. Alternatively, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention that can decrease hemostatic or thrombolytic activity could be used to inhibit or dissolve clotting.
1424These molecules could be important in the treatment or prevention of heart attacks
1425(infarction), strokes, or scarring.
1426[0660] In specific embodiments, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be used to prevent, diagnose, prognose, and/or treat thrombosis, arterial thrombosis, venous thrombosis, thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack, unstable angina. In specific embodiments, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be used for the prevention of occulsion of saphenous grafts, for reducing the risk of periprocedural thrombosis as might accompany angioplasty procedures, for reducing the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation including nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation, for reducing the risk of embolism associated with mechanical heart valves and or mitral valves disease. Other uses for the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, include, but are not limited to, the prevention of occlusions in extrcoφoreal devices (e.g., intravascular canulas, vascular access shunts in hemodialysis patients, hemodialysis machines, and cardiopulmonary bypass machines).
1427[0661] In another embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, may be used to prevent, diagnose, prognose, and/or treat diseases and disorders of the blood and/or blood forming organs associated with the tissue(s) in which the polypeptide of the invention is expressed.
1428[0662] The fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be used to modulate hematopoietic activity (the formation of blood cells). For example, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be used to increase the quantity of all or subsets of blood cells, such as, for example, erythrocytes, lymphocytes
1429(B or T cells), myeloid cells (e.g., basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, mast cells, macrophages) and platelets. The ability to decrease the quantity of blood cells or subsets of blood cells may be useful in the prevention, detection, diagnosis and/or treatment of anemias and leukopenias described below. Alternatively, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be used to decrease the quantity of all or subsets of blood cells, such as, for example, erythrocytes, lymphocytes (B or T cells), myeloid cells (e.g., basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, mast cells, macrophages) and platelets.. The ability to decrease the quantity of blood cells or subsets of blood cells may be useful in the prevention, detection, diagnosis and/or treatment of leukocytoses, such as, for example eosinophilia.
1430[0663] The fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be used to prevent, treat, or diagnose blood dyscrasia.
1431[0664] Anemias are conditions in which the number of red blood cells or amount of hemoglobin (the protein that carries oxygen) in them is below normal. Anemia may be caused by excessive bleeding, decreased red blood cell production, or increased red blood cell destruction (hemolysis). The albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be useful in treating, preventing, and/or diagnosing anemias. Anemias that may be treated prevented or diagnosed by the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention include iron deficiency anemia, hypochromic anemia, microcytic anemia, chlorosis, hereditary siderobjastic anemia, idiopathic acquired sideroblastic anemia, red cell aplasia, megaloblastic anemia (e.g., pernicious anemia, (vitamin B12 deficiency) and folic acid deficiency anemia), aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemias (e.g., autoimmune helolytic anemia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria). The albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be useful in treating, preventing, and/or diagnosing anemias associated with diseases including but not limited to, anemias associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, cancers, lymphomas, chronic renal disease, and enlarged spleens. The albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fiision proteins of the invention may be useful in treating, preventing, and/or diagnosing anemias arising from drag treatments such as anemias associated with methyldopa, dapsone, and or sulfadrugs. Additionally, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be useful in treating, preventing, and or diagnosing anemias associated with abnormal red blood cell architecture including but not limited to, hereditary spherocytosis, hereditary elliptocytosis, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and sickle cell anemia.
1432[0665] The albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be useful in treating, preventing, and/or diagnosing hemoglobin abnormalities, (e.g., those associated with sickle cell anemia, hemoglobin C disease, hemoglobin S-C disease, and hemoglobin E disease). Additionally, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be useful in diagnosing, prognosing, preventing, and/or treating thalassemias, including, but not limited to, major and minor forms of alpha-thalassemia and beta-thalassemia.
1433[0666] In another embodiment, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be useful in diagnosing, prognosing, preventing, and/or treating bleeding disorders including, but not limited to, thrombocytopema (e.g., idiopathic thrombocytopenic puφura, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic puφura), Von Willebrand's disease, hereditary platelet disorders (e.g., storage pool disease such as Chediak-Higashi and Hermansky-Pudlak syndromes, thromboxane A2 dysfunction, thromboasthenia, and Bernard-Soulier syndrome), hemolytic- uremic syndrome, hemophelias such as hemophelia A or Factor VII deficiency and Christmas disease or Factor IX deficiency, Hereditary Hemorhhagic Telangiectsia, also known as
1434Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome, allergic puφura (Henoch Schonlein puφura) and disseminated intravascular coagulation.
1435[0667] The effect of the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention on the clotting time of blood may be monitored using any of the clotting tests known in the art including, but not limited to, whole blood partial thromboplastin time (PTT), the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), the activated clotting time (ACT), the recalcified activated clotting time, or the Lee- White Clotting time.
1436[0668] Several diseases and a variety of drags can cause platelet dysfunction. Thus, in a specific embodiment, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be useful in diagnosing, prognosing, preventing, and/or treating acquired platelet dysfunction such as platelet dysfunction accompanying kidney failure, leukemia, multiple myeloma, ciπhosis of the liver, and systemic lupus erythematosus as well as platelet dysfunction associated with drug treatments, including treatment with aspirin, ticlopidine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory dmgs (used for arthritis, pain, and sprains), and penicillin in high doses.
1437[0669] In another embodiment, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be useful in diagnosing, prognosing, preventing, and/or treating diseases and disorders characterized by or associated with increased or decreased numbers of white blood cells. Leukopenia occurs when the number of white blood cells decreases below normal. Leukopenias include, but are not limited to, neutropenia and lymphocytopenia. An increase in the number of white blood cells compared to normal is known as leukocytosis. The body generates increased numbers of white blood cells during infection. Thus, leukocytosis may simply be a normal physiological parameter that reflects infection. Alternatively, leukocytosis may be an indicator of injury or other disease such as cancer. Leokocytoses, include but are not limited to, eosinophilia, and accumulations of macrophages. In specific embodiments, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be useful in diagnosing, prognosing, preventing, and/or treating leukopenia. In other specific embodiments, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be useful in diagnosing, prognosing, preventing, and/or treating leukocytosis.
1438[0670] Leukopenia may be a generalized decreased in all types of white blood cells, or may be a specific depletion of particular types of white blood cells. Thus, in specific embodiments, the albumin fiision proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be useful in diagnosing, prognosing, preventing, and/or treating decreases in neutrophil numbers, known as neutropenia. Neutropenias that may be diagnosed, prognosed, prevented, and/or treated by the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention include, but are not limited to, infantile genetic agranulocytosis, familial neutropenia, cyclic neutropenia, neutropenias resulting from or associated with dietary deficiencies (e.g., vitamin
1439B 12 deficiency or folic acid deficiency), neutropenias resulting from or associated with drug treatments (e.g., antibiotic regimens such as penicillin treatment, sulfonamide treatment, anticoagulant treatment, anticonvulsant drags, anti-thyroid drugs, and cancer chemotherapy), and neutropenias resulting from increased neutrophil destraction that may occur in association with some bacterial or viral infections, allergic disorders, autoimmune diseases, conditions in which an individual has an enlarged spleen (e.g., Felty syndrome, malaria and sarcoidosis), and some drug treatment regimens. [0671] The albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be useful in diagnosing, prognosing, preventing, and or treating lymphocytopenias (decreased numbers of B and/or T lymphocytes), including, but not limited to, lymphocytopenias resulting from or associated with stress, drag treatments
1440(e.g., drag treatment with corticosteroids, cancer chemotherapies, and/or radiation therapies),
1441AIDS infection and/or other diseases such as, for example, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, chronic infections, some viral infections and/or hereditary disorders (e.g., DiGeorge syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich Syndome, severe combined immunodeficiency, ataxia telangiectsia).
1442[0672] The albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be useful in diagnosing, prognosing, preventing, and/or treating diseases and disorders associated with macrophage numbers and/or macrophage function including, but not limited to, Gaucher's disease, Niemann-Pick disease,
1443Letterer-Siwe disease and Hand-Schuller-Christian disease.
1444[0673] In another embodiment, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be useful in diagnosing, prognosing, preventing, and/or treating diseases and disorders associated with eosinophil numbers and/or eosinophil function including, but not limited to, idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome, eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, and Hand-Schuller-Christian disease.
1445[0674] In yet another embodiment, the albumin fusion p oteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be useful in diagnosing, prognosing, preventing, and/or treating leukemias and lymphomas including, but not limited to, acute lymphocytic (lymphpblastic) leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid
1446(myelocytic, myelogenous, myeloblastic, or myelomonocytic) leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (e.g., B cell leukemias, T cell leukemias, Sezary syndrome, and Hairy cell leukenia), chronic myelocytic (myeloid, myelogenous, or granulocytic) leukemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-hodgkin's lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, and mycosis fungoides.
1447[0675] hi other embodiments, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be useful in diagnosing, prognosing, preventing, and/or treating diseases and disorders of plasma cells including, but not limited to, plasma cell dyscrasias, monoclonal gammaopathies, monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance, multiple myeloma, macroglobulinemia, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, cryoglobulinemia, and Raynaud's phenomenon.
1448[0676] In other embodiments, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be useful in treating, preventing, and/or diagnosing myeloproliferative disorders, including but not limited to, polycythemia vera, relative polycythemia, secondary polycythemia, myelofibrosis, acute myelofibrosis, agnogenic myelod metaplasia, thrombocythemia, (including both primary and seconday thrombocythemia) and chronic myelocytic leukemia.
1449[0677] In other embodiments, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fiision proteins of the invention may be useful as a treatment prior to surgery, to increase blood cell production.
1450[0678] In other embodiments, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be useful as an agent to enhance the migration, phagocytosis, superoxide production, antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity of neutrophils, eosionophils and macrophages.
1451[0679] In other embodiments, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention maybe useful as an agent to increase the number of stem cells in circulation prior to stem cells pheresis. In another specific embodiment, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be useful as an agent to increase the number of stem cells in circulation prior to platelet pheresis.
1452[0680] In other embodiments, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be useful as an agent to increase cytokine production.
1453[0681] In other embodiments, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be useful in preventing, diagnosing, and/or treating primary hematopoietic disorders.
1454Hyperproliferative Disorders
1455[0682] In certain embodiments, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention can be used to treat or detect hypeφroliferative disorders, including neoplasms. Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may inhibit the proliferation of the disorder through direct or indirect interactions. Alternatively, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may proliferate other cells which can inhibit the hypeφroliferative disorder.
1456[0683] For example, by increasing an immune response, particularly increasing antigenic qualities of the hypeφroliferative disorder or by proliferating, differentiating, or mobilizing T-cells, hypeφroliferative disorders can be treated. This immune response may be increased by either enhancing an existing immune response, or by initiating a new immune response. Alternatively, decreasing an immune response may also be a method of treating hypeφroliferative disorders, such as a chemotherapeutic agent.
1457[0684] Examples of hypeφroliferative disorders that can be treated or detected by fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention include, but are not limited to neoplasms located in the: colon, abdomen, bone, breast, digestive system, liver, pancreas, peritoneum, endocrine glands (adrenal, parathyroid, pituitary, testicles, ovary, thymus, thyroid), eye, head and neck, nervous (central and peripheral), lymphatic system, pelvis, skin, soft tissue, spleen, thorax, and urogenital tract.
1458[0685] Similarly, other hypeφroliferative disorders can also be treated or detected by fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding, albumin fusion proteins of the invention. Examples of such hypeφroliferative disorders include, but are not limited to:
1459Acute Childhood Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Acute
1460Lymphocytic Leukemia, Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Adrenocortical Carcinoma, Adult
1461(Primary) Hepatocellular Cancer, Adult (Primary) Liver Cancer, Adult Acute Lymphocytic
1462Leukemia, Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Adult Hodgkin's Disease, Adult Hodgkin's
1463Lymphoma, Adult Lymphocytic Leukemia, Adult Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Adult Primary
1464Liver Cancer, Adult Soft Tissue Sarcoma, AIDS-Related Lymphoma, AIDS-Related
1465Malignancies, Anal Cancer, Astrocytoma, Bile Duct Cancer, Bladder Cancer, Bone Cancer,
1466Brain Stem Glioma, Brain Tumors, Breast Cancer, Cancer of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter,
1467Central Nervous System (Primary) Lymphoma, Central Nervous System Lymphoma,
1468Cerebellar Astrocytoma, Cerebral Astrocytoma, Cervical Cancer, Childhood (Primary)
1469Hepatocellular Cancer, Childhood (Primary) Liver Cancer, Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic
1470Leukemia, Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Childhood Brain Stem Glioma, Childhood
1471Cerebellar Astrocytoma, Childhood Cerebral Astrocytoma, Childhood Extracranial Germ
1472Cell Tumors, Childhood Hodgkin's Disease, Childhood Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Childhood
1473Hypothalamic and Visual Pathway Glioma, Childhood Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Childhood Medulloblastoma, Childhood Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Childhood Pineal and Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors, Childhood Primary Liver Cancer, Childhood Rhabdomyosarcoma, Childhood Soft Tissue Sarcoma, Childhood Visual Pathway and Hypothalamic Glioma, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia, Colon Cancer, Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma, Endocrine Pancreas Islet Cell Carcinoma, Endometrial Cancer, Ependymoma, Epithelial Cancer, Esophageal Cancer, Ewing's Sarcoma and Related Tumors, Exocrine Pancreatic Cancer, Extracranial Germ Cell Tumor, Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumor, Extrahepatic Bile Duct Cancer, Eye Cancer, Female Breast Cancer, Gaucher's Disease, Gallbladder Cancer, Gastric Cancer, Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumor, Gastrointestinal Tumors, Germ Cell Tumors, Gestational Trophoblastic Tumor, Hairy Cell Leukemia, Head and Neck Cancer, Hepatocellular Cancer, Hodgkin's Disease, Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Hypergammaglobulinemia, Hypopharyngeal Cancer, Intestinal Cancers, Intraocular Melanoma, Islet Cell Carcinoma, Islet Cell Pancreatic Cancer, Kaposi's Sarcoma, Kidney Cancer, Laryngeal Cancer, Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer, Liver Cancer, Lung Cancer, Lymphoprohferative Disorders, Macroglobulinemia, Male Breast Cancer, Malignant Mesothelioma, Malignant Thymoma, Medulloblastoma, Melanoma, Mesothelioma, Metastatic Occult Primary Squamous Neck Cancer, Metastatic Primary Squamous Neck Cancer, Metastatic Squamous Neck Cancer, Multiple Myeloma, Multiple Myeloma/Plasma Cell Neoplasm, Myelodysplastic Syndrome, Myelogenous Leukemia, Myeloid Leukemia, Myeloproliferative Disorders, Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer, Nasopharyngeal Cancer, Neuroblastoma, Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma During Pregnancy, Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Occult Primary Metastatic Squamous Neck Cancer, Oropharyngeal Cancer, Osteo-/Malignant Fibrous Sarcoma, Osteosarcoma/Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma, Osteosarcoma/Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of Bone, Ovarian Epithelial Cancer, Ovarian Germ Cell Tumor, Ovarian Low Malignant Potential Tumor, Pancreatic Cancer, Paraproteinemias, Puφura, Parathyroid Cancer, Penile Cancer, Pheochromocytoma, Pituitary Tumor, Plasma Cell Neoplasm/Multiple Myeloma, Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma, Primary Liver Cancer, Prostate Cancer, Rectal Cancer, Renal Cell Cancer, Renal Pelvis and Ureter Cancer, Retinoblastoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Salivary Gland Cancer, Sarcoidosis Sarcomas, Sezary Syndrome, Skin Cancer, Small Cell Lung Cancer, Small Intestine Cancer, Soft Tissue Sarcoma, Squamous Neck Cancer, Stomach Cancer, Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal and Pineal Tumors, T-Cell Lymphoma, Testicular Cancer, Thymoma, Thyroid Cancer, Transitional Cell Cancer of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter, Transitional Renal
1474Pelvis and Ureter Cancer, Trophoblastic Tumors, Ureter and Renal Pelvis Cell Cancer,
1475Urethral Cancer, Uterine Cancer, Uterine Sarcoma, Vaginal Cancer, Visual Pathway and
1476Hypothalamic Glioma, Vulvar Cancer, Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia, Wilms' Tumor, and any other hypeφroliferative disease, besides neoplasia, located in an organ system listed above.
1477[0686] In another prefeπed embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used to diagnose, prognose, prevent, and/or treat premalignant conditions and to prevent progression to a neoplastic or malignant state, including but not limited to those disorders described above. Such uses are indicated in conditions known or suspected of preceding progression to neoplasia or cancer, in particular, where non-neoplastic cell growth consisting of hypeφlasia, metaplasia, or most particularly, dysplasia has occurred (for review of such abnormal growth conditions, see Robbins and Angell, 1976, Basic Pathology, 2d Ed., W. B. Saunders Co.,
1478Philadelphia, pp. 68-79.)
1479[0687] Hypeφlasia is a form of controlled cell proliferation, involving an increase in cell number in a tissue or organ, without significant alteration in structure or function.
1480Hypeφlastic disorders which can be diagnosed, prognosed, prevented, and/or treated with fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention include, but are not limited to, angiofollicular mediastinal lymph node hypeφlasia, angiolymphoid hypeφlasia with eosinophilia, atypical melanocytic hypeφlasia, basal cell hypeφlasia, benign giant lymph node hypeφlasia, cementum hypeφlasia, congenital adrenal hypeφlasia, congenital sebaceous hypeφlasia, cystic hypeφlasia, cystic hypeφlasia of the breast, denture hypeφlasia, ductal hypeφlasia, endometrial hypeφlasia, fibromuscular hypeφlasia, focal epithelial hypeφlasia, gingival hypeφlasia, inflammatory fibrous hypeφlasia, inflammatory papillary hypeφlasia, intravascular papillary endothelial hypeφlasia, nodular hypeφlasia of prostate, nodular regenerative hypeφlasia, pseudoepitheliomatous hypeφlasia, senile sebaceous hypeφlasia, and verracous hypeφlasia.
1481[0688] Metaplasia is a form of controlled cell growth in which one type of adult or fully differentiated cell substitutes for another type of adult cell. Metaplastic disorders which can be diagnosed, prognosed, prevented, and/or freated with fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention include, but are not limited to, agnogenic myeloid metaplasia, apocrine metaplasia, atypical metaplasia, autoparenchymatous metaplasia, connective tissue metaplasia, epithelial metaplasia, intestinal metaplasia, metaplastic anemia, metaplastic ossification, metaplastic polyps, myeloid metaplasia, primary myeloid metaplasia, secondary myeloid metaplasia, squamous metaplasia, squamous metaplasia of amnion, and symptomatic myeloid metaplasia.
1482[0689] Dysplasia is frequently a forerunner of cancer, and is found mainly in the epithelia; it is the most disorderly form of non-neoplastic cell growth, involving a loss in individual cell uniformity and in the architectural orientation of cells. Dysplastic cells often have abnormally large, deeply stained nuclei, and exhibit pleomoφhism. Dysplasia characteristically occurs where there exists chronic irritation or inflammation. Dysplastic disorders which can be diagnosed, prognosed, prevented, and or treated with fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention include, but are not limited to, anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, anterofacial dysplasia, asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia, atriodigital dysplasia, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, cerebral dysplasia, cervical dysplasia, chondroectodermal dysplasia, cleidocranial dysplasia, congenital ectodermal dysplasia, craniodiaphysial dysplasia, craniocaφotarsal dysplasia, craniometaphysial dysplasia, dentin dysplasia, diaphysial dysplasia, ectodermal dysplasia, enamel dysplasia, encephalo-ophthalmic dysplasia, dysplasia epiphysialis hemimelia, dysplasia epiphysialis multiplex, dysplasia epiphysialis punctata, epithelial dysplasia, faciodigitogenital dysplasia, familial fibrous dysplasia of jaws, familial white folded dysplasia, fibromuscular dysplasia, fibrous dysplasia of bone, florid osseous dysplasia, hereditary renal-retinal dysplasia, hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, lymphopenic thymic dysplasia, mammary dysplasia, mandibulofacial dysplasia, metaphysial dysplasia, Mondini dysplasia, monostotic fibrous dysplasia, mucoepithelial dysplasia, multiple epiphysial dysplasia, oculoauriculovertebral dysplasia, oculodentodigital dysplasia, oculovertebral dysplasia, odontogenic dysplasia, ophthalrnomandibulomelic dysplasia, periapical cemental dysplasia, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, pseudoachondroplastic spondyloepiphysial dysplasia, retinal dysplasia, septo-optic dysplasia, spondyloepiphysial dysplasia, and ventriculoradial dysplasia.
1483[0690] Additional pre-neoplastic disorders which can be diagnosed, prognosed, prevented, and or treated with fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention include, but are not limited to, benign dysprohferative disorders (e.g., benign tumors, fibrocystic conditions, tissue hypertrophy, intestinal polyps, colon polyps, and esophageal dysplasia), leukoplakia, keratoses, Bowen's disease, Farmer's Skin, solar cheilitis, and solar keratosis.
1484[0691] In another embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, may be used to diagnose and or prognose disorders associated with the tissue(s) in which the polypeptide of the invention is expressed.
1485[0692] In another embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention conjugated to a toxin or a radioactive isotope, as described herein, may be used to treat cancers and neoplasms, including, but not limited to, those described herein. In a further prefeπed embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention conjugated to a toxin or a radioactive isotope, as described herein, maybe used to treat acute myelogenous leukemia.
1486[0693] Additionally, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may affect apoptosis, and therefore, would be useful in treating a number of diseases associated with increased cell survival or the inhibition of apoptosis. For example, diseases associated with increased cell survival or the inhibition of apoptosis that could be diagnosed, prognosed, prevented, and/or treated by polynucleotides, polypeptides, and/or agonists or antagonists of the invention, include cancers (such as follicular lymphomas, carcinomas with p53 mutations, and hormone-dependent tumors, including, but not limited to colon cancer, cardiac tumors, pancreatic cancer, melanoma, retinoblastoma, glioblastoma, lung cancer, intestinal cancer, testicular cancer, stomach cancer, neuroblastoma, myxoma, myoma, lymphoma, endothelioma, osteoblastoma, osteoclastoma, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, adenoma, breast cancer, prostate cancer,
1487Kaposi's sarcoma and ovarian cancer); autoimmune disorders such as, multiple sclerosis,
1488Sjogren's syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, biliary ciπhosis, Behcet's disease, Crohn's disease, polymyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus and immune-related glomerulonephritis and rheumatoid arthritis) and viral infections (such as heφes viruses, pox viruses and adenovimses), inflammation, graft v. host disease, acute graft rejection, and chronic graft rejection.
1489[0694] In prefeπed embodiments, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used to inhibit growth, progression, and/or metastasis of cancers, in particular those listed above. [0695] Additional diseases or conditions associated with increased cell survival that could be diagnosed, prognosed, prevented, and/or treated by fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, include, but are not limited to, progression, and or metastases of malignancies and related disorders such as leukemia (including acute leukemias (e.g., acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia (including myeloblastic, promyelocytic, myelomonocytic, monocytic, and erythroleukemia)) and chronic leukemias (e.g., chronic myelocytic (granulocytic) leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia)), polycythemia vera, lymphomas (e.g., Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's disease), multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, heavy chain disease, and solid tumors including, but not limited to, sarcomas and carcinomas such as fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing's tumor, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, colon carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wilm's tumor, cervical cancer, testicular tumor, lung carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, epithelial carcinoma, glioma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pinealoma, emangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma, menangioma, melanoma, neuroblastoma, and retinoblastoma.
1490[0696] Diseases associated with increased apoptosis that could be diagnosed, prognosed, prevented, and/or treated by fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, include AIDS; neurodegenerative disorders (such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, retinitis pigmentosa, cerebellar degeneration and brain tumor or prior associated disease); autoimmune disorders (such as, multiple sclerosis, Sjogren's syndrome,
1491Hashimoto's thyroiditis, biliary ciπhosis, Behcet's disease, Crohn's disease, polymyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus and immune-related glomerulonephritis and rheumatoid arthritis) myelodysplastic syndromes (such as aplastic anemia), graft v. host disease, ischemic injury (such as that caused by myocardial infarction, stroke and reperfiision injury), liver injury (e.g., hepatitis related liver injury, ischemia reperfusion injury, cholestosis (bile duct injury) and liver cancer); toxin-induced liver disease (such as that caused by alcohol), septic shock, cachexia and anorexia.
1492[0697] Hypeφroliferative diseases and/or disorders that could be diagnosed, prognosed, prevented, and/or treated by fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, include, but are not limited to, neoplasms located in the liver, abdomen, bone, breast, digestive system, pancreas, peritoneum, endocrine glands (adrenal, parathyroid, pituitary, testicles, ovary, thymus, thyroid), eye, head and neck, nervous system (central and peripheral), lymphatic system, pelvis, skin, soft tissue, spleen, thorax, and urogenital tract.
1493[0698] Similarly, other hypeφroliferative disorders can also be diagnosed, prognosed, prevented, and/or treated by fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention. Examples of such hypeφroliferative disorders include, but are not limited to: hypergammaglobulinemia, lymphoprohferative disorders, paraproteinemias, puφura, sarcoidosis, Sezary Syndrome, Waldenstron's macroglobulinemia,
1494Gaucher's Disease, histiocytosis, and any other hypeφroliferative disease, besides neoplasia, located in an organ system listed above.
1495[0699] Another prefeπed embodiment utilizes polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention to inhibit abeπant cellular division, by gene therapy using the present invention, and/or protein fusions or fragments thereof.
1496[0700] Thus, the present invention provides a method for treating cell proliferative disorders by inserting into an abnormally proliferating cell a polynucleotide encoding an albumin fusion protein of the present invention, wherein said polynucleotide represses said expression.
1497[0701] Another embodiment of the present invention provides a method of treating cell-proliferative disorders in individuals comprising administration of one or more active gene copies of the present invention to an abnormally proliferating cell or cells. In a prefeπed embodiment, polynucleotides of the present invention is a DNA construct comprising a recombinant expression vector effective in expressing a DNA sequence encoding said polynucleotides. In another prefeπed embodiment of the present invention, the
1498DNA construct encoding the fusion protein of the present invention is inserted into cells to be treated utilizing a retrovirus, or more preferably an adenoviral vector (See G J. Nabel, et. al.,
1499PNAS 1999 96: 324-326, which is hereby incoφorated by reference). In a most prefeπed embodiment, the viral vector is defective and will not transform non-proliferating cells, only proliferating cells. Moreover, in a prefeπed embodiment, the polynucleotides of the present invention inserted into proliferating cells either alone, or in combination with or fused to other polynucleotides, can then be modulated via an external stimulus (i.e. magnetic, specific small molecule, chemical, or drug administration, etc.), which acts upon the promoter upstream of said polynucleotides to induce expression of the encoded protein product. As such the beneficial therapeutic affect of the present invention may be expressly modulated (i.e. to increase, decrease, or inhibit expression of the present invention) based upon said external stimulus.
1500[0702] Polynucleotides of the present invention may be useful in repressing expression of oncogenic genes or antigens. By "repressing expression of the oncogenic genes " is intended the suppression of the transcription of the gene, the degradation of the gene transcript (pre-message RNA), the inhibition of splicing, the destraction of the messenger RNA, the prevention of the post-translational modifications of the protein, the destraction of the protein, or the inhibition of the normal function of the protein.
1501[0703] For local administration to abnormally proliferating cells, polynucleotides of the present invention may be administered by any method known to those of skill in the art including, but not limited to transfection, electroporation, microinjection of cells, or in vehicles such as liposomes, lipofectin, or as naked polynucleotides, or any other method described throughout the specification. The polynucleotide of the present invention may be delivered by known gene delivery systems such as, but not limited to, retroviral vectors (Gilboa, J. Virology 44:845 (1982); Hocke, Nature 320:275 (1986); Wilson, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."85:3014), vaccinia virus system (Chakrabarty et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 5:3403 (1985) or other efficient DNA delivery systems (Yates et al., Nature 313:812 (1985)) known to those skilled in the art. These references are exemplary only and are hereby incoφorated by reference. In order to specifically deliver or transfect cells which are abnormally proliferating and spare non-dividing cells, it is preferable to utilize a retrovirus, or adenoviral (as described in the art and elsewhere herein) delivery system known to those of skill in the art. Since host DNA replication is required for retroviral DNA to integrate and the retrovirus will be unable to self replicate due to the lack of the retrovirus genes needed for its life cycle. Utilizing such a retroviral delivery system for polynucleotides of the present invention will target said gene and constructs to abnormally proliferating cells and will spare the non- dividing normal cells.
1502[0704] The polynucleotides of the present invention may be delivered directly to cell proliferative disorder/disease sites in internal organs, body cavities and the like by use of imaging devices used to guide an injecting needle directly to the disease site. The polynucleotides of the present invention may also be administered to disease sites at the time of surgical intervention.
1503[0705] By "cell proliferative disease" is meant any human or animal disease or disorder, affecting any one or any combination of organs, cavities, or body parts, which is characterized by single or multiple local abnormal proliferations of cells, groups of cells, or tissues, whether benign or malignant.
1504[0706] Any amount of the polynucleotides of the present invention may be administered as long as it has a biologically inhibiting effect on the proliferation of the treated cells. Moreover, it is possible to administer more than one of the polynucleotide of the present invention simultaneously to the same site. By "biologically inhibiting" is meant partial or total growth inhibition as well as decreases in the rate of proliferation or growth of the cells. The biologically inhibitory dose may be determined by assessing the effects of the polynucleotides of the present invention on target malignant or abnormally proliferating cell growth in tissue culture, tumor growth in animals and cell cultures, or any other method known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
1505[0707] Moreover, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention of the present invention are useful in inhibiting the angiogenesis of proliferative cells or tissues, either alone, as a protein fusion, or in combination with other polypeptides directly or indirectly, as described elsewhere herein. In a most prefeπed embodiment, said anti-angiogenesis effect may be achieved indirectly, for example, through the inhibition of hematopoietic, tumor-specific cells, such as tumor- associated macrophages (See Joseph EB, et al. J Natl Cancer Inst, 90(21): 1648-53 (1998), which is hereby incoφorated by reference).
1506[0708] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be useful in inhibiting proliferative cells or tissues through the induction of apoptosis. These fusion protieins and/or polynucleotides may act either directly, or indirectly to induce apoptosis of proliferative cells and tissues, for example in the activation of a death-domain receptor, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-1, CD95 (Fas/APO-1), TNF-receptor-related apoptosis-mediated protein (TRAMP) and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor-1 and -2 (See Schulze-Osthoff
1507K, et.al., Eur J Biochem 254(3):439-59 (1998), which is hereby incoφorated by reference). Moreover, in another prefeπed embodiment of the present invention, these fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides may induce apoptosis through other mechanisms, such as in the activation of other proteins which will activate apoptosis, or through stimulating the expression of these proteins, either alone or in combination with small molecule drags or adjuviants, such as apoptonin, galectins, thioredoxins, anti-inflammatory proteins (See for example, Mutat Res 400(l-2):447-55 (1998), Med Hypotheses.50(5):423-33 (1998), Chem Biol Interact. Apr 24;111-112:23-34 (1998), J Mol Med.76(6):402-12 (1998), hit J Tissue React;20(l):3-15 (1998), which are all hereby incoφorated by reference). [0709] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are useful in inhibiting the metastasis of proliferative cells or tissues. Inhibition may occur as a direct result of administering these albumin fusion proteins and/or polynucleotides, or indirectly, such as activating the expression of proteins known to inhibit metastasis, for example alpha 4 integrins, (See, e.g., Cuπ Top Microbiol Immunol 1998;231:125-41, which is hereby incoφorated by reference). Such thereapeutic affects of the present invention may be achieved either alone, or in combination with small molecule drugs or adjuvants.
1508[0710] In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of delivering compositions containing the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention to targeted cells expressing the a polypeptide bound by, that binds to, or associates with an albumin fiiison protein of the invention. Albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be associated with with heterologous polypeptides, heterologous nucleic acids, toxins, or prodrugs via hydrophobic, hydrophilic, ionic and/or covalent interactions.
1509[0711] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention are useful in enhancing the immunogenicity and/or antigenicity of proliferating cells or tissues, either directly, such as would occur if the albumin fusion proteins of the invention 'vaccinated' the immune response to respond to proliferative antigens and immunogens, or indirectly, such as in activating the expression of proteins known to enhance the immune response (e.g. chemokines), to said antigens and immunogens.
1510Renal Disorders
1511[0712] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, may be used to treat, prevent, diagnose, and/or prognose disorders of the renal system. Renal disorders which can be diagnosed, prognosed, prevented, and/or treated with compositions of the invention include, but are not limited to, kidney failure, nephritis, blood vessel disorders of kidney, metabolic and congenital kidney disorders, urinary disorders of the kidney, autoimmune disorders, sclerosis and necrosis, electrolyte imbalance, and kidney cancers.
1512[0713] Kidney diseases which can be diagnosed, prognosed, prevented, and/or treated with compositions of the invention include, but are not limited to, acute kidney failure, chronic kidney failure, atheroembolic renal failure, end-stage renal disease, inflammatory diseases of the kidney (e.g., acute glomerulonephritis, postinfectious glomerulonephritis, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, membranous glomerulonephritis, familial nephrotic syndrome, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis I and π, mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, chronic glomerulonephritis, acute tubulointerstitial nephritis, chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis, acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN), pyelonephritis, lupus nephritis, chronic nephritis, interstitial nephritis, and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis), blood vessel disorders of the kidneys
1513(e.g., kidney infarction, atheroembolic kidney disease, cortical necrosis, malignant nephrosclerosis, renal vein thrombosis, renal undeφerfusion, renal retinopathy, renal ischemia-reperfusion, renal artery embolism, and renal artery stenosis), and kidney disorders resulting form urinary tract disease (e.g., pyelonephritis, hydronephrosis, urolithiasis (renal lithiasis, nephrolithiasis), reflux nephropathy, urinary tract infections, urinary retention, and acute or chronic unilateral obstructive uropathy.)
1514[0714] In addition, compositions of the invention can be used to diagnose, prognose, prevent, and/or treat metabolic and congenital disorders of the kidney (e.g., uremia, renal amyloidosis, renal osteodystrophy, renal tubular acidosis, renal glycosuria, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, cystinuria, Fanconi's syndrome, renal fibrocystic osteosis (renal rickets),
1515Hartnup disease, Bartter's syndrome, Liddle's syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, medullary cystic disease, medullary sponge kidney, Alport's syndrome, nail-patella syndrome, congenital nephrotic syndrome, CRUSH syndrome, horseshoe kidney, diabetic nephropathy, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, analgesic nephropathy, kidney stones, and membranous nephropathy), and autoimmune disorders of the kidney (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus
1516(SLE), Goodpasture syndrome, IgA nephropathy, and IgM mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis). [0715] Compositions of the invention can also be used to diagnose, prognose, prevent, and/or treat sclerotic or necrotic disorders of the kidney (e.g., glomerulosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), necrotizing glomerulonephritis, and renal papillary necrosis), cancers of the kidney (e.g., nephroma, hypernephroma, nephroblastoma, renal cell cancer, transitional cell cancer, renal adenocarcinoma, squamous cell cancer, and Wilm's tumor), and electrolyte imbalances (e.g., nephrocalcinosis, pyuria, edema, hydronephritis, proteinuria, hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and hypeφhosphatemia).
1517[0716] Compositions of the invention may be administered using any method known in the art, including, but not limited to, direct needle injection at the delivery site, intravenous injection, topical administration, catheter infusion, biolistic injectors, particle accelerators, gelfoam sponge depots, other commercially available depot materials, osmotic pumps, oral or suppositorial solid pharmaceutical formulations, decanting or topical applications during surgery, aerosol delivery. Such methods are known in the art. Compositions of the invention may be administered as part of a Therapeutic, described in more detail below. Methods of delivering polynucleotides of the invention are described in more detail herein.
1518Cardiovascular Disorders
1519[0717] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, may be used to treat, prevent, diagnose, and/or prognose cardiovascular disorders, including, but not limited to, peripheral artery disease, such as limb ischemia.
1520[0718] Cardiovascular disorders include, but are not limited to, cardiovascular abnormalities, such as arterio-arterial fistula, arteriovenous fistula, cerebral arteriovenous malformations, congenital heart defects, pulmonary atresia, and Scimitar Syndrome.
1521Congenital heart defects include, but are not limited to, aortic coarctation, cor triatriatum, coronary vessel anomalies, crisscross heart, dexfrocardia, patent ductus arteriosus, Ebstein's anomaly, Eisenmenger complex, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, levocardia, tetralogy of fallot, transposition of great vessels, double outlet right ventricle, tricuspid atresia, persistent trancus arteriosus, and heart septal defects, such as aortopulmonary septal defect, endocardial cushion defects, Lutembacher's Syndrome, trilogy of Fallot, ventricular heart septal defects. [0719] Cardiovascular disorders also include, but are not limited to, heart disease, such as aπhythmias, carcinoid heart disease, high cardiac output, low cardiac output, cardiac tamponade, endocarditis (including bacterial), heart aneurysm, cardiac aπest, congestive heart failure, congestive cardiomyopathy, paroxysmal dyspnea, cardiac edema, heart hypertrophy, congestive cardiomyopathy, left ventricular hypertrophy, right ventricular hypertrophy, post- infarction heart rapture, ventricular septal rapture, heart valve diseases, myocardial diseases, myocardial ischemia, pericardial effusion, pericarditis (including constrictive and tuberculous), pneumopericardium, postpericardiotomy syndrome, pulmonary heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, ventricular dysfunction, hyperemia, cardiovascular pregnancy complications, Scimitar Syndrome, cardiovascular syphilis, and cardiovascular tuberculosis. [0720] Aπhythmias include, but are not limited to, sinus aπhythmia, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, bradycardia, extrasystole, Adams-Stokes Syndrome, bundle-branch block, sinoatrial block, long QT syndrome, parasystole, Lown-Ganong-Levine Syndrome, Mahaim-type pre-excitation syndrome, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, sick sinus syndrome, tachycardias, and ventricular fibrillation. Tachycardias include paroxysmal tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia, accelerated idioventricular rhythm, atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia, ectopic atrial tachycardia, ectopic junctional tachycardia, sinoatrial nodal reentry tachycardia, sinus tachycardia, Torsades de Pointes, and ventricular tachycardia. [0721] Heart valve diseases include, but are not limited to, aortic valve insufficiency, aortic valve stenosis, hear murmurs, aortic valve prolapse, mitral valve prolapse, tricuspid valve prolapse, mitral valve insufficiency, mitral valve stenosis, pulmonary atresia, pulmonary valve insufficiency, pulmonary valve stenosis, tricuspid atresia, tricuspid valve insufficiency, and tricuspid valve stenosis.
1522[0722] Myocardial diseases include, but are not limited to, alcoholic cardiomyopathy, congestive cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, aortic subvalvular stenosis, pulmonary subvalvular stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy, Chagas cardiomyopathy, endocardial fibroelastosis, endomyocardial fibrosis, Kearns Syndrome, myocardial reperfiision injury, and myocarditis.
1523[0723] Myocardial ischemias include, but are not limited to, coronary disease, such as angina pectoris, coronary aneurysm, coronary arteriosclerosis, coronary thrombosis, coronary vasospasm, myocardial infarction and myocardial stunning. [0724] Cardiovascular diseases also include vascular diseases such as aneurysms, angiodysplasia, angiomatosis, bacillary angiomatosis, Hippel-Lindau Disease, Klippel- Trenaunay- Weber Syndrome, Sturge- Weber Syndrome, angioneurotic edema, aortic diseases,
1524Takayasu's Arteritis, aortitis, Leriche's Syndrome, arterial occlusive diseases, arteritis, enarteritis, polyarteritis nodosa, cerebrovascular disorders, diabetic angiopathies, diabetic retinopathy, embolisms, thrombosis, erythromelalgia, hemoπhoids, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, hypertension, hypotension, ischemia, peripheral vascular diseases, phlebitis, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, Raynaud's disease, CREST syndrome, retinal vein occlusion, Scimitar syndrome, superior vena cava syndrome, telangiectasia, atacia telangiectasia, hereditary hemoπhagic telangiectasia, varicocele, varicose veins, varicose ulcer, vasculitis, and venous insufficiency.
1525[0725] Aneurysms include, but are not limited to, dissecting aneurysms, false aneurysms, infected aneurysms, ruptured aneurysms, aortic aneurysms, cerebral aneurysms, coronary aneurysms, heart aneurysms, and iliac aneurysms.
1526[0726] Arterial occlusive diseases include, but are not limited to, arteriosclerosis, intermittent claudication, carotid stenosis, fibromuscular dysplasias, mesenteric vascular occlusion, Moyamoya disease, renal artery obstruction, retinal artery occlusion, and thromboangiitis obliterans.
1527[0727] Cerebrovascular disorders include, but are not limited to, carotid artery diseases, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, cerebral aneurysm, cerebral anoxia, cerebral arteriosclerosis, cerebral arteriovenous malformation, cerebral artery diseases, cerebral embolism and thrombosis, carotid artery thrombosis, sinus thrombosis, Wallenberg's syndrome, cerebral hemoπhage, epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, subaraxhnoid hemoπhage, cerebral infarction, cerebral ischemia (including transient), subclavian steal syndrome, periventricular leukomalacia, vascular headache, cluster headache, migraine, and vertebrobasilar insufficiency.
1528[0728] Embolisms include, but are not limited to, air embolisms, amniotic fluid embolisms, cholesterol embolisms, blue toe syndrome, fat embolisms, pulmonary embolisms, and thromoboembolisms. Thrombosis include, but are not limited to, coronary thrombosis, hepatic vein thrombosis, retinal vein occlusion, carotid artery thrombosis, sinus thrombosis,
1529Wallenberg's syndrome, and thrombophlebitis.
1530[0729] Ischemic disorders include, but are not limited to, cerebral ischemia, ischemic colitis, compartment syndromes, anterior compartment syndrome, myocardial ischemia, reperfiision injuries, and peripheral limb ischemia. Vasculitis includes, but is not limited to, aortitis, arteritis, Behcet's Syndrome, Churg-Sfrauss Syndrome, mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, thromboangiitis obliterans, hypersensitivity vasculitis, Schoenlein-Henoch puφura, allergic cutaneous vasculitis, and Wegener's granulomatosis. [0730] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be administered using any method known in the art, including, but not limited to, direct needle injection at the delivery site, intravenous injection, topical administration, catheter infusion, biolistic injectors, particle accelerators, gelfoam sponge depots, other commercially available depot materials, osmotic pumps, oral or suppositorial solid pharmaceutical formulations, decanting or topical applications during surgery, aerosol delivery. Such methods are known in the art. Methods of delivering polynucleotides are described in more detail herein.
1531Respiratory Disorders
1532[0731] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be used to treat, prevent, diagnose, and/or prognose diseases and/or disorders of the respiratory system.
1533[0732] Diseases and disorders of the respiratory system include, but are not limited to, nasal vestibulitis, nonallergic rhinitis (e.g., acute rhinitis, chronic rhinitis, atrophic rhinitis, vasomotor rhinitis), nasal polyps, and sinusitis, juvenile angiofibromas, cancer of the nose and juvenile papillomas, vocal cord polyps, nodules (singer's nodules), contact ulcers, vocal cord paralysis, laryngoceles, pharyngitis (e.g., viral and bacterial), tonsillitis, tonsillar cellulitis, parapharyngeal abscess, laryngitis, laryngoceles, and throat cancers (e.g., cancer of the nasopharynx, tonsil cancer, larynx cancer), lung cancer (e.g., squamous cell carcinoma, small cell (oat cell) carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma), allergic disorders (eosinophilic pneumonia, hypersensitivity pneumonitis (e.g., extrinsic allergic alveolitis, allergic interstitial pneumonitis, organic dust pneumoconiosis, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, asthma, Wegener's granulomatosis (granulomatous vasculitis), Goodpasture's syndrome)), pneumonia (e.g., bacterial pneumonia (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumoncoccal pneumonia), Staphylococcus aureus (staphylococcal pneumonia), Gram- negative bacterial pneumonia (caused by, e.g., Klebsiella and Pseudomas spp.), Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, Hemophilus influenzae pneumonia, Legionella pneumophila (Legionnaires' disease), and Chlamydia psittaci (Psittacosis)), and viral pneumonia (e.g., influenza, chickenpox (varicella). [0733] Additional diseases and disorders of the respiratory system include, but are not limited to bronchiolitis, polio (poliomyelitis), croup, respiratory syncytial viral infection, mumps, erythema infectiosum (fifth disease), roseola infantum, progressive rubella panencephalitis, german measles, and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis), fungal pneumonia (e.g., Histoplasmosis, Coccidioidomycosis, Blastomycosis, fungal infections in people with severely suppressed immune systems (e.g., cryptococcosis, caused by Cryptococcus neoformans; aspergillosis, caused by Aspergillus spp.; candidiasis, caused by Candida; and mucormycosis)), Pneumocystis carinii (pneumocystis pneumonia), atypical pneumonias (e.g., Mycoplasma and Chlamydia spp.), opportunistic infection pneumonia, nosocomial pneumonia, chemical pneumonitis, and aspiration pneumonia, pleural disorders (e.g., pleurisy, pleural effusion, and pneumothorax (e.g., simple spontaneous pneumothorax, complicated spontaneous pneumothorax, tension pneumothorax)), obstructive airway diseases (e.g., asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, chronic or acute bronchitis), occupational lung diseases (e.g., silicosis, black lung (coal workers' pneumoconiosis), asbestosis, berylliosis, occupational asthsma, byssinosis, and benign pneumoconioses), Infiltrative Lung Disease (e.g., pulmonary fibrosis (e.g., fibrosing alveolitis, usual interstitial pneumonia), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, desquamative interstitial pneumonia, lymphoid interstitial pneumonia, histiocytosis X (e.g., Letterer-Siwe disease, Hand-Schuller-Christian disease, eosinophilic granuloma), idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis, -sarcoidosis and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis), Acute respiratory distress syndrome (also called, e.g., adult respiratory distress syndrome), edema, pulmonary embolism, bronchitis (e.g., viral, bacterial), bronchiectasis, atelectasis, lung abscess (caused by, e.g., Staphylococcus aureus or Legionella pneumophila), and cystic fibrosis.
1534Anti-Angiogenesis Activity
1535[0734] The naturally occurring balance between endogenous stimulators and inhibitors of angiogenesis is one in which inhibitory influences predominate. Rastinejad et al, Cell 56:345-355 (1989). In those rare instances in which neovascularization occurs under normal physiological conditions, such as wound healing, organ regeneration, embryonic development, and female reproductive processes, angiogenesis is stringently regulated and spatially and temporally delimited. Under conditions of pathological angiogenesis such as that characterizing solid mmor growth, these regulatory controls fail. Unregulated angiogenesis becomes pathologic and sustains progression of many neoplastic and non- neoplastic diseases. A number of serious diseases are dominated by abnormal neovascularization including solid tumor growth and metastases, arthritis, some types of eye disorders, and psoriasis. See, e.g., reviews by Moses et al, Biotech. 9:630-634 (1991);
1536Folkman et al, N Engl J. Med., 333:1757-1763 (1995); Auerbach et al, J. Microvasc. Res.
153729:401-411 (1985); Folkman, Advances in Cancer Research, eds. Klein and Weinhouse,
1538Academic Press, New York, pp. 175-203 (1985); Patz, Am. J. Opthalmol 94:715-743
1539(1982); and Folkman et al, Science 221:719-725 (1983). In a number of pathological conditions, the process of angiogenesis contributes to the disease state. For example, significant data have accumulated which suggest that the growth of solid tumors is dependent on angiogenesis. Folkman and Klagsbrun, Science 235:442-447 (1987).
1540[0735] The present invention provides for treatment of diseases or disorders associated with neovascularization by administration of fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention. Malignant and metastatic conditions which can be treated with the polynucleotides and polypeptides, or agonists or antagonists of the invention include, but are not limited to, malignancies, solid tumors, and cancers described herein and otherwise known in the art (for a review of such disorders, see Fishman et al, Medicine, 2d Ed., J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia
1541(1985)).Thus, the present invention provides a method of treating an angiogenesis-related disease and/or disorder, comprising administering to an individual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an albumin fusion protein of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding an albumin fusion protein of the invention. For example, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be utilized in a variety of additional methods in order to therapeutically treat a cancer or tumor. Cancers which may be treated with fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention include, but are not limited to solid tumors, including prostate, lung, breast, ovarian, stomach, pancreas, larynx, esophagus, testes, liver, parotid, biliary tract, colon, rectum, cervix, uterus, endometrium, kidney, bladder, thyroid cancer; primary tumors and metastases; melanomas; glioblastoma;
1542Kaposi's sarcoma; leiomyosarcoma; non- small cell lung cancer; colorectal cancer; advanced malignancies; and blood bom tumors such as leukemias. For example, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be delivered topically, in order to treat cancers such as skin cancer, head and neck tumors, breast tumors, and Kaposi's sarcoma.
1543[0736] Within yet other aspects, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be utilized to treat superficial forms of bladder cancer by, for example, intravesical administration. Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be delivered directly into the tumor, or near the tumor site, via injection or a catheter. Of course, as the artisan of ordinary skill will appreciate, the appropriate mode of administration will vary according to the cancer to be treated. Other modes of delivery are discussed herein.
1544[0737] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be useful in treating other disorders, besides cancers, which involve angiogenesis. These disorders include, but are not limited to: benign tumors, for example hemangiomas, acoustic neuromas, neurofibromas, trachomas, and pyogenic granulomas; artheroscleric plaques; ocular angiogenic diseases, for example, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, macular degeneration, comeal graft rejection, neovascular glaucoma, retrolental fibroplasia, rubeosis, retinoblastoma, uvietis and Pterygia
1545(abnormal blood vessel growth) of the eye; rheumatoid arthritis; psoriasis; delayed wound healing; endometriosis; vasculogenesis; granulations; hypertrophic scars (keloids); nonunion fractures; scleroderma; trachoma; vascular adhesions; myocardial angiogenesis; coronary collaterals; cerebral collaterals; arteriovenous malformations; ischemic limb angiogenesis;
1546Osier-Webber Syndrome; plaque neovascularization; telangiectasia; hemophiliac joints; angiofibroma; fibromuscular dysplasia; wound granulation; Crohn's disease; and atherosclerosis.
1547[0738] For example, within one aspect of the present invention methods are provided for treating hypertrophic scars and keloids, comprising the step of administering albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention to a hypertrophic scar or keloid.
1548[0739] Within one embodiment of the present invention fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are directly injected into a hypertrophic scar or keloid, in order to prevent the progression of these lesions. This therapy is of particular value in the prophylactic treatment of conditions which are known to result in the development of hypertrophic scars and keloids (e.g., burns), and is preferably initiated after the proliferative phase has had time to progress (approximately 14 days after the initial injury), but before hypertrophic scar or keloid development. As noted above, the present invention also provides methods for treating neovascular diseases of the eye, including for example, comeal neovascularization, neovascular glaucoma, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, retrolental fibroplasia and macular degeneration.
1549[0740] Moreover, Ocular disorders associated with neovascularization which can be treated with the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention include, but are not limited to: neovascular glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, retinoblastoma, retrolental fibroplasia, uveitis, retinopathy of prematurity macular degeneration, comeal graft neovascularization, as well as other eye inflammatory diseases, ocular tumors and diseases associated with choroidal or iris neovascularization. See, e.g., reviews by Waltman et al, Am. J. Ophthal 55:704-710 (1978) and Gartner et al, Surv. Ophthal. 22:291-312 (1978).
1550[0741] Thus, within one aspect of the present invention methods are provided for treating neovascular diseases of the eye such as comeal neovascularization (including comeal graft neovascularization), comprising the step of administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound (e.g., fusion proteins of the invention and or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention) to the comea, such that the formation of blood vessels is inhibited. Briefly, the comea is a tissue which normally lacks blood vessels.
1551In certain pathological conditions however, capillaries may extend into the comea from the pericorneal vascular plexus of the limbus. When the comea becomes vascularized, it also becomes clouded, resulting in a decline in the patient's visual acuity. Visual loss may become complete if the comea completely opacitates. A wide variety of disorders can result in corneal neovascularization, including for example, comeal infections (e.g., trachoma, heφes simplex keratitis, leishmaniasis and onchocerciasis), immunological processes (e.g., graft rejection and Stevens- Johnson's syndrome), alkali bums, trauma, inflammation (of any cause), toxic and nutritional deficiency states, and as a complication of wearing contact lenses.
1552[0742] Within particularly prefeπed embodiments of the invention, may be prepared for topical administration in saline (combined with any of the preservatives and antimicrobial agents commonly used in ocular preparations), and administered in eyedrop form. The solution or suspension may be prepared in its pure form and administered several times daily.
1553Alternatively, anti-angiogenic compositions, prepared as described above, may also be administered directly to the comea. Within prefeπed embodiments, the anti-angiogenic composition is prepared with a muco-adhesive polymer which binds to comea. Within further embodiments, the anti-angiogenic factors or anti-angiogenic compositions may be utilized as an adjunct to conventional steroid therapy. Topical therapy may also be useful prophylactically in comeal lesions which are known to have a high probability of inducing an angiogenic response (such as chemical bums). In these instances the treatment, likely in combination with steroids, may be instituted immediately to help prevent subsequent complications.
1554[0743] Within other embodiments, the compounds described above may be injected directly into the comeal stroma by an ophthalmologist under microscopic guidance. The prefeπed site of injection may vary with the moφhology of the individual lesion, but the goal of the administration would be to place the composition at the advancing front of the vasculature (i.e., interspersed between the blood vessels and the normal cornea). In most cases this would involve perilimbic comeal injection to "protect" the comea from the advancing blood vessels. This method may also be utilized shortly after a comeal insult in order to prophylactically prevent comeal neovascularization. In this situation the material could be injected in the perilimbic comea interspersed between the comeal lesion and its undesired potential limbic blood supply. Such methods may also be utilized in a similar fashion to prevent capillary invasion of transplanted corneas. In a sustained-release form injections might only be required 2-3 times per year. A steroid could also be added to the injection solution to reduce inflammation resulting from the injection itself. [0744] Within another aspect of the present invention, methods are provided for treating neovascular glaucoma, comprising the step of administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of an albumin fusion protein of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding an albumin fusion protein of the invention to the eye, such that the formation of blood vessels is inhibited. In one embodiment, the compound may be administered topically to the eye in order to treat early forms of neovascular glaucoma. Within other embodiments, the compound may be implanted by injection into the region of the anterior chamber angle. Within other embodiments, the compound may also be placed in any location such that the compound is continuously released into the aqueous humor. Within another aspect of the present invention, methods are provided for treating proliferative diabetic retinopathy, comprising the step of administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of an albumin fusion protein of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding an albumin fusion protein of the invention to the eyes, such that the formation of blood vessels is inhibited.
1555[0745] Within particularly prefeπed embodiments of the invention, proliferative diabetic retinopathy may be treated by injection into the aqueous humor or the vitreous, in order to increase the local concentration of the polynucleotide, polypeptide, antagonist and/or agonist in the retina. Preferably, this treatment should be initiated prior to the acquisition of severe disease requiring photocoagulation.
1556[0746] Within another aspect of the present invention, methods are provided for treating retrolental fibroplasia, comprising the step of administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of an albumin fusion protein of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding an albumin fusion protein of the invention to the eye, such that the formation of blood vessels is inhibited. The compound may be administered topically, via intravitreous injection and/or via intraocular implants.
1557[0747] Additionally, disorders which can be treated with fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention include, but are not limited to, hemangioma, arthritis, psoriasis, angiofibroma, atherosclerotic plaques, delayed wound healing, granulations, hemophilic joints, hypertrophic scars, nonunion fractures, Osier- Weber syndrome, pyogenic granuloma, scleroderma, trachoma, and vascular adhesions.
1558[0748] Moreover, disorders and/or states, which can be treated, prevented, diagnosed, and/or prognosed with the the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention of the invention include, but are not limited to, solid tumors, blood bom tumors such as leukemias, tumor metastasis,
1559Kaposi's sarcoma, benign tumors, for example hemangiomas, acoustic neuromas, neurofibromas, trachomas, and pyogenic granulomas, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, ocular angiogenic diseases, for example, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, macular degeneration, comeal graft rejection, neovascular glaucoma, retrolental fibroplasia, rabeosis, retinoblastoma, and uvietis, delayed wound healing, endometriosis, vascluogenesis, granulations, hypertrophic scars (keloids), nonunion fractures, scleroderma, trachoma, vascular adhesions, myocardial angiogenesis, coronary collaterals, cerebral collaterals, arteriovenous malformations, ischemic limb angiogenesis, Osier- Webber Syndrome, plaque neovascularization, telangiectasia, hemophiliac joints, angiofibroma fibromuscular dysplasia, wound granulation, Crohn's disease, atherosclerosis, birth control agent by preventing vascularization required for embryo implantation controlling menstruation, diseases that have angiogenesis as a pathologic consequence such as cat scratch disease (Rochele minalia quintosa), ulcers (Helicobacter pylori), Bartonellosis and bacillary angiomatosis. [0749] In one aspect of the birth control method, an amount of the compound sufficient to block embryo implantation is administered before or after intercourse and fertilization have occuπed, thus providing an effective method of birth control, possibly a "morning after" method. Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may also be used in controlling menstruation or administered as either a peritoneal lavage fluid or for peritoneal implantation in the treatment of endometriosis.
1560[0750] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be incoφorated into surgical sutures in order to prevent stitch granulomas.
1561[0751] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be utilized in a wide variety of surgical procedures. For example, within one aspect of the present invention a compositions (in the form of, for example, a spray or film) may be utilized to coat or spray an area prior to removal of a tumor, in order to isolate normal surrounding tissues from malignant tissue, and/or to prevent the spread of disease to suπounding tissues. Within other aspects of the present invention, compositions (e.g., in the form of a spray) may be delivered via endoscopic procedures in order to coat tumors, or inhibit angiogenesis in a desired locale. Within yet other aspects of the present invention, surgical meshes which have been coated with antiangiogenic compositions of the present invention may be utilized in any procedure wherein a surgical mesh might be utilized. For example, within one embodiment of the invention a surgical mesh laden with an anti-angiogenic composition may be utilized during abdominal cancer resection surgery (e.g., subsequent to colon resection) in order to provide support to the structure, and to release an amount of the anti-angiogenic factor.
1562[0752] Within further aspects of the present invention, methods are provided for treating tumor excision sites, comprising administering albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention to the resection margins of a tumor subsequent to excision, such that the local recuπence of cancer and the formation of new blood vessels at the site is inhibited. Within one embodiment of the invention, the anti-angiogenic compound is administered directly to the tumor excision site (e.g., applied by swabbing, brushing or otherwise coating the resection margins of the tumor with the anti-angiogenic compound). Alternatively, the anti-angiogenic compounds may be incoφorated into known surgical pastes prior to administration. Within particularly prefeπed embodiments of the invention, the anti-angiogenic compounds are applied after hepatic resections for malignancy, and after neurosurgical operations.
1563[0753] Within one aspect of the present invention, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be administered to the resection margin of a wide variety of tumors, including for example, breast, colon, brain and hepatic tumors. For example, within one embodiment of the invention, anti-angiogenic compounds may be administered to the site of a neurological tumor subsequent to excision, such that the formation of new blood vessels at the site are inhibited. [0754] The albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may also be administered along with other antiangiogenic factors. Representative examples of other anti-angiogenic factors include: Anti- Invasive Factor, retinoic acid and derivatives thereof, paclitaxel, Suramin, Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1, Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor^, and various forms of the lighter "d group" transition metals.
1564[0755] Lighter "d group" transition metals include, for example, vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten, titanium, niobium, and tantalum species. Such transition metal species may form transition metal complexes. Suitable complexes of the above-mentioned transition metal species include oxo transition metal complexes.
1565[0756] Representative examples of vanadium complexes include oxo vanadium complexes such as vanadate and vanadyl complexes. Suitable vanadate complexes include metavanadate and orthovanadate complexes such as, for example, ammonium metavanadate, sodium metavanadate, and sodium orthovanadate. Suitable vanadyl complexes include, for example, vanadyl acetylacetonate and vanadyl sulfate including vanadyl sulfate hydrates such as vanadyl sulfate mono- and trihydrates.
1566[0757] Representative examples of tungsten and molybdenum complexes also include oxo complexes. Suitable oxo mngsten complexes include tungstate and tungsten oxide complexes. Suitable tungstate complexes include ammonium tungstate, calcium tungstate, sodium tungstate dihydrate, and tungstic acid. Suitable tungsten oxides include tungsten (IV) oxide and tungsten (VI) oxide. Suitable oxo molybdenum complexes include molybdate, molybdenum oxide, and molybdenyl complexes. Suitable molybdate complexes include ammonium molybdate and its hydrates, sodium molybdate and its hydrates, and potassium molybdate and its hydrates. Suitable molybdenum oxides include molybdenum (VI) oxide, molybdenum (VI) oxide, and molybdic acid. Suitable molybdenyl complexes include, for example, molybdenyl acetylacetonate. Other suitable tungsten and molybdenum complexes include hydroxo derivatives derived from, for example, glycerol, tartaric acid, and sugars. [0758] A wide variety of other anti-angiogenic factors may also be utilized within the context of the present invention. Representative examples include platelet factor 4; protamine sulphate; sulphated chitin derivatives (prepared from queen crab shells), (Murata et al., Cancer Res. 51:22-26, 1991); Sulphated Polysaccharide Peptidoglycan Complex (SP- PG) (the function of this compound may be enhanced by the presence of steroids such as estrogen, and tamoxifen citrate); Staurosporine; modulators of matrix metabolism, including for example, proline analogs, cishydroxyproline, d,L-3,4-dehydroproline, Thiaproline, alpha,alpha-dipyridyl, aminopropionitrile fumarate; 4-propyl-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(3H)- oxazolone; Methotrexate; Mitoxantrone; Heparin; Interferons; 2 Macroglobulin-serum; ChIMP-3 (Pavloff et al., J. Bio. Chem. 267:17321-17326, (1992)); Chymostatin (Tomkinson et al., Biochem J. 286:475-480, (1992)); Cyclodextrin Tetradecasulfate; Eponemycin; Camptothecin; Fumagillin (Ingber et al., Nature 348:555-557, 1990); Gold Sodium Thiomalate ("GST"; Matsubara and Ziff, J. Clin. Invest. 79:1440-1446, (1987)); anticollagenase-seram; alpha2-antiplasmin (Holmes et al., J. Biol. Chem. 262(4):1659-1664, (1987)); Bisantrene (National Cancer Institute); Lobenzarit disodium (N-(2)-carboxyphenyl- 4- chloroanthronilic acid disodium or "CCA"; Takeuchi et al., Agents Actions 36:312-316, (1992)); Thalidomide; Angostatic steroid; AGM-1470; carboxynaminolmidazole; and metalloproteinase inhibitors such as BB94.
1567Diseases at the Cellular Level
1568[0759] Diseases associated with increased cell survival or the inhibition of apoptosis that could be treated, prevented, diagnosed, and/or prognosed using fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, include cancers (such as follicular lymphomas, carcinomas with p53 mutations, and hormone- dependent tumors, including, but not limited to colon cancer, cardiac tumors, pancreatic cancer, melanoma, retinoblastoma, glioblastoma, lung cancer, intestinal cancer, testicular cancer, stomach cancer, neuroblastoma, myxoma, myoma, lymphoma, endothelioma, osteoblastoma, osteoclastoma, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, adenoma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma and ovarian cancer); autoimmune disorders (such as, multiple sclerosis, Sjogren's syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, biliary ciπhosis, Behcet's disease, Crohn's disease, polymyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus and immune-related glomerulonephritis and rheumatoid arthritis) and viral infections (such as heφes vimses, pox vimses and adenovimses), inflammation, graft v. host disease, acute graft rejection, and chronic graft rejection.
1569[0760] In prefeπed embodiments, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used to inhibit growth, progression, and/or metasis of cancers, in particular those listed above. [0761] Additional diseases or conditions associated with increased cell survival that could be treated or detected by fusion proteins of the invention and or polynucleotides encoding albumin fiision proteins of the invention include, but are not limited to, progression, and/or metastases of malignancies and related disorders such as leukemia (including acute leukemias (e.g., acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia (including myeloblastic, promyelocytic, myelomonocytic, monocytic, and erythroleμkemia)) and chronic leukemias (e.g., chronic myelocytic (granulocytic) leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia)), polycythemia vera, lymphomas (e.g., Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's disease), multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, heavy chain disease, and solid tumors including, but not limited to, sarcomas and carcinomas such as fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing's tumor, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, colon carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wihn's tumor, cervical cancer, testicular tumor, lung carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, epithelial carcinoma, glioma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pinealoma, hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma, menangioma, melanoma, neuroblastoma, and retinoblastoma. [0762] Diseases associated with increased apoptosis that could be treated, prevented, diagnosed, and or prognesed using fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, include, but are not limited to, AIDS; neurodegenerative disorders (such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Retinitis pigmentosa, Cerebellar degeneration and brain tumor or prior associated disease); autoimmune disorders (such as, multiple sclerosis, Sjogren's syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, biliary ciπhosis, Behcet's disease, Crohn's disease, polymyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus and immune-related glomerulonephritis and rheumatoid arthritis) myelodysplastic syndromes (such as aplastic anemia), graft v. host disease, ischemic injury (such as that caused by myocardial infarction, stroke and reperfiision injury), liver injury (e.g., hepatitis related liver injury, ischemia/reperfusion injury, cholestosis (bile duct injury) and liver cancer); toxin-induced liver disease (such as that caused by alcohol), septic shock, cachexia and anorexia.
1570Wound Healing and Epithelial Cell Proliferation
1571[0763] In accordance with yet a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for utilizing fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, for therapeutic p poses, for example, to stimulate epithelial cell proliferation and basal keratinocytes for the puφose of wound healing, and to stimulate hair follicle production and healing of dermal wounds. Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, may be clinically useful in stimulating wound healing including surgical wounds, excisional wounds, deep wounds involving damage of the dermis and epidermis, eye tissue wounds, dental tissue wounds, oral cavity wounds, diabetic ulcers, dermal ulcers, cubitus ulcers, arterial ulcers, venous stasis ulcers, bums resulting from heat exposure or chemicals, and other abnormal wound healing conditions such as uremia, malnutrition, vitamin deficiencies and complications associated with systemic treatment with steroids, radiation therapy and antineoplastic drags and antimetabolites. Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, could be used to promote dermal reestablishment subsequent to dermal loss
1572[0764] Albumin fiision proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, could be used to increase the adherence of skin grafts to a wound bed and to stimulate re-epithelialization from the wound bed. The following are types of grafts that fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, could be used to increase adherence to a wound bed: autografts, artificial skin, allografts, autodermic graft, autoepdermic grafts, avacular grafts, Blair-Brown grafts, bone graft, brephoplastic grafts, cutis graft, delayed graft, dermic graft, epidermic graft, fascia graft, full thickness graft, heterologous graft, xenograft, homologous graft, hypeφlastic graft, lamellar graft, mesh graft, mucosal graft, Ollier-
1573Thiersch graft, omenpal graft, patch graft, pedicle graft, penetrating graft, split skin graft, thick split graft. Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, can be used to promote skin strength and to improve the appearance of aged skin.
1574[0765] It is believed that fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, will also produce changes in hepatocyte proliferation, and epithelial cell proliferation in the lung, breast, pancreas, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, could promote proliferation of epithelial cells such as sebocytes, hair follicles, hepatocytes, type II pneumocytes, mucin-producing goblet cells, and other epithelial cells and their progenitors contained within the skin, lung, fiver, and gastrointestinal tract. Albumin fiision proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, may promote proliferation of endothelial cells, keratinocytes, and basal keratinocytes.
1575[0766] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, could also be used to reduce the side effects of gut toxicity that result from radiation, chemotherapy treatments or viral infections. Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, may have a cytoprotective effect on the small intestine mucosa. Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, may also stimulate healing of mucositis (mouth ulcers) that result from chemotherapy and viral infections.
1576[0767] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, could further be used in full regeneration of skin in full and partial thickness skin defects, including bums, (i.e., repopulation of hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands), treatment of other skin defects such as psoriasis.
1577Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, could be used to treat epidermolysis bullosa, a defect in adherence of the epidermis to the underlying dermis which results in frequent, open and painful blisters by accelerating reepithelialization of these lesions. Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, could also be used to treat gastric and doudenal ulcers and help heal by scar formation of the mucosal lining and regeneration of glandular mucosa and duodenal mucosal lining more rapidly. Inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are diseases which result in destruction of the mucosal surface of the small or large intestine, respectively. Thus, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, could be used to promote the resurfacing of the mucosal surface to aid more rapid healing and to prevent progression of inflammatory bowel disease. Treatment with fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, is expected to have a significant effect on the production of mucus throughout the gastrointestinal tract and could be used to protect the intestinal mucosa from injurious substances that are ingested or following surgery. Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, could be used to treat diseases associate with the under expression.
1578[0768] Moreover, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, could be used to prevent and heal damage to the lungs due to various pathological states. Albumin fusion proteins of the invention, and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, which could stimulate proliferation and differentiation and promote the repair of alveoli and brochiolar epithelium to prevent or treat acute or chronic lung damage. For example, emphysema, which results in the progressive loss of aveoli, and inhalation injuries, i.e., resulting from smoke inhalation and bums, that cause necrosis of the bronchiolar epithelium and alveoli could be effectively treated using polynucleotides or polypeptides, agonists or antagonists of the present invention. Also fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, could be used to stimulate the proliferation of and differentiation of type π pneumocytes, which may help treat or prevent disease such as hyaline membrane diseases, such as infant respiratory distress syndrome and bronchopulmonary displasia, in premature infants.
1579[0769] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, could stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of hepatocytes and, thus, could be used to alleviate or treat liver diseases and pathologies such as fulminant liver failure caused by ciπhosis, liver damage caused by viral hepatitis and toxic substances (i.e., acetaminophen, carbon tetraholoride and other hepatotoxins known in the art).
1580[0770] In addition, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, could be used treat or prevent the onset of diabetes mellitus. In patients with newly diagnosed Types I and II diabetes, where some islet cell function remains, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, could be used to maintain the islet function so as to alleviate, delay or prevent permanent manifestation of the disease. Also, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, could be used as an auxiliary in islet cell transplantation to improve or promote islet cell function.
1581Neural Activity and Neurological Diseases
1582[0771] The albumin fiision proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be used for the diagnosis and/or treatment of diseases, disorders, damage or injury of the brain and/or nervous system. Nervous system disorders that can be treated with the compositions of the invention (e.g., fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention), include, but are not limited to, nervous system injuries, and diseases or disorders which result in either a disconnection of axons, a diminution or degeneration of neurons, or demyelination.
1583Nervous system lesions which may be treated in a patient (including human and non-human mammalian patients) according to the methods of the invention, include but are not limited to, the following lesions of either the central (including spinal cord, brain) or peripheral nervous systems: (1) ischemic lesions, in which a lack of oxygen in a portion of the nervous system results in neuronal injury or death, including cerebral infarction or ischemia, or spinal cord infarction or ischemia; (2) traumatic lesions, including lesions caused by physical injury or associated with surgery, for example, lesions which sever a portion of the nervous system, or compression injuries; (3) malignant lesions, in which a portion of the nervous system is destroyed or injured by malignant tissue which is either a nervous system associated malignancy or a malignancy derived from non-nervous system tissue; (4) infectious lesions, in which a portion of the nervous system is desfroyed or injured as a result of infection, for example, by an abscess or associated with infection by human immunodeficiency virus, heφes zoster, or heφes simplex vims or with Lyme disease, tuberculosis, or syphilis; (5) degenerative lesions, in which a portion of the nervous system is destroyed or injured as a result of a degenerative process including but not limited to, degeneration associated with Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's chorea, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); (6) lesions associated with nutritional diseases or disorders, in which a portion of the nervous system is destroyed or injured by a nutritional disorder or disorder of metabolism including, but not limited to, vitamin B12 deficiency, folic acid deficiency, Wernicke disease, tobacco-alcohol amblyopia, Marchiafava-Bignami disease (primary degeneration of the coφus callosum), and alcoholic cerebellar degeneration; (7) neurological lesions associated with systemic diseases including, but not limited to, diabetes (diabetic neuropathy, Bell's palsy), systemic lupus erythematosus, carcinoma, or sarcoidosis;
1584(8) lesions caused by toxic substances including alcohol, lead, or particular neurotoxins; and
1585(9) demyelinated lesions in which a portion of the nervous system is destroyed or injured by a demyelinating disease including, but not limited to, multiple sclerosis, human immunodeficiency virus-associated myelopathy, transverse myelopathy or various etiologies, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and central pontine myelinolysis.
1586[0772] In one embodiment, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used to protect neural cells from the damaging effects of hypoxia. In a further prefeπed embodiment, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used to protect neural cells from the damaging effects of cerebral hypoxia. According to this embodiment, the compositions of the invention are used to treat or prevent neural cell injury associated with cerebral hypoxia. In one non-exclusive aspect of this embodiment, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, are used to treat or prevent neural cell injury associated with cerebral ischemia. In another non-exclusive aspect of this embodiment, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used to freat or prevent neural cell injury associated with cerebral infarction.
1587[0773] In another prefeπed embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used to treat or prevent neural cell injury associated with a sfroke. In a specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used to treat or prevent cerebral neural cell injury associated with a stroke.
1588[0774] In another prefeπed embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used to treat or prevent neural cell injury associated with a heart attack. In a specific embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used to treat or prevent cerebral neural cell injury associated with a heart attack.
1589[0775] The compositions of the invention which are useful for treating or preventing a nervous system disorder may be selected by testing for biological activity in promoting the survival or differentiation of neurons. For example, and not by way of limitation, compositions of the invention which elicit any of the following effects may be useful according to the invention: (1) increased survival time of neurons in culture either in the presence or absence of hypoxia or hypoxic conditions; (2) increased sprouting of neurons in culture or in vivo; (3) increased production of a neuron-associated molecule in culture or in vivo, e.g., choline acetyltransferase or acetylcholinesterase with respect to motor neurons; or
1590(4) decreased symptoms of neuron dysfunction in vivo. Such effects may be measured by any method known in the art. In prefeπed, non-limiting embodiments, increased survival of neurons may routinely be measured using a method set forth herein or otherwise known in the art, such as, for example, in Zhang et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:3637-42 (2000) or in
1591Arakawa et al, J. Neuroscl, 10:3507-15 (1990); increased sprouting of neurons may be detected by methods known in the art, such as, for example, the mfethods set forth in Pestronk et al, Exp. Neurol, 70:65-82 (1980), or Brown et al, Ann. Rev. Neuroscl, 4:17-42 (1981); increased production of neuron-associated molecules may be measured by bioassay, enzymatic assay, antibody binding, Northern blot assay, etc., using techniques known in the art and depending on the molecule to be measured; and motor neuron dysfunction may be measured by assessing the physical manifestation of motor neuron disorder, e.g., weakness, motor neuron conduction velocity, or functional disability.
1592[0776] In specific embodiments, motor neuron disorders that may be treated according to the invention include, but are not limited to, disorders such as infarction, infection, exposure to toxin, frauma, surgical damage, degenerative disease or malignancy that may affect motor neurons as well as other components of the nervous system, as well as disorders that selectively affect neurons such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and including, but not limited to, progressive spinal muscular afrophy, progressive bulbar palsy, primary lateral sclerosis, infantile and juvenile muscular atrophy, progressive bulbar paralysis of childhood (Fazio-Londe syndrome), poliomyelitis and the post polio syndrome, and Hereditary Motorsensory Neuropathy (Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease). [0777] Further, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may play a role in neuronal survival; synapse formation; conductance; neural differentiation, etc. Thus, compositions of the invention (including fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention) may be used to diagnose and/or treat or prevent diseases or disorders associated with these roles, including, but not limited to, learning and/or cognition disorders. The compositions of the invention may also be useful in the treatment or prevention of neurodegenerative disease states and/or behavioural disorders. Such neurodegenerative disease states and/or behavioral disorders include, but are not limited to, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's Disease, Tourette Syndrome, schizophrenia, mama, dementia, paranoia, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic disorder, learning disabilities, ALS, psychoses, autism, and altered behaviors, including disorders in feeding, sleep patterns, balance, and perception. In addition, compositions of the invention may also play a role in the freatment, prevention and/or detection of developmental disorders associated with the developing embryo, or sexually-linked disorders.
1593[0778] Additionally, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, may be useful in protecting neural cells from diseases, damage, disorders, or injury, associated with cerebrovascular disorders including, but not limited to, carotid artery diseases (e.g., carotid artery thrombosis, carotid stenosis, or
1594Moyamoya Disease), cerebral amyloid angiopathy, cerebral aneurysm, cerebral anoxia, cerebral arteriosclerosis, cerebral arteriovenous malformations, cerebral artery diseases, cerebral embolism and thrombosis (e.g., carotid artery thrombosis, sinus thrombosis, or
1595Wallenberg's Syndrome), cerebral hemoπhage (e.g., epidural or subdural hematoma, or subarachnoid hemoπhage), cerebral infarction, cerebral ischemia (e.g., transient cerebral ischemia, Subclavian Steal Syndrome, or vertebrobasilar insufficiency), vascular dementia
1596(e.g., multi-infarct), leukomalacia, periventricular, and vascular headache (e.g., cluster headache or migraines).
1597[0779] In accordance with yet a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for utilizing fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, for therapeutic pvuposes, for example, to stimulate neurological cell proliferation and/or differentiation. Therefore, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be used to treat and/or detect neurologic diseases. Moreover, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, can be used as a marker or detector of a particular nervous system disease or disorder.
1598[0780] Examples of neurologic diseases which can be treated or detected with fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention include, brain diseases, such as metabolic brain diseases which includes phenylketonuria such as maternal phenylketonuria, pyravate carboxylase deficiency, pyravate dehydrogenase complex deficiency, Wernicke's Encephalopathy, brain edema, brain neoplasms such as cerebellar neoplasms which include infratentorial neoplasms, cerebral ventricle neoplasms such as choroid plexus neoplasms, hypothalamic neoplasms, supratentorial neoplasms, canavan disease, cerebellar diseases such as cerebellar ataxia which include spinocerebellar degeneration such as ataxia telangiectasia, cerebellar dyssynergia,
1599Friederich's Ataxia, Machado-Joseph Disease, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, cerebellar neoplasms such as infratentorial neoplasms, diffuse cerebral sclerosis such as encephalitis periaxialis, globoid cell leukodystrophy, metachromatic leukodystrophy and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.
1600[0781] Additional neurologic diseases which can be freated or detected with fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention include cerebrovascular disorders (such as carotid artery diseases which include carotid artery thrombosis, carotid stenosis and Moyamoya Disease), cerebral amyloid angiopathy, cerebral aneurysm, cerebral anoxia, cerebral arteriosclerosis, cerebral arteriovenous malformations, cerebral artery diseases, cerebral embolism and thrombosis such as carotid artery thrombosis, sinus thrombosis and Wallenberg's Syndrome, cerebral hemoπhage such as epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma and subarachnoid hemoπhage, cerebral infarction, cerebral ischemia such as transient cerebral ischemia, Subclavian Steal
1601Syndrome and vertebrobasilar insufficiency, vascular dementia such as multi-infarct dementia, periventricular leukomalacia, vascular headache such as cluster headache and migraine.
1602[0782] Additional neurologic diseases which can be treated or detected with fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention include dementia such as AIDS Dementia Complex, presenile dementia such as Alzheimer's Disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome, senile dementia such as Alzheimer's Disease and progressive supranuclear palsy, vascular dementia such as multi-infarct dementia, encephalitis which include encephalitis periaxialis, viral encephalitis such as epidemic encephalitis, Japanese Encephalitis, St. Louis Encephalitis, tick-bome encephalitis and West Nile Fever, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, meningoencephalitis such as uveomeningoencephalitic syndrome, Postencephalitic Parkinson Disease and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, encephalomalacia such as periventricular leukomalacia, epilepsy such as generalized epilepsy which includes infantile spasms, absence epilepsy, myoclonic epilepsy which includes MERRF Syndrome, tonic-clonic epilepsy, partial epilepsy such as complex partial epilepsy, frontal lobe epilepsy and temporal lobe epilepsy, post-traumatic epilepsy, status epilepticus such as Epilepsia Partialis Continua, and Hallervorden-Spatz Syndrome.
1603[0783] Additional neurologic diseases which can be treated or detected with fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention include hydrocephalus such as Dandy- Walker Syndrome and normal pressure hydrocephalus, hypothalamic diseases such as hypothalamic neoplasms, cerebral malaria, narcolepsy which includes cataplexy, bulbar poliomyelitis, cerebri pseudotumor, Rett Syndrome, Reye's Syndrome, thalamic diseases, cerebral toxoplasmosis, intracranial tuberculoma and Zellweger Syndrome, central nervous system infections such as AIDS Dementia Complex, Brain Abscess, subdural empyema, encephalomyelitis such as Equine Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis, Necrotizing Hemoπhagic Encephalomyelitis, Visna, and cerebral malaria.
1604[0784] Additional neurologic diseases which can be treated or detected with fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention include meningitis such as arachnoiditis, aseptic meningtitis such as viral meningtitis which includes lymphocytic choriomeningitis, Bacterial meningtitis which includes Haemophilus Meningtitis, Listeria Meningtitis, Meningococcal Meningtitis such as Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome, Pneumococcal Meningtitis and meningeal tuberculosis, fungal meningitis such as Cryptococcal Meningtitis, subdural effusion, meningoencephalitis such as uvemeningoencephalitic syndrome, myelitis such as transverse myelitis, neurosyphihs such as tabes dorsalis, poliomyelitis which includes bulbar poliomyelitis and postpoliomyelitis syndrome, prion diseases (such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome, Bovine
1605Spongiform Encephalopathy, Gerstmann-Sfraussler Syndrome, Kura, Scrapie), and cerebral toxoplasmosis.
1606[0785] Additional neurologic diseases which can be treated or detected with fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention include central nervous system neoplasms such as brain neoplasms that include cerebellar neoplasms such as infratentorial neoplasms, cerebral ventricle neoplasms such as choroid plexus neoplasms, hypothalamic neoplasms and supratentorial neoplasms, meningeal neoplasms, spinal cord neoplasms which include epidural neoplasms, demyelinating diseases such as Canavan Diseases, diffuse cerebral sceloris which includes adrenoleukodystrophy, encephalitis periaxialis, globoid cell leukodystrophy, diffuse cerebral sclerosis such as metachromatic leukodystrophy, allergic encephalomyelitis, necrotizing hemoπhagic encephalomyelitis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, multiple sclerosis, central pontine myelinolysis, transverse myelitis, neuromyelitis optica, Scrapie, Swayback, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Visna, High Pressure Nervous Syndrome, Meningism, spinal cord diseases such as amyotonia congenita, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy such as Werdnig-Hoffinann Disease, spinal cord compression, spinal cord neoplasms such as epidural neoplasms, syringomyelia, Tabes Dorsalis, Stiff-Man Syndrome, mental retardation such as Angelman Syndrome, Cri-du-Chat Syndrome, De Lange's Syndrome, Down Syndrome, Gangliosidoses such as gangliosidoses G(M1), Sandhoff Disease, Tay-Sachs Disease, Hartnup Disease, homocystinuria, Laurence-Moon- Biedl Syndrome, Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome, Maple Syrup Urine Disease, mucolipidosis such as. fucosidosis, neuronal ceroid- lipofuscinosis, oculocerebrorenal syndrome, phenylketonuria such as maternal phenylketonuria, Prader-Willi Syndrome, Rett Syndrome, Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome, Tuberous Sclerosis, WAGR Syndrome, nervous system abnormalities such as holoprosencephaly, neural tube defects such as anencephaly which includes hydrangencephaly, Arnold-Chairi Deformity, encephalocele, meningocele, meningomyelocele, spinal dysraphism such as spina bifida cystica and spina bifida occulta. [0786] Additional neurologic diseases which can be freated or detected with fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention include hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies which include Charcot-Marie Disease, Hereditary optic atrophy, Refsum's Disease, hereditary spastic paraplegia, Werdnig- Hoffinann Disease, Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies such as Congenital Analgesia and Familial Dysautonomia, Neurologic manifestations (such as agnosia that include Gerstmann's Syndrome, Amnesia such as retrograde amnesia, apraxia, neurogenic bladder, cataplexy, communicative disorders such as hearing disorders that includes deafness, partial hearing loss, loudness recruitment and tinnitus, language disorders such as aphasia which include agraphia, anomia, broca aphasia, and Wemicke Aphasia, Dyslexia such as Acquired Dyslexia, language development disorders, speech disorders such as aphasia which includes anomia, broca aphasia and Wemicke Aphasia, articulation disorders, communicative disorders such as speech disorders which include dysarthria, echolalia, mutism and stuttering, voice disorders such as aphonia and hoarseness, decerebrate state, delirium, fasciculation, hallucinations, meningism, movement disorders such as angelman syndrome, ataxia, athetosis, chorea, dystonia, hypokinesia, muscle hypotonia, myoclonus, tic, torticollis and tremor, muscle hypertonia such as muscle rigidity such as stiff-man syndrome, muscle spasticity, paralysis such as facial paralysis which includes Heφes Zoster Oticus, Gastroparesis, Hemiplegia, ophthalmoplegia such as diplopia, Duane's Syndrome, Homer's Syndrome, Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia such as Kearns Syndrome, Bulbar Paralysis, Tropical Spastic Paraparesis, Paraplegia such as Brown-Sequard Syndrome, quadriplegia, respiratory paralysis and vocal cord paralysis, paresis, phantom limb, taste disorders such as ageusia and dysgeusia, vision disorders such as amblyopia, blindness, color vision defects, diplopia, hemianopsia, scotoma and subnormal vision, sleep disorders such as hypersomnia which includes Kleine-Levin Syndrome, insomnia, and somnambulism, spasm such as trismus, unconsciousness such as coma, persistent vegetative state and syncope and vertigo, neuromuscular diseases such as amyotonia congenita, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome, motor neuron disease, muscular atrophy such as spinal muscular atrophy, Charcot-Marie Disease and Werdnig-Hoffinann Disease,
1607Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome, Muscular Dystrophy, Myasthenia Gravis, Myotonia Atrophica, Myotonia Confenita, Nemaline Myopathy, Familial Periodic Paralysis, Multiplex Paramyloclonus, Tropical Spastic Paraparesis and Stiff-Man Syndrome, peripheral nervous system diseases such as acrodynia, amyloid neuropathies, autonomic nervous system diseases such as Adie's Syndrome, Baπe-Lieou Syndrome, Familial Dysautonomia, Homer's Syndrome, Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy and Shy-Drager Syndrome, Cranial Nerve Diseases such as Acoustic Nerve Diseases such as Acoustic Neuroma which includes Neurofibromatosis 2, Facial Nerve Diseases such as Facial Neuralgia,Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome, ocular motility disorders which includes amblyopia, nystagmus, oculomotor nerve paralysis, ophthalmoplegia such as Duane's Syndrome, Homer's Syndrome, Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia which includes Keams Syndrome, Sfrabismus such as Esotropia and Exotropia, Oculomotor Nerve Paralysis, Optic Nerve Diseases such as Optic Afrophy which includes Hereditary Optic Atrophy, Optic Disk Drusen, Optic Neuritis such as Neuromyelitis Optica, Papilledema, Trigeminal Neuralgia, Vocal Cord Paralysis, Demyelinating Diseases such as Neuromyelitis Optica and Swayback, and Diabetic neuropathies such as diabetic foot.
1608[0787] Additional neurologic diseases which can be treated or detected with fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention include nerve compression syndromes such as caφal tunnel syndrome, tarsal tunnel syndrome, thoracic outlet syndrome such as cervical rib syndrome, ulnar nerve compression syndrome, neuralgia such as causalgia, cervico-brachial neuralgia, facial neuralgia and trigeminal neuralgia, neuritis such as experimental allergic neuritis, optic neuritis, polyneuritis, polyradiculoneuritis and radiculities such as polyradiculitis, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies such as Charcot-Marie Disease, Hereditary Optic Atrophy, Refsum's Disease, Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia and Werdnig-Hoffinann Disease, Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies which include Congenital Analgesia and Familial Dysautonomia, POEMS Syndrome, Sciatica, Gustatory Sweating and Tetany).
1609Endocrine Disorders
1610[0788] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, may be used to treat, prevent, diagnose, and/or prognose disorders and or diseases related to hormone imbalance, and/or disorders or diseases of the endocrine system.
1611[0789] Hormones secreted by the glands of the endocrine system control physical growth, sexual function, metabolism, and other functions. Disorders may be classified in two ways: disturbances in the production of hormones, and the inability of tissues to respond to hormones. The etiology of these hormone imbalance or endocrine system diseases, disorders or conditions may be genetic, somatic, such as cancer and some autoimmune diseases, acquired (e.g., by chemotherapy, injury or toxins), or infectious. Moreover, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention can be used as a marker or detector of a particular disease or disorder related to the endocrine system and/or hormone imbalance.
1612[0790] Endocrine system and/or hormone imbalance and/or diseases encompass disorders of uterine motility including, but not limited to: complications with pregnancy and labor (e.g., pre-term labor, post-term pregnancy, spontaneous abortion, and slow or stopped labor); and disorders and/or diseases of the menstrual cycle (e.g., dysmenoπhea and endometriosis).
1613[0791] Endocrine system and/or hormone imbalance disorders and/or diseases include disorders and/or diseases of the pancreas, such as, for example, diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, congenital pancreatic agenesis, pheochromocytoma— islet cell tumor syndrome; disorders and or diseases of the adrenal glands such as, for example, Addison's Disease, corticosteroid deficiency, virilizing disease, hirsutism, Gushing' s Syndrome, hyperaldosteronism, pheochromocytoma; disorders and/or diseases of the pituitary gland, such as, for example, hypeφituitarism, hypopituitarism, pituitary dwarfism, pituitary adenoma, panhypopituitarism, acromegaly, gigantism; disorders and/or diseases of the thyroid, including but not limited to, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, Plummer's disease,
1614Graves' disease (toxic diffuse goiter), toxic nodular goiter, thyroiditis (Hashimoto's thyroiditis, subacute granulomatous thyroiditis, and silent lymphocytic thyroiditis), Pendred's syndrome, myxedema, cretinism, thyrotoxicosis, thyroid hormone coupling defect, thymic aplasia, Hurthle cell tumours of the thyroid, thyroid cancer, thyroid carcinoma, Medullary thyroid carcinoma; disorders and/or diseases of the parathyroid, such as, for example, hypeφarathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism; disorders and/or diseases of the hypothalamus.
1615[0792] In addition, endocrine system and/or hormone imbalance disorders and/or diseases may also include disorders and/or diseases of the testes or ovaries, including cancer.
1616Other disorders and/or diseases of the testes or ovaries further include, for example, ovarian cancer, polycystic ovary syndrome, Klinefelter's syndrome, vanishing testes syndrome
1617(bilateral anorchia), congenital absence of Leydig's cells, cryptorchidism, Noonan's syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, capillary haemangioma of the testis (benign), neoplasias of the testis and neo-testis.
1618[0793] Moreover, endocrine system and/or hormone imbalance disorders and/or diseases may also include disorders and/or diseases such as, for example, polyglandular deficiency syndromes, pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, multiple Endocrine neoplasia, and disorders and/or cancers of endocrine tissues.
1619[0794] In another embodiment, albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, may be used to diagnose, prognose, prevent, and/or treat endocrine diseases and/or disorders associated with the tissue(s) in which the Therapeutic protein coπesponding to the Therapeutic protein portion of the albumin protein of the invention is expressed,
1620Reproductive System Disorders
1621[0795] The albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be used for the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of diseases and/or disorders of the reproductive system. Reproductive system disorders that can be treated by the compositions of the invention, include, but are not limited to, reproductive system injuries, infections, neoplastic disorders, congenital defects, and diseases or disorders which result in infertility, complications with pregnancy, labor, or parturition, and postpartum difficulties.
1622[0796] Reproductive system disorders and/or diseases include diseases and/or disorders of the testes, including testicular afrophy, testicular feminization, cryptorchism (unilateral and bilateral), anorchia, ectopic testis, epididymitis and orchitis (typically resulting from infections such as, for example, gonoπhea, mumps, tuberculosis, and syphilis), testicular torsion, vasitis nodosa, germ cell tumors (e.g., seminomas, embryonal cell carcinomas, teratocarcinomas, choriocarcinomas, yolk sac tumors, and teratomas), stromal tumors (e.g., Leydig cell tumors), hydrocele, hematocele, varicocele, spermatocele, inguinal hernia, and disorders of sperm production (e.g., immotile cilia syndrome, aspermia, asthenozoospermia, azoospermia, oligospermia, and teratozoospermia). [0797] . Reproductive system disorders also include disorders of the prostate gland, such as acute non-bacterial prostatitis, chronic non-bacterial prostatitis, acute bacterial prostatitis, chronic bacterial prostatitis, prostatodystonia, prostatosis, granulomatous prostatitis, malacoplakia, benign prostatic hypertrophy or hypeφlasia, and prostate neoplastic disorders, including adenocarcinomas, transitional cell carcinomas, ductal carcinomas, and squamous cell carcinomas.
1623[0798] Additionally, the compositions of the invention may be useful in the diagnosis, treatment, and/or prevention of disorders or diseases of the penis and urethra, including inflammatory disorders, such as balanoposthitis, balanitis xerotica obliterans, phimosis, paraphimosis, syphilis, heφes simplex vims, gonoπhea, non-gonococcal urethritis, chlamydia, mycoplasma, trichomonas, HIV, AIDS, Reiter' s syndrome, condyloma acuminatum, condyloma latum, and pearly penile papules; urethral abnormalities, such as hypospadias, epispadias, and phimosis; premalignant lesions, including Erythroplasia of Queyrat, Bowen's disease, Bowenoid paplosis, giant condyloma of Buscke-Lowenstein, and varrucous carcinoma; penile cancers, including squamous cell carcinomas, carcinoma in situ, verracous carcinoma, and disseminated penile carcinoma; urethral neoplastic disorders, including penile urethral carcinoma, bulbomembranous urethral carcinoma, and prostatic urethral carcinoma; and erectile disorders, such as priapism, Peyronie's disease, erectile dysfunction, and impotence.
1624[0799] Moreover, diseases and/or disorders of the vas deferens include vasculititis and CBAVD (congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens); additionally, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be used in the diagnosis, treatment, and/or prevention of diseases and/or disorders of the seminal vesicles, including hydatid disease, congenital chloride diarrhea, and polycystic kidney disease.
1625[0800] Other disorders and/or diseases of the male reproductive system include, for example, Klinefelter's syndrome, Young's syndrome, premature ejaculation, diabetes mellitus, cystic fibrosis, Kartagener's syndrome, high fever, multiple sclerosis, and gynecomastia.
1626[0801] Further, the polynucleotides, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be used in the diagnosis, treatment, and or prevention of diseases and/or disorders of the vagina and vulva, including bacterial vaginosis, Candida vaginitis, heφes simplex virus, chancroid, granuloma inguinale, lynaphogranuloma venereum, scabies, human papillomavirus, vaginal trauma, vulvar trauma, adenosis, chlamydia vaginitis, gonoπhea, trichomonas vaginitis, condyloma acuminatum, syphilis, molluscum contagiosum, atrophic vaginitis, Paget's disease, lichen sclerosus, lichen planus, vulvodynia, toxic shock syndrome, vaginismus, vulvovaginitis, vulvar vestibulitis, and neoplastic disorders, such as squamous cell hypeφlasia, clear cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, melanomas, cancer of Bartholin's gland, and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia.
1627[0802] Disorders and/or diseases of the uterus include dysmenoπhea, retroverted uteras, endometriosis, fibroids, adenomyosis, anovulatory bleeding, amenoπhea, Gushing' s syndrome, hydatidiform moles, Asherman's syndrome, premature menopause, precocious puberty, uterine polyps, dysfunctional uterine bleeding (e.g., due to abeπant hormonal signals), and neoplastic disorders, such as adenocarcinomas, keiomyosarcomas, and sarcomas. Additionally, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be useful as a marker or detector of, as well as in the diagnosis, treatment, and/or prevention of congenital uterine abnormalities, such as bicomuate uterus, septate uterus, simple unicomuate uterus, unicomuate uteras with a noncavitary rudimentary horn, unicomuate uterus with a non-communicating cavitary rudimentary hom, unicomuate uterus with a communicating cavitary hom, arcuate uteras, uterine didelfus, and T-shaped uteras.
1628[0803] Ovarian diseases and/or disorders include anovulation, polycystic ovary syndrome (Stein-Leventhal syndrome), ovarian cysts, ovarian hypofunction, ovarian insensitivity to gonadotropins, ovarian oveφroduction of androgens, right ovarian vein syndrome, amenoπhea, hiratism, and ovarian cancer (including, but not limited to, primary and secondary cancerous growth, Sertoli-Leydig tumors, endometriod carcinoma of the ovary, ovarian papillary serous adenocarcinoma, ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma, and Ovarian
1629Krukenberg tumors).
1630[0804] Cervical diseases and/or disorders include cervicitis, chronic cervicitis, mucopuralent cervicitis, cervical dysplasia, cervical polyps, Nabotbian cysts, cervical erosion, cervical incompetence, and cervical neoplasms (including, for example, cervical carcinoma, squamous metaplasia, squamous cell carcinoma, adenosquamous cell neoplasia, and columnar cell neoplasia).
1631[0805] Additionally, diseases and/or disorders of the reproductive system include disorders and/or diseases of pregnancy, including miscarriage and stillbirth, such as early abortion, late abortion, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion, therapeutic abortion, threatened abortion, missed abortion, incomplete abortion, complete abortion, habitual abortion, missed abortion, and septic abortion; ectopic pregnancy, anemia, Rh incompatibility, vaginal bleeding during pregnancy, gestational diabetes, intrauterine growth retardation, polyhydramnios, HELLP syndrome, abruptio placentae, placenta previa, hyperemesis, preeclampsia, eclampsia, heφes gestationis, and urticaria of pregnancy.
1632Additionally, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be used in the diagnosis, freatment, and/or prevention of diseases that can complicate pregnancy, including heart disease, heart failure, rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease, mitral valve prolapse, high blood pressure, anemia, kidney disease, infectious disease (e.g., rubella, cytomegaloviras, toxoplasmosis, infectious hepatitis, chlamydia, HIV, AIDS, and genital heφes), diabetes mellitus, Graves' disease, thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver, primary biliary ciπhosis, asthma, systemic lupus eryematosis, rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic puφura, appendicitis, ovarian cysts, gallbladder disorders,and obstruction of the intestine.
1633[0806] Complications associated with labor and parturition include premature rapture of the membranes, pre-term labor, post-term pregnancy, postmaturity, labor that progresses too slowly, fetal distress (e.g., abnormal heart rate (fetal or maternal), breathing problems, and abnormal fetal position), shoulder dystocia, prolapsed umbilical cord, amniotic fluid embolism, and abeπant uterine bleeding.
1634[0807] Further, diseases and/or disorders of the postdelivery period, including endometritis, myometritis, parametritis, peritonitis, pelvic thrombophlebitis, pulmonary embolism, endotoxemia, pyelonephritis, saphenous thrombophlebitis, mastitis, cystitis, postpartum hemoπhage, and inverted uteras.
1635[0808] Other disorders and/or diseases of the female reproductive system that may be diagnosed, treated, and/or prevented by the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention include, for example, Turner's syndrome, pseudohermaphroditism, premenstrual syndrome, pelvic inflammatory disease, pelvic congestion (vascular engorgement), frigidity, anorgasmia, dyspareunia, ruptured fallopian tube, and Mittelschmerz.
1636Infectious Disease
1637[0809] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention can be used to treat or detect infectious agents. For example, by increasing the immune response, particularly increasing the proliferation and differentiation of B and/or T cells, infectious diseases may be treated. The immune response may be increased by either enhancing an existing immune response, or by initiating a new immune response. Alternatively, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may also directly inhibit the infectious agent, without necessarily eliciting an immune response.
1638[0810] Viruses are one example of an infectious agent that can cause disease or symptoms that can be treated or detected by albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention. Examples of viruses, include, but are not limited to Examples of virases, include, but are not limited to the following DNA and RNA virases and viral families: Arbovirus, Adenoviridae, Arenaviridae,
1639Arterivirus, Birnaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Caliciviridae, Circoviridae, Coronaviridae, Dengue,
1640EBV, HTV, Flaviviridae, Hepadnaviridae (Hepatitis), Heφesviridae (such as,
1641Cytomegaloviras, Heφes Simplex, Heφes Zoster), Mononegaviras (e.g., Paramyxoviridae,
1642Morbillivims, Rhabdoviridae), Orthomyxoviridae (e.g., Influenza A, Influenza B, and parainfluenza), Papiloma vims, Papovaviridae, Parvoviridae, Picornaviridae, Poxviridae
1643(such as Smallpox or Vaccinia), Reoviridae (e.g., Rotavims), Retroviridae (HTLV-I, HTLV- π, Lentiviras), and Togaviridae (e.g., Rubivirus). Viruses falling within these families can cause a variety of diseases or symptoms, including, but not limited to: arthritis, bronchiollitis, respiratory syncytial virus, encephalitis, eye infections (e.g., conjunctivitis, keratitis), chronic fatigue syndrome, hepatitis (A, B, C, E, Chronic Active, Delta), Japanese B encephalitis,
1644Junin, Chikungunya, Rift Valley fever, yellow fever, meningitis, opportunistic infections
1645(e.g., ADDS), pneumonia, Burkitt's Lymphoma, chickenpox, hemoπhagic fever, Measles,
1646Mumps, Parainfluenza, Rabies, the common cold, Polio, leukemia, Rubella, sexually transmitted diseases, skin diseases (e.g., Kaposi's, warts), and viremia. Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, can be used to freat or detect any of these symptoms or diseases. In specific embodiments, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used to freat: meningitis, Dengue, EBV, and/or hepatitis
1647(e.g., hepatitis B). In an additional specific embodiment fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used to treat patients nonresponsive to one or more other commercially available hepatitis vaccines. In a further specific embodiment fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used to treat AIDS.
1648[0811] Similarly, bacterial and fungal agents that can cause disease or symptoms and that can be treated or detected by albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention include, but not limited to, the following Gram-Negative and Gram-positive bacteria, bacterial families, and fungi:
1649Actinomyces (e.g., Norcardia), Acinetobacter, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus,
1650BaciUaceae (e.g., Bacillus anthrasis), Bacteroides (e.g., Bacteroides fragilis), Blastomycosis,
1651Bordetella, Boπelia (e.g., Borrelia burgdorferi), Bracella, Candidia, Campylobacter,
1652Chlamydia, Clostridium (e.g., Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium dificile, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani), Coccidioides, Corynebacterium (e.g., Corynebacterium diptheriae), Cryptococcus, Dermatocycoses, E. coli (e.g., Enterotoxigenic E. coli and Enterohemoπhagic E. coli), Enterobacter (e.g. Enterobacter aerogenes), Enterobacteriaceae (Klebsiella, Salmonella (e.g., Salmonella typhi, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhi), Seπatia, Yersinia, Shigella), Erysipelothrix, Haemophilus (e.g., Haemophilus influenza type B), Helicobacter, Legionella (e.g., Legionella pneumophila), Leptospira, Listeria (e.g., Listeria monocytogenes), Mycoplasma, Mycobacterium (e.g., Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis), Vibrio (e.g., Vibrio cholerae), Neisseriaceae (e.g., Neisseria gonorrhea, Neisseria meningitidis), Pasteurellacea, Proteus, Pseudomonas (e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa), Rickettsiaceae, Spirochetes (e.g., Treponema spp., Leptospira spp., Boπelia spp.), Shigella spp., Staphylococcus (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus), Meningiococcus, Pneumococcus and Streptococcus (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae and Groups A, B, and C Streptococci), and Ureaplasmas. These bacterial, parasitic, and fungal families can cause diseases or symptoms, including, but not limited to: antibiotic-resistant infections, bacteremia, endocarditis, septicemia, eye infections (e.g., conjunctivitis), uveitis, tuberculosis, gingivitis, bacterial diaπhea, opportunistic infections (e.g., AIDS related infections), paronychia, prosthesis-related infections, dental caries, Reiter's Disease, respiratory tract infections, such as Whooping Cough or Empyema, sepsis, Lyme Disease, Cat-Scratch Disease, dysentery, paratyphoid fever, food poisoning, Legionella disease, chronic and acute inflammation, erythema, yeast infections, typhoid, pneumonia, gonoπhea, meningitis (e.g., mengitis types A and B), chlamydia, syphillis, diphtheria, leprosy, brucellosis, peptic ulcers, anthrax, spontaneous abortions, birth defects, pneumonia, lung infections, ear infections, deafness, blindness, lethargy, malaise, vomiting, chronic diarrhea, Crohn's disease, colitis, vaginosis, sterility, pelvic inflammatory diseases, candidiasis, paratuberculosis, tuberculosis, lupus, botulism, gangrene, tetanus, impetigo, Rheumatic Fever, Scarlet Fever, sexually transmitted diseases, skin diseases (e.g., cellulitis, dermatocycoses), toxemia, urinary tract infections, wound infections, noscomial infections. Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, can be used to freat or detect any of these symptoms or diseases. In specific embodiments, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention are used to freat: tetanus, diptheria, botulism, and/or meningitis type B. [0812] Moreover, parasitic agents causing disease or symptoms that can be treated, prevented, and/or diagnosed by fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention include, but not limited to, the following families or class: Amebiasis, Babesiosis, Coccidiosis, Cryptosporidiosis, Dientamoebiasis, Dourine, Ectoparasitic, Giardias, Helminthiasis, Leishmaniasis, Schistisoma, Theileriasis, Toxoplasmosis, Trypanosomiasis, and Trichomonas and Sporozoans (e.g., Plasmodium virax, Plasmodium falciparium, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale). These parasites can cause a variety of diseases or symptoms, including, but not limited to: Scabies, Trombiculiasis, eye infections, intestinal disease (e.g., dysentery, giardiasis), liver disease, lung disease, opportunistic infections (e.g., AIDS related), malaria, pregnancy complications, and toxoplasmosis. Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fiision proteins of the invention, can be used to treat, prevent, and/or diagnose any of these symptoms or diseases. In specific embodiments, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fiision proteins of the invention are used to treat, prevent, and/or diagnose malaria.
1653[0813] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention could either be by administering an effective amount of an albumin fusion protein of the invention to the patient, or by removing cells from the patient, supplying the cells with a polynucleotide of the present invention, and returning the engineered cells to the patient (ex vivo therapy). Moreover, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention can be used as an antigen in a vaccine to raise an immune response against infectious disease.
1654Regeneration
1655[0814] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention can be used to differentiate, proliferate, and attract cells, leading to the regeneration of tissues. (See, Science 276:59-87 (1997)). The regeneration of tissues could be used to repair, replace, or protect tissue damaged by congenital defects, frauma (wounds, bums, incisions, or ulcers), age, disease (e.g. osteoporosis, osteocarthritis, periodontal disease, liver failure), surgery, including cosmetic plastic surgery, fibrosis, reperfiision injury, or systemic cytokine damage.
1656[0815] Tissues that could be regenerated using the present invention include organs
1657(e.g., pancreas, liver, intestine, kidney, skin, endothelium), muscle (smooth, skeletal or cardiac), vasculature (including vascular and lymphatics), nervous, hematopoietic, and skeletal (bone, cartilage, tendon, and ligament) tissue. Preferably, regeneration occurs without or decreased scarring. Regeneration also may include angiogenesis. [0816] Moreover, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, may increase regeneration of tissues difficult to heal. For example, increased tendon/ligament regeneration would quicken recovery time after damage. Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention could also be used prophylactically in an effort to avoid damage. Specific diseases that could be treated include of tendinitis, caφal tunnel syndrome, and other tendon or ligament defects. A further example of tissue regeneration of non-healing wounds includes pressure ulcers, ulcers associated with vascular insufficiency, surgical, and traumatic wounds.
1658[0817] Similarly, nerve and brain tissue could also be regenerated by using fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, to proliferate and differentiate nerve cells. Diseases that could be treated using this method include central and peripheral nervous system diseases, neuropathies, or mechanical and traumatic disorders (e.g., spinal cord disorders, head trauma, cerebrovascular disease, and stoke). Specifically, diseases associated with peripheral nerve injuries, peripheral neuropathy (e.g., resulting from chemotherapy or other medical therapies), localized neuropathies, and central nervous system diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Shy-Drager syndrome), could all be treated using the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention.
1659Gastrointestinal Disorders
1660[0818] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, may be used to treat, prevent, diagnose, and/or prognose gastrointestinal disorders, including inflammatory diseases and or conditions, infections, cancers (e.g., intestinal neoplasms (carcinoid tumor of the small intestine, non- Hodgkin's lymphoma of the small intestine, small bowl lymphoma)), and ulcers, such as peptic ulcers.
1661[0819] Gastrointestinal disorders include dysphagia, odynophagia, inflammation of the esophagus, peptic esophagitis, gastric reflux, submucosal fibrosis and stricturing, Mallory- Weiss lesions, leiomyomas, lipomas, epidermal cancers, adeoncarcinomas, gastric retention disorders, gastroenteritis, gastric atrophy, gastric/stomach cancers, polyps of the stomach, autoimmune disorders such as pernicious anemia, pyloric stenosis, gastritis (bacterial, viral, eosinophilic, stress-induced, chronic erosive, atrophic, plasma cell, and Menetrier's), and peritoneal diseases (e.g., chyloperioneum, hemoperitoneum, mesenteric cyst, mesenteric lymphadenitis, mesenteric vascular occlusion, panniculitis, neoplasms, peritonitis, pneumoperitoneum, bubphrenic abscess,).
1662[0820] <sup>"</sup> Gastrointestinal disorders also include disorders associated with the small intestine, such as malabsoφtion syndromes, distension, irritable bowel syndrome, sugar intolerance, celiac disease, duodenal ulcers, duodenitis, tropical sprue, Whipple's disease, intestinal lymphangiectasia, Crohn's disease, appendicitis, obstructions of the ileum, Meckel's diverticulum, multiple diverticula, failure of complete rotation of the small and large intestine, lymphoma, and bacterial and parasitic diseases (such as Traveler's diaπhea, typhoid and paratyphoid, cholera, infection by Roundworms (Ascariasis lumbricoides), Hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale), Threadworms (Enterobius vermicularis), Tapeworms (Taenia saginata, Echinococcus granulosus, Diphyllobothrium spp., and T. solium). [0821] Liver diseases and/or disorders include infra-hepatic cholestasis (alagille syndrome, biliary liver cirrhosis), fatty liver (alcoholic fatty liver, reye syndrome), hepatic vein thrombosis, hepatolentricular degeneration, hepatomegaly, hepatopulmonary syndrome, hepatorenal syndrome, portal hypertension (esophageal and gastric varices), liver abscess (amebic liver abscess), liver ciπhosis (alcoholic, biliary and experimental), alcoholic liver diseases (fatty liver, hepatitis, ciπhosis), parasitic (hepatic echinococcosis, fascioliasis, amebic liver abscess), jaundice (hemolytic, hepatocellular, and cholestatic), cholestasis, portal hypertension, liver enlargement, ascites, hepatitis (alcoholic hepatitis, animal hepatitis, chronic hepatitis (autoimmune, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, drag induced), toxic hepatitis, viral human hepatitis (hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, hepatitis E), Wilson's disease, granulomatous hepatitis, secondary biliary ciπhosis, hepatic encephalopathy, portal hypertension, varices, hepatic encephalopathy, primary biliary ciπhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, hepatocellular adenoma, hemangiomas, bile stones, liver failure (hepatic encephalopathy, acute liver failure), and liver neoplasms (angiomyolipoma, calcified liver metastases, cystic liver metastases, epithelial tumors, fibrolamellar hepatocarcinoma, focal nodular hypeφlasia, hepatic adenoma, hepatobihary cystadenoma, hepatoblastoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatoma, liver cancer, liver hemangioendothelioma, mesenchymal hamartoma, mesenchymal tumors of liver, nodular regenerative hypeφlasia, benign liver tumors (Hepatic cysts [Simple cysts, Polycystic liver disease, Hepatobihary cystadenoma, Choledochal cyst], Mesenchymal tumors [Mesenchymal hamartoma, Infantile hemangioendothelioma, Hemangioma, Peliosis hepatis, Lipomas,
1663Inflammatory pseudotumor, Miscellaneous], Epithelial tumors [Bile duct epithelium (Bile duct hamartoma, Bile duct adenoma), Hepatocyte (Adenoma, Focal nodular hypeφlasia,
1664Nodular regenerative hypeφlasia)], malignant liver tumors [hepatocellular, hepatoblastoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocellular, cholangiocarcinoma, cystadenocarcinoma, tumors of blood vessels, angiosarcoma, Kaφosi's sarcoma, hemangioendothelioma, other tumors, embryonal sarcoma, fibrosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, carcinosarcoma, teratoma, carcinoid, squamous carcinoma, primary lymphoma]), peliosis hepatis, erythrohepatic poφhyria, hepatic poφhyria (acute intermittent poφhyria, poφhyria cutanea tarda), Zellweger syndrome).
1665[0822] Pancreatic diseases and/or disorders include acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis (acute necrotizing pancreatitis, alcoholic pancreatitis), neoplasms
1666(adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, cystadenocarcinoma, insulinoma, gastrinoma, and glucagonoma, cystic neoplasms, islet-cell tumors, pancreoblastoma), and other pancreatic diseases (e.g., cystic fibrosis, cyst (pancreatic pseudocyst, pancreatic fistula, insufficiency)).
1667[0823] Gallbladder diseases include gallstones (cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis), postcholecystectomy syndrome, diverticulosis of the gallbladder, acute cholecystitis, chronic cholecystitis, bile duct tumors, and mucocele.
1668[0824] <sub>t</sub> Diseases and/or disorders of the large intestine include antibiotic-associated colitis, diverticulitis, ulcerative colitis, acquired megacolon, abscesses, fungal and bacterial infections, anorectal disorders (e.g., fissures, hemoπhoids), colonic diseases (colitis, colonic neoplasms [colon cancer, adenomatous colon polyps (e.g., villous adenoma), colon carcinoma, colorectal cancer], colonic diverticulitis, colonic diverticulosis, megacolon
1669[Hirschsprang disease, toxic megacolon]; sigmoid diseases [proctocolitis, sigmoin neoplasms]), constipation, Crohn's disease, diaπhea (infantile diarrhea, dysentery), duodenal diseases (duodenal neoplasms, duodenal obstruction, duodenal ulcer, duodenitis), enteritis
1670(enterocolitis), HIV enteropathy, ileal diseases (ileal neoplasms, ileitis), immunoproliferative small intestinal disease, inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease), intestinal atresia, parasitic diseases (anisakiasis, balantidiasis, blastocystis infections, cryptosporidiosis, dientamoebiasis, amebic dysentery, giardiasis), intestinal fistula (rectal fismla), intestinal neoplasms (cecal neoplasms, colonic neoplasms, duodenal neoplasms, ileal neoplasms, intestinal polyps, jejunal neoplasms, rectal neoplasms), intestinal obstruction
1671(afferent loop syndrome, duodenal obstruction, impacted feces, intestinal pseudo-obstruction
1672[cecal volvulus], intussusception), intestinal perforation, intestinal polyps (colonic polyps, gardner syndrome, peutz-jeghers syndrome), jejunal diseases (jejunal neoplasms), malabsoφtion syndromes (blind loop syndrome, celiac disease, lactose intolerance, short bowl syndrome, tropical sprue, whipple's disease), mesenteric vascular occlusion, pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis, protein-losing enteropathies (intestinal lymphagiectasis), rectal diseases (anus diseases, fecal incontinence, hemoπhoids, proctitis, rectal fistula, rectal prolapse, rectocele), peptic ulcer (duodenal ulcer, peptic esophagitis, hemoπhage, perforation, stomach ulcer, Zollinger-EUison syndrome), postgastrectomy syndromes
1673(dumping syndrome), stomach diseases (e.g., achlorhydria, duodenogastric reflux (bile reflux), gastric antral vascular ectasia, gastric fistula, gastric outlet obstruction, gastritis
1674(atrophic or hypertrophic), gastroparesis, stomach dilatation, stomach diverticulum, stomach neoplasms (gastric cancer, gastric polyps, gastric adenocarcinoma, hypeφlastic gastric polyp), stomach rapture, stomach ulcer, stomach volvulus), tuberculosis, visceroptosis, vomiting (e.g., hematemesis, hyperemesis gravidaram, postoperative nausea and vomiting) and hemoπhagic colitis.
1675[0825] Further diseases and/or disorders of the gastrointestinal system include biliary tract diseases, such as, gastroschisis, fistula (e.g., biliary fistula, esophageal fistula, gastric fistula, intestinal fistula, pancreatic fistula), neoplasms (e.g., biliary tract neoplasms, esophageal neoplasms, such as adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, gastrointestinal neoplasms, pancreatic neoplasms, such as adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, mucinous cystic neoplasm of the pancreas, pancreatic cystic neoplasms, pancreatoblastoma, and peritoneal neoplasms), esophageal disease (e.g., bullous diseases, candidiasis, glycogenic acanthosis, ulceration, barrett esophagus varices, atresia, cyst, diverticulum (e.g., Zenker's diverticulum), fistula (e.g., fracheoesophageal fistula), motility disorders (e.g., CREST syndrome, deglutition disorders, achalasia, spasm, gastroesophageal reflux), neoplasms, perforation (e.g., Boerhaave syndrome, Mallory-Weiss syndrome), stenosis, esophagitis, diaphragmatic hernia (e.g., hiatal hernia); gastrointestinal diseases, such as, gastroenteritis (e.g., cholera morbus, norwalk vims infection), hemoπhage (e.g., hematemesis, melena, peptic ulcer hemoπhage), stomach neoplasms (gastric cancer, gastric polyps, gastric adenocarcinoma, stomach cancer)), hernia (e.g., congenital diaphragmatic hernia, femoral hernia, inguinal hernia, obturator hernia, umbilical hernia, ventral hernia), and intestinal diseases (e.g., cecal diseases (appendicitis, cecal neoplasms)).
1676Chemotaxis
1677[0826] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may have chemotaxis activity. A chemotaxic molecule attracts or mobilizes cells (e.g., monocytes, fibroblasts, neutrophils, T-cells, mast cells, eosinophils, epithelial and/or endothelial cells) to a particular site in the body, such as inflammation, infection, or site of hypeφroliferation. The mobilized cells can then fight off and/or heal the particular frauma or abnormality.
1678[0827] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may increase chemotaxic activity of particular cells. These chemotactic molecules can then be used to freat inflammation, infection, hypeφroliferative disorders, or any immune system disorder by increasing the number of cells targeted to a particular location in the body. For example, chemotaxic molecules can be used to treat wounds and other frauma to tissues by attracting immune cells to the injured location. Chemotactic molecules of the present invention can also attract fibroblasts, which can be used to treat wounds.
1679[0828] It is also contemplated that fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may inhibit chemotactic activity. These molecules could also be used to treat disorders. Thus, fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention could be used as an inhibitor of chemotaxis.
1680Binding Activity
1681[0829] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention may be used to screen for molecules that bind to the Therapeutic protein portion of the fusion protein or for molecules to which the Therapeutic protein portion of the fusion protein binds. The binding of the fusion protein and the molecule may activate (agonist), increase, inhibit (antagonist), or decrease activity of the fusion protein or the molecule bound. Examples of such molecules include antibodies, oligonucleotides, proteins (e.g., receptors), or small molecules.
1682[0830] Preferably, the molecule is closely related to the natural ligand of the
1683Therapeutic protein portion of the fusion protein of the invention, e.g., a fragment of the ligand, or a natural substrate, a ligand, a structural or functional mimetic. (See, Coligan et al., Cuπent Protocols in Immunology l(2):Chapter 5 (1991)). Similarly, the molecule can be closely related to the natural receptor to which the Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention binds, or at least, a fragment of the receptor capable of being bound by the Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention (e.g., active site). In either case, the molecule can be rationally designed using known techniques. [0831] Preferably, the screening for these molecules involves producing appropriate cells which express the albumin fusion proteins of the invention. Prefeπed cells include cells from mammals, yeast, Drosophila, or E. coli.
1684[0832] The assay may simply test binding of a candidate compound to an albumin fusion protein of the invention, wherein binding is detected by a label, or in an assay involving competition with a labeled competitor. Further, the assay may test whether the candidate compound results in a signal generated by binding to the fusion protein. [0833] Alternatively, the assay can be carried out using cell-free preparations, fusion protein/molecule affixed to a solid support, chemical libraries, or natural product mixtures. The assay may also simply comprise the steps of mixing a candidate compound with a solution containing an albumin fiision protein, measuring fusion protein/molecule activity or binding, and comparing the fiision protein/molecule activity or binding to a standard. [0834] Preferably, an ELISA assay can measure fusion protein level or activity in a sample (e.g., biological sample) using a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody. The antibody can measure fusion protein level or activity by either binding, directly or indirectly, to the albumin fusion protein or by competing with the albumin fusion protein for a substrate. [0835] Additionally, the receptor to which a Therapeutic protein portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention binds can be identified by numerous methods known to those of skill in the art, for example, ligand panning and FACS sorting (Coligan, et al., Cuπent Protocols in Immun., 1(2), Chapter 5, (1991)). For example, in cases wherein the Therapeutic protein portion of the fusion protein coπesponds to FGF, expression cloning may be employed wherein polyadenylated RNA is prepared from a cell responsive to the albumin fusion protein, for example, NIH3T3 cells which are known to contain multiple receptors for the FGF family proteins, and SC-3 cells, and a cDNA library created from this RNA is divided into pools and used to transfect COS cells or other cells that are not responsive to the albumin fusion protein. Transfected cells which are grown on glass slides are exposed to the albumin fusion protein of the present invention, after they have been labeled. The albumin fusion proteins can be labeled by a variety of means including iodination or inclusion of a recognition site for a site-specific protein kinase.
1685[0836] Following fixation and incubation, the slides are subjected to auto- radiographic analysis. Positive pools are identified and sub-pools are prepared and re- transfected using an iterative sub-pooling and re-screening process, eventually yielding a single clones that encodes the putative receptor.
1686[0837] As an alternative approach for receptor identification, a labeled albumin fusion protein can be photoaffinity linked with cell membrane or extract preparations that express the receptor molecule for the Therapeutoc protein component of an albumin fusion protein of the invention, the linked material may be resolved by PAGE analysis and exposed to X-ray film. The labeled complex containing the receptors of the fusion protein can be excised, resolved into peptide fragments, and subjected to protein microsequencing. The amino acid sequence obtained from microsequencing would be used to design a set of degenerate oligonucleotide probes to screen a cDNA library to identify the genes encoding the putative receptors.
1687[0838] Moreover, the techniques of gene-shuffling, motif-shuffling, exon-shuffling, and/or codon-shufϊling (collectively refeπed to as "DNA shuffling") may be employed to modulate the activities of the fusion protein, and/or Therapeutic protein portion or albumin component of an albumin fusion protein of the present invention, thereby effectively generating agonists and antagonists of an albumin fusion protein of the present invention.
1688See generally, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,605,793, 5,811,238, 5,830,721, 5,834,252, and 5,837,458, and Patten, P. A., et al, Curr. Opinion Biotechnol. 8:724-33 (1997); Harayama, S. Trends
1689Biotechnol. 16(2):76-82 (1998); Hansson, L. O., et al, J. Mol. Biol. 287:265-76 (1999); and
1690Lorenzo, M. M. and Blasco, R. Biotechniques 24(2):308-13 (1998); each of these patents and publications are hereby incoφorated by reference). In one embodiment, alteration of polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention and thus, the albumin fusion proteins encoded thereby, may be achieved by DNA shuffling. DNA shuffling involves the assembly of two or more DNA segments into a desired molecule by homologous, or site-specific, recombination. In another embodiment, polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention and thus, the albumin fusion proteins encoded thereby, may be altered by being subjected to random mutagenesis by error-prone
1691PCR, random nucleotide insertion or other methods prior to recombination. In another embodiment, one or more components, motifs, sections, parts, domains, fragments, etc., of an albumin fusion protein of the present invention may be recombined with one or more components, motifs, sections, parts, domains, fragments, etc. of one or more heterologous molecules. In prefeπed embodiments, the heterologous molecules are family members. In further prefeπed embodiments, the heterologous molecule is a growth factor such as, for example, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I), transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha, epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), TGF-beta, bone moφhogenetic protein (BMP)-2, BMP-4, BMP-5, BMP-6, BMP-7, activins A and B, decapentaplegic(dpp), 60A, OP-2, dorsalin, growth differentiation factors (GDFs), nodal, MIS, inhibin-alpha, TGF-betal, TGF-beta2, TGF-beta3, TGF-beta5, and glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF).
1692[0839] Other prefeπed fragments are biologically active fragments of the Therapeutic protein portion and/or albumin component of the albumin fusion proteins of the present invention. Biologically active fragments are those exhibiting activity similar, but not necessarily identical, to an activity of a Therapeutic protein portion and/or albumin component of the albumin fusion proteins of the present invention. The biological activity of the fragments may include an improved desired activity, or a decreased undesirable activity. [0840] Additionally, this invention provides a method of screening compounds to identify those which modulate the action of an albumin fusion protein of the present invention. An example of such an assay comprises combining a mammalian fibroblast cell, an albumin fusion protein of the present invention, and the compound to be screened and
16933[H] thymidine under cell culture conditions where the fibroblast cell would normally proliferate. A control assay may be performed in the absence of the compound to be screened and compared to the amount of fibroblast proliferation in the presence of the compound to determine if the compound stimulates proliferation by determining the uptake of 3[H] thymidine in each case. The amount of fibroblast cell proliferation is measured by liquid scintillation chromatography which measures the incoφoration of 3[H] thymidine. Both agonist and antagonist compounds may be identified by this procedure. [0841] In another method, a mammalian cell or membrane preparation expressing a receptor for the Therapeutic protien component of a fusion protine of the invention is incubated with a labeled fusion protein of the present invention in the presence of the compound. The ability of the compound to enhance or block this interaction could then be measured. Alternatively, the response of a known second messenger system following interaction of a compound to be screened and the receptor is measured and the ability of the compound to bind to the receptor and elicit a second messenger response is measured to determine if the compound is a potential fusion protein. Such second messenger systems include but are not limited to, cAMP guanylate cyclase, ion channels or phosphoinositide hydrolysis.
1694[0842] All of these above assays can be used as diagnostic or prognostic markers.
1695The molecules discovered using these assays can be used to treat disease or to bring about a particular result in a patient (e.g., blood vessel growth) by activating or inhibiting the fusion protein/molecule. Moreover, the assays can discover agents which may inhibit or enhance the production of the albumin fusion proteins of the invention from suitably manipulated cells or tissues.
1696[0843] Therefore, the invention includes a method of identifying compounds which bind to an albumin fusion protein of the invention comprising the steps of: (a) incubating a candidate binding compound with an albumin fusion protein of the present invention; and (b) determining if binding has occurred. Moreover, the invention includes a method of identifying agonists/antagonists comprising the steps of: (a) incubating a candidate compound with an albumin fusion protein of the present invention, (b) assaying a biological activity, and (b) determining if a biological activity of the fusion protein has been altered.
1697Targeted Delivery
1698[0844] In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of delivering compositions to targeted cells expressing a receptor for a component of an albumin fusion protein of the invention.
1699[0845] As discussed herein, fusion proteins of the invention may be associated with heterologous polypeptides, heterologous nucleic acids, toxins, or prodrugs via hydrophobic, hydrophilic, ionic and/or covalent interactions. In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for the specific delivery of compositions of the invention to cells by administering fusion proteins of the invention (including antibodies) that are associated with heterologous polypeptides or nucleic acids. In one example, the invention provides a method for delivering a Therapeutic protein into the targeted cell. In another example, the invention provides a method for delivering a single stranded nucleic acid (e.g., antisense or ribozymes) or double stranded nucleic acid (e.g., DNA that can integrate into the cell's genome or replicate episomally and that can be transcribed) into the targeted cell. [0846] In another embodiment, the invention provides a method for the specific destruction of cells (e.g., the destruction of tumor cells) by administering an albumin fusion protein of the invention (e.g., polypeptides of the invention or antibodies of the invention) in association with toxins or cytotoxic prodrugs.
1700[0847] By "toxin" is meant compounds that bind and activate endogenous cytotoxic effector systems, radioisotopes, holotoxins, modified toxins, catalytic subunits of toxins, or any molecules or enzymes not normally present in or on the surface of a cell that under defined conditions cause the cell's death. Toxins that may be used according to the methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, radioisotopes known in the art, compounds such as, for example, antibodies (or complement fixing containing portions thereof) that bind an inherent or induced endogenous cytotoxic effector system, thymidine kinase, endonuclease, RNAse, alpha toxin, ricin, abrin, Pseudomonas exotoxin A, diphtheria toxin, saporin, momordin, gelonin, pokeweed antiviral protein, alpha-sarcin and cholera toxin. By "cytotoxic prodrug" is meant a non-toxic compound that is converted by an enzyme, normally present in the cell, into a cytotoxic compound. Cytotoxic prodrugs that may be used according to the methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, glutamyl derivatives of benzoic acid mustard alkylating agent, phosphate derivatives of etoposide or mitomycin C, cytosine arabinoside, daunorubisin, and phenoxyacetamide derivatives of doxorubicin.
1701Drug Screening
1702[08481 Further contemplated is the use of the albumin fusion proteins of the present invention, or the polynucleotides encoding these fusion proteins, to screen for molecules which modify the activities of the albumin fusion protein of the present invention or proteins coπesponding to the Therapeutic protein portion of the albumin fusion protein. Such a method would include contacting the fusion protein with a selected compound(s) suspected of having antagonist or agonist activity, and assaying the activity of the fusion protein following binding.
1703[0849] This invention is particularly useful for screening therapeutic compounds by using the albumin fusion proteins of the present invention, or binding fragments thereof, in any of a variety of drag screening techniques. The albumin fusion protein employed in such a test may be affixed to a solid support, expressed on a cell surface, free in solution, or located infracellularly. One method of drag screening utilizes eukaryotic or prokaryotic host cells which are stably transformed with recombinant nucleic acids expressing the albumin fusion protein. Drugs are screened against such transformed cells or supernatants obtained from culturing such cells, in competitive binding assays. One may measure, for example, the formulation of complexes between the agent being tested and an albumin fusion protein of the present invention.
1704[0850] Thus, the present invention provides methods of screening for drugs or any other agents which affect activities mediated by the albumin fusion proteins of the present invention. These methods comprise contacting such an agent with an albumin fusion protein of the present invention or a fragment thereof and assaying for the presence of a complex between the agent and the albumin fusion protein or a fragment thereof, by methods well known in the art. In such a competitive binding assay, the agents to screen are typically labeled. Following incubation, free agent is separated from that present in bound form, and the amount of free or uncomplexed label is a measure of the ability of a particular agent to bind to the albumin fusion protein of the present invention.
1705[0851] Another technique for drug screening provides high throughput screening for compounds having suitable binding affinity to an albumin fusion protein of the present invention, and is described in great detail in European Patent Application 84/03564, published on September 13, 1984, which is incoφorated herein by reference herein. Briefly stated, large numbers of different small peptide test compounds are synthesized on a solid substrate, such as plastic pins or some other surface. The peptide test compounds are reacted with an albumirijusion protein of the present invention and washed. Bound peptides are then detected by methods well known in the art. Purified albumin fusion protein may be coated directly onto plates for use in the aforementioned drag screening techniques. In addition, non-neutralizing antibodies may be used to capture the peptide and immobilize it on the solid support.
1706[0852] This invention also contemplates the use of competitive drag screening assays in which neutralizing antibodies capable of binding an albumin fusion protein of the present invention specifically compete with a test compound for binding to the albumin fusion protein or fragments thereof. In this manner, the antibodies are used to detect the presence of any peptide which shares one or more antigenic epitopes with an albumin fusion protein of the invention. Binding Peptides and Other Molecules
1707[0853] The invention also encompasses screening methods for identifying polypeptides and nonpolypeptides that bind albumin fusion proteins of the invention, and the binding molecules identified thereby. These binding molecules are useful, for example, as agonists and antagonists of the albumin fusion proteins of the invention. Such agonists and antagonists can be used, in accordance with the invention, in the therapeutic embodiments described in detail, below.
1708[0854] This method comprises the steps of: contacting an albumin fusion protein of the invention with a plurality of molecules; and identifying a molecule that binds the albumin fusion protein.
1709[0855] The step of contacting the albumin fusion protein of the invention with the plurality of molecules may be effected in a number of ways. For example, one may contemplate immobilizing the albumin fusion protein on a solid support and bringing a solution of the plurality of molecules in contact with the immobilized polypeptides. Such a procedure would be akin to an affinity chromatographic process, with the affinity matrix being comprised of the immobilized albumin fusion protein of the invention. The molecules having a selective affinity for the albumin fusion protein can then be purified by affinity selection. The nature of the solid support, process for attachment of the albumin fusion protein to the solid support, solvent, and conditions of the affinity isolation or selection are largely conventional and well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
1710[0856] Alternatively, one may also separate a plurality of polypeptides into substantially separate fractions comprising a subset of or individual polypeptides. For instance, one can separate the plurality of polypeptides by gel electrophoresis, column chromatography, or like method known to those of ordinary skill for the separation of polypeptides. The individual polypeptides can also be produced by a transformed host cell in such a way as to be expressed on or about its outer surface (e.g., a recombinant phage).
1711Individual isolates can then be "probed" by an albumin fusion protein of the invention, optionally in the presence of an inducer should one be required for expression, to determine if any selective affinity interaction takes place between the albumin fusion protein and the individual clone. Prior to contacting the albumin fusion protein with each fraction comprising individual polypeptides, the polypeptides could first be fransfeπed to a solid support for additional convenience. Such a solid support may simply be a piece of filter membrane, such as one made of nitrocellulose or nylon. In this manner, positive clones could be identified from a collection of transformed host cells of an expression library, which harbor a DNA construct encoding a polypeptide having a selective affinity for an albumin fusion protein of the invention. Furthermore, the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide having a selective affinity for an albumin fusion protein of the invention can be determined directly by conventional means or the coding sequence of the DNA encoding the polypeptide can frequently be determined more conveniently. The primary sequence can then be deduced from the coπesponding DNA sequence. If the amino acid sequence is to be determined from the polypeptide itself, one may use microsequencing techniques. The sequencing technique may include mass spectroscopy.
1712[0857] In certain situations, it may be desirable to wash away any unbound polypeptides from a mixture of an albumin fusion protein of the invention and the plurality of polypeptides prior to attempting to determine or to detect the presence of a selective affinity interaction. Such a wash step may be particularly desirable when the albumin fusion protein of the invention or the plurality of polypeptides are bound to a solid support.
1713[0858] The plurality of molecules provided according to this method may be provided by way of diversity libraries, such as random or combinatorial peptide or nonpeptide libraries which can be screened for molecules that specifically bind an albumin fusion protein of the invention. Many libraries are known in the art that can be used, e.g., chemically synthesized libraries, recombinant (e.g., phage display libraries), and in vitro translation-based libraries.
1714Examples of chemically synthesized libraries are described in Fodor et al., Science 251:767-
1715773 (1991); Houghten et al., Nature 354:84-86 (1991); Lam et al., Nature 354:82-84 (1991);
1716Medynski, Bio/Technology 12:709-710 (1994); Gallop et al., J. Medicinal Chemistry
171737(9):1233-1251 (1994); Ohlmeyer et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:10922-10926
1718(1993); Erb et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:11422-11426 (1994); Houghten et al.,
1719Biotechniques 13:412 (1992); Jayawickreme et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:1614-1618
1720(1994); Salmon et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:11708-11712 (1993); PCT Publication
1721No. WO 93/20242; and Brenner and Lemer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:5381-5383
1722(1992).
1723[0859] Examples of phage display libraries are described in Scott et al., Science
1724249:386-390 (1990); Devlin et al., Science, 249:404-406 (1990); Christian et al., 1992, J.
1725Mol. Biol. 227:711-718 1992); Lensfra, J. Immunol. Meth. 152:149-157 (1992); Kay et al.,
1726Gene 128:59-65 (1993); and PCT Publication No. WO 94/18318 dated Aug. 18, 1994. [0860] In vitro translation-based libraries include but are not limited to those described in PCT Publication No. WO 91/05058 dated Apr. 18, 1991; and Mattheakis et al.,
1727Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:9022-9026 (1994).
1728[0861] By way of examples of nonpeptide libraries, a benzodiazepine library (see e.g.,
1729Bunin et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:4708-4712 (1994)) can be adapted for use.
1730Peptoid libraries (Simon et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:9367-9371 (1992)) can also be used. Another example of a library that can be used, in which the amide functionalities in peptides have been permethylated to generate a chemically transformed combinatorial library, is described by Ostresh et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 :11138-11142 (1994)).
1731[0862] The variety of non-peptide libraries that are useful in the present invention is great. For example, Ecker and Crooke (Bio/Technology 13:351-360 (1995) list benzodiazepines, hydantoins, piperazinediones, biphenyls, sugar analogs, beta- mercaptoketones, arylacetic acids, acylpiperidines, benzopyrans, cubanes, xanthines, aminimides, and oxazolones as among the chemical species that form the basis of various libraries.
1732[0863] Non-peptide libraries can be classified broadly into two types: decorated monomers and oligomers. Decorated monomer libraries employ a relatively simple scaffold structure upon which a variety functional groups is added. Often the scaffold will be a molecule with a known useful pharmacological activity. For example, the scaffold might be the benzodiazepine structure.
1733[0864] Non-peptide oligomer libraries utilize a large number of monomers that are assembled together in ways that create new shapes that depend on the order of the monomers.
1734Among the monomer units that have been used are carbamates, pyπolinones, and moφholinos. Peptoids, peptide-like oligomers in which the side chain is attached to the alpha amino group rather than the alpha carbon, form the basis of another version of non-peptide oligomer libraries. The first non-peptide oligomer libraries utilized a single type of monomer and thus contained a repeating backbone. Recent libraries have utilized more than one monomer, giving the libraries added flexibility.
1735[0865] Screening the libraries can be accomplished by any of a variety of commonly known methods. See, e.g., the following references, which disclose screening of peptide libraries: Parmley et al., Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 251:215-218 (1989); Scott et al,. Science
1736249:386-390 (1990); Fowlkes et al., BioTechniques 13:422-427 (1992); Oldenburg et al.,
1737Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:5393-5397 (1992); Yu et al., Cell 76:933-945 (1994); Staudt et al., Science 241:577-580 (1988); Bock et al., Nature 355:564-566 (1992); Tuerk et al.,
1738Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:6988-6992 (1992); Ellington et al., Nature 355:850-852
1739(1992); U.S. Pat. No. 5,096,815, U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,409, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,198,346, all to
1740Ladner et al; Rebar et al., Science 263:671-673 (1993); and PCT Publication No. WO
174194/18318.
1742[0866] In a specific embodiment, screening to identify a molecule that binds an albumin fusion protein of the invention can be carried out by contacting the library members with an albumin fusion protein of the invention immobilized on a solid phase and harvesting those library members that bind to the albumin fusion protein. Examples of such screening methods, termed "panning" techniques are described by way of example in Parmley et al.,
1743Gene 73:305-318 (1988); Fowlkes et al., BioTechniques 13:422-427 (1992); PCT Publication
1744No. WO 94/18318; and in references cited herein.
1745[0867] In another embodiment, the two-hybrid system for selecting interacting proteins in yeast (Fields et al, Nature 340:245-246 (1989); Chien et al., Proc. Natl. Acad.
1746Sci. USA 88:9578-9582 (1991) can be used to identify molecules that specifically bind to polypeptides of the invention.
1747[0868] Where the binding molecule is a polypeptide, the polypeptide can be conveniently selected from any peptide library, including random peptide libraries, combinatorial peptide libraries, or biased peptide libraries. The term "biased" is used herein to mean that the method of generating the library is manipulated so as to restrict one or more parameters that govern the diversity of the resulting collection of molecules, in this case peptides.
1748[0869] Thus, a truly random peptide library would generate a collection of peptides in which the probability of finding a particular amino acid at a given position of the peptide is the same for all 20 amino acids. A bias can be introduced into the library, however, by specifying, for example, that a lysine occur every fifth amino acid or that positions 4, 8, and 9 of a decapeptide library be fixed to include only arginine. Clearly, many types of biases can be contemplated, and the present invention is not restricted to any particular bias.
1749Furthermore, the present invention contemplates specific types of peptide libraries, such as phage displayed peptide libraries and those that utilize a DNA construct comprising a lambda phage vector with a DNA insert.
1750[0870] As mentioned above, in the case of a binding molecule that is a polypeptide, the polypeptide may have about 6 to less than about 60 amino acid residues, preferably about 6 to about 10 amino acid residues, and most preferably, about 6 to about 22 amino acids. In another embodiment, a binding polypeptide has in the range of 15-100 amino acids, or 20-50 amino acids.
1751[0871] The selected binding polypeptide can be obtained by chemical synthesis or recombinant expression.
1752Other Activities
1753[0872] An albumin fusion protein of the invention and/or polynucleotide encoding an albumin fusion protein of the invention, may be employed in treatment for stimulating re- vascularization of ischemic tissues due to various disease conditions such as thrombosis, arteriosclerosis, and other cardiovascular conditions. The albumin fusion proteins of the invention and/or polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may also be employed to stimulate angiogenesis and limb regeneration, as discussed above. [0873] An albumin fusion protein of the invention and/or polynucleotide encoding an albumin fusion protein of the invention may also be employed for treating wounds due to injuries, bums, post-operative tissue repair, and ulcers since they are mitogenic to various cells of different origins, such as fibroblast cells and skeletal muscle cells, and therefore, facilitate the repair or replacement of damaged or diseased tissue.
1754[0874] An albumin fusion protein of the invention and/or polynucleotide encoding an albumin fiision protein of the invention may also be employed stimulate neuronal growth and to treat and prevent neuronal damage which occurs in certain neuronal disorders or neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and AIDS-related complex. An albumin fusion protein of the invention and/or polynucleotide encoding an albumin fiision protein of the invention may have the ability to stimulate chondrocyte growth, therefore, they may be employed to enhance bone and periodontal regeneration and aid in tissue transplants or bone grafts.
1755[0875] An albumin fusion protein of the invention and/or polynucleotide encoding an albumin fusion protein of the invention may be also be employed to prevent skin aging due to sunburn by stimulating keratinocyte growth.
1756[0876] An albumin. fusion protein of the invention and/or polynucleotide encoding an albumin fusion protein of the invention may also be employed for preventing hair loss, since FGF family members activate hair-forming cells and promotes melanocyte growth. Along the same lines, an albumin fusion protein of the invention and/or polynucleotide encoding an albumin fusion protein of the invention may be employed to stimulate growth and differentiation of hematopoietic cells and bone maπow cells when used in combination with other cytokines.
1757[0877] An albumin fusion protein of the invention and/or polynucleotide encoding an albumin fusion protein of the invention may also be employed to maintain organs before transplantation or for supporting cell culture of primary tissues. An albumin fusion protein of the invention and/or polynucleotide encoding an albumin fusion protein of the invention may also be employed for inducing tissue of mesodermal origin to differentiate in early embryos.
1758[0878] An albumin fusion protein of the invention and/or polynucleotide encoding an albumin fusion protein of the invention may also increase or decrease the differentiation or proliferation of embryonic stem cells, besides, as discussed above, hematopoietic lineage.
1759[0879] An albumin fusion protein of the invention and/or polynucleotide encoding an albumin fusion protein of the invention may also be used to modulate mammalian characteristics, such as body height, weight, hair color, eye color, skin, percentage of adipose tissue, pigmentation, size, and shape (e.g., cosmetic surgery). Similarly, an albumin fusion protein of the invention and/or polynucleotide encoding an albumin fusion protein of the invention may be used to modulate mammalian metabolism affecting catabolism, anabolism, processing, utilization, and storage of energy.
1760[0880] An albumin fusion protein of the invention and/or polynucleotide encoding an albumin fusion protein of the invention may be used to change a mammal's mental state or physical state by influencing biorhythms, caricadic rhythms, depression (including depressive disorders), tendency for violence, tolerance for pain, reproductive capabilities (preferably by
1761Activin or Inhibin-like activity), hormonal or endocrine levels, appetite, libido, memory, stress, or other cognitive qualities.
1762[0881] An albumin fusion protein of the invention and/or polynucleotide encoding an albumin fusion protein of the invention may also be used as a food additive or preservative, such as to increase or decrease storage capabilities, fat content, lipid, protein, carbohydrate, vitamins, minerals, cofactors or other nutritional components.
1763[0882] The above-recited applications have uses in a wide variety of hosts. Such hosts include, but are not limited to, human, murine, rabbit, goat, guinea pig, camel, horse, mouse, rat, hamster, pig, micro-pig, chicken, goat, cow, sheep, dog, cat, non-human primate, and human. In specific embodiments, the host is a mouse, rabbit, goat, guinea pig, chicken, rat, hamster, pig, sheep, dog or cat. hi prefeπed embodiments, the host is a mammal. In most prefeπed embodiments, the host is a human.
1764[0883] Having generally described the invention, the same will be more readily understood by reference to the following examples, which are provided by way of illustration and are not intended as limiting.
1765[0884] Without further description, it is believed that one of ordinary skill in the art can, using the preceding description and the following illustrative examples, make and utilize the alterations detected in the present invention and practice the claimed methods. The following working examples therefore, specifically point out prefeπed embodiments of the present invention, and are not to be construed as limiting in any way the remainder of the disclosure.
EXAMPLES
1767EXAMPLE 1: Generation of pScNHSA and pScCHSA.
1768[0885] The vectors pScNHSA (ATCC Deposit No. PTA-3279) and pScCHSA
1769(ATCC Deposit No. PTA-3276) are derivatives of pPPC0005 (ATCC Deposit No. PTA- 3278) and are used as cloning vectors into which polynucleotides encoding a therapeutic protein or fragment or variant thereof is inserted adjacent to and in translation frame with polynucleotides encoding human serum albumin "HSA". pScCHSA may be used for generating Therapeutic protein-HSA fusions, while pScNHSA may be used to generate HSA- Therapeutic protein fusions.
1770Generation of pScCHSA: albumin fusion with the albumin moiety C-terminal to the therapeutic portion.
1771[0886] A vector to facilitate cloning DNA encoding a Therapeutic protein N-terminal to DNA encoding the mature albumin protein was made by altering the nucleic acid sequence that encodes the chimeric HSA signal peptide in pPPC0005 to include the Xho I and Cla I restriction sites.
1772[0887] First, the Xho I and Cla I sites inherent to pPPC0005 (located 3' of the ADH1 terminator sequence) were eliminated by digesting pPPC0005 with Xho I and Cla I, filling in the sticky ends with T4 DNA polymerase, and religating the blunt ends to create pPPC0006.
1773[0888] Second, the Xho I and Cla I restriction sites were engineered into the nucleic acid sequence that encodes the signal peptide of HSA (a chimera of the HSA leader and a kex2 site from mating factor alpha, "MAF") in pPPC0006 using two rounds of PCR. In the first round of PCR, amplification with primers shown as SEQ ID NO: 1039 and SEQ ID NO: 1040 was performed. The primer whose sequence is shown as SEQ ID NO: 1039 comprises a nucleic acid sequence that encodes part of the signal peptide sequence of HSA, a kex2 site from the mating factor alpha leader sequence, and part of the amino-terminus of the mature form of HSA. Four point mutations were introduced in the sequence, creating the Xho I and Cla I sites found at the junction of the chimeric signal peptide and the mature form of HSA. These four mutations are underlined in the sequence shown below. In pPPC0005 the nucleotides at these four positions from 5' to 3' are T, G, T, and G.
17745'-GCCTCGAGAAAAGAGATGCACACAAGAGTGAGGTTGCTCATCGATTTAAAGAT TTGGG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 1039) and
17755'-AATCGATGAGCAACCTCACTCTTGTGTGCATCTCTTTTCTCGAGGCTCCTGGAA TAAGC-3' (SEQ ED NO: 1040). A second round of PCR was then performed with an upstream flanking primer, 5'-TACAAACTTAAGAGTCCAATTAGC-3' (SEQ ED NO:1041) and a downstream flanking primer
17765'-CACTTCTCTAGAGTGGTTTCATATGTCTT-3' (SEQ ID NO: 1042). The resulting PCR product was then purified and digested with Afl W and Xba I and ligated into the same sites in pPPC0006 creating pScCHSA. The resulting plasmid has Xho I and Cla I sites engineered into the signal sequence. The presence of the Xho I site creates a single amino acid change in the end of the signal sequence from LDKR to LEKR. The D to E change will not be present iji the final albumin fusion protein expression plasmid when a nucleic acid sequence comprising a polynucleotide encoding the Therapeutic portion of the albumin fusion protein with a 5' Sal I site (which is compatible with the Xho I site) and a 3' Cla I site is ligated into the Xho I and Cla I sites of pScCHSA. Ligation of Sal I to Xho I restores the original amino acid sequence of the signal peptide sequence. DNA encoding the Therapeutic portion of the albumin fusion protein may be inserted after the Kex2 site (Kex2 cleaves after the dibasic amino acid sequence KR at the end of the signal peptide) and prior to the Cla I site.
1777Generation of vScNHSA: albumin fusion with the albumin moiety N-terminal to the therapeutic portion.
1778[0889] A vector to facilitate cloning DNA encoding a Therapeutic protein portion C- terminal to DNA encoding the mature albumin protein, was made by adding three, eight- base-pair restriction sites to pScCHSA. The Asc I, Fse I, and Pme I restriction sites were added in between the Bsu36 I and Hind III sites at the end of the nucleic acid sequence encoding the mature HSA protein. This was accomplished through the use of two complementary synthetic primers containing the Asc I, Fse I, and Pme I restriction sites underlined (SEQ ED NO:1043 and SEQ ID NO:1044).
17795'-AAGCTGCCTTAGGCTTATAATAAGGCGCGCCGGCCGGCCGTTTAAACTAAGCT TAATTCT-3' (SEQ ID NO: 1043) and
17805-AGAATTAAGCTTAGTTTAAACGGCCGGCCGGCGCGCCTTATTATAAGCCTAAG GCAGCTT-3' (SEQ ID NO: 1044). These primers were annealed and digested with Bsu36 I and Hind IH and ligated into the same sites in pScCHSA creating pScNHSA.
1781EXAMPLE 2: General Construct Generation for Yeast Transformation. [0890] The vectors pScNHSA and pScCHSA may be used as cloning vectors into which polynucleotides encoding a therapeutic protein or fragment or variant thereof is inserted adjacent to polynucleotides encoding mature human serum albumin "HSA". pScCHSA is used for generating Therapeutic protein-HSA fusions, while pScNHSA may be used to generate HSA-Therapeutic protein fusions.
1782Generation of albumin fusion constructs comprising HSA-Therapeutic protein fusion products.
1783[0891] DNA encoding a Therapeutic protein (e.g., sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:X or known in the art) may be PCR amplified using the primers which facilitate the generation of a fusion construct (e.g., by adding restriction sites, encoding seamless fusions, encoding linker sequences, etc.) For example, one skilled in the art could design a 5' primer that adds polynucleotides encoding the last four amino acids of the mature form of HSA (and containing the Bsu361 site) onto the 5' end of DNA encoding a Therapeutic protein; and a 3' primer that adds a STOP codon and appropriate cloning sites onto the 3' end of the
1784Therapeutic protein coding sequence. For instance, the forward primer used to amplify DNA encoding a Therapeutic protein might have the sequence, 5'-aagctGCCTTAGGCTTA(N)ι s-3'
1785(SEQ ID NO: 1045) where the underlined sequence is a Bsu36l site, the upper case nucleotides encode the last four amino acids of the mature HSA protein (ALGL), and (N)ιs is identical to the first 15 nucleotides encoding the Therapetic protein of interest. Similarly, the reverse primer used to amplify DNA encoding a Therapeutic protein might have the sequence, 5'-GCGCGCGΓΓ7^^CGGCCGGCCGGCGCGCC|TI TΓAVN>,,-3' (SEQ ID
1786NO: 1046) where the italicized sequence is a Pme I site, the double underlined sequence is an Fse I site, the singly underlined sequence is an Asc I site, the boxed nucleotides are the reverse complement of two tandem stop codons, and (N)ι<sub>5</sub> is identical to the reverse complement of the last 15 nucleotides encoding the Therapeutic protein of interest. Once the PCR product is amplified it may be cut with Bsu36l and one of (Asc I, Fse I, or Pme I) and ligated into pScNHSA.
1787[0892] The presence of the Xho I site in the HSA chimeric leader sequence creates a single amino acid change in the end of the chimeric signal sequence, i.e. the HSA-kex2 signal sequence, from LDKR (SEQ DD NO:2139) to LEKR (SEQ ID NO:2140).
1788Generation of albumin fusion constructs comprisins sene-HSA fusion products.
1789[0893] Similar to the method described above, DNA encoding a Therapeutic protein may be PCR amplified using the following primers: A 5' primer that adds polynucleotides containing a Sail site and encoding the last three amino acids of the HSA leader sequence,
1790DKR, onto the 5' end of DNA encoding a Therapeutic protein; and a 3' primer that adds polynucleotides encoding the first few amino acids of the mature HSA containing a Cla I site onto the 3' end of DNA encoding a Therapeutic protein. For instance, the forward primer used to amplify the DNA encoding a Therapeutic protein might have the sequence,
17915'-aggagcgtcGACAAAAGA(N)i<sub>5</sub>-3' (SEQ ED NO: 1047) where the underlined sequence is a
1792Sal I site, the upper case nucleotides encode the last three amino acids of the HSA leader sequence (DKR), and (N)<sub>15</sub> is identical to the first 15 nucleotides encoding the Therapetic protein of interest. Similarly, the reverse primer used to amplify the DNA encoding a
1793Therapeutic protein might have the sequence,
17945'-CTTTAA rCG 7GAGCAACCTCACTCTTGTGTGCATC(N).s-3'(SEO ID NO: 1048) where the italicized sequence is a Cla I site, the underlined nucleotides are the reverse complement of the DNA encoding the first 9 amino acids of the mature form of HSA
1795(DAHKSEVAH, SEQ ID NO: 1106), and (N)<sub>15</sub> is identical to the reverse complement of the last 15 nucleotides encoding the Therapeutic protein of interest. Once the PCR product is amplified it may be cut with Sal I and Cla I and ligated into pScCHS A digested with Xho I and Cla I. A different signal or leader sequence may be desired, for example, invertase
1796"INV" (Swiss-Prot Accession P00724), mating factor alpha "MAF" (Genbank Accession
1797AAA18405), MPD? (Geneseq AAF82936), Fibulin B (Swiss-Prot Accession P23142), Clusterin (Swiss-Prot Accession PI 0909), Insulin-Like Growth Factor- Binding Protein 4 (Swiss-Prot Accession P22692), and permutations of the HSA leader sequence can be subcloned into the appropriate vector by means of standard methods known in the art.
1798Generation of albumin fusion construct compatible for expression in yeast S. cerevisiae. [0894] The Not I fragment containing the DNA encoding either an N-terminal or C- terminal albumin fusion protein generated from pScNHSA or pScCHSA may then be cloned into the Not I site of pSAC35 which has a LEU2 selectable marker. The resulting vector is then used in transformation of a yeast S. cerevisiae expression system.
1799EXAMPLE 3; General Expression in Yeast S. cerevisiae.
1800[0895] An expression vector compatible with yeast expression can be transformed into yeast S. cerevisiae by lithium acetate transformation, electroporation, or other methods known in the art and or as described in part in Sambrook, Fritsch, and Maniatis. 1989. "Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2<sup>nd</sup> edition", volumes 1-3, and in Ausubel et al. 2000. Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School "Cuπent Protocols in Molecular Biology", volumes 1-4. The expression vectors are introduced into S. cerevisiae strains DXY1, D88, or BXP10 by transformation, individual transformants can be grown, for example, for 3 days at 30°C in 10 mL YEPD (1% w/v yeast extract, 2 % w/v, peptone, 2 % w/v, dextrose), and cells can be collected at stationary phase after 60 hours of growth. Supernatants are collected by clarifying cells at 3000g for 10 minutes. [0896] pSAC35 (Sleep et al, 1990, Biotechnology 8:42 and see Figure 3) comprises, in addition to the LEU2 selectable marker, the entire yeast 2 μm plasmid to provide replication functions, the PRB1 promoter, and the ADH1 termination signal.
1801EXAMPLE 4: General Purification of an Albumin Fusion Protein Expressed from an
1802Albumin Fusion in Yeast S. cerevisiae.
1803[0897] In prefeπed embodiments, albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprise the mature form of HSA fused to either the N- or C- terminus of the mature form of a therapeutic protein or portions thereof (e.g., the mature form of a therapeutic protein listed in
1804Table 1, or the mature form of a therapeutic protein shown in Table 2 as SEQ ED NO:Z). In one embodiment of the invention, albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise a signal sequence which directs the nascent fusion polypeptide in the secretory pathways of the host used for expression. In a prefeπed embodiment, the signal peptide encoded by the signal sequence is removed, and the mature albumin fusion protein is secreted directly into the culture medium. Albumin fusion proteins of the invention preferably comprise heterologous signal sequences (e.g., the non-native signal sequence of a particular therapeutic protein) including, but not limited to, MAF, INV, Ig, Fibulin B, Clusterin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor
1805Binding Protein 4, variant HSA leader sequences including, but not limited to, a chimeric
1806HSA/MAF leader sequence, or other heterologous signal sequences known in the art.
1807Especially prefeπed as those signal sequence listed in Table 2 and/or the signal sequence listed in the "Expression of Fusion Proteins" and/or "Additional Methods of Recombinant and Synthetic Production of Albumin Fusion Proteins" section of the specification, above. In prefeπed embodiments, the fusion proteins of the invention further comprise an N-terminal methionine residue. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides, including fragments and or variants, are also encompassed by the invention.
1808[0898] Albumin fiision proteins expressed in yeast as described above can be purified on a small-scale over a Dyax peptide affinity column as follows. Supernatants from yeast expressing an albumin fusion protein is diafiltrated against 3 mM phosphate buffer pH 6.2, 20 mM NaCl and 0.01% Tween 20 to reduce the volume and to remove the pigments. The solution is then filtered through a 0.22 μm device. The filtrate is loaded onto a Dyax peptide affinity column. The column is eluted with 100 mM Tris HCl, pH 8.2 buffer. The peak fractions containing protein are collected and analyzed on SDS-PAGE after concentrating 5- fold.
1809[0899] For large scale purification, the following method can be utilized. The supernatant in excess of 2 L is diafiltered and concentrated to 500 mL in 20 mM Tris/HCl pH
18108.0. The concentrated protein solution is loaded onto a pre-equilibrated 50 mL DEAE-
1811Sepharose Fast Flow column, the column is washed, and the protein is eluted with a linear gradient of NaCl from 0 to 0.4 M NaCl in 20 mM Tris/HCl, pH 8.0. Those fractions contaimng the protein are pooled, adjusted to pH 6.8 with 0.5 M sodium phosphate
1812(NaH<sub>2</sub>PO ). A final concentration of 0.9 M (NEL^S * is added to the protein solution and the whole solution is loaded onto a pre-equilibrated 50 mL Butyl650S column. The protein is eluted with a linear gradient of ammonium sulfate (0.9 to 0 M (NH4)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>). Those fractions with the albumin fusion are again pooled, diafiltered against 10 mM Na<sub>2</sub>HPO citric acid buffer pH 5.75, and loaded onto a 50 mL pre-equilibrated SP-Sepharose Fast Flow column.
1813The protein is eluted with a NaCl linear gradient from 0 to 0.5 M. The fractions containing the protein of interest are combined, the buffer is changed to 10 mM Na<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub>/citric acid pH 6.25 with an Amicon concentrator, the conductivity is < 2.5 mS/cm. This protein solution is loaded onto a 15 mL pre-equilibrated Q-Sepharose high performance column, the column is washed, and the protein is eluted with a NaCl linear gradient from 0 to 0.15 M NaCl. The purified protein can then be formulated into a specific buffer composition by buffer exchange.
1814EXAMPLE 5: General Construct Generation for Mammalian Cell Transfection.
1815Generation of albumin fusion construct compatible for expression in mammalian cell-lines. [0900] Albumin fusion constructs can be generated in expression vectors for use in mammalian cell culture systems. DNA encoding a therapeutic protein can be cloned N- terminus or C-terminus to HSA in a mammalian expression vector by standard methods known in the art (e.g., PCR amplification, restriction digestion, and ligation). Once the expression vector has been constructed, fransfection into a mammalian expression system can proceed. Suitable vectors are known in the art including, but not limited to, for example, the pC4 vector, and/or vectors available from Lonza Biologies, Inc. (Portsmouth, NH). [0901] The DNA encoding human serum albumin has been cloned into the pC4 vector which is suitable for mammalian culture systems, creating plasmid pC4:HSA (ATCC Deposit # PTA-3277). This vector has a DiHydroFolate Reductase, "DHFR", gene that will allow for selection in the presence of methotrexate.
1816[0902] The pC4:HSA vector is suitable for expression of albumin fusion proteins in
1817CHO cells. For expression, in other mammalian cell culture systems, it may be desirable to subclone a fragment comprising, or alternatively consisting of, DNA which encodes for an albumin fusion protein into an alternative expression vector. For example, a fragment comprising, or alternatively consisting, of DNA which encodes for a mature albumin fusion protein may be subcloned into another expression vector including, but not limited to, any of the mammalian expression vectors described herein.
1818[0903] In a prefeπed embodiment, DNA encoding an albumin fusion construct is subcloned into vectors provided by Lonza Biologies, Inc. (Portsmouth, NH) by procedures known in the art for expression in NS0 cells.
1819Generation of albumin fusion constructs comprising HSA-Therapeutic Protein fusion products.
1820[0904] Using pC4:HSA (ATCC Deposit # PTA-3277), albumin fusion constructs can be generated in which the Therapeutic protein portion is C terminal to the mature albumin sequence. For example, one can clone DNA encoding a Therapeutic protein of fragment or variant thereof between the Bsu 361 and Asc I restriction sites of the vector. When cloning into the Bsu 361 and Asc I, the same primer design used to clone into the yeast vector system (SEQ ID NO: 1045 and 1046) may be employed (see Example 2).
1821Generation of albumin fusion constructs comprising sene-HSA fusion products. [0905] Using pC4:HSA (ATCC Deposit # PTA-3277), albumin fusion constructs can be generated in which a Therapeutic protein portion is cloned N terminal to the mature albumin sequence. For example, one can clone DNA encoding a Therapeutic protein that has its own signal sequence between the Bam HI (or Hind ID) and Cla I sites of pC4:HSA. When cloning into either the Bam HI or Hind HI site, it is prefeπable to include a Kozak sequence (CCGCCACCATG, SEQ ID NO: 1107) prior to the translational start codon of the DNA encoding the Therapeutic protein. If a Therapeutic protein does not have a signal sequence, DNA encoding that Therapeutic protein may be cloned in between the Xho I and Cla I sites of pC4:HSA. When using the Xho I site, the following 5' (SEQ ID NO:1052) and 3' (SEQ ID NO: 1053) exemplary PCR primers maybe used:
1822S'-CCGCCGCTCGAGGGGTGTGTTTCGTCGAGS ig-S' (SEQ ID NO: 1052) 5'-AGTCCCATCGATGAGCAACCTCACTCTTGTGTGCATC(N>ι«-3' (SEQ ID NO: 1053) [0906] In the 5' primer (SEQ ID NO: 1052), the underlined sequence is a Xho I site; and the Xho I site and the DNA following the Xho I site code for the last seven amino acids of the leader sequence of natural human serum albumin. In SEQ ED NO: 1052, "(N)ιs" is DNA identical to the first 18 nucleotides encoding the Therapeutic protein of interest. In the 3' primer (SEQ ED NO: 1053), the underlined sequence is a Cla I site; and the Cla I site and the DNA following it are the reverse complement of the DNA encoding the first 10 amino acids of the mature HSA protein (SEQ ID NO:1038). In SEQ ID NO:1053 "(N)ι<sub>8</sub>" is the reverse complement of DNA encoding the last 18 nucleotides encoding the Therapeutic protein of interest. Using these two primers, one may PCR amplify the Therapeutic protein of interest, purify the PCR product, digest it with Xho I and Cla I restriction enzymes and clone it into the Xho I and Cla I sites in the pC4:HSA vector.
1823[0907] If an alternative leader sequence is desired, the native albumin leader sequence can be replaced with the chimeric albumin leader, i.e., the HSA-kex2 signal peptide, or an alternative leader by standard methods known in the art. (For example, one skilled in the art could routinely PCR amplify an alternate leader and subclone the PCR product into an albumin fusion construct in place of the albumin leader while maintaining the reading frame)
1824EXAMPLE 6: General Expression in Mammalian Cell-Lines.
1825[0908] An albumin fusion construct generated in an expression vector compatible with expression in mammalian cell-lines can be transfected into appropriate cell-lines by calcium phosphate precipitation, lipofectamine, electroporation, or other fransfection methods known in the art and/or as described in Sambrook, Fritsch, and Maniatis. 1989. "Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2<sup>nd</sup> edition" and in Ausubel et al. 2000. Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School "Cuπent Protocols in Molecular Biology", volumes 1-4. The transfected cells are then selected for by the presence of a selecting agent determined by the selectable marker in the expression vector.
1826[0909] The pC4 expression vector (ATCC Accession No. 209646) is a derivative of the plasmid pSV2-DHFR (ATCC Accession No. 37146).. pC4 contains the strong promoter Long Terminal Repeats "LTR" of the Rous Sarcoma Virus (Cullen et al., March 1985, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 438-447) and a fragment of the CytoMegalo Virus "CMV"- enhancer (Boshart et al., 1985, Cell 41: 521-530). The vector also contains the 3' intron, the polyadenylation and termination signal of the rat preproinsulin gene, and the mouse DHFR gene under control of the SV40 early promoter. Chinese hamster ovary "CHO" cells or other cell-lines lacking an active DHFR gene are used for transfection. Transfection of an albumin fusion construct in pC4 into CHO cells by methods known in the art will allow for the expression of the albumin fusion protein in CHO cells, followed by leader sequence cleavage, and secretion into the supernatant. The albumin fusion protein is then further purified from the supernatant.
1827[0910] The pEE12.1 expression vector is provided by Lonza Biologies, Inc.
1828(Portsmouth, NH) and is a derivative of pEE6 (Stephens and Cockett, 1989, Nucl. Acids Res. 17: 7110). This vector comprises a promoter, enhancer and complete 5 '-untranslated region of the Major Immediate Early gene of the human CytoMegalo Virus, "hCMV-MEE" (International Publication # WO89/01036), upstream of a sequence of interest, and a Glutamine Synthetase gene (Mmphy et al., 1991, Biochem J. 227: 277-279; Bebbington et al., 1992, Bio/Technology 10:169-175; US patent US 5,122,464) for pinposes of selection of transfected cells in selective methionine sulphoximine containing medium. Transfection of albumin fusion constmcts made in pEE12.1 into NSO cells (International Publication # WO86/05807) by methods known in the art will allow for the expression of the albumin fusion protein in NSO cells, followed by leader sequence cleavage, and secretion into the supernatant. The albumin fusion protein is then further purified from the supernatant using techniques described herein or otherwise known in the art.
1829[0911] Expression of an albumin fusion protein may be analyzed, for example, by
1830SDS-PAGE and Western blot, reversed phase HPLC analysis, or other methods known in the art.
1831[0912] Stable CHO and NSO cell-lines transfected with albumin fusion constructs are generated by methods known in the art (e.g., lipofectamine transfection) and selected, for example, with 100 nM methotrexate for vectors having the DiHydroFolate Reductase 'DHFR' gene as a selectable marker or through growth in the absence of glutamine. Expression levels can be examined for example, by immunoblotting, primarily, with an anti- HSA serum as the primary antibody, or, secondarily, with serum containing antibodies directed to the Therapeutic protein portion of a given albumin fusion protein as the primary antibody.
1832[0913] Expression levels are examined by immunoblot detection with anti-HSA serum as the primary antibody. The specific productivity rates are determined via ELISA in which the capture antibody can be a monoclonal antibody towards the therapeutic protein portion of the albumin fusion and the detecting antibody can be the monoclonal anti-HSA- biotinylated antibody (or vice versa), followed by horseradish peroxidase/streptavidin binding and analysis according to the manufacturer's protocol.
1833EXAMPLE 7: General Purification of an Albumin Fusion Protein Expressed from an Albumin Fusion Construct in Mammalian Cell-lines.
1834[0914] In prefeπed embodiments, albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprise the mature form of HSA fused to either the N- or C- terminus of the mature form of a therapeutic protein or portions thereof (e.g., the mature form of a therapeutic protein listed in Table 1, or the mature form of a therapeutic protein shown in Table 2 as SEQ ID NO:Z). In one embodiment of the invention, albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise a signal sequence which directs the nascent fusion polypeptide in the secretory pathways of the host used for expression. In a prefeπed embodiment, the signal peptide encoded by the signal sequence is removed, and the mature albumin fusion protein is secreted directly into the culture medium. Albumin fusion proteins of the invention preferably comprise heterologous signal sequences (e.g., the non-native signal sequence of a particular therapeutic protein) including, but not limited to, MAF, INV, Ig, Fibulin B, Clusterin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4, variant HSA leader sequences including, but not limited to, a chimeric HSA/MAF leader sequence, or other heterologous signal sequences known in the art. Especially prefeπed as those signal sequence listed in Table 2 and/or the signal sequence listed in the "Expression of Fusion Proteins" and/or "Additional Methods of Recombinant and Synthetic Production of Albumin Fusion Proteins" section of the specification, above. In prefeπed embodiments, the fusion proteins of the invention further comprise an N-terminal methionine residue. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides, including fragments and/or variants, are also encompassed by the invention.
1835[0915] Albumin fusion proteins from mammalian cell-line supernatants are purified according to different protocols depending on the expression system used.
1836Purification from CHO and 293T cell-lines.
1837[0916] Purification of an albumin fusion protein from CHO cell supernatant or from transiently transfected 293T cell supernatant may involve initial capture with an anionic HQ resin using a sodium phosphate buffer and a phosphate gradient elution, followed by affinity chromatography on a Blue Sepharose FF column using a salt gradient elution. Blue Sepharose FF removes the main BSA/fetuin contaminants. Further purification over the Poros PI 50 resin with a phosphate gradient may remove and lower endotoxin contamination as well as concentrate the albumin fusion protein.
1838Purification from NSO cell-line.
1839[0917] Purification of an albumin-fusion protein from NSO cell supernatant may involve Q-Sepharose anion exchange chromatography, followed by SP-sepharose purification with a step elution, followed by Phenyl-650M purification with a step elution, and, ultimately, diafilfration.
1840[0918] The purified protein may then be formulated by buffer exchange.
1841EXAMPLE 8: Construct ID 1966. EPO-HSA. Generation.
1842[0919] Construct ID 1966, pC4.EPO:Ml-D192.HSA, encodes for an EPO-HSA fusion protein which comprises the EPO native leader sequence as well as the mature EPO protein with the exception of the final Arg residue, i.e., M1-D192, fused to the amino- terminus of the mature form of HSA cloned into the mammalian expression vector pC4.
1843Cloning of EPO cDNA for construct 1966
1844[0920] The DNA encoding EPO was amplified with primers EPO1 and EPO2, described below, cut with Bam Hl/C/α I, and ligated into Bam UVCla I cut pC4:HSA. Construct ID #1966 encodes an albumin fusion protein containing the leader sequence and the mature form of EPO, followed by the mature HSA protein (see SEQ ID NO:297 for construct 1966 in table 2).
1845[0921] Two oligonucleotides suitable for PCR amplification of the polynucleotide encoding the full length EPO including the natural leader sequence (SEQ ED NO:81, table 2), EPO1 and EPO2, were synthesized.
1846EPO1 : 5'-GACTGG^7'<sub>:</sub>C^CC^CAEGGGGGTGCACGAATGTCCTGCCTGGCTGTGGCTTCT CCTGTCCCTGCTGTCGCTCCCTCTGGGCCTCCCAGTCCTGGGCGCCCCACCACGCCTCATCT GTGAC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 1122)
1847EPO2: 5'- AGTCCC _QS :GAGCAACCTCACTCTTGTGTGCATCGTCCCCTGTCCTGCAGGC CTCC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 804)
1848[0922] EPO1 incoφorates a Bam HI cloning site (shown in italics) and attaches a kozak sequence (shown double underlined) prior to the DNA encoding the first 35 amino acids of the ORF of the full-length EPO. In EPO2, the underlined sequence is a Cla I site; and the Cla I site and the DNA following it are the reverse complement of DNA encoding the first 10 amino acids of the mature HSA protein (SEQ ED NO.1038). In EPO2, the bolded sequence is the reverse complement of the last 22 nucleotides encoding amino acid residues Glu- 186 to Asp- 192 of the full-length form of EPO, with the exception of the final Arg residue. Using these two primers, the full-length EPO protein, with the exception of the final Arg residue, was PCR amplified. Annealing and extension temperatures and times must be empirically determined for each specific primer pair and template.
1849[0923] The PCR product was purified (for example, using Wizard PCR Preps DNA
1850Purification System (Promega Coφ)) and then digested with Bam HI and Cla I. After further purification of the Bam HL-Cla I fragment by gel elecfrophoresis, the product was cloned into Bam ϊil/Cla I digested pC4:HSA to produce construct ID # 1966.
1851[0924] Further, analysis of the N-terminus of the expressed albumin fusion protein by amino acid sequencing confirmed the presence of the expected EPO sequence (see below). [0925] EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention preferably comprise the mature form of HSA , i.e., Asp-25 to Leu-609, fused to either the N- or C- terminus of the mature form of EPO lacking the final Arg residue, i.e., Ala-28 to Asp-192. In one embodiment of the invention, EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise a signal sequence which directs the nascent fusion polypeptide in the secretory pathways of the host used for expression. In a further prefeπed embodiment, the signal peptide encoded by the signal sequence is removed, and the mature EPO albumin fusion protein is secreted directly into the culture medium. EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention may comprise heterologous signal sequences including, but not limited to, MAF, INV, Ig, Fibulin B, Clusterin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4, variant HSA leader sequences including, but not limited to, a chimeric HSA/MAF leader sequence, or other heterologous signal sequences known in the art. In a prefeπed embodiment, EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprise the native EPO signal sequence. In further prefeπed embodiments, the EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise an N-terminal methionine residue. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides, including fragments and/or variants, are also encompassed by the invention.
1852Expression and Purification of Construct ID 1966. Expression in either 293Tor CHO cells.
1853[0926] Construct 1966 was transfected into either 293T cells or CHO cells by methods known in the art (e.g., lipofectamine fransfection) and selected with 100 nM methotrexate (see Example 6). Expression levels were examined by immunoblot detection with anti-HSA serum as the primary antibody, and the specific productivity rates were determined via ELISA using a monoclonal anti-human EPO antibody (Research Diagnostics, Inc.) for capture and a Biotrend monoclonal anti-HSA-biotinylated antibody for detection, followed by horseradish peroxidase/streptavidin binding and analysis. Purification from 293 T cell supernatant.
1854[0927] The 293T cell supernatant containing the secreted EPO-HSA fusion protein expressed from construct ID #1966 in 293T cells was purified as described in Example 7. Specifically, initial capture was performed with an anionic HQ-50 resin at pH 7.2 using a step elution, followed by Blue sepharose FF chromatography again employing a step elution at pH 7.2. The pooled fractions were passed over the HQ-50 resin again using a step elution. The eluted sample was then loaded onto the Phenyl-650M column and eluted with a gradient elution at pH 7.2. The eluted sample was passed over the HQ-50 resin for a third time. The fractions of interest were diafiltrated into 50 mM Na<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub> + 200 mM NaCl pH 7.2. N- terminal sequencing generated the amino-terminus sequence (i.e., APPRLI) of the mature form of EPO. A protein of approximate MW of 90 kDa was obtained. A final yield of 0.42 mg protein per litre of 293T cell supernatant was obtained. Purification from CHO cell supernatant.
1855[0928] The cell supernatant containing the EPO-albumin fusion protein expressed from construct ID #1966 in CHO cells was purified as described in Example 7. Specifically, initial capture of a concentrated 1.4 L sample was performed with an anionic Poros HQ 50 resin using a sodium phosphate buffer and a phosphate gradient elution (0 — 100 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.2). Prior to loading the column, the sample was diluted with 3 mM phosphate until the conductivity was lower than 5.0 mS, as was the case for further column chromatography purifications. The HQ resin was equilibrated with 10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.2 prior to sample loading. EPO-HSA eluted at 20 mS, or 50 mM sodium phosphate. The second purification step involved affinity chromatography. The combined fractions from the previous HQ resin elution, adjusted for a conductivity <5 mS using 3 mM phosphate pH 7.2 buffer, were loaded onto a Blue Sepharose FF column equilibrated with 125 mM NaCl, 15 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.2. A salt gradient of 0 - 3 M NaCl eluted EPO-HSA between 0.5 M and 1.0 M NaCl. Blue Sepharose FF removes the main BSA/fetuin contaminants. The conductivity of the desired fractions was again adjusted for, and the pooled fractions were loaded onto a third column containing Poros PI 50 resin which removes and lowers endotoxin contamination as well as concentrates the EPO-HSA protein. The resin was equilibrated with 25 mM NaCl, 10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.2. EPO-HSA was eluted with a 10 mM - 100 mM phosphate gradient. The final buffer composition was 100 mM NaCl, 20 mM Na<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub>, pH 7.2. An approximate protein MW of 87.7 kDa was obtained. A final yield of 8.9 mg protein per liter of supernatant was obtained. N-Terminal sequencing generated the sequence APPRL which coπesponds to the amino-terminus of the mature form of EPO.
1856In vitro TF-1 cell proliferation assay.
1857Method
1858[0929] The biological activity of an EPO albumin fusion protein can be measured in an in vitro TF-1 cell proliferation assay. The TF-1 cell-line was established by Kitamura et al. (Kitamura, T. et al., 1989, J. Cell. Physiol., 140: 323 - 334). The TF-1 cells were derived from a heparinized bone maπow aspiration sample from a 35 year old Japanese male with severe pancytopenia. The TF-1 cell-line provides a good system for investigating the proliferation and differentiation of myeloid progenitor cells as a result of its responsiveness to multiple cytokines.
1859[0930] TF-1 cell proliferation assay (Kitamura, T. et al., 1989, J. Cell. Physiol., 140:
1860323 - 334): Human TF-1 cells (ATCC # CRL-2003) are expanded in RPMI 1640 media containing 10% FBS, IX pen-strep, IX L-glutamine, and 2 ng/mL human GM-CSF to a maximum density of 1 x 10<sup>6</sup> cells/mL. Cells are passaged every 2-3 days by diluting 1:10 or 1 :20 in fresh medium. On the day of the assay initiation, cells are washed in a 50 mL volume of RPMI 1640/10% FBS three times to remove GM-CSF and are resuspended at lxlO<sup>5</sup> cells/mL in RPMI 1640/10% FBS. Cells are plated at 10,000 cells/well in flat-bottom TC- treated 96-well plates. Three-fold serial dilutions of control protein are made in RPMI 1640/10% FBS in a range of 10 U/mL to 0.001 U/mL (final concentration) and three-fold serial dilutions of an albumin fusion protein are made in RPMI 1640/10% FBS in a range of 100 ng/mL to 0.01 ng mL (final concentration) where 1 U = 10 ng protein; 0.1 mL of each dilution is added to triplicate wells containing cells for a final volume of 0.2 mL in each well. Cell proliferation response to the control protein and the albumin fusion protein is determined by measuring incoφoration of <sup>3</sup>H-thymidine (0.5 uCi well). The assay is carried out at incubation times of 24, 48, or 72 hours prior to and for 4 - 24 hours after the addition of H-thymidine. Since only a portion of the molar weight of an albumin fusion protein is actually a therapeutic protein molecule (i.e., the therapeutic protein portion of the fusion), in some cases dilutions may also be adjusted for the molar ratio.
1861In vitro TF-1 cell proliferation assay for the albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 1966. Method
1862[0931] TF-1 cell proliferation assay: Human TF-1 cells (ATCC # CRL-2003) were expanded in RPMI 1640 media containing 10% FBS, IX pen-strep, IX L-glutamine, and 2 ng/mL human GM-CSF to a maximum density of 1 x 10<sup>6</sup> cells/mL. Cells were passaged every 2-3 days by diluting 1:10 or 1:20 in fresh medium. On the day of the assay initiation, cells were washed in a 50 mL volume of RPMI 1640/10% FBS three times to remove GM- CSF and were resuspended at lxlO<sup>5</sup> cells/mL in RPMI 1640/10% FBS. Cells were plated at 10,000 cells/well in flat-bottom TC-treated 96-well plates. Three- fold serial dilutions of hrEPO (R&D Systems; Research Diagnostics Inc., RDI) were made in RPMI 1640/10% FBS in a range of 10 U/mL to 0.001 U/mL (final concentration) and three-fold serial dilutions of the EPO albumin fusion protein were made in RPMI 1640/10% FBS in a range of 100 ng/mL to 0.01 ng/mL (final concentration) where 1 U = 10 ng protein; 0.1 mL of each dilution was added to triplicate wells containing cells for a final volume of 0.2 mL in each well. Cell proliferation response to hrEPO and EPO albumin protein was determined by measuring incoφoration of <sup>3</sup>H-thymidine (0.5 μCi/well). The assay was carried out at incubation times of 24, 48, or 72 hours prior to and for 4 - 24 hours after the addition of <sup>3</sup>H-thymidine. Since only 1/3 of the molar weight of the EPO albumin fusion protein is actually an EPO molecule, in some cases dilutions made were also to adjust for the molar ratio. Results
1863[0932] Supernatants from 293T cells expressing construct 1966 or >90% purified
1864EPO-HSA albumin fusion protein derived from CHO cells expressing construct 1966 were tested in the above assay for EPO activity. On average, an EC50 of greater than 5 fold of that of rhEPO was established (see Figure 4).
1865In vivo Harlan mouse model for measuring hematocrit.
1866Methods
1867[0933] This mouse model provides the means to measure the therapeutic activity of a protein in vivo by measuring its effect on the hematocrit.
1868[0934] An in vivo mouse model, i.e., 6 - 8 week old female DBA/2NHsd mice
1869(Harlan), has been established to monitor the effect on hematocrit upon administration of a control protein at 2 μg/kg and at other concentrations or an albumin fusion protein at 30 μg/kg and at other concentrations daily or every other day for 7 days either intravenously, intraperitoneally, or subcutaneously. Hematocrit is determined by sticking the tail vein with a needle, collecting the blood with a heparinized microcapillary tube, and then spinning the tubes throughout the experimental time-frame. Also, for certain experiments, the spleen is harvested and weighed. Other dosing schedules are known within the art and can readily be adapted for use in this assay.
1870The activity of the albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 1966 can be assayed using an in vivo Harlan mouse model for measuring hematocrit. Methods
1871[0935] An in vivo mouse model of 6 - 8 week old female DBA/2NHsd mice (Harlan) was used to monitor the extent of EPO activity upon administration of rhEPO (Research Diagnostics, Inc., cat # RDI-PB11965) at doses of 0.5, 1.5, 4.5, and 12 μg/kg on days 0, 2, 4 and 6 and upon administration of the purified EPO albumin fusion protein encoded by constract 1966 at concentrations of 2, 6, 18, and 54 μg/kg on days 0, 2, 4, and 6 subcutaneously, "SC". Hematocrit was determined by sticking the tail vein with a needle on days 0 and 7, collecting the blood with a heparinized microcapillary tube, and then spinning the tubes throughout the experimental time-frame. The higher doses of the EPO albumin fusion protein is a rough equimolar comparison with the control recombinant human EPO, "rhEPO" (Research Diagnostics, Inc., cat # RDI-PB11965). Results
1872[0936] There was a significant increase in hematocrit (see Figure 5) from day 0 to day
18737 for animals treated with either recombinant human EPO or EPO albumin fiision proteins. However, the EPO albumin fiision protein encoded by construct 1966 appeared to have a more drastic effect on hematocrit levels than the rhEPO control. Subcutaneous administration of 3 doses/week of 52 μg/kg, or 1 dose/week of 156 μg/kg, of the EPO albumin fusion protein encoded by constract 1966 caused a greater than or equal to 40% change in hematocrit from day 0 to day 8 (see Figure 6). The % change in hematocrit was either maintained close to 40% for the triple dose or subdued to -20% for the single dose on day 14 as opposed to a decline from close to 30% to <10% for a 3 dose subcutaneous administration of 12 μg/kg of rhEPO in a week. The elevated hematocrit appears to be maintained with the EPO albumin fusion protein encoded by constract 1966 over a period of a week after the last subcutaneous administration in comparison with the hematocrit levels induced by the rhEPO protein which declines back to more normal levels. [0937] DBA mice injected intravenously with a 150 μg/kg dose of the EPO albumin fusion protein encoded by albumin fusion construct 1966 cleared this EPO albumin fusion protein 7 times more slowly than rhEPO.
1874EXAMPLE 9: Construct ID 1981. HSA-EPO. Generation.
1875[0938] Constract ID 1981, pC4.HSA-EPO.A28-D192, comprises DNA encoding for an EPO albumin fusion protein which has the HSA full-length sequence, including the native HSA leader sequence, fused to the amino terminus of the mature form of EPO, with the exception of the final Arg residue, cloned into the mammalian expression vector pC4.
1876Cloning of EPO cDNA for construct 1981
1877[0939] The DNA encoding EPO was amplified with primers EPO3 and EPO4, described below, cut with Bsu 36V Asc I, and ligated into Bsu 361/ Asc I cut pC4:HSA.
1878Constract ID #1981 encodes an albumin fusion protein containing the native leader sequence and mature form of HSA and the mature form of EPO, Ala 28 to Asp 192 (Genbank
1879Accession AAA52400).
1880[0940] Two oligonucleotides suitable for PCR amplification of the polynucleotide encoding the mature form of EPO (see SEQ ID NO:X for constract 1981 in Table 2), EPO3 and EPO4, were synthesized:
1881EPO3: 5'- AAGCTGCCΓTAGGCΓΓAGCCCCACCACGCCTCATCTGTGACAG -3' (SEQ ID NO: 805)
1882EPO4: 5'- GCGCGGCGCGCCGAATTCCTATTAGΓCCCCΓGΓCCΓGC^GGCCΓCCCCΓGΓ ? -3' (SEQ ED
NO: 806)
1884[0941] EPO3 incoφorates a Bsu 361 cloning site (shown underlined) and nucleotides encoding the last four amino acid residues of the mature form of HSA, as well as 26 nucleotides, italicized, encoding the first 8 amino acid residues of the mature form of EPO.
1885In EPO4, the Asc I site is underlined (SEQ ID NO:806) and the last 28 nucleotides, italicized, are the reverse complement of DNA encoding the last 9 amino acid residues of EPO (for general constract ^loning see Example 5) , with the exception of the final Arg residue. The
1886PCR amplimer generated using these primers was purified, digested with Bsu 361 and Asc I restriction enzymes, and cloned into the Bsu 361 and Asc I sites of the pC4:HSA vector.
1887[0942] The PCR product was purified (for example, by using Wizard PCR Preps
1888DNA Purification System (Promega Coφ)) and then digested with 3su361 and Ascl. After further purification of the Bsu361-Ascl fragment by gel elecfrophoresis, the product was cloned into Bsu36VAscl digested pC4:HSA to give construct ID # 1981.
1889[0943] Further, analysis of the N-terminus of the expressed albumin fusion protein by amino acid sequencing confirmed the presence of the expected HSA sequence (see below).
1890[0944] EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention preferably comprise the mature form of HSA , i.e., Asp-25 to Leu-609, fused to either the N- or C- terminus of the mature form of EPO lacking the final Arg residue, i.e., Ala-28 to Asp-192. hi one embodiment of the invention, EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise a signal sequence which directs the nascent fusion polypeptide in the secretory pathways of the host used for expression. In a further prefeπed embodiment, the signal peptide encoded by the signal sequence is removed, and the mature EPO albumin fusion protein is secreted directly into the culture medium. EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention may comprise heterologous signal sequences including, but not limited to, MAF, INV, Ig, Fibulin B, Clusterin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4, variant HSA leader sequences including, but not limited to, a chimeric HSA/MAF leader sequence, or other heterologous signal sequences known in the art. In a prefeπed embodiment, EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprise the native EPO signal sequence. In further prefeπed embodiments, the EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise an N-terminal methionine residue. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides, including fragments and/or variants, are also encompassed by the invention.
1891Expression and Purification of Construct ID 1981.
1892Expression in CHO cells.
1893[0945] Constract 1981 was transfected into CHO cells as described in Examples 6 and 8. Expression levels and the specific productivity rates were determined as described in
1894Example 8.
1895Purification from CHO supernatant.
1896[0946] The cell supernatant containing the EPO albumin fusion protein expressed from constract ID #1981 in CHO cells was purified as described in Examples 7 and 8. N- terminal sequencing generated DAHKS, the sequence of the amino terminus of the mature form of HSA. For each litre of supernatant, 14 mg of protein was obtained. An approximate
1897MW of 85.7 kDa was obtained.
1898In vitro TF-1 cell proliferation assay for construct 1981.
1899Method
1900[0947] The in vitro TF-1 cell proliferation assay for the EPO albumin fusion protein encoded by constract 1981 was carried out as previously described in Example 8 under subsection heading "In vitro TF-1 cell proliferation assay for constract 1966".
1901Results
1902[0948] Supernatants from CHO cells expressing constract 1981 were >90% purified for the HSA-EPO albumin fusion protein and were tested in the assay, as described in Example 8. On average, an EC50 of greater than 5 fold of that of rhEPO was established (see Figures 4 and 7).
1903The activity of construct 1981 can be assayed using an in vivo Harlan mouse model for measuring hematocrit.
1904Methods
1905[0949] The in vivo Harlan mouse model was used to assay for hematocrit levels upon subcutaneous administration of either control rhEPO or EPO albumin fusion protein encoded by constract 1981. The assay was carried out as previously described in Example 8 under subsection heading "The activity of construct 1966 can be assayed using an in vivo Harlan mouse model for measuring hematocrit".
1906Results
1907[0950] There was a significant increase in hematocrit (see Figure 5) from day 0 to day
19087 for animals treated with either rhEPO or EPO albumin fusion proteins. However, the EPO albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 1981 appears to have a more drastic effect on hematocrit levels than the rhEPO control.
1909[0951] DBA mice injected intravenously with a 150 μg/kg dose of EPO albumin fusion protein encoded by albumin fusion constract 1981 cleared this EPO albumin fusion protein 7 times more slowly than rhEPO.
1910EXAMPLE 10: Construct ID 1997. EPO-HSA. Generation.
1911[0952] Constract ID 1997, pEE12.1:EPO M1-D192.HSA, comprises DNA encoding an EPO albumin fusion protein which has the full-length EPO protein (including the native leader sequence), i.e., M1-D192, with the exception of the final Arg residue, fused to the amino-terminus of the mature form of HSA cloned into the mammalian expression vector pEE12.1.
1912Cloning of EPO cDNA for construct 1997.
1913[0953] The DNA encoding EPO was amplified with primers EPO5 and EPO6, described below, cut with Eco Rl/C/α I, and ligated into Eco R Cla I cut pcDNA3
1914(Invitrogen Coφoration, 1600 Faraday Ave, Carlsbad, CA 92008). pcDNA3.EPO Ml-
1915D192.HSA was digested with Eco W/Hind W. to release the EPO M1-D192.HSA expression cassette fragment and cloned into Eco Rl/Hind TU digested pEE12.1. Constract ID #1997 encodes an albumin fusion protein containing the leader sequence and the mature form of
1916EPO, followed by the mature HSA protein (see SEQ ID NO:Y in Table 2 for constract 1997).
1917[0954] Two oligonucleotides suitable for PCR amplification of the polynucleotide encoding EPO (SEQ ID NO:X, Table 2 for constract 1997), EPO5 and EPO6, were synthesized.
1918EPO5 :5'-GATCGΛΛ 7TCGCCACCATGGGGGTGCACGAATGTCCTGCCΓQGCTGTGGCTTCTCCTGTCC
CTGCTGTCGCTCCCTCTGGGCCTCCCAGTCCTGGGCGCCCCACCACGCCTCATCTGTGAC- 3' (SEQ
ID NO: 775)
EPO6:5'-CTTTAA TCGA 7OAGCAACCTCACTCTTGTGTGCATCGTCCCCTGTCCTGCAGGCCTCCC-3'
(SEQ ID NO: 776)
1923[0955] EPO5 incoφorates an Eco RI site (shown in italics) and a kozak sequence
1924(shown underlined) prior to the DNA encoding the first 35 amino acids of the ORF of the full-length EPO. In EPO6, the italicized sequence is a Cla I site, the underlined sequence is the reverse complement of the DNA encoding the first 9 amino acids of the mature form of
1925HSA protein (DAHKSEVAH, SEQ ID NO: 1106), and the sequence following the reverse complement of HSA is the reverse complement of the last 23 nucleotides encoding the last 7 amino acids of EPO not including the final Arg- 193 amino acid. Using these two primers,
1926DNA encoding the full-length EPO protein was PCR amplified as in Example 8.
1927[0956] The PCR product was purified and then digested with Eco Rl and Cla I. After further purification of the Eco Rl-Cla I fragment by gel elecfrophoresis, the product was cloned into Eco RVCla I digested pcDNA3. The Eco KUHind DI fragment containing the expression cassette was generated from pcDNA3.EPO.Ml-D192.HSA and subcloned into the
1928Eco m/Hind ID digested pEE12.1 to give constract ID # 1997.
1929[0957] Further, analysis of the N-terminus of the albumin fusion protein by amino acid sequencing confirmed the presence of the expected EPO sequence (see below).
1930[0958] EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention preferably comprise the mature form of HSA , i.e., Asp-25 to Leu-609, fused to either the N- or C- terminus of the mature form of EPO lacking the final Arg residue, i.e., Ala-28 to Asp-192. In one embodiment of the invention, EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise a signal sequence which directs the nascent fusion polypeptide in the secretory pathways of the host used for expression. In a further prefeπed embodiment, the signal peptide encoded by the signal sequence is removed, and the mamre EPO albumin fusion protein is secreted directly into the culture medium. EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention may comprise heterologous signal sequences including, but not limited to, MAF, INV, Ig, Fibulin B, Clusterin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4, variant HSA leader sequences including, but not limited to, a chimeric HSA/MAF leader sequence, or other heterologous signal sequences known in the art. In a prefeπed embodiment, EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprise the native EPO signal sequence. In further prefeπed embodiments, the EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise an N-terminal methionine residue. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides, including fragments and/or variants, are also encompassed by the invention.
1931Expression and Purification of Construct ID 1997. Expression in NSO cells.
1932[0959] Construct 1997 was transfected into NSO cells as described in Example 6.
1933Expression levels and specific productivity rates were determined as described in Example 8. Purification from NSO cell supernatant.
1934[0960] Purification of the EPO albumin fusion protein from 500 mL cell supernatant from NSO cells transfected with constract 1997 involves Q-Sepharose anion exchange chromatography at pH 7.4 using a NaCl gradient from 0 to 1 M in 20 mM Tris-HCl, followed by Poros PI 50 anion exchange chromatography at pH 6.5 with a sodium citrate gradient from 5 to 40 mM, and diafiltrating for 6 DV into 10 mM citrate, pH 6.5 and 140 mM NaCl, the final buffer composition (see, Example 7). N-terminal sequencing yielded the sequence APPRLI which is the amino terminus of the mature form of EPO. The protein has an approximate MW of 87.7 kDa. A final yield of 52.2 mg protein per L of supernatant was obtained.
1935[0961] For larger scale purification, 50 L of NSO cell supernatant can be concentrated into ~8 to 10 L. The concentrated sample can then be passed over the Q-Sepharose anion exchange column (10 x 19 cm, 1.5 L) at pH 7.5 using a step elution consisting of 50 mM NaOAc, pH 6.0 and 150 mM NaCl. The eluted sample can then be virally inactivated with 0.75% Triton-X 100 for 60 min at room temperature. SDR-Reverse Phase chromatography (10 cm x 10 cm, 0.8 L) can then be employed at pH 6.0 with 50 mM NaOAc and 150 mM NaCl, or altematively, the sample can be passed over an SP-sepharose column at pH 4.8 using a step elution of 50 mM NaOAc, pH 6.0, and 150 mM NaCl. DV 50 filtration would follow to remove any viral content. Phenyl-650M chromatography (20 cm x 12 cm, 3.8 L) at pH 6.0 using a step elution consisting of 350 mM (NEU)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and 50 mM NaOAc, or alternatively consisting of 50 mM NaOAc pH 6.0, can follow. Diafiltration for 6-8 DV will allow for buffer exchange into the desired final formulation buffer of either 10 mM Na<sub>2</sub>HPO + 58 mM sucrose + 120 mM NaCl, pH 7.2 or 10 mM citrate, pH 6.5, and 140 mM NaCl.
1936In vitro TF-1 cell proliferation assay for construct 1997.
1937Method
1938[0962] The in vitro TF-1 cell proliferation assay for the EPO-HSA albumin fusion encoded by constract 1997 was carried out as previously described in Example 8 under subsection heading "In vitro TF-1 cell proliferation assay for constract 1966".
1939Results
1940[0963] Supernatants from NSO cells expressing construct 1997 were >90% purified for the EPO-HSA albumin fusion protein and were tested in the assay, as described in
1941Example 8. On average, an EC50 of greater than 5 fold of that of rhEPO was established (see
1942Figure 7).
1943The activity of construct 1997 can be assayed using an in vivo Harlan mouse model for measuring hematocrit.
1944Methods
1945[0964] The in vivo Harlan mouse model was used to assay for hematocrit levels upon subcutaneous administration of either control rhEPO or EPO albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 1981 at various doses on days 0, 2, 4, and 6. The assay was carried out as previously described in Example 8 under subsection heading "The activity of construct 1966 can be assayed using an in vivo Harlan mouse model for measuring hematocrit". Hematocrit was determined on days 0, 8, and 14.
1946Results
1947[0965] There was a significant and similar increase in hematocrit (see Figure 8) from day 0 to day 8 for animals treated with either rhEPO or the EPO albumin fusion encoded by construct 1997. However, as was the case for the EPO albumin fiision protein encoded by construct 1966 but to a lesser extent, subcutaneous administration of 3 doses/week of 52 μg/kg of EPO albumin fusion encoded by construct 1997 caused close to 30% change in hematocrit from day 0 to day 8 and subdued to -15% on day 14 (see Figure 6) as opposed to a decline from close to 30% to <10% for a triple dose of 12 μg/kg subcutaneous administration of rhEPO per week. [0966] DBA mice injected intravenously with a 150 μg/kg dose of EPO-HSA cleared this EPO albumin fusion 7 times more slowly than rhEPO.
1948EXAMPLE 11: Construct ID 2294, EPO-HSA. Generation.
1949[0967] Constract ED 2294, pC4.EPO.R140G.HSA, comprises DNA encoding an
1950EPO-HSA fusion protein which has the full-length EPO protein including the native leader sequence of the EPO protein, with the exception of the final Arg residue, i.e., M1-D192, with a point mutation mutating Arg- 140 to Gly, fused to the amino-terminus of the mature form of HSA cloned into the mammalian expression vector pC4.
1951Cloning of EPO cDNA for construct 2294.
1952[0968] Constract ID #2294 encodes an albumin fusion protein containing the leader sequence and the mature form of EPO, followed by the mature HSA protein. Construct ID
1953#2294 was generated by using constract DD #1966, i.e., pC4:EPO.Ml-D192.HSA) as a template in a two-step PCR method.
1954[0969] Four oligonucleotides suitable for PCR amplification of the polynucleotide encoding EPO (SEQ DD NO:X for construct 2294, table 2), EPO7, EPO8, EPO9, and EPO10, were synthesized.
1955EPO7: 5*-CTTTGG^rCCGCCACCATGGGGGTGCACGAATGT(pri_ er 82848)- 3' (SEQ ED NO: 915)
1956EPO8: S'-CCTTCTGGGCTCCCAGAGCCCGAAG (primer 82847)-3' (SEQ ID NO: 1123)
1957EPO9: 5'-CATTATCGATGAGCAACCTCACTCTTGTGTGCATCGTCCC (primer 82849)-3' (SEQ ED
NO: 916)
1959EPO10: 5<sup>*</sup>-CTTCGGGCTCTGGGAGCCCAGAAGG (primer 82846)-3' (SEQ ED NO: 1124)
1960[0970] In -the first round of PCR amplifications, the N-terminal and the C-terminal fragments of construct ED 1966 were independently amplified. The N-terminal fragment was generated using primers EPO7 and EPO8. EPO7 incoφorates Bam HI (shown in italics) and has a kozak sequence (shown underlined) prior to the first 18 nucleotides encoding the first 6 amino acids of the ORF of the full-length EPO. The EPO8 primer comprises the reverse complement of the sequence spanning amino acids 136 to 143 of the full-length form of EPO with the exception that the codon CGA encoding the Arg residue at amino acid 140
1961(highlighted in bold) is altered to the codon GGA which encodes a Gly residue. The C- terminal fragment was generated using primers EPO9 and EPO 10. In EPO9, the underlined sequence is a Cla I site; and the Cla I site and the DNA following it are the reverse complement of DNA encoding the first 10 amino acids of the mature HSA protein (SEQ ED NO:1038). In EPO9, the last 5 nucleotides coπespond to the reverse complement of the last 5 nucleotides in the full-length EPO, which lacks the final Arg- 193 residue. The EPO 10 primer comprises the nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acids 136 to 143 of the full- length form of EPO with the exception that the codon CGA encoding the Arg residue at amino acid 140 (highlighted in bold) is altered to the codon GGA which encodes a Gly residue. In the second round of PCR amplifications, primers EPO7 and EPO9 were used to amplify the full-length of EPO with the Arg- 140 to Gly mutation in which the reaction mixture contained both the PCR amplified N-terminal fragment and the PCR amplified C- terminal fragment.
1962[0971] The PCR product was purified and then digested with Bam HI and Cla I.
1963After further purification of the Bam Ηl-Cla I fragment by gel elecfrophoresis, the product was cloned into Bam W Cla I digested pC4:HSA to give construct DD # 2294. [0972] Further, analysis of the N-terminus of the albumin fusion protein by amino acid sequencing can confirm the presence of the expected JEPO sequence (see below). [0973] EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention preferably comprise the mature form of HSA , i.e., Asp-25 to Leu-609, fused to either the N- or C- terminus of the mature form of EPO lacking the final Arg residue, i.e., Ala-28 to Asp-192. In one embodiment of the invention, EPO albumin fiision proteins of the invention further comprise a signal sequence which directs the nascent fusion polypeptide in the secretory pathways of the host used for expression. In a further prefeπed embodiment, thecsignal peptide encoded by the signal sequence is removed, and the mature EPO albumin fusion protein is secreted directly into the culture medium. EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention may comprise heterologous signal sequences including, but not limited to, MAF, INV, Ig, Fibulin B, Clusterin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4, variant HSA leader sequences including, but not limited to, a chimeric HSA MAF leader sequence, or other heterologous signal sequences known in the art. In a prefeπed embodiment, EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprise the native EPO signal sequence. In further preferred embodiments, the EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise an N-terminal methionine residue. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides, including fragments and/or variants, are also encompassed by the invention.
1964Expression and Purification of Construct ID 2294. Expression in CHO cells.
1965[0974] Construct 2294 can be transfected into CHO cells as described in Examples 6 and 8. Expression levels and specific productivity rates can be determined as described in
1966Example 8.
1967Purification from CHO supernatant.
1968[0975] The cell supernatant containing the EPO-HSA fusion protein expressed from construct DD #2294 in CHO cells can be purified as in Examples 7 and 8. N-terminal sequencing should yield the sequence APPRLI (SEQ ID NO:2141) which coπesponds to the amino terminus of the mature form of EPO and should yield a protein of approximate MW of
196987.7 kDa.
1970In vitro TF-1 cell proliferation assay for construct 2294.
1971Method
1972[0976] The in vitro TF-1 cell proliferation assay for the EPO-HSA albumin fusion encoded by constract 2294 can be carried out as previously described in Example 8 under subsection heading "In vitro TF-1 cell proliferation assay for construct 1966".
1973The activity of construct 2294 can be assayed using an in vivo Harlan mouse model for measuring hematocrit.
1974[0977] The in vivo Harlan mouse model as previously described in Example 8 under subsection heading, "In vivo Harlan mouse model for measuring hematocrit", can be used to measure hematocrit levels for the EPO albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 2294.
1975EXAMPLE 12: Construct ID 2298, EPO-HSA. Generation.
1976[0978] Constract DD 2298, pEE12.1:EPO.R140G.HSA, comprises DNA encoding an
1977EPO albumin fusion protein which has the full-length EPO protein (including the native leader sequence), with the exception of the final Arg residue, i.e., M1-D192, with a point mutation mutating Arg- 140 to Gly, fused to the amino-terminus of the mature form of HSA cloned into the mammalian expression vector pEE12.1.
1978Cloning of EPO cDNA for construct 2298
1979[0979] Constract ED #2298 encodes an albumin fusion protein containing the leader sequence and the mature form of EPO, followed by the mature HSA protein. Constract ID #2298 was generated by using construct ID #1997, i.e., pEE12.1:EPO.Ml-D192.HSA) as a template for PCR mutagenesis.
1980[0980] Two oligonucleotides suitable for PCR amplification of template of constract
1981ED #1997, EPO11 and EPO12, were synthesized.
EPO11: 5'-GGCTTCCTTCTGGGCTCCCAGAGCCCGAAGCAG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 924)
EPO12: 5'-CTGCTTCGGGCTCTGGGAGCCCAGAAGGAAGCC-3' (SEQ ED NO: 923)
1984[0981] The EPO11 anti-sense primer comprises the reverse complement of the sequence spanning amino acids 135 to 145 of the full-length form of EPO with the exception that the codon CGA encoding the Arg residue at amino acid 140 (highlighted in bold) is altered to the codon GGA which encodes a Gly residue. The EPO 12 sense primer comprises the nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acids 135 to 145 of the full-length form of EPO with the exception that the codon CGA encoding the Arg residue at amino acid 140
1985(highlighted in bold) is altered to the codon GGA which encodes a Gly residue. Using the
1986Site Directed Mutagenesis kit and protocol from Stratagene, the PCR reaction generated the whole template of constract DD #1997 with the exception of the Arg to Gly mutation. The
1987PCR product was digested with Dpn I, transformed into competent XL1 Blue bacteria, and colonies were sequenced and confirmed. The Dpn I endonuclease is specific for methylated and hemimethylated DNA and targets the sequence 5'-GmATC-3'. Dpn I is used to digest the parental DNA template so as to select the mutation-containing synthesized DNA.
1988[0982] Further, analysis of the N-terminus of the expressed albumin fusion protein by amino acid sequencing can confirm the presence of the expected EPO sequence (see below).
1989[0983] EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention preferably comprise the mature form of HSA , i.e., Asp-25 to Leu-609, fused to either the N- or C- terminus of the mature form of EPO lacking the final Arg residue, i.e., Ala-28 to Asp-192. In one embodiment of the invention, EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise a signal sequence which directs the nascent fusion polypeptide in the secretory pathways of the host used for expression. In a further prefeπed embodiment, the signal peptide encoded by the signal sequence is removed, and the mature EPO albumin fusion protein is secreted directly into the culture medium. EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention may comprise heterologous signal sequences including, but not limited to, MAF, INV, Ig, Fibulin B,
1990Clusterin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4, variant HSA leader sequences including, but not limited to, a chimeric HSA/MAF leader sequence, or other heterologous signal sequences known in the art. In a prefeπed embodiment, EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprise the native EPO signal sequence. In further prefeπed embodiments, the EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise an N-terminal methionine residue. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides, including fragments and/or variants, are also encompassed by the invention.
1991Expression and Purification of Construct ID 2298.
1992Expression in NSO cells.
1993[0984] Constract 2298 can be transfected into NSO cells as described in Examples 6 and 10. Expression levels and specific productivity rates can be determined as described in
1994Example 8.
1995Purification from NSO cell supernatant.
1996[0985] The cell supernatant containing the EPO-HSA fusion protein expressed from
1997DD #2298 in NSO. cells can be purified as in Examples 7 and 10. N-terminal sequencing should yield the sequence APPRLI (SEQ ED NO:2141) which coπesponds to the amino terminus of the mature form of EPO and should yield a protein of approximate MW of 87.7 kDa.
1998In vitro TF-1 cell proliferation assay for construct 2298.
1999Method
2000[0986] The in vitro TF-1 cell proliferation assay for the EPO-HSA albumin fusion protein encoded by constract 2298 can be carried out as previously described in Example 8 under subsection heading "In vitro TF-1 cell proliferation assay for the albumin-fusion protein encoded by constract 1966" and in Example 10 under subsection heading "In vitro
2001TF-1 cell proliferation assay for constract 1997".
2002The activity of construct 2298 can be assayed using an in vivo Harlan mouse model for measuring hematocrit.
2003[0987] The in vivo Harlan mouse model as previously described in Example 8 under subsection heading, "In vivo Harlan mouse model for measuring hematocrit", and in Example 10 can be used to measure hematocrit levels for the EPO albumin fiision protein encoded by construct 2298. EXAMPLE 13: Construct ID 2325, EPO-HSA, Generation.
2004[0988] Constract ED 2325, pC4.EPO:Ml-D192.HSA.codon optimized, comprises
2005DNA encoding an EPO albumin fusion protein which has the full-length EPO protein (including the native leader sequence), i.e., M1-D192 with the Arg-140 to Gly mutation, fused to the amino-terminus of the mature form of HSA cloned into the mammalian expression vector pC4.
2006Cloning of EPO cDNA for construct 2325
2007[0989] DNA encoding the EPO open reading frame was codon optimized so as not to hybridize to the wild-type EPO gene sequence. The polynucleotide encoding EPO was PCR generated by 6 overlapping oligonucleotides and cloned into the TA vector. Constract DD #2325 encodes an albumin fusion protein containing the leader sequence and the mature form of EPO, followed by the mature HSA protein.
2008[0990] Further, analysis of the N-terminus of the expressed albumin fusion protein by amino acid sequencing can confirm the presence of the expected EPO sequence (see below). [0991] EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention preferably comprise the mature form of HSA , i.e., Asp-25 to Leu-609, fused to either the N- or C- terminus of the mature form of EPO lacking the final Arg residue, i.e., Ala-28 to Asp-192. In one embodiment of the invention, EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise a signal sequence which directs the nascent fusion polypeptide in the secretory pathways of the host used for expression. In a further prefeπed embodiment, the signal peptide encoded by the signal sequence is removed, and the mature EPO albumin fusion protein is secreted directly into the culture medium. EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention may comprise heterologous signal sequences including, but not limited to, MAF, INV, Ig, Fibulin B, Clusterin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4, variant HSA leader sequences including, but not limited to, a chimeric HSA/MAF leader sequence, or other heterologous signal sequences known in the art. In a prefeπed embodiment, EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprise the native EPO signal sequence. In further prefeπed embodiments, the EPO albumin fiision proteins of the invention fiirther comprise an N-terminal methionine residue. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides, including fragments and/or variants, are also encompassed by the invention.
2009Expression and Purification of Construct ID 2325.. Expression in CHO cells.
2010[0992] Constract 2325 can be transfected into CHO cells as described in Examples 6 and 8. Expression levels and specific productivity rates can be determined as describe in
2011Example 8.
2012Purification from CHO supernatant.
2013[0993] The cell supernatant containing the EPO-HSA fusion protein expressed from constract ED #2325 in CHO cells can be purified by methods described in Examples 7 and 8.
2014N-terminal sequencing should yield the sequence APPRLI (SEQ DD NO:2141) which coπesponds to the amino terminus of the mature form of EPO and should yield a protein of approximate MW of 87.7 kDa.
2015In vitro TF-1 cell proliferation assay for construct 2325.
2016Method
2017[0994] The in vitro TF-1 cell proliferation assay for the EPO-HSA albumin fusion encoded by constract 2325 can be carried out as previously described in Example 8 under subsection heading "In vitro TF-1 cell proliferation assay for constract 1966".
2018The activity of construct 2325 can be assayed using an in vivo Harlan mouse model for measuring hematocrit.
2019[0995] The in vivo Harlan mouse model as previously described in Example.8 under subsection heading, "In vivo Harlan mouse model for measuring hematocrit", can be used to measure hematocrit levels for the EPO albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 2325.
2020EXAMPLE 14: Indications for EPO Albumin Fusion Proteins.
2021[0996] Results from in vitro and in vivo assays described above indicate that EPO albumin fusion proteins can be used in the treatment of bleeding disorders and anemia caused by a variety of conditions, including but not limited to: end-stage renal disease (dialysis patients), chronic renal failure in pre-dialysis, zidovudine-treated HIV patients, cancer patients on chemotherapy, and premamre infants. EPO albumin fusion proteins can also be used pre-surgery in anemic patients undergoing elective non-cardiac, non-vascular surgery to reduce the need for blood transfusions. Indications in development for these agents include: aplastic and other refractory anemias, refractory anemia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, and transfusion avoidance in elective orthopedic surgery. Anemia in renal disease and oncology are the two primary indications for EPO albumin fusion proteins encoded by constructs 1966, 1981, 1997, 2294, 2298, and 2325.
2022EXAMPLE 15: Construct ID 1812, IL2-HSA, Generation.
2023[0997] Constract DD 1812, pSAC35:IL2.A21-T153.HSA, comprises DNA encoding an IL2 albumin fusion protein which has an HSA chimeric leader sequence, i.e., the HSA- kex2 signal peptide, the mature E 2 protein, i.e., A21-T153, fused to the amino-terminus of the mature form of HSA in the yeast S. cerevisiae expression vector pSAC35.
2024Cloning of IL2 cDNA
2025[0998] The polynucleotide encoding E 2 was PCR amplified using primers IL2-1 and
2026D 2-2, described below. The amplimer was cut with Sal Ϊ/Cla I, and ligated into Xho VCla I cut pScCHSA. Constract ID #1812 encodes an albumin fusion protein containing the chimeric leader sequence of HSA, the mature form of EL2, followed by the mature HSA protein.
2027[0999] Two oligonucleotides suitable for PCR amplification of the polynucleotide encoding the mature form of E 2, EL2-1 and E 2-2, were synthesized:
E2-1: 5'-AGGAGCGTCGACAAAAGAGCACCTACTTCAAGTTCTACAAAG-3' (SEQ ED NO: 725)
EL2-2:5'-CTTTAAATCGATGAGCAACCTCACTCTTGTGTGCATCAGTCAGTGTTG
AGATGATGCTTTG-3' (SEQ DD NO: 726)
2031[1000] IL2-1 incoφorates the Sal I cloning site (shown underlined), nucleotides encoding the last three amino acid residues of the HSA chimeric leader sequence, as well as
203224 nucleotides encoding the first 8 amino acid residues of the mature form of E 2. In IL2-2, the Cla I site (shown underlined) and the DNA following it are the reverse complement of the
2033DNA encoding the first 10 amino acids of the mature HSA protein (SEQ DD NO: 1038) and the last 24 nucleotides are the reverse complement of DNA encoding the last 8 amino acid residues of EL2 (see Example 2). A PCR amplimer of IL2-HSA was generated using these primers, purified, digested with Sal I and Cla I restriction enzymes, and cloned into the Xho I and Cla I sites of the pScCHS A vector. After the sequence was confirmed, the expression cassette encoding this IL2 albumin fusion protein was subcloned into pSAC35 as a Not I fragment.
2034[1001] Further, analysis of the N-terminus of the expressed albumin fusion protein by amino acid sequencing can confirm the presence of the expected IL2 sequence (see below). [1002] E 2 albumin fusion proteins of the invention preferably comprise the mature form of HSA , i.e., Asp-25 to Leu-609, fused to either the N- or C- terminus of the mature form of E 2, i.e., Ala-21 to Thr-153. In one embodiment of the invention, IL2 albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise a signal sequence which directs the nascent fusion polypeptide in the secretory pathways of the host used for expression. In a further prefeπed embodiment, the signal peptide encoded by the signal sequence is removed, and the mature IL2 albumin fusion protein is secreted directly into the culture medium. IL2 albumin fusion proteins of the invention may comprise heterologous signal sequences including, but not limited to, MAF, INV, Ig, Fibulin B, Clusterin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4, variant HSA leader sequences including, but not limited to, a chimeric HSA/MAF leader sequence, or other heterologous signal sequences known in the art. In a prefeπed embodiment, IL2 albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprise the native IL2 signal sequence. In further prefeπed embodiments, the IL2 albumin fiision proteins of the invention further comprise an N-terminal methionine residue. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides, including fragments and/or variants, are also encompassed by the invention.
2035Expression and Purification of Construct ID 1812. Expression in yeast S. cerevisiae.
2036[1003] Transfection of construct 1812 into yeast S. cerevisiae strain BXP10 was carried out by methods known in the art (see Example 3). Cells were collected at stationary phase after 72 hours of growth. Supernatants from yeast transfected by constract 1812 were collected by clarifying cells at 3000g for 10 min. Expression levels were examined by immunoblot detection with anti-HSA serum (Kent Laboratories) as the primary antibody. An IL2 albumin fusion protein of approximate molecular weight of 85 kDa was obtained. The specific productivity rates were determined via ELISA in which the capture antibody was the US Biological #A1327-35 monoclonal anti-HSA antibody or a monoclonal anti-human IL2 antibody (e.g., from Biosource #AHCO422, Pharmingen #555051, R&D Systems #MAB202, or R&D Systems #MAB602), the detecting antibody was a monoclonal anti-human IL2- biotinylated antibody (e.g., from Biosource #AHC069 or Endogen/Pierce #M-600-B) or a monoclonal anti-HSA antibody Biofrend #4T24, respectively, the conjugate was horseradish peroxidase/streptavidin (Vector Laboratories, #SA-5004), and the substrate was KPL TMB Peroxidase Subsfrate (KPL #50-76-01). The analysis was carried out according to manufacturers' protocol and/or by methods known in the art. Purification from yeast S. cerevisiae cell supernatant.
2037[1004] The cell supernatant containing EL2 albumin fusion protein expressed from constract DD #1812 in yeast S. cerevisiae cells was purified either small scale over a Dyax peptide affinity column (see Example 4) or large scale by following 5 steps: diafiltration, anion exchange chromatography using DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow column, hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) using Butyl 650S column, cation exchange chromatography using an SP-Sepharose Fast Flow column or a Blue-Sepharose chromatography, and high performance chromatography using Q-sepharose high performance column chromatography (see Example 4). The EL2 albumin fusion protein eluted from the DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow column with 100 - 250 mM NaCl, from the SP-Sepharose Fast Flow column with 150 - 250 mM NaCl, and from the Q-Sepharose High Performance column at 5 - 7.5 mS/cm. N-terminal sequencing should yield the sequence APTSSST which coπesponds to the amino terminus of the mature form of IL2.
2038The activity ofIL2 can be assayed using an in vitro T and NK cell-line proliferation assay. [1005] The murine CTLL T cell-line is used and is completely dependent on E 2 for cell growth and survival. This cell-line expresses high levels of high affinity IL2 receptors and is extremely sensitive to very low doses of IL2. Methods
2039[1006] CTLL-2 cells (murine EL2 dependent T cell-lifte) is grown in RPMI 10% FBS containing 5 ng/mL recombinant human IL2 and BME. Prior to the assays, the cells are washed twice in PBS to remove IL2. 1 x 10<sup>4</sup> cells/well are seeded in a 96-well plate, in a final volume of 200 μl of RPMI 10% FBS. The yeast and 293T supernatants are tested at final concentrations of : 10%, 5%, and 1%. In addition, recombinant human EL2, "rhIL2", is diluted in the negative control supernatant (HSA alone) to test for the effect of the medium on the stability of the recombinant protein. The cells are cultured at 37 °C for 20 hours, then pulsed with 1 μCi <sup>3</sup>H-thymidine for 6 hours. Proliferation is measured by thymidine incoφoration, each sample is tested in triplicate.
2040The activity of the IL2 albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 1812 can be assayed using an in vitro T and NK cell-line proliferation assay.
2041Methods [1007] CTLL-2 cells (murine EL2 dependent T cell-line) was grown in RPMI 10%
2042FBS containing 5 ng/mL recombinant human IL2 and BME. Prior to the assays, the cells were washed twice in PBS to remove IL2. 1 x 10<sup>4</sup> cells/well were seeded in a 96-well plate, in a final volume of 200 μl of RPMI 10% FBS. The yeast and 293T supernatants were tested at final concentrations of : 10%, 5%, and 1%. In addition, recombinant human E 2, "rhIL2", was diluted in the negative control supernatant (HSA alone) to test for the effect of the medium on the stability of the recombinant protein. The cells were cultured at 37 °C for 20 hours, then pulsed with 1 μCi <sup>3</sup>H-thymidine for 6 hours. Proliferation was measured by thymidine incoφoration, each sample was tested in triplicate. Results
2043[1008] The EL2 albumin fusion constract DD #1812 stimulated CTLL-2 cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner (see Figure 9).
2044The activity of the IL2 albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 1812 can be assayed using an in vivo BALB/c model: RENCA tumor response to therapy.
2045[1009] The mouse model employs the RENCA adenocarcinoma of BALB/c mice.
2046The RENCA tumor used in these studies arose spontaneously. The RENCA tumors were originally isolated by Dr. Sarah Stewart at the NCI (Bethesda, MD). RENCA tumors grow progressively following transfer of as few as 50 viable cells and spontaneously metastasize from intrarenal implant to the regional lymph nodes, lungs, liver, and spleen, as well as other organs. The im jinogenicity of RENCA has been determined to be low to moderate.
2047RENCA bearing mice routinely die within 35-40 ^ays after intrarenal injection of 1 x 10<sup>5</sup>
2048RENCA tumor cells. Mice given RENCA tumor cells intraperitoneally of a similar number of cells usually die within 30-50 days.
2049Methods
2050[1010] BALB/c mice (6 - 8 weeks of age) (n=10) were injected subcutaneously in mid-flank with 10<sup>5</sup> RENCA cells obtained from the fourth in vivo passage. After 10 days of daily (QD) or every other day (QOD) injections with placebo (PBS), HSA, rhIL2 at a dose of
20510.122 mg/kg/QD or at 200,000 or 300,000 U/mouse, or IL2 albumin fusion protein at 0.61 mg/kg, mice were monitored for change in tamor size at days 14, 17, 21, 25, 28, and 31 post tumor inoculation. The data are presented in dot-analysis where each dot respresents single animals. The horizontal line in each group represents MEAN value (see Figure 10).
2052Results [1011] IL2 albumin fusion protein encoded by constract DD#1812 was tested in the above assay.
2053[1012] Administration of IL2 albumin fusion protein expressed from constract
2054ED#1812 everyday or every other day showed significant impact on tumor growth causing delay of growth and/or shrinkage of tumor size. Every other day administration was more beneficial since tolerance levels were greater (see Figure 10). By day 31 from the inoculation day, 3 mice receiving IL2 albumin fusion products out of 10 were tumor free, only 2 showed signs of reduced tumor, and 4 mice had small tumors that appeared to be shrinking. Only one mouse did not respond beneficially to this treatment. Daily treatment with IL2 albumin fusion protein also caused a delay of growth or actual shrinkage of tumor (2 out of 10 mice were tumor free, 7 remaining mice had small tumors, and 2 had larger ones on the day of experiment termination). All animals receiving IL2 albumin fusion at 0.61 mg/kg were alive on the termination date, while only 40% of the mice receiving placebo (PBS) and 70% of mice receiving HSA were alive. The biological effect was far more pronounced than the recombinant human EL2 given daily either at 200,000 or 300,000 U/mouse. Recombinant human IL2 had only mediocre effect on tumor growth (all mice that received rhIL2 developed tumors and the only effect observed was growth delay) Of the 10 mice receiving rhIL2 (200,000 or 300,000 U/mL), 3 were dead by day 31. The low dose of 0.122 mg/kg/day tested did not inhibit the tumor growth nor spare mice from tumor-related death. The IL2 albumin fiision protein potently inhibited the in vivo RENCA growth and caused in several cases full recovery from tumors.
2055EXAMPLE 16: Construct ID 2030, IL2-HSA. Generation.
2056[1013] Constract DD 2030, pSAC35:ycoEL2.A21-T153.HSA, comprises DNA encoding an IL2 albumin fusion protein which has the HSA chimeric leader sequence, i.e., the HSA-kex2 signal peptide, the mature form of the E 2 protein, i.e., A21-T153, fused to the amino-terminus of the mature form of HSA in the yeast S. cerevisiae expression vector pSAC35.
2057Cloning of IL2 cDN A
2058[1014] The EL2 open reading frame "ORF" DNA was codon optimized so as not to hybridize to the wild-type E 2 gene. The polynucleotide encoding the codon optimized IL2 was PCR generated by 6 overlapping oligonucleotides and cloned into a TA vector. The polynucleotide encoding the codon optimized EL2 was PCR amplified from this clone using primers IL2-3 and IL2-4, described below, cut with Sal VCla I, and ligated into Xho VCla I cut pScCHSA. Constract DD #2030 encodes an albumin fusion protein containing the chimeric leader sequence of HSA and the mature form of IL2 fused to the amino terminus of the mature form of HSA.
2059[1015] Two oligonucleotides suitable for PCR amplification of the codon optimized polynucleotide encoding the mature form of TL2, EL2-3 and E 2-4, were synthesized:
E.2-3: 5'- AGGAGCGTCGACAAAAGAGCTCCAACTTCTTCTTCTACTAAG-3' (SEQ
ID NO: 831)
TL2-4: 5'-CTTTAAATCGATGAGCAACCTCACTCTTGTGTGCATCTGTCAAAGTA
2063GAAATAATAGA TTGGCAG-3* (SEQ DD NO: 832)
2064[1016] IL2-3 incoφorates the Sal I cloning site (shown underlined) and encodes for the last three amino acid residues of the chimeric leader sequence of HSA, as well as the 24 nucleotides encoding the first 8 amino acid residues of the mature form of IL2. In IL2-4, the
2065Cla I site (shown underlined) and the DNA following it are the reverse complement of the
2066DNA encoding the first 10 amino acids of the mature HSA protein (SEQ DD NO: 1038) and the last 24 nucleotides are the reverse complement of DNA encoding the last 8 amino acid residues of D 2 (see Example 2). A PCR amplimer was generated using these primers, purified, digested with Sal I and Cla I restriction enzymes, and cloned into the Xho I and Cla
2067I sites of the pScCHSA vector. After the sequence was confirmed, the Not I fragment containing the JL2 albumin fusion protein expression cassette was subcloned into pSAC35 cut with Not I.
2068[1017] Further, analysis of the N-terminus of the expressed albumin fusion protein by amino acid sequencing can confirm the presence of the expected IL2 sequence (see below).
2069[1018] IL2 albumin fusion proteins of the invention preferably comprise the mature form of HSA , i.e., Asp-25 to Leu-609, fused to either the N- or C- terminus of the mature form of D 2, i.e., Ala-21 to Thr-153. In one embodiment of the invention, TL2 albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise a signal sequence which directs the nascent fusion polypeptide in the secretory pathways of the host used for expression. In a further prefeπed embodiment, the signal peptide encoded by the signal sequence is removed, and the mature
2070EL2 albumin fusion protein is secreted directly into the culture medium. IL2 albumin fusion proteins of the invention may comprise heterologous signal sequences including, but not limited to, MAF, INV, Ig, Fibulin B, Clusterin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4, variant HSA leader sequences including, but not limited to, a chimeric HSA MAF leader sequence, or other heterologous signal sequences known in the art. In a prefeπed embodiment, IL2 albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprise the native E 2 signal sequence. In further prefeπed embodiments, the E 2 albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise an N-terminal methionine residue. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides, including fragments and/or variants, are also encompassed by the invention.
2071Expression and Purification of Construct ID 2030.
2072Expression in yeast S. cerevisiae.
2073[1019] Transfection into yeast S. cerevisiae strain BXP10 can be carried out by methods known in the art (see Example 3) and as previously described for constract ED 1812
2074(see Example 15).
2075Purification from yeast S. cerevisiae cell supernatant.
2076[1020] The cell supernatant containing IL2-HSA expressed from constract DD #2030 in yeast S. cerevisiae cells can be purified either small scale over a Dyax peptide affinity column (see Example 4) or large scale by following 5 steps: diafiltration, anion exchange chromatography using DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow column, hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) using Butyl 650S column, cation exchange chromatography using an
2077SP-Sepharose Fast Flow column or a Blue-Sepharose chromatography, and high performance chromatography using Q-sepharose high performance column chromatography (see Example
20784 and Example 15). N-terminal sequencing should yield the sequence APTSSST (SEQ ID
2079NO:2142) which coπesponds to the amino terminus of the mature form of IL2.
2080The activity of the IL2 albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 2030 can be assayed using the in vitro T and NK cell-line proliferation assay.
2081[1021] The activity of construct ID 2030 can be assayed using an in vitro T and NK cell-line proliferation assay as in Example 15 .
2082The activity of the IL2 albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 2030 can be assayed using an in vivo BALB/c model: RENCA tumor response to therapy.
2083[1022] The activity of the IL2 albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 2030 can be assayed using the in vivo BALB/c model as described in Example 15 in which the RENCA tumor response to therapy is monitored. EXAMPLE 17: Construct ID 2031. HSA-IL2. Generation.
2084[1023] Construct ED 2031, pSAC35:HSA.ycoD.2.A21-T153, comprises DNA encoding an IL2 albumin fusion protein which has the HSA full-length sequence that includes the HSA chimeric leader sequence, i.e., the HSA-kex2 signal peptide, fused to the amino- terminus of the mature form of E 2, A21-T153, in the yeast S. cerevisiae expression vector pSAC35.
2085Cloning of IL2 cDNA
2086[1024] The E 2 open reading frame "ORF" DNA was codon optimized so as not to hybridize to the wild-type IL2 gene. The polynucleotide encoding the codon optimized IL2 was PCR generated by 6 overlapping oligonucleotides and cloned into a TA vector. The polynucleotide encoding the codon optimized EL2 was PCR amplified from this clone using primers IL2-5 and JL2-6, described below, cut with Bsu 36VPme I, and ligated into Bsu
208736V Pme I cut pScNHSA. Construct ED #2031 encodes an albumin fusion protein containing the chimeric leader sequence and mature form of HSA and the mature form of D 2.
2088[1025] Two oligonucleotides suitable for PCR amplification of the codon optimized polynucleotide encoding the mature form of E 2, IL2-5 and TL2-6, were synthesized:
IL2-5: 5'-AAGCTGCCTTAGGCTTAGCTCCAACTTCTTCTTCTACTAAG-3' (SEQ DD
NO: 833)
IL2-6: 5'-GCGCGCGTTTAAACGGTACCTTATGTCAAAGTAGAAATAATAGATTGG
CAG-3' (SEQ DD NO:834)
2093[1026] IL2-5 incoφorates the Bsu 361 cloning site (shown underlined) and encodes for the last four amino acid residues of the mature form of HSA, as well as the 24 nucleotides encoding the first 8 amino acid residues of the mature form of IL2. In IL2-6, the Pme I site is underlined (SEQ DD NO:834) and the last 24 nucleotides are the reverse complement of DNA encoding the last 8 amino acid residues of EL2 (see Example 2). A PCR amplimer was generated using these primers, purified, digested with Bsu 361 and Pme I restriction enzymes, and cloned into the Bsu 361 and Pme I sites of the pScNHSA vector. After the sequence was confirmed, the Not I fragment containing the E 2 albumin fusion protein expression cassette was subcloned into pSAC35 cut with Not I.
2094[1027] Further, analysis of the N-terminus of the expressed albumin fusion protein by amino acid sequencing can confirm the presence of the expected HSA sequence (see below). [1028] IL2 albumin fusion proteins of the invention preferably comprise the mature form of HSA , i.e., Asp-25 to Leu-609, fused to either the N- or C- terminus of the mature form of IL2, i.e., Ala-21 to Thr-153. In one embodiment of the invention, IL2 albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise a signal sequence which directs the nascent fusion polypeptide in the secretory pathways of the host used for expression. In a further prefeπed embodiment, the signal peptide encoded by the signal sequence is removed, and the mature IL2 albumin fusion protein is secreted directly into the culture medium. IL2 albumin fusion proteins of the invention may comprise heterologous signal sequences including, but not limited to, MAF, INV, Ig, Fibulin B, Clusterin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4, variant HSA leader sequences including, but not limited to, a chimeric HSA/MAF leader sequence, or other heterologous signal sequences known in the art. In a prefeπed embodiment, IL2 albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprise the native J 2 signal sequence. In further prefeπed embodiments, the E 2 albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise an N-terminal methionine residue. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides, including fragments and/or variants, are also encompassed by the invention.
2095Expression and Purification of Construct ID 2031.
2096Expression in yeast S. cerevisiae.
2097[1029] Transfection into yeast S. cerevisiae strain BXP10 can be carried out by methods known in the art (see Example 3) and as previously described for constract DD 1812
2098(see Example 15).
2099Purification from yeast S. cerevisiae cell supernatant.
2100[1030] The cell supernatant containing HSA-IL2 expressed from constract DD #2031 in yeast S. cerevisiae cells can be purified either small scale over a Dyax peptide affinity column (see Example 4) or large scale by following 5 steps: diafiltration, anion exchange chromatography using DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow column, hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) using Butyl 650S column, cation exchange chromatography using an
2101SP-Sepharose Fast Flow column or a Blue-Sepharose chromatography, and high performance chromatography using Q-sepharose high performance column chromatography (see Example
21024 and Example 15). N-terminal sequencing should yield the sequence DAHKS (SEQ ED
2103NO:2143) which coπesponds to the amino terminus of the mature form of HSA.
2104The activity of the IL2 albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 2031 can be assayed using the in vitro TandNK cell-line proliferation assay.
2105[1031] The activity of construct DD 2031 can be assayed using an in vitro T and NK cell-line proliferation assay described in Example 15 .
2106The activity of the IL2 albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 2031 can be assayed using the in vivo BALB/c model: RENCA tumor response to therapy. [1032] The activity of the IL2 albumin fusion protein encoded by constract 2031 can be assayed using the in vivo BALB/c model as described in Example 15 in which the RENCA tumor response to therapy is monitored.
2107EXAMPLE 18: Indications for IL2 Albumin Fusion Proteins.
2108[1033] Indications for E 2 albumin fusion proteins (including, but not limited to, those encoded by constructs 1812, 2030, and 2031) include, but are not limited to, solid tumors, metastatic renal cell carcinoma, metastatic melanoma, malignant melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, HIV infections freatment (AIDS), inflammatory bowel disorders, Kaposi's sarcoma, leukemia, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, transplant rejection, type I diabetes mellitus, lung cancer, acute myeloid leukemia, hepatitis C, non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, and ovarian cancer.
2109EXAMPLE 19: Construct ID 1642, GCSF-HSA. Generation.
2110[1034] Constract ED 1642, pSAC35:GCSF.T31-P204.HSA, comprises DNA encoding a GCSF albumin fusion protein which has the HSA chimeric leader sequence, i.e., the HSA- kex2 signal peptide, the mature form of the "short form" of Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor, "G-CSF", protein, i.e., T31-P204, fused to the amino-terminus of the mature form of HSA in the yeast S. cerevisiae expression vector pSAC35.
2111Cloning of GCSF cDNA
2112[1035] A polynucleotide encoding GCSF was PCR amplified using primers GCSF-1 and GCSF-2, described below. The amplimer was cut with Sal VCla I, and ligated into Xho
2113VCla I cut pScCHSA. Constract ID #1642 comprises DNA which encodes an albumin fusion protein containing the chimeric leader sequence of HSA, the mature form of GCSF, followed by the mature HSA protein.
2114[1036] Two oligonucleotides suitable for PCR amplification of a polynucleotide encoding the mature form of GCSF, GCSF-1 and GCSF-2, were synthesized:
GCSF-1 : 5'- GAATTCGTCGACAAAAGAACCCCCCTGGGCCCTGCCAG -3' (SEQ ED
NO:665)
GCSF-2: 5'-AAGCTTATCGATGAGCAACCTCACTCTTGTGTGCATCGGGCTGGGC
AAGGTGGCGTAG-3' (SEQ DD NO:666)
2119[1037] GCSF-1 incoφorates the Sal I cloning site (shown underlined), nucleotides encoding the last three amino acid residues of the HSA chimeric leader sequence, as well as
212020 nucleotides encoding the first 6 amino acid residues of the mature form of GCSF. In
2121GCSF-2, the Cla I site (shown underlined) and the DNA following it are the reverse complement of the DNA encoding the first 10 amino acids of the mature HSA protein (SEQ
2122DD NO: 1038) and the last 21 nucleotides are the reverse complement of DNA encoding the last 7 amino acid residues of GCSF. Using these primers, a PCR amplimer was generated, purified, digested with Sal I and Cla I restriction enzymes, and cloned into the Xho I and Cla
2123I sites of the pScCHSA vector. After the sequence was confirmed, the Not I fragment containing the GCSF albumin fusion expression cassette was subcloned into pSAC35 cut with Not I.
2124[1038] Further, analysis of the Ν-terminus of the expressed albumin fusion protein by amino acid sequencing confirmed the presence of the expected GCSF sequence (see below).
2125[1039] GCSF albumin fusion proteins of the invention preferably comprise the mature form of HSA , i.e., Asp-25 to Leu-609, fused to either the Ν- or C- terminus of the mature form of GCSF, i.e., Thr-31 to Pro-204. In one embodiment of the invention, GCSF albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise a signal sequence which directs the nascent fusion polypeptide in the secretory pathways of the host used for expression. In a further prefeπed embodiment, the signal peptide encoded by the signal sequence is removed, and the mature GCSF albumin fusion protein is secreted directly into the culture medium. GCSF albumin fusion proteins of the invention may comprise heterologous signal sequences including, but not limited to, MAF, IΝV, Ig, Fibulin B, Clusterin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor
2126Binding Protein 4, variant HSA leader sequences including, but not limited to, a chimeric
2127HSA/MAF leader sequence, or other heterologous signal sequences known in the art. In a prefeπed embodiment, GCSF albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprise the native
2128GCSF signal sequence. In further prefeπed embodiments, the GCSF albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise an Ν-terminal methionine residue. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides, including fragments and or variants, are also encompassed by the invention.
2129Expression and Purification of Construct ID 1642. Expression in yeast S. cerevisiae.
2130[1040] Transformation of constract 1642 into yeast S. cerevisiae strains D88, BXP10, and DXY1 - a YAP3 mutant, was carried out by methods known in the art (see Example 3). A preliminary "Halo Assay" was carried out to assess if the transformed yeast are producing the proteins encoded by the fusion constructs. Secretion of HSA fusion proteins into agar media containing anti-HSA antibodies will result in the formation of an insoluble "precipitin" ring or halo. The size of the halo is proportional to the amount of HSA protein being produced. LEU2 + prototrophs were selected on synthetic complete leucine dropout medium containing dextrose, "SCD-Leu". Selected colonies as well as a positive control were gridded onto a BMMD plate containing anti-HSA antibody. After growth, the plates were incubated at 4°C to allow for precipitin ring formation. Based on the "Halo Assay", colonies from transformation of constract 1642 produced protein. To establish the extent of secretion, transformed cells were collected at stationary phase after 48 hours of growth in suspension. Supernatants were collected by clarifying cells at 3000g for 10 min. Expression levels were examined by immunoblot detection with anti-HSA serum (Kent Laboratories) or with an antibody directed to the Therapeutic protein portion, i.e., GCSF, of the albumin fusion protein. The GCSF albumin fusion protein of approximate molecular weight of 88 kDa was obtained. To otjtain workable quantities for purification, the yeast transformants were inoculated in 1 L of BMM media at 150 φm, 29.5°C. The culture was centrifiiged and passed through a 0.45 m filter. The specific productivity rates can be determined via ELISA in which, for example, the capture antibody is the R&D Systems Clone 3316.111 monoclonal mouse anti-GCSF, the detecting antibody is the R&D Systems BAF214 (i.e., Clone ACN030081) biotinylated goat anti-human GCSF antibody, the conjugate is horseradish peroxidase/sfreptavidin (Vector Laboratories, #SA-5004), and the substrate is KPL TMB Peroxidase Substrate (KPL #50-76-01), where the analysis is carried out according to manufacturers' protocol and/or by methods known in the art. Purification from yeast S. cerevisiae cell supernatant.
2131[1041] A general purification procedure for albumin fusion proteins has been described in Example 4. The purification of GCSF albumin fusion protein is described specifically below. Another purification scheme is described in Example 20. Step 1: Phenyl Fast Flow Chromatography (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) [1042] The yeast culture supernatant (3 L) containing GCSF-HSA encoded by constract 1642 was loaded onto a phenyl fast flow column with 1 M of ammonium sulfate in 50 mM Tris, pH 7.2. The column was washed with 1 M of ammonium sulfate in 50 mM Tris, pH 7.2, 0.2 M ammonium sulfate in 50 mM Tris, pH 7.2, and then washed with the buffer. The GCSF-HSA fusion protein was eluted with water (Water For Injection distilled water WFI).
2132Step 2: SP Fast Flow Chromatography (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) [1043] The eluate of Step 1 was mixed with an equal volume of a solution composed of 10.3 mM Na<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub> and 4.85 mM citric acid, pH 5.0. The mixture was loaded at 300 cm/hr onto a SP fast flow column and eluted with a solution composed of 0.5 M NaCl in 10.3 mM Na<sub>2</sub>HPO and 4.85 mM citric acid, pH 5.0. The column was then stripped with a solution composed of IM NaCl in 10.3 mM Na<sub>2</sub>HPO and 4.85 mM citric acid, pH 5.0. Step 3: Methyl HIC Chromatography(BioRad)
2133[1044] The eluate of Step 2 was titrated to a final concentration of 1 M ammonium sulfate (143 mS) in 50 mM Tris, pH 7.2 and loaded onto methyl HIC column. The column was washed to a baseline, then washed with 0.6 M ammonium sulfate in 50 mM Tris, pH 7.2. A gradient from 0.6 M ammonium sulfate to 0 M ammonium sulfate was initiated. The column was finally stripped with WFI and 0.5 M NaOH. A lot of the impurities in the sample eluted at the lower ammonium sulfate concentrations thereby affording the GCSF- HSA fusion high purity.
2134Step 4: CM Fast Flow Chromatography (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) [1045] The eluate of Step 3 was diluted with WFI to 5 mS, pH 5.5 and was loaded onto the CM column at 300 cm/hr. The column was eluted with 0.5 M NaCl in 11 mM Na<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub> and 4 mM citric acid, pH 5.5. The column was stripped with 1 M NaCl in 11 mM Na<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub> and 4 mM citric acid, pH 5.5.
2135Step 5: Ultrafiltration/Diafiltration (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech)
2136[1046] The purified product was ulfrafiltered and diafiltered into Phosphate Buffered
2137Sα/ ine, "PBS", pH 7.2.
2138[1047] The purified GCSF albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 1642 was analyzed for purity on SDS/PAGE. It was > 95% pure. The protein was sequenced confirmed and also showed 90% purity on N-terminal sequencing with an N-terminal sequence of "TPLGP" (SEQ ED NO:2144). The activity of GCSF can be assayed using an in vitro NFS-60 cell proliferation assay.
2139Method
2140[1048] To assess GCSF activity, NSF-60 cells, a myeloid factor-dependent cell-line derived from Primary Lake Cascitus wild ecotropic virus-induced tumor of NFS mice, are employed.
2141Cell growth and Preparation
2142[1049] Cells are originally seeded in T-75 cm<sup>2</sup> flasks at approximately 1.5 x 10<sup>4</sup> cells/mL in growth media (RPMI 1640 containing 10% Fetal Bovine Serum, "FBS", lx
2143Penicillin/Streptomycin, lx L-Glutamine (final concentration of 2 mM), and recombinant murine interleukin-3, (IL3) at 30 ng/mL). Cells are split anywhere from 1:10 to 1:20 every 2 days and reseeded in fresh medium.
2144NFS-60 Bioassay
2145[1050] The NFS-60 assay is performed as described in Weinstein et al (Weinstein et al, 1986, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A, 83, ρp5010-4). Briefly, the day before the assay is to be performed, cells are reseeded to 1.0 x 10<sup>5</sup> in fresh assay growth medium containing IL3.
2146The next day cells are transfeπed to 50 mL conical tubes, centrifiiged at low speeds, and washed twice in plain RPMI without serum or growth factors. The pellet is resuspended in
214725 mL and the cells are subsequently counted. The cells are spun once more and resuspended at the working concentration in growth medium (described above) but lacking E 3. The cells are plated in 96-well round-bottom TC-treated plates at 1 x 10<sup>5</sup> cells/well. Increasing doses of GCSF are added to each well to a final volume of 0.1 mL. The assay is done in triplicate.
2148The cells are cultured for 24 hours to determine the level of cell proliferation. <sup>3</sup>H-Thymidine
2149(5 μCi/mL) is added 4 hours prior to the experiment termination. The cells are then harvested on glass fiber filters using a cell harvester and the amount of <sup>3</sup>H-Thymidine labeled DNA is counted using TOP-Count.
2150The activity of GCSF albumin fusion encoded by construct ID # 1642 can be assayed using an in vitro NFS-60 cell proliferation assay.
2151Method
2152[1051] GCSF albumin fusion protein encoded by constract 1642 was tested in the in vitro NFS-60 cell proliferation bioassay described above. Cell growth and Preparation
2153[1052] Cells were prepared as described above.
2154NFS-60 Bioassay
2155[1053] The day before the assay was performed, cells were reseeded to 1.0 x 10<sup>5</sup> in fresh assay growth medium containing IL3. The next day cells were transfeπed to 50 mL conical tubes, centrifiiged at low speeds, and washed twice in plain RPMI without serum or growth factors. The pellet was resuspended in 25 mL and the cells were subsequently counted. The cells were spun once more and resuspended at the working concentration in growth medium (described above) but lacking IL3. The cells were plated in 96-well round- bottom TC-freated plates at 1 x 10<sup>5</sup> cells/well. Increasing doses either of HSA, recombinant human GCSF (rhGCSF), or a partially purified GCSF albumin fusion protein from the yeast supernatant, were added to individual wells to a final volume of 0.1 mL. The assay was done in triplicate. The cells were cultured for 24 hours to determine the level of cell proliferation. H-Thymidine (5 Ci/mL) was added 4 hours prior to the experiment termination. The cells were then harvested on glass fiber filters using cell harvester and the amount of <sup>3</sup>H- Thymidine labeled DNA was counted using TOP-Count.
2156Results
2157[1054] Construct 1642 demonstrated NFS-60 cell proliferation activity in a dose dependent manner, while the control supernatant from yeast expressing HSA alone did not produce any activity (see Figure 11).
2158The activity of GCSF can be assayed in vivo using C57BL/6 mice:
2159GCSF as a Mobilizing Agent.
2160[1055] G-CSF is capable of mobilizing granulocytes to the periphery as well as increasing the total White Blood Cell, (WBC), count when administered to mice.
2161Recombinant human GCSF, (rhGCSF), cross-reacts with recombinant murine GCSF,
2162(rmGCSF).
2163Methods
2164[1056] Mice are ear tagged before the injections start. Mice are injected intraperitoneally with rhGCSF (Neupogen, AMEN) at either 5 g (n=5) or 10 g (n=5) twice a day for 7 consecutive days. The control mice (n=3) receive Hepes Buffered Sal ine Solution, (HBSS). At 24 hours after the last rhGCSF administration, peripheral blood is drawn from the tail and analysed for the granulocyte content and total WBC count.
2165Results
2166[1057] Both doses of rhGCSF efficiently increase both the frequency and the total number of granulocytes as well as the total WBC count (see Figure 12). This effect is apparent after 24 hours of the final rhGCSF intraperitoneal administration. This effect is transient and the number of granulocytes return to normal values by day 5.
2167The activity of GCSF albumin fusion protein encoded by construct ID # 7642 can be assayed in vivo using C57BL/6 mice: GCSF-HSA as a Mobilizing Agent. Methods
2168[1058] The GCSF albumin fusion protein encoded by constract 1642 can be assayed according to the procedure described above. Briefly, mice are to be ear tagged before the injections are to begin. Mice are to be injected intraperitoneally with either rhGCSF, as a control, or the GCSF albumin fusion protein at either 5 g (n=5) or 10 g (n=5) twice a day for 7 consecutive days. Additional control mice (n=3) are to receive Hepes Buffered saline Solution, "HBSS". At 24 hours after the last GCSF administration, peripheral blood can be drawn from the tail and analysed for the granulocyte content and total WBC count.
2169EXAMPLE 20: Construct ID 1643. HSA-GCSF. Generation.
2170[1059] Constract ED 1643, pSAC35:HSA.GCSF.T31-P204, comprises DNA encoding a GCSF albumin fusion protein which has the full-length HSA protein that includes the HSA chimeric leader sequence, i.e., the HSA-kex2 signal peptide, fused to the amino-terminus of the mature form of the GCSF protein, i.e., A21-T153, in the yeast S. cerevisiae expression vector pSAC35.
2171Cloning of GCSF cDNA
2172[1060] The polynucleotide encoding GCSF was PCR amplified using primers GCSF-
21733and GCSF-4, described below. The amplimer was cut with Bsu 36V Asc I, and ligated into
2174Bsu 36V Asc I cut pScNHSA. Constract ED #1643 encodes an albumin fusion protein containing the chimeric leader sequence and mature form of HSA and the mature form of GCSF.
2175[1061] Two oligonucleotides suitable for PCR amplification of the polynucleotide encoding the mature form of GCSF, GCSF-3 and GCSF-4, were synthesized: GCSF-3: 5'-AAGCTGCCTTAGGCTTAACCCCCCTGGGCCCTGCCAG -3' (SEQ DD NO:667)
2176GCSF-4: 5'-GCGCGCGGCGCGCCTCAGGGCTGGGCAAGGTGGCGTAG-3* (SEQ ID NO:668)
2177[1062] GCSF-3 incoφorates the Bsu 361 cloning site (shown underlined) and nucleotides encoding the last four amino acid residues of the mature form of HSA, as well as 20 nucleotides encoding the first 6 amino acid residues of the mature form of GCSF. In GCSF-4, the Asc I site is underlined and the last 24 nucleotides are the reverse complement of DNA encoding the last 8 amino acid residues of GCSF. A PCR amplimer of HSA-GCSF was generated using these primers, purified, digested with Bsu 361 and Asc I restriction enzymes, and cloned into the Bsu 361 and Asc I sites of the pScNHSA vector. After the sequence was confirmed, the expression cassette encoding this GCSF albumin fusion protein was subcloned into pS AC35 as a Not I fragment.
2178[1063] Further, analysis of the N-terminus of the expressed albumin fusion protein by amino acid sequencing confirmed the presence of the expected HSA sequence (see below). [1064] GCSF albumin fusion proteins of the invention preferably comprise the mature form of HSA , i.e., Asp-25 to Leu-609, fused to either the N- or C- terminus of the mature form of GCSF, i.e., Thr-31 to Pro-204. In one embodiment of the invention, GCSF albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise a signal sequence which directs the nascent fusion polypeptide in the secretory pathways of the host used for expression. In a further prefeπed embodiment, the signal peptide encoded by the signal sequence is removed, and the mature GCSF albumin fusion protein is secreted directly into the culture medium. GCSF albumin fusion proteins of the invention may comprise heterologous signal sequences including, but not limited to, MAF, INV, Ig, Fibulin B, Clusterin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4, variant HSA leader sequences including, but not limited to, a chimeric HSA/MAF leader sequence, or other heterologous signal sequences known in the art. In a prefeπed embodiment, GCSF albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprise the native GCSF signal sequence. In further prefeπed embodiments, the GCSF albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise an N-terminal methionine residue. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides, including fragments and/or variants, are also encompassed by the invention.
2179Expression and Purification of Construct ID 1643.
2180Expression in yeast S. cerevisiae.
2181[1065] Transformation of constract 1643 into yeast S. cerevisiae was carried out by methods known in the art (see Example 3) and as previously described for constract DD 1642
2182(see Example 19).
2183Purification from yeast S. cerevisiae cell supernatant.
2184[1066] A general procedure for purification of albumin fusion proteins is described in
2185Example 4. The cell supernatant containing GCSF albumin fusion protein expressed from constract DD #1643 in yeast S. cerevisiae cells was purified according to the following method. Another purificatioh scheme is described in Example 19.
2186Step 1 : Phenyl Sepharose Fast Flow (hs), pH 7.2
2187[1067] The fermentation supernatant (3.5 L) was adjusted to 139 mS and pH 7.2 with ammonium sulfate to a final concentration of 1 M in 50 mM Tris, pH 7.2. The phenyl sepharose column was loaded at a flow rate of 300 cm/hr. The column was washed with 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.2. A series of lower salt elutions were executed to remove contaminating proteins followed by a WFI elution to elute the target protein. A NaOH strip of the column revealed that a significant portion of the target protein was not removed by previous treatments.
2188Step 2: Mimetic Blue, pH 6.5
2189[1068] The eluted target protein was diafiltered with 20 mM citrate phosphate buffer,
2190(CPB), pH 6.5 and then loaded onto a Mimetic Blue column previously equilibrated with 20 mM CPB, pH 6.5 buffer. The column was washed with equilibration buffer for 10 column volumes. The majority of the target protein was then eluted with a 0.2 M NaCl wash. Higher salt concentration elution solutions (1 M and 2 M NaCl) revealed some target protein.
2191However, when HPLC-SEC was performed on these fractions the majority of the target protein was observed as aggregates. This purification step resulted in > 85% purity of the target protein.
2192Step 3: Q HP, pH 6.5 [1069] The target protein was diluted with 20 mM CPB, pH 6.5 (5-fold) to a conductivity of < 5 mS and loaded onto the Q HP resin. A series of elutions, 100 mM, 200 mM, 500 mM, and 1 M NaCl, were performed. The target protein eluted with 100 mM NaCl. Step 4: SP FF, pH 5.5
2193[1070] The target protein was diluted with 20 mM CPB, pH 5.0, and adjusted to pH
21945.0. The target protein was loaded onto SP Sepharose FF column. The column was washed with 5 column volumes of equilibration buffer. The 45 kDa contaminating protein, a proteolyzed fragment of HSA, did not bind to the resin and was observed in the load flow thru (LFT). The target protein was eluted in a shallow gradient from 0 - 500 mM NaCl. The target protein eluted at about 250 mM NaCl. The target protein was diafiltered into the final storage buffer of 20 mM CPB, pH 6.5.
2195[1071] Analysis by SDS-PAGE identified an 88 kDa protein with > 95% purity. N- terminal sequencing resulted in the major sequence being "DAHKS" (SEQ ID NO:2143) which is the amino-terminus of the mature form of HSA. The final buffer composition is 20 mM CPB, pH 6.5. From 3.5 L of culture supernatant, 1.94 mg protein was purified.
2196The activity of GCSF albumin fusion encoded by construct ID # 1643 can be assayed using an in vitro NFS-60 cell proliferation assay.
2197Method
2198[1072] The GCSF albumin fusion protein encoded by constract 1643 was tested in the in vitro NFS-60 cell proliferation bioassay previously described in Example 19 under subsection headings, "The activity of GCSF can be assayed using an in vitro NFS-60 cell proliferation assay" and "The activity of GCSF albumin fusion encoded by construct DD #
21991642 can be assayed using an in vitro NFS-60 cell proliferation assay".
2200Results
2201[1073] Constract 1643 demonstrated the ability to cause NFS-60 cell proliferation in a dose dependent manner, while the control supernatant with HSA alone did not produce any activity (see Figure 11).
2202The activity of GCSF albumin fusion encoded by construct ID # 7645 can be assayed in vivo using C57BL/6 mice: GCSF-HSA as a Mobilizing Agent.
2203Methods
2204[1074] The GCSF albumin fusion protein encoded by constract 1643 can be assayed according to the procedure as previously described in Example 19 under subsection headings, "The activity of GCSF can be assayed in vivo using C57BL/6 mice: GCSF-HSA as a Mobilizing Agent" and "The activity of GCSF albumin fusion encoded by constract ED # 1642 can be assayed in vivo using C57BL/6 mice: GCSF-HSA as a Mobilizing Agent".
2205EXAMPLE 21: Indications for GCSF albumin fusion proteins.
2206[1075] Based on the activity of GCSF albumin fusion proteins in the above assays,
2207GCSF albumin fusion proteins are useful in chemoprotection, treating, preventing, and/or diagnosing inflammatory disorders, myelocytic leukemia, primary neutropenias (e.g., Kostmann syndrome), secondary neutropenia, prevention of neutropenia, prevention and treatment of neutropenia in HIV-infected patients, prevention and treatment of neutropenia associated with chemotherapy, infections associated with neutropenias, myelopysplasia, and autoimmune disorders, mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells, bone maπow transplant, acute myelogeneous leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, accelerated myeloid recovery, and glycogen storage disease.
2208EXAMPLE 22: Construct ID 2363. GCSF-HSA-EPO.A28-D192, Generation.
2209[1076] Constract DD 2363, pC4:GCSF.HSA.EPO.A28-D192, comprises DNA encoding a GCSF-HSA-EPO triple fusion protein having the full-length form of the
2210Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor, (G-CSF), protein, fused to the amino-terminus of the mature form of HSA, which is fused to the amino-terminus of the mature form of EPO, i.e., amino acids A28-D192, with the exception of the final Arg residue, in the CHO mammalian cell-line expression vector pC4.
2211Cloning of GCSF-HSA-EPO cDNA
2212[1077] Constract ED # 1642, i.e., pSAC35:GCSF.T31-P204.HSA (Example 19), was used as a template to generate a part of construct 2363. The following polynucleotides were synthesized:
GCSF/EPO-1 : 5'-TGTGGCACAGTGCACTCTGGACAGTGCAGGAAGCCACCC
2214CCCTGGGCCCTGCCAGCTCCC-3' (primer 79388) (SEQ ID NO:l 129)
2215GCSF/EPO-2: 5'-GGCACACTTGAGTCTCTGTTTGGCAGACG-3' (primer 79239) (SEQ
D) NO: 1130)
GCSF/EPO-3 : 5 '-ACCC AGAGCCCC ATGAAGCTGATGGCCCTGC AGCTGCTGCTG
2218TGGCACAGTGCACTCTGG-3' (primer 79389) (SEQ ID NO:1131) GCSF/EPO-4: 5'- GGTTGGG rCCAAGCTTCCGCCACCATGGCTGGACCTGCCAC CCAGAGCCCCATGAAGCT-3'(primer 79390) (SEQ ED NO:l 132) [1078] The full-length sequence of GCSF was generated in a three-step overlapping
2219PCR reaction using combinations of primers GCSF/EPO- 1, GCSF/EPO-2, GCSF/EPO-3, and GCSF/EPO-4. Primers GCSF/EPO-1, GCSF/EPO-3, and GCSF/EPO-4 consist of sequences that span the amino-terminus of the full-length of GCSF. Primer GCSF/EPO-2 comprises of the reverse complement of the sequence that spans amino acids Ser-216 to Ala-225 of HSA. The first PCR reaction included constract 1642 as template and primers GCSF/EPO-1 and GCSF/EPO-2. The product obtained from the first PCR reaction was used as template in the second PCR reaction which included primers GCSF/EPO-3 and GCSF/EPO-2. The product obtained from the second PCR reaction was used as template in the third PCR reaction which included primers GCSF/EPO-4 and GCSF/EPO-2. Primer GCSF/EPO-4 has a Bam HI site (shown in italics) followed by the Kozak sequence (shown underlined). The final PCR product contains a 5' Bam HI restriction site followed by an appropriate Kozak sequence, the entire full-length GCSF coding sequence and part of the HSA open reading frame from Asp- 25 - Ala-225. The Cla I site is inherent in the polynucleotide sequence of the mature form of HSA and is localized in close proximity to the 5 '-end of the mature form of HSA. The Bam Hl-Cla I fragment was cloned into similarly digested pC4.HSA.EPO.A28-D192 constract DD # 1981.
2220[1079] Constract D #2363 encodes an albumin fusion protein containing the leader and mature forms of GCSF, followed by the mature HSA protein, followed by the mature form of EPO.
2221[1080] Further, analysis of the N-terminus of the expressed albumin fusion protein by amino acid sequencing can confirm the presence of the expected GCSF sequence (see below). [1081] GCSF/EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention preferably comprise the mature form of HSA , i.e., Asp-25 to Leu-609, fused to either the N- or C- terminus of the mature form of GCSF, i.e., Thr-31 to Pro-204, and fused to either the N- or C-terminus of the mature form of EPO, i.e.,Ala-28 to Asp-192. In one embodiment of the invention, GCSF/EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise a signal sequence which directs the nascent fusion polypeptide in the secretory pathways of the host used for expression. In a further prefeπed embodiment, the signal peptide encoded by the signal sequence is removed, and the mature GCSF/EPO albumin fusion protein is secreted directly into the culture medium. GCSF/EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention may comprise heterologous signal sequences including, but not limited to, MAF, INV, Ig, Fibulin B, Clusterin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4, variant HSA leader sequences including, but not limited to, a chimeric HSA/MAF leader sequence, or other heterologous signal sequences known in the art. In a prefeπed embodiment, GCSF/EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprise either the native GCSF or the native EPO signal sequence. In further prefeπed embodiments, the GCSF/EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise an N-terminal methionine residue. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides, including fragments and/or variants, are also encompassed by the invention.
2222Expression and Purification of Construct ID 2363.
2223Expression in CHO cells.
2224[1082] Constract 2363 can be transfected into CHO cells as previously described in
2225Examples 6 and 8.
2226Purification from CHO supernatant.
2227[1083] A general purification procedure for albumin fusion proteins has been described in Example 7. The triple fiision protein GCSF-HSA-EPO encoded by constract
22282363 can be purified as previously described in Examples 7 and 9. N-terminal sequencing should yield the sequence TPLGP (SEQ ID NO:2144) which coπesponds to the mature form of GCSF.
2229The activity of GCSF-HSA-EPO encoded by construct ID # 2363 can be assayed using an in vitro TF-1 cell proliferation assay and an in vitro NFS-60 cell proliferation assay.
2230Method
2231[1084] The activity of the triple fusion protein GCSF-HSA-EPO encoded by constract
22322363 was assayed in the in vitro TF-1 cell proliferation assay as previously described under subsection heading, "In vitro TF-1 cell proliferation assay for constract 1981", in Example 9, as well as in the in vitro NFS-60 cell proliferation assay as previously described under subsection heading, "The activity of GCSF albumin fusion encoded by constract ED # 1642 can be assayed using an in vitro NFS-60 cell proliferation assay", in Example 19.
2233Result
2234[1085] THE GCSF-HSA-EPO albumin fusion encoded by constract 2363 demonstrated proliferation of both TF-1 cells and NFS-60 cells. The activity of GCSF-HSA-EPO albumin fusion encoded by construct ID # 2363 can be assayed in vivo.
2235[1086] The activity of the triple fusion protein GCSF-HSA-EPO encoded by constract
22362363 can be assayed in the in vivo Harlan mouse model to measure hematocrit levels as previously described in Example 9 under subsection heading, "The activity of constract 1981 can be assayed using an in vivo Harlan mouse model for measuring hematocrit", as well as in C57BL/6 mice where GCSF-HSA-EPO is a mobilizing agent as previously described in Example 19 under subsection heading, "The activity of GCSF albumin fusion encoded by constract DD # 1642 can be assayed in vivo using C57BL/6 mice: GCSF-HSA as a Mobilizing Agent".
2237EXAMPLE 23: Construct ID 2373. GCSF-HSA-EPO.A28-D192, Generation. [1087] Constract DD 2373, pC4:GCSF.HSA.EPO.A28-D192.R140G, comprises DNA encoding a GCSF-HSA-EPO triple fusion protein which has the full-length form of the Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor, "G-CSF", protein, fused to the amino-terminus of the mature form of HSA, which is fused to the amino-terminus of the mature form of EPO, i.e., A28-D192 which has the Arg-140 to Gly mutation, in the CHO mammalian cell-line expression vector pC4.
2238Cloning of EPO cDNA for construct 2373
2239[1088] Constract DD #2373 encodes an albumin fusion protein containing the leader sequence and the mature form of GCSF, followed by the mature HSA protein followed by the mature form of EPO which has the Arg-140 to Gly mutation (SEQ DD NO:401).
2240Constract DD #2373 was generated by using constract DD #2363, i.e., pC4:GCSF.HSA.EPO.R140G as a template for PCR mutagenesis.
2241[1089] Four oligonucleotides suitable for PCR amplification of template of constract
2242ID #2363, GCSF/EPO-5, GCSF/EPO-6, GCSF/EPO-7, and GCSF/EPO-8, were synthesized.
2243GCSF/EPO-5: 5'-GTTGAAAGTAAGGATGTTTG-3' (primer 78219) (SEQ ID NO:1125)
2244GCSF/EPO-6: 5'-CCTTCTGGGCTCCCAGAGCCCGAAG-3' ( primer 82847) (SEQ D3
NO: 1126)
2246GCSF/EPO-7: 5'-CTTCGGGCTCTGGGAGCCCAGAAGG-3' ( primer 82846) (SEQ DD
NO: 1127)
2248GCSF/EPO-8:5'-ACCAGGTAGAGAGCTTCCACC -3' (pC3') (SEQ DD NO: 1128) [1090] Construct 2373 was generated by nested PCR amplification using construct
22492363 as the template. In the first round of PCR amplifications, the N-terminal and the C- terminal fragments of constract DD 2363 were independently amplified. The N-terminal fragment was generated using primers GCSF/EPO-5 and GCSF/EPO-6. The GCSF/EPO-5 coπesponds to the nucleic acid sequence that encodes for amino acid residues 334 to 340 of the full-length form of HSA. The GCSF/EPO-6 primer comprises the reverse complement of the sequence spanning amino acids 136 to 143 of the full-length form of EPO with the exception that the codon CGA encoding the Arg residue at amino acid 140 (highlighted in bold) is altered to the codon GGA which encodes a Gly residue. The C-terminal fragment was generated using primers GCSF/EPO-7 and GCSF/EPO-8. The GCSF/EPO-7 primer comprises the nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acids 136 to 143 of the full-length form of EPO with the exception that the codon CGA encoding the Arg residue at amino acid 140 (highlighted in bold) is altered to the codon GGA which encodes a Gly residue. In GCSF/EPO-8, the sequence comprises nucleotides within the pC4 vector downstream of the stop codon. In the second round of PCR amplifications, primers GCSF/EPO-5 and GCSF/EPO-8 were used to amplify the GCSF-HSA-EPO triple fusion protein which has the full-length form of G-CSF fused to the amino-terminus of the mature form of HSA, which is fused to the amino-terminus of the mature form of EPO, i.e., A28-D192 which has the Arg- 140 to Gly mutation. The reaction mixture contained both the PCR amplified N-terminal fragment and the PCR amplified C-terminal fragment.
2250[1091] The PCR product was purified and then digested with Bsu36l and Ascϊ. After further purification of the Bsu36l-Ascl fragment by gel elecfrophoresis, the product was cloned into Bsu36VAscl digested constract 2363 to give constract DD # 2373. [1092] Further, analysis of the N-terminus of the albumin fusion protein by amino acid sequencing can confirm the presence of the expected GCSF sequence (see below). [1093] GCSF/EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention preferably comprise the mature form of HSA , i.e., Asp-25 to Leu-609, fused to either the N- or C- terminus of the mature form of GCSF, i.e., Thr-31 to Pro-204, and fused to either the N- or C-terminus of the mature form of EPO, i.e.,Ala-28 to Asp-192. In one embodiment of the invention, GCSF/EPO albumin fiision proteins of the invention further comprise a signal sequence which directs the nascent fusion polypeptide in the secretory pathways of the host used for expression. In a further prefeπed embodiment, the signal peptide encoded by the signal sequence is removed, and the mature GCSF/EPO albumin fusion protein is secreted directly into the culture medium. GCSF/EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention may comprise heterologous signal sequences including, but not limited to, MAF, INV, Ig, Fibulin B, Clusterin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4, variant HSA leader sequences including, but not limited to, a chimeric HSA MAF leader sequence, or other heterologous signal sequences known in the art. In a prefeπed embodiment, GCSF/EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprise either the native GCSF or the native EPO signal sequence. In further prefeπed embodiments, the GCSF/EPO albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise an N-terminal methionine residue. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides, including fragments and/or variants, are also encompassed by the invention.
2251Expression and Purification of Construct ID 2373.
2252Expression in CHO cells.
2253[1094] Constract 2373 can be transfected into CHO cells as previously described in
2254Examples 6 and 8.
2255Purification from CHO supernatant.
2256[1095] A general purification procedure for albumin fusion proteins has been described in Example 7. The triple fusion protein GCSF-HSA-EPO.R140G encoded by constract 2373 can be purified as previously described in Examples 7 and 8. N-terminal sequencing should yield the sequence TPLGP (SEQ DD NO:2144) which coπesponds to the mature form of GCSF.
2257The activity of GCSF-HSA-EPO.R140G encoded by construct ID # 2373 can be assayed using an in vitro TF-1 cell proliferation assay and an in vitro NFS-60 cell proliferation assay.
2258Method
2259[1096] The activity of the triple fusion protein GCSF-HSA-EPO.R140G encoded by construct 2373 can be assayed in the in vitro TF-1 cell proliferation assay as previously described in Example 9 under subsection heading, "In vitro TF-1 cell proliferation assay for construct 1981", as well as in the in vitro NFS-60 cell proliferation assay as previously described in Example 19 under subsection heading, "The activity of GCSF albumin fusion encoded by constract DD # 1642 can be assayed using an in vitro NFS-60 cell proliferation assay".
2260Result [1097] THE GCSF-HSA-EPO.R140G albumin fusion encoded by constract 2373 demonstrated proliferation of both TF-1 cells and NFS-60 cells.
2261The activity of GCSF-HSA-EPO. R140G albumin fusion encoded by construct ID # 2373 can be assayed in vivo. Method
2262[1098] The activity of the triple fusion protein GCSF-HSA-EPO.R140G encoded by constract 2373 can be assayed in the in vivo Harlan mouse model to measure hematocrit levels as previously described in Example 9 under subsection heading, "The activity of constract 1981 can be assayed using an in vivo Harlan mouse model for measuring hematocrit", as well as in C57BL/6 mice where GCSF-HSA-EPO.R140G is a mobilizing agent as previously described in Example 19 under subsection heading, "The activity of GCSF albumin fusion encoded by construct ED # 1642 can be assayed in vivo using C57BIJ6 mice: GCSF-HSA as a Mobilizing Agent".
2263EXAMPLE 24: Indications for the GCSF-HSA-EPO Triple Fusion
2264[1099] Indications for triple fusion proteins comprising GCSF, EPO and HSA,
2265(including, but not limited to, those encoded by constructs 2363 and 2373) may include those indications specified for the EPO albumin fusion proteins and for the GCSF albumin fusion proteins, including but not limited to, bleeding disorders and anemia caused by a variety of conditions, including but not limited to end-stage renal disease (dialysis patients), chronic renal failure in pre-dialysis, zidovudine-treated HTV patients, cancer patients on chemotherapy, and premature infants; pre-surgery in anemic patients undergoing elective non-cardiac, non-vascular surgery to reduce the need for blood transfusions; aplastic and other refractory anemias, refractory anemia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, and transfusion avoidance in elective orthopedic surgerychemoprotection; treating, preventing, and/or diagnosing inflammatory disorders, myelocytic leukemia, primary neutropenias (e.g.,
2266Kostmann syndrome), secondary neutropenia, prevention of neutropenia, prevention and treatment of neutropenia in HIV-infected patients, prevention and treatment of neutropenia associated with chemotherapy, infections associated with neutropenias, myelopysplasia, and autoimmune disorders, mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells, bone marrow transplant, acute myelogeneous leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, accelerated myeloid recovery, and glycogen storage disease. EXAMPLE 25: Construct ID 2053. IFNb-HSA, Generation.
2267[1100] Construct DD 2053, ρEE12.1:EFNb.HSA, comprises DNA encoding an IFNb albumin fiision protein which has the full-length IFNb protein including the native IFNb leader sequence fused to the amino-terminus of the mature form of HSA in the NSO expression vector pEE12.1.
2268Cloning of IFNb cDNA
2269[1101] The polynucleotide encoding EFNb was PCR amplified using primers EFNb-1 and EFNb-2, described below, cut with Bam RVCla I, and ligated into Bam EUCla I cut pC4:HSA, resulting in constract 2011. The Eco KVEco RI fragment from Constract ED #
22702011 was subcloned into the Eco RI site of pEE12.1 generating constract DD #2053 which which comprises DNA encoding an albumin fusion protein containing the leader sequence and the mature form of IFNb, followed by the mature HSA protein.
2271[1102] Two oligonucleotides suitable for PCR amplification of the polynucleotide encoding the full-length of IFNb, IFNb-1 and EFNb-2, were synthesized:
2272DT^b-l: 5'- GCGCGGATCCGAATTCCGCCGCC ΓGACCAACAAGTGTCTCCTCCA
AATTGCTCTCCTGTTGTGCTTCTCCACTACAGCTCTTTCCATGAGCTACAACTTGC
2274TTGG-3' (SEQIDNO:817) πTSlb-2: 5'- GCGCGCATCGATGAGCAACCTCACTCTTGTGTGCATCGTTTCGGA
GGTAACCTGT-3' (SEQ ID NO:818)
2276[1103] The EFNb-1 primer incoφorates a Bam HI cloning site (shown underlined), an
2277Eco RI cloning site, and a Kozak sequence (shown in italics), followed by 80 nucleotides encoding the first 27 amino acids of the full-length form of IFNb. In EFNb-2, the Cla I site
2278(shown underlined) and the DNA following it are the reverse complement of DNA encoding the first 10 amino acids of the mature HSA protein (SEQ DD NO:1038) and the last 18 nucleotides are the reverse complement of DNA encoding the last 6 amino acid residues of
2279EFNb (see Example 2). A PCR amplimer was generated using these primers, purified, digested with Bam HI and Cla I restriction enzymes, and cloned into the Bam HI and Cla I sites of the pC4:HSA vector. After the sequence was confirmed, an Eco RI fragment containing the IFNb albumin fusion protein expression cassette was subcloned into Eco RI digested pEE12.1.
2280[1104] Further, analysis of the N-terminus of the expressed albumin fusion protein by amino acid sequencing can confirm the presence of the expected IFNb sequence (see below). [1105] EFNb albumin fusion proteins of the invention preferably comprise the mature form of HSA , i.e., Asp-25 to Leu-609, fused to either the N- or C- terminus of the mature form of IFNb, i.e., Met-22 to Asn-187. In one embodiment of the invention, EFNb albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise a signal sequence which directs the nascent fusion polypeptide in the secretory pathways of the host used for expression. In a further prefeπed embodiment, the signal peptide encoded by the signal sequence is removed, and the mature IFNb albumin fusion protein is secreted directly into the culture medium. IFNb albumin fusion proteins of the invention may comprise heterologous signal sequences including, but not limited to, MAF, INV, Ig, Fibulin B, Clusterin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4, variant HSA leader sequences including, but not limited to, a chimeric HSA/MAF leader sequence, or other heterologous signal sequences known in the art. In a prefeπed embodiment, IFNb albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprise the native IFNb. In further prefeπed embodiments, the EFNb albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise an N-terminal methionine residue. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides, including fragments and/or variants, are also encompassed by the invention.
2281Expression and Purification of Construct ID 2053. Expression in murine myeloma NSO cell-lines.
2282[1106] Constract DD # 2053, pEE12.1 :IFNb-HSA , was electroporated into NSO cells by methods known in the art (see Example 6). Purification from<sub>t</sub>NS0 cell supernatant.
2283[1107] Purification of EFNb-HSA from NSO cell supernatant may follow the methods described in Example 10 which involve Q-Sepharose anion exchange chromatography at pH 7.4 using a NaCl gradient from 0 to 1 M in 20 mM Tris-HO, followed by Poros PI 50 anion exchange chromatography at pH 6.5 with a sodium citrate gradient from 5 to 40 mM, and diafiltrating for 6 DV into 10 mM citrate, pH 6.5 and 140 mM NaCl, the final buffer composition. N-terminal sequencing should yield the sequence MS YNLL which is the amino terminus of the mature form of IFNb. The protein has an approximate MW of 88.5 kDa. [1108] For larger scale purification, e.g., 50 L of NSO cell supernatant can be concentrated into ~8 to 10 L. The concentrated sample can then be passed over the Q- Sepharose anion exchange column (10 x 19 cm, 1.5 L) at pH 7.5 using a step elution consisting of 50 mM NaOAc, pH 6.0 and 150 mM NaCl. The eluted sample can then be virally inactivated with 0.75% Triton-X 100 for 60 min at room temperature. SDR-Reverse Phase chromatography (10 cm x 10 cm, 0.8 L) can then be employed at pH 6.0 with 50 mM NaOAc and 150 mM NaCl, or alternatively, the sample can be passed over an SP-sepharose column at pH 4.8 using a step elution of 50 mM NaOAc, pH 6.0, and 150 mM NaCl. DV 50 filtration would follow to remove any viral content. Phenyl-650M chromatography (20 cm x 12 cm, 3.8 L) at pH 6.0 using a step elution consisting of 350 mM (NH )<sub>2</sub>SO and 50 mM NaOAc, or altematively consisting of 50 mM NaOAc pH 6.0, can follow. Diafiltration for 6- 8 DV will allow for buffer exchange into the desired final formulation buffer of either 10 mM Na<sub>2</sub>HPO + 58 mM sucrose + 120 mM NaCl, pH 7.2 or 10 mM citrate, pH 6.5, and 140 mM NaCl or 25 mM Na<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub>, 100 mM NaCl, pH 7.2.
2284The activity of IFNb can be assayed using an in vitro ISRE-SEAP assay.
2285[1109] All type I Interferon proteins signal through a common receptor complex and a similar Jak/STAT signaling pathway that culminates in the activation of Interferon, "IFN", responsive genes through the Interferon Sequence Responsive Element, "ISRE". A convenient assay for type I EFN activity is a promoter-reporter based assay system that contains multiple copies of the ISRE element fused to a downstream reporter gene. A stable
2286HEK293 cell-line can be generated and contains a stably integrated copy of an ISRE-SEAP reporter gene that is extremely sensitive to type I IFNs and displays linearity over 5 logs of concentration.
2287Method of Screening oflFNb-HSA NSO stable clones.
2288[1110] Constract 2053 was electroporated into NSO cells as described in Example 6.
2289The NSO cells transfected with constract DD # 2053 were screened for activity by testing conditioned growth media in the ISRE-SEAP assay. The ISRE-SEAP/293F reporter cells were plated at 3 x 10<sup>4</sup> cell/well in 96- well, poly-D-lysine coated, plates, one day prior to treatment. Reporter cells were treated with various dilutions (including but not limited to
22901:500 and 1:5000) of conditioned supernatant or purified preparations of IFNb albumin fusion protein encoded by constract DD 2053 or rhEFNb as a control. The reporter cells were then incubated for 24 hours prior to removing 40 L for use in the SEAP Reporter Gene
2291Chemiluminescent Assay (Roche catalog # 1779842). Recombinant human Interferon beta,
2292"rhIFNb" (Biogen), was used as a positive control.
2293Result [1111] The purified preparation of NSO expressed EFNb-HSA had a greater EC50 of
22949.3 x 10<sup>"9</sup> g/mL than rhTFNb (Biogen) which had an EC50 of 1.8 x 10<sup>"10</sup> g/mL (see Figure 13).
2295In vivo induction ofOAS by an Interferon. Method
2296[1112] The OAS enzyme, 2'-5'- OligoAdenylate Synthetase, is activated at the transcriptional level by interferon in response to antiviral infection. The effect of interferon constructs can be measured by obtaining blood samples from treated monkeys and analyzing these samples for transcriptional activation of two OAS mRNA, p41 and p69. A volume of 0.5 mL of whole blood can be obtained from 4 animals per group at 7 different time points, day 0, day 1, day 2, day 4, day 8, day 10, and day 14 per animal. The various groups may include injection of vehicle control, intravenous and/or subcutaneous injection of either 30 g/kg and/or 300 g/kg IFN albumin fiision protein on day 1, and subcutaneous injection of 40 g kg of Interferon alpha (Schering-Plough) as a positive control on days 1, 3, and 5. The levels of the p41 and the p69 mRNA transcripts can be determined by real-time quantitative PCR (Taqman) using probes specific for p41-OAS and p69-OAS. OAS mRNA levels can be quantitated relative to 18S ribosomal RNA endogenous control.
2297In vivo induction of OAS by Interferon beta albumin fusion encoded by construct ID 2053.
2298Method
2299[1113] The activity of the HSA-IFNb fusion protein encoded by constract 2053 can be assayed in the in vivo OAS assay as previously described above under subsection heading,
2300"In vivo induction of OAS by an Interferon".
2301EXAMPLE 26: Indications for IFNb albumin fusion proteins.
2302[1114] IFN beta albumin fusion proteins (including, but not limited to, those encoded by constract 2053) can be used to freat, prevent, ameliorate and/or detect multiple sclerosis.
2303Other indications include, but are not limited to, melanoma, solid tumors, cancer, bacterial infections, chemoprotection, thrombocytopenia, HIV infections, prostate cancer, cancer, hematological malignancies, hematological disorders, preleukemia, glioma, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, human papillomaviras, pulmonary fibrosis, age-related macular degeneration, brain cancer, glioblastoma multiforme, liver cancer, malignant melanoma, colorectal cancer, Crohn's disease, neurological disorders, non-small cell lung cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and ulcerative colitis.
2304EXAMPLE 27: Construct ID 1941, HSA-PTH84. Generation.
2305[1115] Construct DD 1941, pC4.HSA.PTH84, encodes for an HSA-PTH84 fusion protein which comprises the full-length of HSA including the native HSA leader sequence, fused to the mature form of the human parathyroid hormone, "PTH84" Ser-1 to Gln-84, cloned into the mammalian expression vector pC4.
2306Cloning ofPTH84 cDNA for construct 1941
2307[1116] The DNA encoding PTH84 was amplified with primers PTH84-1 and PTH84-
23082, described below, cut with Bsu 36VNot I, and ligated into Bsu 36VNot I cut pC4:HSA.
2309Construct DD #1941 encodes an albumin fusion protein contaimng the full-length form of
2310HSA that includes the native HSA leader sequence, followed by the mature PTH84 protein.
2311[1117] Two primers suitable for PCR amplification of the polynucleotide encoding the mature form of PTH84, PTH84-1 and PTH84-2, were synthesized.
2312PTH84-1: 5*- GAGCGCGCCr∑4GGCTCTGTGAGTGAAATACAGCTTATGCATAAC-3'
(SEQ ID NO:787)
PTH84-2: 5'-CGGTGCGCGGCCGCTTACTGGGATTTAGCTTTAGTTAATACATTCA
CATC-3' (SEQ ED NO:788)
2316[1118] PTH84-1 incoφorates a Bsu 361 cloning site (shown in italics) followed by the nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acid residues Ala-Leu-Gly coπesponding to the end of the mature form of HSA (the last Leu is absent) in conjunction with amino acid residues Ser-
23171 to Asn- 10 of the mature form of PTH84. In PTH84-2, the Not I site is shown in italics and the nucleic acid sequence that follows coπesponds to the reverse complement of DNA encoding the last 11 amino acids of the mature PTH84 protein. Using these two primers, the
2318PTH84 protein was PCR amplified.
2319[1119] Further, analysis of the N-terminus of the expressed albumin fusion protein by amino acid sequencing confirmed the presence of the expected HSA sequence (see below).
2320[1120] PTH84 albumin fusion proteins of the invention preferably comprise the mature form of HSA , i.e., Asp-25 to Leu-609, fused to either the N- or C- terminus of the mature form of PTH84, i.e., Ser-1 to Gln-84. In one embodiment of the invention, PTH84 albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise a signal sequence which directs the nascent fusion polypeptide in the secretory pathways of the host used for expression. In a further prefeπed embodiment, the signal peptide encoded by the signal sequence is removed, and the mature PTH84 albumin fusion protein is secreted directly into the culture medium. PTH84 albumin fusion proteins of the invention may comprise heterologous signal sequences including, but not limited to, MAF, INV, Ig, Fibulin B, Clusterin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4, variant HSA leader sequences including, but not limited to, a chimeric HSA/MAF leader sequence, or other heterologous signal sequences known in the art. In a prefeπed embodiment, PTH84 albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprise the native PTH84. In further prefeπed embodiments, the PTH84 albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise an N-terminal methionine residue. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides,, including fragments and/or variants, are also encompassed by the invention.
2321Expression and Purification of Construct ID 1941. Expression in 293T cells.
2322[1121] Constract 1941 was transfected into 293T cells cells by methods known in the art (e.g., lipofectamine transfection) and selected with 100 nM methotrexate (see Example 6). Expression levels were examined by immunoblot detection with anti-HSA serum as the primary antibody.
2323Purification from 293 T cell supernatant.
2324[1122] The 293T cell supernatant containing the secreted HSA-PTH84 fusion protein expressed from constract DD #1941 in 293T cells was purified as described in Example 7. Specifically, initial capture was performed with an anionic HQ-50 resin at pH 7.2 using a sodium phosphate buffer (25 mM Na<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub> pH 7.2) and 16 column volumes of a salt gradient elution of 0 to 0.5 M NaCl, followed by Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography, "HIC", with the Phenyl 650 M resin (from Tosohaas) using 36 column volumes of a salt gradient elution of 2.75 to 0 M NaCl at pH 7.2 where the sample had a final conductivity of 180 mS. The sample was concentrated using the HQ Poros 50 resin and a salt step elution of 0.15 M NaCl increments. The final buffer composition consisted of 25 mM Na<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub> + 150 mM NaCl pH 7.2. N-terminal sequencing generated the amino-terminus sequence (i.e., DAHKS, SEQ DD NO:2143) of the mature form of HSA. A protein of approximate MW of 78 kDa was obtained. A final yield of 0.78 mg protein per litre of 293T cell supernatant was obtained. In vitro induction of cyclic AMP in SaOS2 cells.
2325Method
2326[1123] The biological activity of a PTH84 albumin fusion protein can be measured in an in vitro assay in which SaOS-2, an osteosarcoma cell-line, is used. PTH activates adenylate cyclase thereby increasing intracellular cyclic AMP levels.
2327Induction of cAMP in SaOS-2 cells:
2328[1124] The SaOS-2 cells are subcultured at a density of 8.0 x 10<sup>4</sup> cells/well 24 hours prior to the start of the experiment. On the day of the experiment, the cells are serum starved for 2 hours and then treated for 10 minutes with positive controls (e.g., forskolin at 5 mg/mL), recombinant PTH, or the PTH albumin fusion proteins. Following treatment, the cells are then rinsed and the intracellular cyclic AMP is extracted with cold ethanol. The ethanol extracts can be lyophilized and stored at -80°C for further use. The amount of cyclic
2329AMP present in the samples is quantitated by ELISA as per the manufacturer's protocol
2330(Amersham Life Sciences, Inc.).
2331In vitro induction of cyclic AMP in SaOS2 cells by the albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 1941.
2332Method
2333[1125] The in vitro assay to measure the induction of cyclic AMP in SaOS2 cells by the PTH albumin fusion protein encoded by constract 1941 can be carried out as previously described above.
2334In vivo: Induced release of calcium in TPTX animals.
2335Methods
2336[1126] PTH activity is tested by monitoring the PTH albumin fusion proteins ability to reduce the demineralization of bone following ThyroParaThyroidectomy, "TPTX", administration of a low calcium diet, and parathyroid hormone treatment.
2337[1127] The animals display a variability in pharmacological response as suggested by
2338Votta, et al, 1997, J. Bone and Mineral Res., 12: 1396 - 1406; Millest, et al, 1997, Bone,
233920: 465 - 471; and Iwata, et al, 1997, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 40: 499 - 509. Therefore, between 5 and 8 thyroparathyroidectomized animals (purchased from an outside vendor) per group are used. The animals receive replacement injections of thyroxine every other day. Each experiment will include several groups: (1) placebo and parathyroid hormone (PTH 1- 34) injected groups which coπespond to the negative and positive controls, respectively; (2- 5) PTH albumin fusion proteins, at various concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 12 μg/kg, injected intravenously, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, and intramuscular, either before, during, or after parathyroid hormone treatment; (6) for some experiments, a cysteine protease inhibitor is tested.
2340[1128] Under isofluorane anesthesia, the left femoral vein and either the left femoral artery or carotid artery is cannulated with PE-10 tubing fused to PE-50 polyethylene tubing filled with heparinized saline. The catheters are tunneled subcutaneously, exteriorized at the nape and secured to the skin. The animals are allowed to recover for approximately 18 hours prior to being used for experimentation during which time they are given a calcium free diet. During the course of the experiment, 3 blood samples (200 mL each) are taken via the carotid or femoral catheter following 2, 4, and 6 hours of infusion. Longer time points, e.g., 18 hours, may also be desirable.
2341[1129] A dose relationship between human PTH 1 - 34, the positive control, and the appearance of ionized calcium levels in whole blood was established (data not shown).
2342The activity of the albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 1941 can be assayed using TPTX animals.
2343[1130] The activity of the PTH albumin fusion protein encoded by constract 1941 can be measured using TPTX animals and the in vivo assay described above under the heading, "In vivo: Induced release of calcium in TPTX animals".
2344An in vivo ovariectomized female rat model.
2345Methods
2346[1131] PTH activity is tested by monitoring the ability to induce bone formation in ovariectomized female Lewis or Sprague Dawley rats.
2347[1132] Surgery is performed on female Lewis or Sprague Dawley rats 8 - 9 weeks of age and experiments are not initiated until 7 to 10 days after the surgery. Samples from blood, urine, and left tibia are obtained weekly from 9 to 12 animals per group. The various groups can include a sham control injected with saline everyday for four weeks, ovariectomized rats injected with saline everyday for four weeks, and ovariectomized rats injected with rat PTH peptide 1-34 at 10 g/kg subcutaneously five times per week. Following the fourth and final week of tissue collection, the tibias are sent to Skeletech for bone densitometry analysis.
2348[1133] The parameters tested are body weight, bone densitometry on left tibia in 70% ethanol, serum pyridinoline from blood, and urine deoxypyridinoline and alpha helical protein. Urine samples are taken in the morning. Blood is obtained from bleeding the heart and the serum is saved for ELISA analysis. Bone densitometry is conducted on the proximal tibia. The left femur can be cut with bone shears just above the knee. The paw can also be removed by cutting the distal tibia. The skin is slit laterally to allow in ethanol and the remainder of the limb is put in a 50 cc tube filled with 70% ethanol. The tube is stored at room temperature until shipped. The rat tibial specimens are allowed to thaw to room temperature the day of the testing. Excised rat tibiae are subjected to bone mineral density determinations using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT, XCT-RM, Norland/Stratec). The scan is performed at a proximal tibia site (12% of the total length away from the proximal end). One 0.5 mm slice is taken. Scans are analyzed as a whole (total bone) or using a threshold delineation of external and internal boundaries (cortical bone) or an area that is 45% of the total bone tissue by peeling from the outer edge (cancellous bone). Bone mineral density, area and content are then determined by system software. The differences between sham and ovariectomized animals, at each different time point, are determined by two-tailed t-test using SAS statistical software (S AS Institute, Cory, NC). The student t test is used for statistical comparison of means. P values of less than 0.05 are considered statistically significant. i
2349The activity of the albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 1941 can be assayed using the in vivo ovariectomized female rat model.
2350[1134] The activity of the PTH albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 1941 can be measured using the in vivo assay described above under the heading, "An in vivo ovariectomized female rat model".
2351EXAMPLE 28: Construct ID 1949, PTH84-HSA, Generation.
2352[1135] Construct DD 1949, pC4.PTH84.Sl-Q84.HSA, encodes a PTH84-HSA fusion protein which comprises the MPIF leader sequence, followed by the mature form of PTH84, i.e., Ser-1 to Gln-84, fused to the amino-terminus of the mature form of HSA cloned into the mammalian expression vector pC4. Cloning ofPTH84 cDNA for construct 1949
2353[1136] The DNA encoding PTH84 was amplified with primers PTH84-3 and PTH84-
23544, described below, cut with Bam HVSpel, and ligated into Bam HVXbal cut pC4:HSA.
2355Constract DD #1949 encodes an albumin fusion protein comprising the mature PTH84 protein followed by the mature form of HSA.
2356[1137] Two primers suitable for PCR amplification of the polynucleotide encoding the mature form of PTH84, PTH84-3 and PTH84-4, were synthesized.
2357PTH84-3: 5'-GAGCGCGG rCCGCCATCATGAAGGTCTCCGTGGCTGCCCTCTCC
TGCCTCATGCTTGTTACTGCCCTTGGATCTCAGGCCTCTGTGAGTGAAATACAG
CTTATGC-3' (SEQ D NO:793)
PTH84-4: 5'- GTCGTG4CT G7CTGGGATTTAGCTTTAGTTAATACATTCAC-3'
(SEQ DD NO:794)
2362[1138] PTH84-3 incoφorates a Bam HI cloning site (shown in italics) followed by a nucleic acid sequence that encodes the MPIF signal peptide (shown underlined) and amino acid residues Ser-1 to Met-8 (shown in bold) of the mature form of PTH84. In PTH84-4, the
2363Spel site is shown in italics and the nucleic acid sequence that follows coπesponds to the reverse complement of DNA encoding the last 10 amino acids of the mature PTH84 protein
2364(shown in bold). Using these two primers, the PTH84 protein was PCR amplified. The PCR amplimer was purified, digested with Bam HI and Spel and ligated into Bam HVXbal cut pC4:HSA. « -^
2365[1139] There are two additional amino acid residues, i.e., Thr and Ser, between
2366PTH84 and HSA as a result of the introduction of the Spel cloning site into the PTH84-4 primer.
2367[1140] Further analysis of the N-terminus of the expressed albumin fusion protein by amino acid sequencing confirmed the presence of the expected PTH84 sequence (see below).
2368[1141] PTH84 albumin fusion proteins of the invention preferably comprise the mature form of HSA , i.e., Asp-25 to Leu-609, fused to either the N- or C- terminus of the mature form of PTH84, i.e., Ser-1 to Gln-84. hi one embodiment of the invention, PTH84 albumin fiision proteins of the invention further comprise a signal sequence which directs the nascent fusion polypeptide in the secretory pathways of the host used for expression. In a further prefeπed embodiment, the signal peptide encoded by the signal sequence is removed, and the mature PTH84 albumin fusion protein is secreted directly into the culture medium. PTH84 albumin fusion proteins of the invention may comprise heterologous signal sequences including, but not limited to, MAF, INV, Ig, Fibulin B, Clusterin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4, variant HSA leader sequences including, but not limited to, a chimeric HSA/MAF leader sequence, or other heterologous signal sequences known in the art. In a prefeπed embodiment, PTH84 albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprise the native PTH84. In further prefeπed embodiments, the PTH84 albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise an N-terminal methionine residue. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides, including fragments and/or variants, are also encompassed by the invention.
2369Expression and Purification of Construct ID 1949. Expression in 293T cells.
2370[1142] Constract 1949 was transfected into 293T cells cells by methods known in the art (e.g., lipofectamine transfection) and selected with 100 nM methotrexate (see Example 6). Expression levels were examined by immunoblot detection with anti-HSA serum as the primary antibody.
2371Purification from 293T cell supernatant.
2372[1143] The 293T cell supernatant containing the secreted PTH84-HSA fusion protein expressed from constract ED #1949 in 293T cells was purified as described in Example 7. Specifically, initial capture was performed with an anionic HQ-50 resin at pH 7.2 using a sodium phosphate buffer (25 mM Na<sub>2</sub>HPO pH 7.2) and 16 column volumes of a salt gradient elution of 0 to 0.5 M NaCl, followed by Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography, "HIC", with the Phenyl 650 M resin (from Tosohaas) using 36 column volumes of a salt gradient elution of 2.75 to 0 M NaCl at pH 7.2 where the sample had a final conductivity of 180 mS. The sample was concentrated using the HQ Poros 50 resin and a salt step elution of 0.15 M NaCl increments. The final buffer composition consisted of 25 mM Na<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub> + 150 mM NaCl pH 7.2. N-terminal sequencing generated the amino-terminus sequence (i.e., SVSEI, SEQ DD NO:2145) of the mature form of PTH84. A protein of approximate MW of 78 kDa was obtained. A final yield of 0.32 mg protein per litre of 293T cell supernatant was obtained.
2373In vitro induction of cyclic AMP in SaOS2 cells by the albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 1949. Result
2374[1144] A purified HSA-PTH84 albumin fusion protein derived from 293T cells expressing constract 1949 was tested in the in vitro assay described in Example 27 under subsection heading, "In vitro induction of cyclic AMP in SaOS2 cells". HSA-PTH84 induced an increase in intracellular cyclic AMP levels.
2375The activity of the albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 1949 can be assayed using TPTX animals.
2376[1145] The activity of the PTH albumin fusion protein encoded by constract 1949 can be measured using TPTX animals and the in vivo assay described in Example 27 under the subsection heading, "In vivo: Induced release of calcium in TPTX animals".
2377The activity of the albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 1949 can be assayed using the in vivo ovariectomized female rat model.
2378[1146] The activity of the PTH albumin fusion protein encoded by constract 1949 can be measured using the in vivo assay described in Example 27 under the subsection heading, "An in v vo_ovariectomized female rat model".
2379EXAMPLE 29: Construct ID 2021. PTH84-HSA. Generation.
2380[1147] Constract DD 2021, pC4.PTH84.Sl-Q84.HSA, encodes for an PTH84-HSA fusion protein which comprises the native HSA leader, followed by the mature form of PTH84, i.e., Ser-1 to Gln-84, fused to the amino-terminus of the mature form of HSA cloned into the mammalian expression vector pC4.
2381Cloning ofPTH84 cDNA for construct 2021
2382[1148] The DNA encoding PTH84 was amplified with primers PTH84-5 and PTH84-
23836, described below, cut with Xho VCla I, and ligated into Xho VCla I cut pC4:HSA.
2384Construct DD #2021 encodes an albumin fusion protein containing the mature PTH84 protein followed by the mature form of HSA (see Example 5).
2385[1149] Two primers suitable for PCR amplification of the polynucleotide encoding the mature form of PTH84, PTH84-5 and PTH84-6, were synthesized.
2386PTH84-5: 5*- CCGCCGCrCG GGGGTGTGTTTCGTCGATCTGTGAGTGAAATAC
2387AGCTTATGCATAAC-3' (SEQ DD NO:823) PTH84-6: 5'- AGTCCG4 TCGA 7GAGC AACCTC ACTCTTGTGTGC ATCCTGGGATT TAGCTTTAGTTAATACATTCACATC-3' (SEQ DD NO:824)
2388[1150] PTH84-5 incoφorates a Xho I cloning site (shown in italics). The Xho I site combined with the nucleic acid sequence that follows (shown underlined) encodes for the last four amino acid residues of the chimeric signal peptide of HSA. The nucleic acid sequence in bold encodes for amino acid residues Ser-1 to Asn- 10 of the mature form of PTH84. In PTH84-6, the Cla I site is shown in italics and the nucleic acid sequence that follows (shown underlined) coπesponds to the reverse complement of DNA encoding the first 10 amino acids of the mature form of HSA. The nucleic acid sequence highlighted in bold in PTH84-6 coπesponds to the reverse complement of DNA encoding the last 11 amino acids of the mature form of PTH84. Using these two primers, the PTH84 protein was PCR amplified. The PCR amplimer was purified, digested with Xho I and Cla I and ligated into Xho VCla I cut pC4:HSA.
2389[1151 ] Further, analysis of the N-terminus of the expressed albumin fusion protein by amino acid sequencing can confirm the presence of the expected PTH84 sequence (see below).
2390[1152] PTH84 albumin fusion proteins of the invention preferably comprise the mature form of HSA , i.e., Asp-25 to Leu-609, fused to either the N- or C- terminus of the mature form of PTH84, i.e., Ser-1 to Gln-84. In one embodiment of the invention, PTH84 albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise a signal sequence which directs the nascent fusion polypeptide in the secretory pathways of the- host used for expression. In a further prefeπed embodiment, the signal peptide encoded by the signal sequence is removed, and the mature PTH84 albumin fusion protein is secreted directly into the culture medium. PTH84 albumin fusion proteins of the invention may comprise heterologous signal sequences including, but not limited to, MAF, INV, Ig, Fibulin B, Clusterin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4, variant HSA leader sequences including, but not limited to, a chimeric HSA/MAF leader sequence, or other heterologous signal sequences known in the art. In a prefeπed embodiment, PTH84 albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprise the native PTH84. In fiirther prefeπed embodiments, the PTH84 albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise an N-terminal methionine residue. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides, including fragments and/or variants, are also encompassed by the invention. Expression and Purification of Construct ID 2021.
2391Expression in 293T cells.
2392[1153] Constract 2021 can be transfected into 293T cells cells by methods known in the art (e.g., lipofectamine transfection) and selected with 100 nM methotrexate (see Example
23936). Expression levels can be examined by immunoblot detection with anti-HSA serum as the primary antibody.
2394Purification from 293T cell supernatant.
2395[1154] The 293T cell supernatant containing the secreted PTH84-HSA fusion protein expressed from constract DD #2021 in 293T cells can be purified as described in Example 7.
2396Specifically, initial capture can be performed with an anionic HQ-50 resin at pH 7.2 using a sodium phosphate buffer (25 mM Na<sub>2</sub>HPO pH 7.2) and 16 column volumes of a salt gradient elution of 0 to 0.5 M NaCl, followed by Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography, "HIC", with the Phenyl 650 M resin (from Tosohaas) using 36 column volumes of a salt gradient elution of 2.75 to 0 M NaCl at pH 7.2 where the sample has a final conductivity of 180 mS.
2397The sample can be concentrated using the HQ Poros 50 resin and a salt step elution of 0.15 M
2398NaCl increments. The final buffer composition may consist of 25 mM Na<sub>2</sub>HPO + 150 mM
2399NaCl pH 7.2. N-terminal sequencing should generate the amino-terminus sequence (i.e.,
2400SVSEI) of the mature form of PTH84. A protein of approximate MW of 78 kDa should be obtained.
2401In vitro induction of cyclic AMP in SaOS2 cells by the albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 2021.
2402[1155] HSA-PTH84 albumin fusion protein derived from 293T cells expressing constract 2021 can be tested in the in vitro assay described in Example 27 under subsection heading, "In vitro induction of cyclic AMP in SaOS2 cells".
2403The activity of the albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 2021 can be assayed using
2404TPTXanimals.
2405[1156] The activity of the PTH albumin fusion protein encoded by constract 2021 can be measured using TPTX animals and the in vivo assay described in Example 27 under the subsection heading, "In vivo: Induced release of calcium in TPTX animals".
2406The activity of the albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 2021 can be assayed using the in vivo ovariectomized female rat model.
2407[1157] The activity of the PTH albumin fusion protein encoded by constract 2021 can be measured using the in vivo assay described in Example 27 under the subsection heading, "An in vivo ovariectomized female rat model".
2408EXAMPLE 30: Indications for PTH84 Albumin Fusion Proteins. [1158] Results from in vitro and in vivo assays described above indicate that PTH84 albumin fusion proteins are useful for the treatment, prevention, and/or diagnosis of osteoporosis, malignant hypercalcaemia, and Paget's disease.
2409EXAMPLE 31: Construct ID 2249. IFNa2-HSA. Generation.
2410[1159] Constract DD 2249, pSAC35:IFNa2.HSA, comprises DNA encoding an IFNa2 albumin fusion protein which has the HSA chimeric leader sequence, followed by the mature form of EFNa2 protein, i.e., C1-E165, fused to the amino-terminus of the mature form of HSA in the yeast S. cerevisiae expression vector pSAC35.
2411Cloning ofIFNa2 cDNA
2412[1160] The polynucleotide encoding IFNa2 was PCR amplified using primers IFNa2-
24131 and IFNa2-2, described below. The PCR amplimer was cut with Sal VCla I, and ligated into Xho VCla I cut pScCHSA. Constract DD #2249 encodes an albumin fusion protein containing the chimeric leader sequence of HSA, the mature form of IFNa2, followed by the mature HSA protein.
2414[1161] Two oligonucleotides suitable for PCR amplification of the polynucleotide encoding the mature form of IFNa2, EFNa2-l and IFNa2-2, were synthesized:
2415EFNa2-l: 5'-CGCGCGCGTCGACAAAAGATGTGATCTGCCTCAAACCCACA-3' (SEQ
ED NO:887)
2417D?Na2-2: 5'-GCGCGCATCGATGAGCAACCTCACTCTTGTGTGCATCTTCCTTAC
TTCTTAAACTTTCT-3' (SEQ DDNO:888)
2419[1162] The IFNa2-l primer incoφorates a Sal I cloning site (shown underlined), nucleotides encoding the last three amino acid residues of the chimeric HSA leader sequence, as well as 22 nucleotides (shown in bold) encoding the first 7 amino acid residues of the mature form of EFNa2. In IFNa2-2, the Cla I site (shown underlined) and the DNA following it are the reverse complement of DNA encoding the first 10 amino acids of the mature HSA protein and the last 22 nucleotides (shown in bold) are the reverse complement of DNA encoding the last 7 ajnino acid residues of EFNa2 (see Example 2). A PCR amplimer of IFNa2-HSA was generated using these primers, purified, digested with Sal I and Cla I restriction enzymes, and cloned into the Xho I and Cla I sites of the pScCHSA vector. After the sequence was confirmed, the expression cassette encoding this IFNa2 albumin fusion protein was subcloned into Not I digested pSAC35.
2420[1163] Further, analysis of the N-terminus of the expressed albumin fusion protein by amino acid sequencing can confirm the presence of the expected EFNa2 sequence (see below). [1164] Other EFNa2 albumin fusion proteins using different leader sequences have been constructed by methods known in the art (see Example 2). Examples of the various leader sequences include, but are not limited to, invertase "INV" (constructs 2343 and 2410) and mating alpha factor "MAF" (constract 2366). These EFNa2 albumin fusion proteins can be subcloned into mammalian expression vectors such as pC4 (constructs 2382) and pEE12.1 as described previously (see Example 5). IFNa2 albumin fusion proteins with the therapeutic portion fused C-terminus to HSA can also be constructed (construct 2381). [1165] IFNa2 albumin fusion proteins of the invention preferably comprise the mature form of HSA , i.e., Asp-25 to Leu-609, fused to either the N- or C- terminus of the mature form of IFNa2, i.e., Cys-1 to Glu-165. In one embodiment of the invention, EFNa2 albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise a signal sequence which directs the nascent fusion polypeptide in the secretory pathways of the host used for expression. In a further prefeπed embodiment, the signal peptide encoded by the signal sequence is removed, and the mature IFNa2 albumin fusion protein is secreted directly into the culture medium. IFNa2 albumin fusion proteins of the invention may comprise heterologous signal sequences including, but not limited to, MAF, ESTV, Ig, Fibulin B, Clusterin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4, variant HSA leader sequences including, but not limited to, a chimeric HSA/MAF leader sequence, or other heterologous signal sequences known in the art. In a prefeπed embodiment, IFNa2 albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprise the native IFNa2. In further prefeπed embodiments, the IFNa2 albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise an N-terminal methionine residue. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides, including fragments and/or variants, are also encompassed by the invention.
2421Expression and Purification of Construct ID 2249. Expression in yeast S. cerevisiae.
2422[1166] Transformation of construct 2249 into yeast S. cerevisiae strain BXPIO was carried out by methods known in the art (see Example 3). Cells can be collected at stationary phase after 72 hours of growth. Supematants are collected by clarifying cells at 3000g for 10 min. Expression levels are examined by immunoblot detection with anti-HSA serum (Kent Laboratories) or as the primary antibody. The EFNa2 albumin fusion protein of approximate molecular weight of 88.5 kDa can be obtained. Purification from yeast S. cerevisiae cell supernatant.
2423[1167] The cell supernatant containing IFNa2 albumin fiision protein expressed from constract ED #2249 in yeast S. cerevisiae cells can be purified either small scale over a Dyax peptide affinity column (see Example 4) or large scale by following 5 steps: diafiltration, anion exchange chromatography using DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow column, hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) using Butyl 650S column, cation exchange chromatography using an SP-Sepharose Fast Flow column or a Blue-Sepharose chromatography, and high performance chromatography using Q-sepharose high performance column chromatography (see Example 4). The EFNa2 albumin fusion protein may elute from the DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow column with 100 - 250 mM NaCl, from the SP-Sepharose Fast Flow column with 150 - 250 mM NaCl, and from the Q-Sepharose High Performance column at 5 - 7.5 mS/cm. N-terminal sequencing should yield the sequence CDLPQ (SEQ DD NO:2146) which coπesponds to the mature form of EFNa2. t The activity ofIFNa2 can be assayed using an in vitro ISRE-SEAP assay. Method
2424[1168] The EFNa2 albumin fusion protein encoded by constract ED # 2249 can be tested for activity in the ISRE-SEAP assay as previously described in Example 25. Briefly, conditioned yeast supematants were tested at a 1:1000 dilution for their ability to direct ISRE signal transduction on the ISRE-SEAP/293F reporter cell-line. The ISRE-SEAP/293F reporter cells were plated at 3 x 10<sup>4</sup> cell/well in 96-well, poly-D-lysine coated, plates, one day prior to treatment. The reporter cells were then incubated for 18 or 24 hours prior to removing 40 μL for use in the SEAP Reporter Gene Chemiluminescent Assay (Roche catalog # 1779842). Recombinant human Interferon beta, "rhIFNb" (Biogen), was used as a positive control.
2425Result [1169] The purified preparation of IFNa2-HSA demonstrated a relatively linear increase in the ISRE-SEAP assay over concentrations ranging from 10<sup>"1</sup> to 10<sup>1</sup> ng/mL (see Figure 15) or 10<sup>"10</sup> to 10<sup>'8</sup> ng/mL (see Figure 16).
2426In vivo induction of OAS by Interferon alpha fusion encoded by construct ID 2249.
2427Method
2428[1170] The OAS enzyme, 2'-5'- OligoAdenylate Synthetase, is activated at the transcriptional level by interferon in response to antiviral infection. The effect of interferon constructs can be measured by obtaining blood samples from treated monkeys and analyzing these samples for transcriptional activation of two OAS mRNA, p41 and p69. A volume of
24290.5 mL of whole blood was obtained from 4 animals per group at 7 different time points, day
24300, day 1, day 2, day 4, day 8, day 10, and day 14 per animal. The various groups include vehicle control, intravenous injection of 30 μg/kg HSA-IFN on day 1, subcutaneous injection of 30 μg/kg of HSA-IFN on day 1, subcutaneous injection of 300 μg/kg of HSA-IFN on day
24311, and subcutaneous injection of 40 μg/kg of Interferon alpha (Schering-Plough) as a positive control on days 1, 3, and 5. The levels of the p41 and the p69 mRNA transcripts were determined by real-time quantitative PCR (Taqman) using probes specific for p41-OAS and p69-OAS. OAS mRNA levels were quantitated relative to 18S ribosomal RNA endogenous control. The albumin fusion encoded by constract 2249 can be subjected to similar experimentation.
2432Results > -<sub>^</sub>.
2433[1171] A significant increase in mRNA transcript levels for both p41 and p69 OAS was observed in HSA-interferon treated monkeys in contrast to IFNa treated monkeys (see Figure 17 for p41 data). The effect lasted nearly 10 days.
2434EXAMPLE 32: Indications for IFNa2 Albumin Fusion Proteins
2435[1172] IFN alpha albumin fusion protein (including, but not limited to, those encoded by constructs 2249, 2343, 2410, 2366, 2382, and 2381) can be used to treat, prevent, ameliorate, and/or detect multiple sclerosis. Other indications include, but are not limited to,
2436Hepatitis C, oncology uses, cancer, hepatitis, human papilloma viras, fibromyalgia, Sjogren's syndrome, hairy cell leukemia, chronic myelogeonus leukemia, AEDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma, chronic hepatitis B, malignant melanoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, external condylomata acuminata, HTV infection, small cell lung cancer, hematological malignancies, heφes simplex virus infections, multiple sclerosis, viral hemoπhagic fevers, solid tumors, renal cancer, bone maπow disorders, bone disorders, bladder cancer, gastric cancer, hepatitis D, multiple myeloma, type I diabetes mellitus, viral infections, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, cervical dysplasia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and renal cancer.
2437[1173] Preferably, the IFNα-albumin fusion protein or IFN hybrid fusion protein is administered in combination with a CCR5 antagonist, further in association with at least one of ribavirin, IL-2, IL-12, pentafuside alone or in combination with an anti-HIV drag therapy, e.g., HAART, for preparation of a medicament for the treatment of HTV-1 infections, HCV, or HIV-1 and HCV co-infections in treatment-naϊve as well as treatment-experienced adult and pediatric patients.
2438EXAMPLE 33: Construct ID 2250. HSA-Insulin (GYG), Generation.
2439[1174] Constract DD 2250, pSAC35.HSA.INSULIN(GYG).Fl-N62, encodes for an
2440HS A-INSULESf (GYG) fusion protein which comprises full length HSA, including the native
2441HSA leader sequence, fused to the amino-terminus of the synthetic single-chain long-acting insulin analog (INSULIN (GY<sup>32</sup>G)) with a Tyr at position 32, cloned into the yeast S. cerevisiae expression vector pSAC35.
2442Cloning of INSULIN (GYG) cDNA for construct 2250.
2443[1175] The DNA encoding the synthetic single-chain form of INSULIN (GYG) was
2444PCR generated using four overlapping primers. The sequence coπesponding to the C- peptide in the middle region of the proinsulin cDNA was replaced by the C-domain of Insulin
2445Growth Factor 1, "IGF-1" (GY<sup>32</sup>GSSSRRAPQT, SEQ DD NO:2147), to avoid the need for proinsulin processing and to ensure proper folding of the single-chain protein. The sequence was codon optimized for expression in yeast S. cerevisiae. The PCR fragment was digested and subcloned into Bsu 3611 Asc I digested pScNHSA. A Not 1 fragment was then subcloned into the pSAC35 plasmid. Construct ED #2250 encodes for full length HSA, including the native HSA leader sequence, fused to the amino-terminus of the synthetic single-chain form of INSULIN (GYG).
2446[1176] The 5' and 3' primers of the four overlapping oligonucleotides suitable for
2447PCR amplification of the polynucleotide encoding the synthetic single-chain form of
2448INSULIN (GYG), INSULIN (GYG)-l and INSULIN (GYG)-2, were synthesized:
2449DSfSULIN (GYG)-1: 5'-GTCAAGCTGCC7 4GGCTTATTCGTTAACCAACACTTGTGTGGTT
2450CTCACTTGGTTGAAGCTTTGTACTTGGTTTGTGGTGAA-3' (SEQ DD NO.889) INSULIN (GYG)-2: 5'-ATCGCATATGGCGCGCCCTATTAGTTACAGTAGTTTTCCAATTG
GTACAAAGAACAAATAGAAGTACAA-3' (SEQ DD NO:890)
2452[1177] INSULIN (GYG)-l incoφorates a Bsu 361 cloning site (shown in italics) and encodes the first 21 amino acids (shown in bold) of the ORF of the synthetic single-chain form of INSULEST (GYG). In INSULIN (GYG)-2, the italicized sequence is an Asc I site. In
2453INSULIN (GYG)-2, the bolded sequence is the reverse complement of the last 49 nucleotides encoding amino acid residues Cys-49 to Asn-63 of the synthetic single-chain form of
2454INSULIN (GYG). With these two primers, the synthetic single-chain form of INSULIN
2455(GYG) was PCR amplified. Annealing and extension temperatures and times must be empirically determined for each specific primer pair and template.
2456[1178] The PCR product was purified (for example, using Wizard PCR Preps DNA
2457Purification System (Promega Coφ)) and then digested with Bsu36l and Ascl. After further purification of the Bsu36l-Ascl fragment by gel elecfrophoresis, the product was cloned into
2458Bsu36VAscI digested pScNHSA. A Not I fragment was further subcloned into pSAC35 to give construct DD # 2250.
2459[1179] Further analysis of the N-terminus of the expressed albumin fusion protein by amino acid sequencing should confirm the presence of the expected mature HSA sequence
2460(see below).
2461[1180] INSULIN albumin fiision proteins of the invention preferably comprise the mature form of HSA , i.e., Asp-25 to Leu-609, fused to either the N- or C- terminus of the synthetic single-chain analog of INSULIN, i.e., Phe-1 to Asn-62; the sequence coπesponding to the C-peptide in the middle region of the proinsulin cDNA was replaced by the C-domain of Insulin Growth Factor 1, "IGF-1" (GY<sup>32</sup>GSSSRRAPQT, SEQ ED NO:2147).
2462In one embodiment of the invention, INSULIN albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise a signal sequence which directs the nascent fusion polypeptide in the secretory pathways of the host used for expression. In a further prefeπed embodiment, the signal peptide encoded by the signal sequence is removed, and the mature INSULIN albumin fusion protein is secreted directly into the culture medium. DNSULIN albumin fusion proteins of the invention may comprise heterologous signal sequences including, but not limited to,
2463MAF, TNV, Ig, Fibulin B, Clusterin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4, variant
2464HSA leader sequences including, but not limited to, a chimeric HSA/MAF leader sequence, or other heterologous signal sequences known in the art. In a prefeπed embodiment,
2465INSULIN albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprise the native INSULIN. In fiirther prefeπed embodiments, the INSULIN albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise an N-terminal methionine residue. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides, including fragments and/or variants, are also encompassed by the invention.
2466Expression and Purification of Construct ID 2250.
2467Expression in yeast S. cerevisiae.
2468[1181] Constract 2250 can be transformed into yeast S. cerevisiae by methods known in the art (see Example 3). Expression levels can be examined by immunoblot detection with anti-HSA serum as the primary antibody.
2469Purification from yeast S. cerevisiae cell supernatant.
2470[1182] The cell supernatant containing the secreted INSULIN (GYG) albumin fiision protein expressed from constract ED #2250 in yeast S. cerevisiae can be purified as described in Example 4. N-terminal sequencing of the albumin fusion protein should result in the sequence DAHKS (SEQ DD NO:2143) which coπesponds to the amino terminus of the mature form of HSA.
2471In vitro f Hl-2-Deoxyglucose Uptake Assay in the presence of the albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 2250.
2472Method
2473[1183] The in vitro assay to measure the glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in the presence of the INSULIN (GYG) albumin fusion protein encoded by constract 2250 was carried out as described below in Example 41. Other assays known in the art that may be used to test INSULIN (GYG) albumin fusion proteins' include, but are not limited to, L6 Rat
2474Myoblast Proliferation Assay via glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) and H4De reporter assays (see Example 48) including the rat Malic Enzyme Promoter (rMEP)-SEAP, Sterol
2475Regulatory Element Binding Protein (SREBP)-SEAP, Fatty Acid Synthetase (FAS)-SEAP, and PhosphoEnolPyravate CarboxyKinase (PEPCK)-SEAP reporters.
2476Result
2477[1184] The supernatant derived from transformed yeast S. cerevisiae expressing insulin albumin fusion encoded by constract 2250 demonsfrated glucose uptake/fransport activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes (see Figure 18).
2478In vitro Pancreatic Cell-lines Proliferation Assay in the presence of the albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 2250. Method
2479[1185] The in vitro assay to measure the differentiation and proliferation of ductal epithelium pancreatic AREP cell-line into insulin-producing beta cells and/or to measure the proliferation of the insulin-producing RIN-M beta cell-line in the presence of the INSULIN (GYG) albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 2250 can be carried out as described below under heading: "Example 42: In vitro Assay of [<sup>3</sup>H] -Thymidine Incoφoration into Pancreatic Cell-lines".
2480The activity of the albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 2250 can be assayed in vivo using diabetic NOD and/or NIDDM mouse models.
2481[1186] The activity of the WSULIN (GYG) albumin fusion protein encoded by constract 2250 can be measured using NOD and/or NIDDM mouse models described below under the headings, "Example 44: Occurrence of Diabetes in NOD Mice", "Example 45:
2482Histological Examination of NOD Mice", and "Example 47: In vivo Mouse Model of
2483NIDDM".
2484EXAMPLE 34: Construct ID 2255. Insulin (GYG HSA. Generation. [1187] Constract DD 2255, pSAC35.ENSULIN(GYG).Fl-N62.HSA, encodes for an
2485INSULIN (GYG)-HSA fusion protein which comprises the HSA chimeric leader sequence of HSA fused to the amino-terminus of the synthetic single-chain long-acting insulin analog (INSULIN (GY<sup>32</sup>G)) with a Tyr in position 32, which is, in turn, fused to the mature form of HSA, cloned into the yeast S. cerevisiae expression vector pSAC35.
2486Cloning of INSULIN (GYG) cDNA for construct 2255.
2487[1188] The DNA encoding the synthetic single-chain form of INSULIN (GYG) was
2488PCR generated using four overlapping primers. The sequence coπesponding to the C- peptide in the middle region of the proinsulin cDNA was replaced by the C-domain of Insulin
2489Growth Factor 1, "IGF-1" (GY<sup>32</sup>GSSSRRAPQT, SEQ DD NO:2147), to avoid the need for proinsulin processing and to ensure proper folding of the single-chain protein. The sequence was codon optimized for expression in yeast S. cerevisiae. The PCR fragment was digested with Sal VCla I and subcloned into Xho VCla I digested pScCHSA. A Not I fragment was then subcloned into the pSAC35 plasmid. Constract DD #2255 encodes for the chimeric leader sequence of HSA fused to the amino-terminus of the synthetic single-chain form of INSULIN (GYG) followed by the mature form of HSA.
2490[1189] The 5' and 3' primers of the four overlapping oligonucleotides suitable for
2491PCR amplification of the polynucleotide encoding the synthetic single-chain form of INSULIN (GYG), INSULIN (GYG)-3 and INSULIN (GYG)-4, were synthesized: INSULIN (GYG)-3: 5'-TCCAGGAGCGrCGΛCAAAAGATTCGTTAACCAACACTTGTGTGG TTCTCACTTGGTTGAAGCTTTGTACTTGGTTTGTGGTGAA-3' (SEQ DD NO:895)
2492INSULIN (GYG)-4: 5'-AGACTTΓAA^ΓCG^7GAGCAACCΓCACTCTTGTGTGCATCGTTAC
2493AGTAGTTTTCCAATTGGTACAAAGAACAAATAGAAGTACAA-3' (SEQ DD NO:896) TNSULIN (GYG)-3 incoφorates a Sal I cloning site (shown in italics) and the DNA encoding the first 21 amino acids (shown in bold) of the ORF of the synthetic single-chain form of TNSULIN(GYG). In INSULIN (GYG)-4, the italicized sequence is a Cla I site; and the Cla I site and the DNA following it are the reverse complement of DNA encoding the first 10 amino acids of the mature HSA protein. The bolded sequence is the reverse complement of the 46 nucleotides encoding the last 15 amino acid residues Cys-49 to Asn-63 of the synthetic single-chain form of INSULIN (GYG). With these two primers, the synthetic single-chain INSULIN (GYG) protein was generated by annealing, extension of the annealed primers, digestion with Sal I and Cla I, and subcloning into Xho VCla I digested pScCHSA. The Not I fragment from this clone was then ligated into the Not I site of pSAC35 to generate constract DD 2255. Constract DD #2255 encodes an albumin fusion protein contaimng the chimeric leader sequence, the synthetic single-chain form of INSULIN (GYG), and the mature form of HSA.
2494[1190] Further analysis of the N-terminus of the expressed albumin fusion protein by amino acid sequencing should confirm the presence of the expected TNSULIN (GYG) sequence (see below).
2495[1191] TNSULIN albumin fusion proteins of the invention preferably comprise the mature form of HSA , i.e., Asp-25 to Leu-609, fused to either the N- or C- terminus of the synthetic single-chain analog of INSULIN, i.e., Phe-1 to Asn-62; the sequence coπesponding to the C-peptide in the middle region of the proinsulin cDNA was replaced by the C-domain of Insulin Growth Factor 1, "IGF-1" (GY<sup>32</sup>GSSSRRAPQT, SEQ DD NO:2147).
2496In one embodiment of the invention, INSULIN albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise a signal sequence which directs the nascent fusion polypeptide in the secretory pathways of the host used for expression. In a further prefeπed embodiment, the signal peptide encoded by the signal sequence is removed, and the mature INSULIN albumin fusion protein is secreted directly into the culture medium. INSULTN albumin fusion proteins of the invention may comprise heterologous signal sequences including, but not limited to, MAF, INV, Ig, Fibulin B, Clusterin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4, variant HSA leader sequences including, but not limited to, a chimeric HSA/MAF leader sequence, or other heterologous signal sequences known in the art. In a prefeπed embodiment, EMSULIN albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprise the native INSULIN. In further prefeπed embodiments, the INSULIN albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise an N-terminal methionine residue. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides, including fragments and/or variants, are also encompassed by the invention.
2497Expression and Purification of Construct ID 2255. Expression in yeast S. cerevisiae.
2498[1192] Constract 2255 can be transformed into yeast S. cerevisiae by methods known in the art (see Example 3). Expression levels can be examined by immunoblot detection with anti-HS A serum as the primary antibody. Purification from yeast S. cerevisiae cell supernatant.
2499[1193] The cell supernatant containing the secreted INSULIN (GYG) albumin fusion protein expressed from constract DD #2255 in yeast S. cerevisiae can be purified as described in Example 4. N-terminal sequencing of the expressed and purified albumin fusion protein should generate FVNQH which coπesponds to the amino terminus of the synthetic single- chain long-acting insulin analog (INSULIN (GY<sup>32</sup>G)).
2500In vitro [ HI -2-Deoxyglucose Uptake Assay in the presence of the albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 2255.
2501Method
2502[1194] The in vitro assay to measure the glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in the presence of the INSULIN (GYG) albumin fusion protein encoded by constract 2255 can be carried out as described below in Example 41. Other assays known in the art that may be used to test INSULIN (GYG) albumin fusion proteins' include, but are not limited to, L6 Rat
2503Myoblast Proliferation Assay via glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) and H4De reporter assays (see Example 48) including the rat Malic Enzyme Promoter (rMEP)-SEAP, Sterol
2504Regulatory Element Binding Protein (SREBP)-SEAP, Fatty Acid Synthetase (FAS)-SEAP, and PhosphoEnolPyruvate CarboxyKinase (PEPCK)-SEAP reporters.
2505In vitro Pancreatic Cell-lines Proliferation Assay in the presence of the albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 2255. Method
2506[1195] The in vitro assay to measure the differentiation and proliferation of ductal epithelium pancreatic ARD? cell-line into insulin-producing beta cells and/or to measure the proliferation of the insulin-producing RIN-M beta cell-line in the presence of the DNSULIN (GYG) albumin fusion protein encoded by constract 2255 can be carried out as described below under heading: "Example 42: In vitro Assay of [<sup>3</sup>H]-Thymidine Incoφoration into Pancreatic Cell-lines".
2507The activity of the albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 2255 can be assayed in vivo using diabetic NOD and/or NIDDM mouse models.
2508[1196] The activity of the INSULIN (GYG) albumin fusion protein encoded by constract 2255 can be measured using NOD and/or NIDDM mouse models described below under the headings, "Example 44: Occurrence of Diabetes in NOD Mice", "Example 45:
2509Histological Examination of NOD Mice", and "Example 47: In vivo Mouse Model of
2510NDDDM".
2511EXAMPLE 35: Construct ID 2276. HSA-Insulin (GGG), Generation. [1197] Constract DD 2276, pSAC35.HSA.ESTSULIN(GGG).Fl-N58, encodes for an
2512HSA-INSULIN (GGG) fusion protein which comprises full length HSA, including the native HSA leader sequence fused to the amino-terminus of the synthetic single-chain long-acting insulin analog (TNSULIN (GG<sup>32</sup>G)) with a Gly at position 32, cloned into the yeast S. cerevisiae expression vector pSAC35.
2513Cloning of INSULIN (GGG) cDNA for construct 2276.
2514[1198] The DNA encoding the synthetic single-chain form of INSULIN (GGG) was
2515PCR generated using four overlapping primers. The sequence coπesponding to the C-peptide in the middle region of the proinsulin cDNA was replaced by the synthetic linker
2516"GG<sup>32</sup>GPGKR" (SEQ DD NO:2148) to avoid the need for proinsulin processing and to ensure proper folding of the single-chain protein. The sequence was codon optimized for expression in yeast S. cerevisiae. The PCR fragment was digested and subcloned into Bsu 3611 Asc I digested pScNHSA. A Not I fragment was then subcloned into the pSAC35 plasmid.
2517Constract DD #2276 encodes for full length HSA, including the native HSA leader sequence fused to the amino-terminus of the synthetic single-chain form of INSULIN (GGG).
2518[1199] The 5' and 3' primers of the four overlapping oligonucleotides suitable for
2519PCR amplification of the polynucleotide encoding the synthetic single-chain form of
2520INSULIN (GGG), INSULIN (GGG)-1 and INSULIN (GGG)-2, were synthesized:
2521DSrSULIN (GGG)-5: 5'-GTCAAGCTGCC7X4GGCTTATTCGTTAACCAACACTTGTGTGGTT
CTCACTTGGTTGAAGCTTTGTACTTGGTTTGTGGTGAA-3' (SEQ DD NO:901)
2523INSULIN (GGG)-6: 5*-ATCGCATATGGCGCGCCCTATTAGTTACAGTAGTTTTCCAATTG
GTACAAAGAACAAATAGAAGTACAA-3' (SEQ ED NO:902)
2525[1200] INSULIN (GGG)-5 incoφorates a Bsu 361 cloning site (shown in italics) and encodes the first 21 amino acids (shown in bold) of the ORF of the synthetic single-chain form ofΙNSiπJN (GGG). In INSULΓN (GGG)-6, the italicized sequence is an Asc I site. In
2526INSULIN (GGG)-6, the bolded sequence is the reverse complement of the last 49 nucleotides encoding amino acid residues Cys-44 to Asn-58 of the synthetic single-chain form of
2527INSULIN (GGG). With these two primers, the synthetic single-chain form of INSULIN
2528(GGG) was PCR amplified. Annealing and extension temperatures and times must be empirically determined for each specific primer pair and template.
2529[1201] The PCR product was purified (for example, using Wizard PCR Preps DNA
2530Purification System .(Promega Coφ)) and then digested with Bsu'361 and Ascl. After further purification of the Bsu36l-Ascl fragment by gel elecfrophoresis, the product was cloned into
2531Bsu36VAscI digested pScNHSA. A Not I fragment was further subcloned into pSAC35 to give constract DD # 2276.
2532[1202] Further, analysis of the N-terminus of the expressed albumin fusion protein by amino acid sequencing should confirm the presence of the expected mature HSA sequence
2533(see below).
2534[1203] INSULIN albumin fusion proteins of the invention preferably comprise the mature form of HSA , i.e., Asp-25 to Leu-609, fused to either the N- or C- terminus of the synthetic single-chain analog of TNSULIN, i.e., Phe-1 to Asn-58; the sequence corresponding to the C-peptide in the middle region of the proinsulin cDNA was replaced by the synthetic linker "GG<sup>32</sup>GPGKR" (SEQ DD NO:2148). In one embodiment of the invention, INSULIN albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise a signal sequence which directs the nascent fusion polypeptide in the secretory pathways of the host used for expression. In a further prefeπed embodiment, the signal peptide encoded by the signal sequence is removed, and the mature INSULIN albumin fusion protein is secreted directly into the culture medium. INSULIN albumin fusion proteins of the invention may comprise heterologous signal sequences including, but not limited to, MAF, ENV, Ig, Fibulin B, Clusterin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4, variant HSA leader sequences including, but not limited to, a chimeric HSA/MAF leader sequence, or other heterologous signal sequences known in the art. In a prefeπed embodiment, INSULIN albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprise the native INSULIN. In further prefeπed embodiments, the INSULIN albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise an N-terminal methionine residue. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides, including fragments and/or variants, are also encompassed by the invention.
2535Expression and Purification of Construct ID 2276.
2536Expression in yeast S. cerevisiae.
2537[1204] Constract 2276 can be transformed into yeast S. cerevisiae by methods known in the art (see Example 3). Expression levels can be examined by immunoblot detection with anti-HS A serum as the primary antibody.
2538Purification from yeast S. cerevisiae cell supernatant.
2539[1205] The cell supernatant containing the secreted INSULIN (GGG) albumin fusion protein expressed from constract DD #2276 in yeast S. cerevisiae can be purified as described in Example 4. N-terminal sequencing should yield DAHKS (SEQ DD NO:2143) which corresponds to the amino terminus of the mature form of HSA.
2540In vitro f HI -2-Deoxyglucose Uptake Assay in the presence of the albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 2276.
2541Method
2542[1206] The in vitro assay to measure the glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in the presence of the DNSULIN (GGG) albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 2276 was carried out as described below in Example 41. Other assays known in the art that may be used to test INSULIN (GGG) albumin fusion proteins' include, but are not limited to, L6 Rat
2543Myoblast Proliferation Assay via glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) and H4De reporter assays (see Example 48) including the rat Malic Enzyme Promoter (rMEP)-SEAP, Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein (SREBP)-SEAP, Fatty Acid Synthetase (FAS)-SEAP, and PhosphoEnolPyravate CarboxyKinase (PEPCK)-SEAP reporters.
2544Result
2545[1207] The supernatant derived from transformed yeast S. cerevisiae expressing insulin albumin fusion encoded by construct 2276 demonstrated glucose uptake/transport activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes (see Figure 18).
2546In vitro Pancreatic Cell-lines Proliferation Assay in the presence of the albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 2276. Method
2547[1208] The in vitro assay to measure the differentiation and proliferation of ductal epithelium pancreatic ARIP cell-line into insulin-producing beta cells and/or to measure the proliferation of the insulin-producing RIN-M beta cell-line in the presence of the INSULIN (GGG) albumin fusion protein encoded by constract 2276 can be carried out as described below under heading: "Example 42: In vitro Assay of [<sup>3</sup>H]-Thymidine Incoφoration into Pancreatic Cell-lines".
2548The activity of the albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 2276 can be assayed in vivo using diabetic NOD and/or NIDDM mouse models.
2549[1209] The activity of the INSULIN (GGG) albumin fusion protein encoded by constract 2276 can be measured using NOD and/or NDDDM mouse models described below under the headings, "Example 44: Occuπence of Diabetes in NOD Mice", "Example 45:
2550Histological Examination of NOD Mice", and "Example 47: In vivo Mouse Model of
2551NDDDM".
2552EXAMPLE 36: Construct ID 2278. Insulin (GGO-HSA. Generation. [1210] Constract DD 2278, pSAC35.INSULIN(GGG).HSA, encodes for an INSULIN
2553(GGG)-HSA fiision protein which comprises the HSA chimeric leader sequence of HSA fused to the amino-terminus of the synthetic single-chain long-acting insulin analog (DNSULIN (GG<sup>32</sup>G)) with a Gly in position 32, which is, in turn, fused to the mature form of HSA, cloned into the yeast S. cerevisiae expression vector pSAC35. Cloning of INSULIN (GGG) cDNA for construct 2278.
2554[1211] The DNA encoding the synthetic single-chain form of TNSULIN (GGG) was
2555PCR generated using four overlapping primers. The sequence coπesponding to the C- peptide in the middle region of the proinsulin cDNA was replaced by the synthetic linker "GG<sup>32</sup>GPGKR" (SEQ DD NO:2148) to avoid the need for proinsulin processing and to ensure proper folding of the single-chain protein. The sequence was codon optimized for expression in yeast S. cerevisiae. The PCR fragment was digested with Sal VCla I and subcloned into Xho VCla I digested pScCHSA. A Not I fragment was then subcloned into the pSAC35 plasmid. Constract DD #2278 encodes for the chimeric leader sequence of HSA fused to the amino-terminus of the synthetic single-chain form of INSULIN (GGG) followed by the mature form of HSA.
2556[1212] The 5' and 3' primers of the four overlapping oligonucleotides suitable for
2557PCR amplification of the polynucleotide encoding the synthetic single-chain form of INSULIN (GGG), INSULIN (GGG)-7 and INSL N (GGG)-8, were synthesized: INSULIN (GGG)-7: 5'-TCCAGGAGCGrCG CAAAAGATTCGTTAACCAACACTTG TGTGGTTCTCACTTGGTTGAAGCTTTGTACTTGGTTTG TGGTGAA -3' (SEQ DD NO:903)
2558INSULIN (GGG)-8: 5'-AGACTTTAA4rCG^7GAGCAACCTCACTCTTGTGTGCATCG TTACAGTAGTTTTCCAATTGGTACAAAGAACAAATAGAAG TACAA-3' (SEQDD NO:904)
2559[1213] INSULIN (GGG)-7 incoφorates a Sal I cloning site (shown in italics) and the
2560DNA encoding the first 21 amino acids (shown in bold) of the ORF of the synthetic single- chain form of ESfSULIN(GGG). In TNSULIN (GGG)-8, the italicized sequence is a Cla I site; and the Cla I site and the DNA following it are the reverse complement of DNA encoding the first 10 amino acids of the mature HSA protein. The bolded sequence is the reverse complement of the 46 nucleotides encoding the last 15 amino acid residues Cys-44 to Asn-58 of the synthetic single-chain form of INSULIN (GGG). With these two primers, the synthetic single-chain INSULIN (GGG) protein was generated by annealing, extension of the annealed primers, digestion with Sal I and Cla I, and subcloning into Xho VCla I digested pScCHSA. The Not I fragment from this clone was then ligated into the Not I site of pSAC35 to generate constract DD 2278. Construct ED #2278 encodes an albumin fusion protein containing the chimeric leader sequence, the synthetic single-chain form of INSULIN (GGG), and the mature form of HSA. [1214] Further, analysis of the N-terminus of the expressed albumin fusion protein by amino acid sequencing should confirm the presence of the expected INSULIN (GGG) sequence (see below).
2561[1215] DNSULIN albumin fusion proteins of the invention preferably comprise the mature form of HSA , i.e., Asp-25 to Leu-609, fused to either the N- or C- terminus of the synthetic single-chain analog of INSULIN, i.e., Phe-1 to Asn-58; the sequence coπesponding to the C-peptide in the middle region of the proinsulin cDNA was replaced by the synthetic linker "GG<sup>32</sup>GPGKR" (SEQ ED NO:2148). In one embodiment of the invention, DNSLTJN albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise a signal sequence which directs the nascent fusion polypeptide in the secretory pathways of the host used for expression. In a further prefeπed embodiment, the signal peptide encoded by the signal sequence is removed, and the mature INSULIN albumin fusion protein is secreted directly into the culture medium. INSULIN albumin fusion proteins of the invention may comprise heterologous signal sequences including, but not limited to, MAF, INV, Ig, Fibulin B, Clusterin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4, variant HSA leader sequences including, but not hmited to, a chimeric HSA/MAF leader sequence, or other heterologous signal sequences known in the art. In a prefeπed embodiment, DNSULIN albumin fiision proteins of the invention comprise the native INSULIN. In further prefeπed embodiments, the INSULIN albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise an N-terminal methionine residue. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides, including fragments and/or variants, are also encompassed by the invention.
2562Expression and Purification of Construct ID 2278.
2563Expression in yeast S. cerevisiae.
2564[1216] Constract 2278 can be transformed into yeast S. cerevisiae by methods known in the art (see Example 3). Expression levels can be examined by immunoblot detection with anti-HS A serum as the primary antibody.
2565Purification from yeast S. cerevisiae cell supernatant.
2566[1217] The cell supernatant containing the secreted INSULIN (GGG) albumin fusion protein expressed from constract DD #2278 in yeast S. cerevisiae can be purified as described in Example 4. N-terminal sequencing of the expressed and purified albumin fusion protein should generate FVNQH (SEQ DD NO:2149) which coπesponds to the amino terminus of the synthetic single-chain long-acting insulin analog (INSULIN (GG<sup>32</sup>G)). In vitro HI -2-Deoxyglucose Uptake Assay in the presence of the albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 2278. Method
2567[1218] The in vitro assay to measure the glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in the presence of the INSULIN (GGG) albumin fusion protein encoded by constract 2278 can be carried out as described below in Example 41. Other assays known in the art that may be used to test INSULIN (GGG) albumin fusion proteins' include, but are not limited to, L6 Rat Myoblast Proliferation Assay via glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) and H4De reporter assays (see Example 48) including the rat Malic Enzyme Promoter (rMEP)-SEAP, Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein (SREBP)-SEAP, Fatty Acid Synthetase (FAS)-SEAP, and PhosphoEnoffyravate CarboxyKinase (PEPCK)-SEAP reporters.
2568In vitro Pancreatic Cell-lines Proliferation Assay in the presence of the albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 2278. Method
2569[1219] The in vitro assay to measure the differentiation and proliferation of ductal epithelium pancreatic ARIP cell-line into insulin-producing beta cells and/or to measure the proliferation of the insulin-producing RIN-M beta cell-line in the presence of the DNSULIN (GGG) albumin fusion protein encoded by constract 2278 can be carried out as described below under heading: "Example 42: In vitro Assay of [<sup>3</sup>H]-Thymidine Incoφoration into Pancreatic Cell-lines".
2570The activity of the albumin fusion protein encoded by construct 2278 can be assayed in vivo using diabetic NOD and/or NIDDM mouse models.
2571[1220] The activity of the INSULIN (GGG) albumin fusion protein encoded by constract 2278 can be measured using NOD and/or NDDDM mouse models described below under the headings, "Example 44: Occuπence of Diabetes in NOD Mice", "Example 45:
2572Histological Examination of NOD Mice", and "Example 47: In vivo Mouse Model of
2573NDDDM".
2574Example 37: Indications for Insulin albumin fusion proteins.
2575[1221] Results from in vitro assays described above indicate that insulin albumin fusion proteins are useful for the treatment, prevention, and/or diagnosis of hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, insulin deficiency, hyperlipidemia, hyperketonemia, and diabetes mellitus, Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
2576Example 38: Preparation of HSA-hGH Fusion Proteins.
2577[1222] An HSA-hGH fusion protein was prepared as follows:
2578Cloning of hGH cDNA
2579[1223] The hGH cDNA was obtained from a human pituitary gland cDNA library
2580(catalogue number HL1097v, Clontech Laboratories, Inc) by PCR amplification. Two oligonucleotides suitable for PCR amplification of the hGH cDNA, HGH1 and HGH2, were synthesized using an Applied Biosystems 380B Oligonucleotide Synthesizer.
HGH1: 5' - CCCAAGAATTCCCTTATCCAGGC - 3' (SEQ DD NO: 1020)
HGH2: 5' - GGGAAGCTTAGAAGCCACAGGATCCCTCCACAG - 3' (SEQ ED NO: 1021)
2583[1224] HGH 1 and HGH2 differed from the equivalent portion of the hGH cDNA sequence (Martial et. al, 1979) by two and three nucleotides, respectively, such that after
2584PCR amplification an EcoRI site would be introduced to the 5' end of the cDNA and a
2585BamΑl site would be introduced into the 3' end of the cDNA. In addition, HGH2 contained a
2586HindlE site immediately downstream of the hGH sequence.
2587[1225] PCR amplification using a Perkin-Εlmer-Cetus Thermal Cycler 9600 and a
2588Perkin-ΕlmerrCetus PCR kit, was performed using single-stranded DNA template isolated from the phage particles of the cDNA library as follows: 10 μL phage particles were lysed by the addition of 10 μL phage lysis buffer (280 μg/mL proteinase K in TΕ buffer) and incubation at 55°C for 15 min followed by 85°C for 15 min. After a 1 min. incubation on ice, phage debris was pelleted by centrifugation at 14,000 φm for 3 min. The PCR mixture contained 6 μL of this DNA template, 0.1 μM of each primer and 200 μM of each deoxyribonucleotide. PCR was carried out for 30 cycles, denaturing at 94°C for 30 s, annealing at 65°C for 30 s and extending at 72°C for 30 s, increasing the extension time by 1 s per cycle.
2589[1226] Analysis of the reaction by gel elecfrophoresis showed a single product of the expected size (589 base pairs).
2590[1227] The PCR product was purified using Wizard PCR Preps DNA Purification System (Promega Coφ) and then digested with EcoRl and Hindlll. After further purification of the EcoRl-Hindϊl fragment by gel electrophoresis, the product was cloned into pUC19 (GD3CO BRL) digested with EcoRI and HindϊΩ., to give pHGHl. DNA sequencing of the EcoRl HindΩI region showed that the PCR product was identical in sequence to the hGH sequence (Martial et al, 1979), except at the 5' and 3' ends, where the EcoRl and BamΑl sites had been introduced, respectively. Expression of the hGHcDNA.
2591[1228] The polylinker sequence of the phagemid pBluescribe (+) (Stratagene) was replaced by inserting an oligonucleotide linker, formed by annealing two 75-mer oligonucleotides, between the EcoRI and HindlR sites to form pBST(+). The new polylinker included a unique Notl site.
2592[1229] The Notl HSA expression cassette of pAYΕ309 (EP 431 880) comprising the
2593PRBI promoter, DΝA encoding the HSA/MFα-1 hybrid leader sequence, DΝA encoding HSA and the ADH1 terminator, was transfeπed to pBST(+) to form pHSAl. The HSA coding sequence was removed from this plasmid by digestion with Hind ID followed by religation to form pHSA2.
2594[1230] Cloning of the hGH cDΝA provided the hGH coding region lacking the pro-hGH sequence and the first 8 base pairs (bp) of the mature hGH sequence. In order to construct an expression plasmid for secretion of hGH from yeast, a yeast promoter, signal peptide and the first 8 bp of the hGH sequence were attached to the 5' end of the cloned hGH sequence as follows: The HindHl-SfaNl fragment from pHSA 1 was attached to the 5' end of the EcoRVHindS fragment from pHGHI via two synthetic oligonucleotides, HGH3 and HGH4 (which can anneal to one another in such a way as to generate a double stranded fragment of DΝA with sticky ends that can anneal with SfάNlanά EcoRl sticky ends): HGH3: 5' - GATAAAGATTCCCAAC - 3' (SEQ.DD NO: 1023) HGH4: 5' - AATTGTTGGGAATCTTT- 3' (SEQ DD NO: 1024)
2595[1231] The Hind ID fragment so formed was cloned into HmdTD-digested pΗSA2 to make pHGH2, such that the hGH cDNA was positioned downsfream of the PRBI promoter and HSA/MFα-1 fusion leader sequence (see, International Publication No. WO 90/01063). The Notl expression cassette contained in pHGH2, which included the ADH1 terminator downstream of the hGΗ cDΝA, was cloned into Notl-digested pSAC35 (Sleep et αl, BioTechnology 8:42 (1990)) to make pΗGΗ12. This plasmid comprised the entire 2 μm plasmid to provide replication functions and the LEU2 gene for selection of transformants. [1232] pHGH12 was introduced into S. cerevisiae D88 by transformation and individual transformants were grown for 3 days at 30°C in 10 mL YEPD (1% w/v yeast extract, 2 % w/v, peptone, 2 % w/v, dextrose).
2596[1233] After centrifugation of the cells, the supematants were examined by
2597SDS-polyacrylamide gel elecfrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and were found to contain protein which was of the expected size and which was recognized by anti-hGH antiserum (Sigma,
2598Poole, UK) on Western blots.
2599Cloning and expression of an HSA-hGH fusion protein.
2600[1234] In order to fuse the HSA cDNA to the 5' end of the hGH cDNA, the pHSAl
2601Hindlll-Bsu361 fragment (containing most of the HSA cDNA) was joined to the pHGHl
2602EcoRl-Hindlll fragment (containing most of the hGΗ cDNA) via two oligonucleotides,
2603ΗGΗ7 and ΗGΗ8
2604HGH7: 5' - TTAGGCTTATTCCCAAC 3' (SΕQ DD NO: 1025)
2605HGH8: 5' - AATTGTTGGGAATAAGCC 3' (SΕQ DD NO: 1026)
2606[1235] The HindJB. fragment so formed was cloned into pHSA2 digested with HindlR to make pHGHIO, and the Notl expression cassette of this plasmid was cloned into
2607Notl-digested pSAC35 to make pHGH16.
2608[1236] pHGH16 was used to transform S. cerevisiae D88 and supematants of cultures were analyzed as described above. A predominant band was observed that had a molecular weight of approximately 88 kD, coπesponding to the combined masses of HSA and hGH.
2609Western blotting using anti-HS4 and anti-hGΗ antisera (Sigma) ^confirmed the presence of the two constituent parts of the albumin fusion protein.
2610[1237] The albumin fusion protein was purified from culture supernatant by cation exchange chromatography, followed by anion exchange and gel permeation chromatography.
2611Analysis of the Ν-terminus of the protein by amino acid sequencing confirmed the presence of the expected albumin sequence.
2612[1238] An in vitro growth hormone activity assay (Εaley et al, Growth Regulation
26135:36 (1995)) indicated that the albumin fusion protein possessed full hGΗ activity, hi a hypophysectomised rat weight gain model, performed essentially as described in the
2614European Pharmacopoeia (1987, monograph 556), the fusion molecule was more potent than hGΗ when the same number of units of activity (based on the above in vitro assay) were administered daily. Further experiments in which the albumin fusion protein was administered once every four days showed a similar overall growth response to a daily administration of hGH. Pharmacokinetic experiments in which <sup>125</sup>I- labeled protein was administered to rats indicated an approximately ten-fold increase in circulatory half-life for the albumin fusion protein compared to hGH.
2615[1239] A similar plasmid was constructed in which DNA encoding the S. cerevisiae invertase (SUC2) leader sequence replaced the sequence for the hybrid leader, such that the encoded leader and the junction (I ) with the HSA sequence were as follows:
... MLLQAFLFLLAGFAAKISA 1 DAHKS (SEQ ED NO:1027)
2617Invertase leader HSA sequence ...
2618[1240] On introduction into S. cerevisiae DBI, this plasmid directed the expression and secretion of the albumin fusion protein at a level similar to that obtained with pHGH16.
2619Analysis of the N-terminus of the albumin fusion protein indicated precise and efficient cleavage of the leader sequence from the mature protein.
2620Cloning and expression of an hGH-HSA fusion protein.
2621[1241] In order to fuse the hGH cDNA to the 5* end of the HSA cDNA, the HSA cDNA was first altered by site-directed mutagenesis to introduce an EcoNl site near the 5' end of the coding region. This was done by the method of Kunkel et al. (Methods in Εnzymol.
2622154:367 (1987)) using single-stranded DNA template prepared from pHSAI and a synthetic oligonucleotide, LΕU4:
LEU4: 5' - GAGATGCACACCTGAGTGAGG - 3' (SEQ DD NO: 1028)
2624Site-directed mutagenesis using this oligonucleotide changed the coding sequence of the HSA cDNA from Lys4 to Leu4 (K4L). However, this change was repaired when the hGH cDNA was subsequently joined at the 5' end by linking the pHGH2 Notl-BamHl fragment to the
2625EcoNI-Notl fragment of the mutated pHSAI, via the two oligonucleotides HGH5 and HGH6:
2626HGH5: 5' - GATCCTGTGGCTTCGATGCACACAAGA - 3' (SΕQ DD NO: 1029)
2627HGH6: 5' - CTCTTGTGTGCATCGAAGCCACAG - 3' (SΕQ DD NO: 1030)
2628[1242] The Notl fragment so formed was cloned into Notl-digested pSAC35 to make pHGH14. pHGH14 was used to transform S. cerevisiae D88 and supematants of culture were analyzed as above. A predominant band was observed that had a molecular weight of approximately 88 kD, coπesponding to the combined masses of hGH and HSA. Western blotting using anti-HSA and anti-hGH antisera confirmed the presence of the two constituent parts of the albumin fusion protein.
2629[1243] The albumin fusion protein was purified from culture supernatant by cation exchange chromatography, followed by anion exchange and gel permeation chromatography.
2630Analysis of the N-terminus of the protein by amino acid sequencing confirmed the presence of the expected hGH sequence.
2631[1244] In vitro studies showed that the albumin fusion protein retained hGH activity, but was significantly less potent than an albumin fusion protein comprising full length HSA
2632(1-585) as the N-terminal portion and hGH as the C-terminal portion, as described above.
2633Construction of plasmids for the expression of hGH fusions to domains of HSA.
2634[1245] Fusion polypeptides were made in which the hGH molecule was fused to the first two domains of HSA (residues 1 to 387). Fusion to the N terminus of hGH was achieved by joining the pHSAI Hindlll-Sapl fragment, which contained most of the coding sequence for domains 1 and 2 of HSA, to the pHGHI EcoRl-Hindϊll fragment, via the oligonucleotides ΗGΗ 11 and ΗGΗ 12:
2635ΗGΗ11: 5' - TGTGGAAGAGCCTCAGAATTTATTCCCAAC - 3' (SΕQ DD NO:1031)
2636ΗGΗ12: 5' - AATTGTTGGGAATAAATTCTGAGGCTCTTCC - 3' (SΕQ ΕD NO: 1032)
2637[1246] The HindlR fragment so formed was cloned into HmrfDI-digested pΗSA2 to make pHGH37 and the Notl expression cassette of this plasmid was cloned into Notl-digested pSAC35.
2638[1247] The resulting plasmid, pHGH38, contained an expression cassette that was found to direct secretion of the fusion polypeptide into the supernatant when transformed into
2639S. cerevisiae DB 1. Western blotting using anti-H&4 and anti-hGΗ antisera confirmed the presence of the two constituent parts of the albumin fusion protein.
2640[1248] The albumin fusion protein was purified from culture supernatant by cation exchange chromatography followed by gel permeation chromatography.
2641[1249] In vivo studies with purified protein indicated that the circulatory half-life was longer than that of hGΗ, and similar to that of an albumin fusion protein comprising full-length ΗSA (1-585) as the Ν-terminal portion and hGΗ as the C-terminal portion, as described above. In vitro studies showed that the albumin fusion protein retained hGΗ activity.
2642[1250] Using a similar strategy as detailed above, an albumin fusion protein comprising the first domain of ΗSA (residues 1-194) as the Ν-terminal portion and hGΗ as the C-terminal portion, was cloned and expressed in S. cerevisiae DBL. Western blotting of culture supernatant using anti-HS4 and anti-hGΗ antisera confirmed the presence of the two constituent parts of the albumin fusion protein. Fusion of HSA to hGH using a flexible linker sequence
2643[1251] Flexible linkers, comprising repeating units of [Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser]<sub>n</sub>, (SEQ
2644ED NO:2150) where n was either 2 or 3, were introduced between the HSA and hGH albumin fusion protein by cloning of the oligonucleotides HGH16, HGH17, HGH18 and HGH19:
HGH16:5'-TTAGGCTTAGGTGGCGGTGGATCCGGCGGTGGTGGATCTTTCCCAAC-3'
(SEQ DD NO: 1133)
HGH17:5'-AATTGTTGGGAAAGATCCACCACCGCCGGATCCACCGCCACCTAAGCC
-3' (SEQ DD NO: 1134)
HGH18:5'-TTAGGCTTAGGCGGTGGTGGATCTGGTGGCGGCGGATCTGGTGGCGGT
GGATCCTTCCCAAC-3' (SEQ DDNO:1135)
HGH19:5'-AATTGTTGGGAAGGATCCACCGCCACCAGATCCGCCGCCACCAGATCC
ACCACCGCCTAAGCC-3' (SEQ EDNO:1136)
2653[1252] Annealing of HGH16 with HGH17 resulted in n=2, while HGH18 annealed to
2654HGH 19 resulted in n=3. After annealing, the double- stranded oligonucleotides were cloned with the EcoRI-5_sκ361 fragment isolated from pHGHl into .ft?M361-digested pHGHIO to make pHGH56 (where n=2) and pHGH57 (where n=3). The Notl expression cassettes from these plasmids were cloned into Notl-digested pSAC35 to make pHGH58 and pHGH59, respectively.
2655[1253] Cloning of the oligonucleotides to make pHGH56 and pHGH57 introduced a
2656BamHl site in the linker sequences. It was therefore possible to constract linker sequences in which n=l and n = 4, by joining either the HindHl-BamHl fragment from pHGH56 to the
2657BamHI-Hindlll fragment from pHGH57 (making n = 1), or the Hind -BamHl fragment from pHGH57 to the BamHl-Hindm fragment from pHGH56 (making n=2). Cloning of these fragments into the Hind ID site of pHSA2, resulted in pHGH60 (n= 1) and pHGH61 (n=4).
2658The Notl expression cassettes from 'pHGH60 and pHGH61 were cloned into Notl-digested pSAC35 to make pHGH62 and pHGH63, respectively.
2659[1254] Transformation of S. cerevisiae with pHGH58, pHGH59, pHGH62 and pHGH63 resulted in transformants that secreted the fusion polypeptides into the supernatant.
2660Western blotting using anti-HS4 and anti-hGΗ antisera confirmed the presence of the two constituent parts of the albumin fusion proteins.
2661[1255] The albumin fusion proteins were purified from culture supernatant by cation exchange chromatography, followed by anion exchange and gel permeation chromatography.
2662Analysis of the Ν-termini of the proteins by amino acid sequencing confirmed the presence of the expected albumin sequence. Analysis of the purified proteins by electrospray mass spectrometry confirmed an increase in mass of 315 D (n=l), 630 D (n=2), 945 D (n=3) and 1260 D (n=4) compared to the H&4-hGH fusion protein described above. The purified protein was found to be active in vitro.
2663[1256] hGH albumin fusion proteins of the invention preferably comprise the mature form of HSA , i.e., Asp-25 to Leu-609, fused to either the N- or C- terminus of the mature form of hGH. In one embodiment of the invention, hGH albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise a signal sequence which directs the nascent fusion polypeptide in the secretory pathways of the host used for expression. In a further prefeπed embodiment, the signal peptide encoded by the signal sequence is removed, and the mature hGH albumin fusion protein is secreted directly into the culture medium. hGH albumin fusion proteins of the invention may comprise heterologous signal sequences including, but not limited to, MAF, INV, Ig, Fibulin B, Clusterin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4, variant HSA leader sequences including, but not limited to, a chimeric HSA/MAF leader sequence, or other heterologous signal sequences known in the art. In a prefeπed embodiment, hGH albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprise the native hGH. In further prefeπed embodiments, the hGH albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise an N- terminal methionine residue. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides, including fragments and/or variants, are also encompassed by the invention.
2664Increased Shelf-Life of HSA-hGH fusion proteins: Methods
2665[1257] HSA-hGH and hGH were separately diluted in cell culture media containing
26665% horse serum to final concentrations of 100-200 μg/ml and incubated at 4, 37 or 50°C. At time zero and at weekly intervals thereafter, aliquots of the samples were tested for their biological activity in the Nb2 cell proliferation assay, and the data normalized to the biological activity of the control (hGH solution at time zero). In other assays hGH and HSA- hGH were incubated in phosphate buffer saline in at 4, 37 and 50 degree C. [1258] Nb2 cell proliferation assay: The growth of these cells is dependent on hGH or other lactogenic hormones. In a typical experiment 10<sup>4</sup> cells /well are plated in 96-well plate in the presence of different concentration of hGH or HSA-hGH in media such as DMEM containing 5-10% horse serum for 24-48 hrs in the incubator. After the incubation period, 1:10 volume of MTT (5mg/ml in H<sub>2</sub>O) is added to each well and the plate is incubated for a further 6-16 hrs. The growing cells convert MTT to insoluble formazan. The formazan is solublized by acidic isopropanol, and the color produced is measured at 570 nm on microtiter plate reader. The extent of formazan formation reflects the level of cellular proliferation.
2667Increased shelf-life of HSA-hGH fusion proteins: Results
2668[1259] The fusion of Therapeutic proteins to albumin confers stability in aqueous or other solution. The shelf-life of an HSA fusion protein is extended in terms of the biological activity of HSA-hGH remaining after storage in cell culture media for up to 5 weeks at 37°C. A solution of 200 μg/ml HSA-hGH was prepared in tissue culture media containing 5% horse serum, and the solution incubated at 37°C starting at time zero. At the indicated times, a sample was removed and tested for its biological activity in the Nb2 cell assay, at 2 ng/ml final concentration. The biological activity of HSA-hGH remains essentially intact (within experimental variation) after 5 weeks of incubation at 37°C. The recombinant hGH used as control for this experiment lost its biological activity in the first week of the experiment. [1260] After storage in cell culture media for up to 3 weeks at 4, 37, or 50°C, HSA- hGH was stable. At time zero, a solution of HSA-hGH was prepared in tissue culture media containing 5% horse serum, and incubated at 4, 37, and 50°C. At the indicated periods a sample was removed and assayed for its biological activity in the Nb2 cell proliferation assay, at 60 ng ml final concentration. HSA-hGH retains over 90% of its initial activity at all temperatures tested for at least 3 weeks after incubation while hGH loses its biological activity within the first week. This level of activity is further retained for at least 7 weeks at 37° C and 5 weeks at 50° C. These results indicate that HSA-hGH is highly stable in aqueous solution even under temperature stress.
2669[1261] The biological activity of HSA-hGH was stable compared to hGH in the Nb2 cell proliferation assay. Nb2 cells were grown in the presence of increasing concentrations of recombinant hGH or HSA-hGH, added at time zero. The cells were incubated for 24 or 48 hours before measuring the extent of proliferation by the MTT method. The increased stability of HSA-hGH in the assay results in essentially the same proliferative activity at 24 hours as at 48 hours while hGH shows a significant reduction in its proliferative activity after 48 hours of incubation. Compared to hGH, the HSA-hGH has lower biological potency after 1 day; the albumin fusion protein is about 5 fold less potent than hGH. However, after 2 days the HSA-hGH shows essentially the same potency as hGH due to the short life of hGH in the assay. This increase in the stability of the hGH as an albumin fusion protein has a major unexpected impact on the biological activity of the protein.
2670Example 39: Indications for hGH Albumin Fusion Proteins.
2671[1262] Results from in vitro and in vivo assays indicate that hGH albumin fusion proteins can be used to treat, prevent, detect, diagnose, and/or ameliorate acromegaly, growth failure, growth failure and endogenous growth hormone replacement, growth hormone deficiency, growth failure or growth retardation Prader-Willi syndrome in children 2 years or older, growth deficiencies, growth failure associated with chronic renal insufficiency, postmenopausal osteoporosis, bums, cachexia, cancer cachexia, dwarfism, metabolic disorders, obesity, renal failure, Turner's Syndrome (pediatric and adult), fibromyalgia, fracture treatment, frailty, or ADDS wasting.
2672Example 40: Isolation of a Selected cDNA Clone From the Deposited Sample.
2673[1263] Many of the albumin fusion constructs of the invention have been deposited with the ATCC as shown in Table 3. The albumin fusion constructs may comprise any one of the following expression vectors: the yeast S. cerevisiae expression vector pSAC35, the mammalian expression vector pC4, or the mammalian expression vector pEE12.1.
2674[1264] pSAC35 (Sleep et al, 1990, Biotechnology 8:42), pC4 (ATCC
2675Accession No. 209646; Cullen et al, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 438-447 (1985); Boshart et al, Cell 41: 521-530 (1985)), and pEE12.1 (Lonza Biologies, Inc.; Stephens and Cockett, Nucl. Acids Res. 17: 7110 (1989); hitemational Publication #WO89/01036; Muφhy et al, Biochem J. 227: 277-279 (1991); Bebbington et al, Bio/Technology 10:169-175 (1992); US patent US 5,122,464; International Publication #WO86/05807) vectors comprise an ampicillin resistance gene for growth in bacterial cells. These vectors and/or an albumin fusion constract comprising them can be transformed into an E. coli strain such as Stratagene XL-1 Blue (Stratagene Cloning Systems, Inc., 11011 N. Toπey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037) using techniques described in the art such as Hanahan, spread onto Luria-Broth agar plates containing 100 μg/mL ampicillin, and grown overnight at 37 °C. [1265] The deposited material in the sample assigned the ATCC Deposit
2676Number cited in Table 3 for any given albumin fusion constract also may contain one or more additional albumin fusion constructs, each encoding different albumin fusion proteins. Thus, deposits sharing the same ATCC Deposit Number contain at least an albumin fusion construct identified in the coπesponding row of Table 3.
2677[1266] Two approaches can be used to isolate a particular albumin fusion constract from the deposited sample of plasmid DNAs cited for that albumin fusion constract in Table 3.
2678Method 1 : Screening
2679[1267] First, an albumin fusion constract may be directly isolated by screening the sample of deposited plasmid DNAs using a polynucleotide probe coπesponding to SEQ DD
2680NO:X for an individual constract ED number in Table 1, using methods known in the art. For example, a specific polynucleotide with 30-40 nucleotides may be synthesized using an
2681Applied Biosystems DNA synthesizer according to the sequence reported. The oligonucleotide can be labeled, for instance, with <sup>32</sup>P-γ-ATP using T4 polynucleotide kinase and purified according to routine methods. (E.g., Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning: A
2682Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring, NY (1982)). The albumin fiision constract from a given ATCC deposit is transformed into a suitable host, as indicated above (such as XL-1 Blue (Stratagene)) using techniques known to those of skill in the art, such as those provided by the vector supplier or in related publications or patents cited above.
2683The transformants are plated on 1.5% agar plates (containing the appropriate selection agent, e.g., ampicillin) to a density of about 150 transformants (colonies) per plate. These plates are screened using Nylon membranes according to routine methods for bacterial colony screening
2684(e.g., Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Edit., (1989), Cold
2685Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, pages 1.93 to 1.104), or other techniques known to those of skill in the art.
2686Method 2: PCR
2687[1268] Alternatively, DNA encoding a given albumin fusion protein may be amplified from a sample of a deposited albumin fusion construct with SEQ DD NO:X, for example, by using two primers of 17-20 nucleotides that hybridize to the deposited albumin fiision constract 5' and 3' to the DNA encoding a given albumin fusion protein. The polymerase chain reaction is carried out under routine conditions, for instance, in 25 μl of reaction mixture with 0.5 ug of the above cDNA template. A convenient reaction mixture is 1.5-5 mM MgCl<sub>2</sub>, 0.01% (w/v) gelatin, 20 μM each of dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP, 25 pmol of each primer and 0.25 Unit of Taq polymerase. Thirty five cycles of PCR (denaturation at 94°C for
26881 min; annealing at 55°C for 1 min; elongation at 72°C for 1 min) are performed with a Perkin-Elmer Cetus automated thermal cycler. The amplified product is analyzed by agarose gel elecfrophoresis and the DNA band with expected molecular weight is excised and purified. The PCR product is verified to be the selected sequence by subcloning and sequencing the DNA product.
2689[1269] Several methods are available for the identification of the 5' or 3' non-coding portions of a gene which may not be present in the deposited clone. These methods include but are not limited to, filter probing, clone enrichment using specific probes, and protocols similar or identical to 5' and 3' "RACE" protocols which are known in the art. For instance, a method similar to 5' RACE is available for generating the missing 5' end of a desired full- length transcript. (Fromont-Racine et al, Nucleic Acids Res., 21(7):1683-1684 (1993)). [1270] Briefly, a specific RNA oligonucleotide is ligated to the 5' ends of a population of RNA presumably containing full-length gene RNA transcripts. A primer set containing a primer specific to the ligated RNA oligonucleotide and a primer specific to a known sequence of the gene of interest is used to PCR amplify the 5' portion of the desired full-length gene. This amplified product may then be sequenced and used to generate the full length gene.
2690[1271] This above method starts with total RNA isolated from the desired source, although poly-A+ RNA can be used. The RNA preparation can then be treated with phosphatase if necessary to eliminate 5' phosphate groups on degraded or damaged RNA which may interfere with the later RNA ligase step. The phosphatase should then be inactivated and the RNA treated with tobacco acid pyrophosphatake in order to remove the cap structure present at the 5' ends of messenger RNAs. This reaction leaves a 5' phosphate group at the 5' end of the cap cleaved RNA which can then be ligated to an RNA oligonucleotide using T4 RNA ligase.
2691[1272] This modified RNA preparation is used as a template for first strand cDNA synthesis using a gene specific oligonucleotide. The first strand synthesis reaction is used as a template for PCR amplification of the desired 5' end using a primer specific to the ligated RNA oligonucleotide and a primer specific to the known sequence of the gene of interest. The resultant product is then sequenced and analyzed to confirm that the 5' end sequence belongs to the desired gene. Example 41: [<sup>3</sup>Hl-2-Deoxyglucose Uptake Assay. [1273] Adipose, skeletal muscle, and liver are insulin-sensitive tissues. Insulin can stimulate glucose uptake/transport into these tissues. In the case of adipose and skeletal muscle, insulin initiates the signal transduction that eventually leads to the franslocation of the glucose transporter 4 molecule, GLUT4, from a specialized intracellular compartment to the cell surface. Once on the cell surface, GLUT4 allows for glucose uptake/transport. [ H] -2-Deoxyglucose Uptake
2692[1274] A number of adipose and muscle related cell-lines can be used to test for glucose uptake/transport activity in the absence or presence of a combination of any one or more of the therapeutic drags listed for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. In particular, the 3T3-L1 murine fibroblast cells and the L6 murine skeletal muscle cells can be differentiated into 3T3-L1 adipocytes and into myotubes, respectively, to serve as appropriate in vitro models for the [<sup>3</sup>H]-2-deoxyglucose uptake assay (Urso et al., J Biol Chem, 274(43): 30864- 73 (1999); Wang et al., J Mol Endocrinol, 19(3): 241-8 (1997); Haspel et al., J Membr Biol, 169 (1): 45-53 (1999); Tsakiridis et al., Endocrinology, 136(10): 4315-22 (1995)). Briefly, 2 x 10<sup>5</sup> cells/100 μL of adipocytes or differentiated L6 cells are transfeπed to 96-well Tissue- Culture, "TC", treated, i.e., coated with 50 μg/mL of poly-L-lysine, plates in post- differentiation medium and are incubated overnight at 37 °C in 5% CO<sub>2</sub>. The cells are first washed once with serum free low glucose DMEM medium and are then starved with 100 μL/well of the same medium and with 100 μL/well of either buffer or of a combination of any one or more of the therapeutic drags listed for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, for example, increasing concentrations of 1 nM, 10 nM, and 100 nM of the therapeutics of the subject invention (e.g., specific fusions disclosed as SEQ DD NO:Y and fragments and variants thereof) for 16 hours at 37 °C in the absence or presence of 1 nM insulin. The plates are washed three times with 100 μL/well of HEPES buffered saline. Insulin is added at 1 nM in HEPES buffered saline for 30 min at 37 °C in the presence of 10 μM labeled [<sup>3</sup>H]-2- deoxyglucose (Amersham, #TRK672) and 10 μM unlabeled 2-deoxyglucose (SIGMA, D- 3179). As control, the same conditions are carried out except in the absence of insulin. A final concentration of 10 μM cytochalasin B (SIGMA, C6762) is added at 100 μL/well in a separate well to measure the non-specific uptake. The cells are washed three times with HEPES buffered saline. Labeled, i.e., 10 μM of [<sup>3</sup>H] -2-deoxyglucose, and unlabeled, i.e., 10 μM of 2-deoxyglucose, are added for 10 minutes at room temperature. The cells are washed three times with cold Phosphate Buffered Sal ine, "PBS". The cells are lysed upon the addition of 150 μL/well of 0.2 N NaOH and subsequent incubation with shaking for 20 minutes at room temperature. Samples are then transfeπed to a scintillation vial to which is added 5 mL of scintillation fluid. The vials are counted in a Beta-Scintillation counter. Uptake in duplicate conditions, the difference being the absence or presence of insulin, is determined with the following equation: [(Insulin counts per minute "cpm" - Non-Specific cpm)/(No Insulin cpm - Non-Specific cpm)]. Average responses fall within the limits of about 5-fold and 3-fold that of controls for adipocytes and myotubes, respectively.
2693Differentiation of Cells
2694[1275] The cells are allowed to become fully confluent in a T-75 cm<sup>2</sup> flask. The medium is removed and replaced with 25 mL of pre-differentiation medium for 48 hours. The cells are incubated at 37 °C, in 5% CO<sub>2</sub>, 85% humidity. After 48 hours, the pre- differentiation medium is removed and replaced with 25 mL differentiation medium for 48 hours. The cells are again incubated at 37 °C, in 5% CO<sub>2</sub>, 85% humidity. After 48 hours, the medium is removed and replaced with 30 mL post-differentiation medium. Post- differentiation medium is maintained for 14-20 days or until complete differentiation is achieved. The medium is changed every 2-3 days. Human adipocytes can be purchased from Zen-Bio, INC (# SA-1096).
2695Example 42: In vitro Assay of f<sup>3</sup>Hl-Thvmidine Incorporation into Pancreatic Cell-lines.
2696[1276] It has recently been shown that GLP-1 induces differentiation of the rat pancreatic ductal epithelial cell-line ARIP in a time- and dose-dependent manner which is associated with an increase in Islet Duodenal Homeobox-1 (DDX-1) and insulin mRNA levels
2697(Hui et al., 2001, Diabetes, 50(4): 785-96). The DDX-1 in turn increases mRNA levels of the
2698GLP-1 receptor.
2699Cells Types Tested
2700[1277] RIN-M cells: These cells are available from the American Type Tissue Culture
2701Collection (ATCC Cell Line Number CRL-2057 ). The RIN-M cell line was derived from a radiation induced fransplantable rat islet cell tumor. The line was established from a nude mouse xenograft of the tumor. The cells produce and secrete islet polypeptide hormones, and produce L-dopa decarboxylase (a marker for cells having amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation, or APUD, activity).
2702[1278] ARIP cells: These are pancreatic exocrine cells of epithelial moφhology available from the American Type Tissue Culture Collection (ATCC Cell Line Number CRL-
27031674). See also, references: Jessop, N.W. and Hay, R.J., "Characteristics of two rat pancreatic exocrine cell lines derived from transplantable tumors," In Vitro 16: 212, (1980); Cockell, M. et al., "Identification of a cell-specific DNA-binding activity that interacts with a transcriptional activator of genes expressed in the acinar pancreas," Mol. Cell. Biol. 9: 2464- 2476, (1989); Roux, E., et al. "The cell-specific transcription factor PTF1 contains two different subunits that interact with the DNA" Genes Dev. 3: 1613-1624, (1989); and, Hui, H., et al., "Glucagon-like peptide 1 induces differentiation of islet duodenal homeobox-1- positive pancreatic ductal cells into insulin-secreting cells," Diabetes 50: 785-796 (2001).
2704Preparation of Cells
2705[1279] The RIN-M cell-line is grown in RPMI 1640 medium (Hyclone,
2706#SH300027.01) with 10% fetal bovine serum (HyClone, #SH30088.03) and is subcultured every 6 to 8 days at a ratio of 1 :3 to 1 :6. The medium is changed every 3 to 4 days. [1280] The AREP (ATCC #CRL-1674) cell-line is grown in Ham's F12K medium
2707(ATCC, #30-2004) with 2 mM L-glutamine adjusted to contain 1.5 g/L sodium bicarbonate and 10% fetal bovine serum. The AREP cell-line is subcultured at a ratio of 1:3 to 1:6 twice per week. The medium is changed every 3 to 4 days. Assay Protocol
2708[1281] The cells are seeded at 4000 cells/well in 96-well plates and cultured for 48 to
270972 hours to 50% confluence. The cells are switched to serum-free media at 100 μL/well. After incubation for 48-72 hours, serum and/or the therapeutics of the subject invention (e.g., albumin fiision proteins of the invention and fragments and variants thereof) are added to the well. Incubation persists for an additional 36 hours. [<sup>3</sup>Hj-Thymidine (5-20 Ci/mmol) (Amersham Pharmacia, #TRK120) is diluted to 1 microCuries/5 microliters. After the 36 hour incubation, 5 microliters is added per well for a further 24 hours. The reaction is terminated by washing the cells gently with cold Phosphate-Buffered Sal ine, "PBS", once. The cells are then fixed with 100 microliters of 10% ice cold TCA for 15 min at 4 °C. The PBS is removed and 200 microliters of 0.2 N NaOH is added. The plates are incubated for 1 hour at room temperature with shaking. The solution is transfeπed to a scintillation vial and 5 mL of scintillation fluid compatible with aqueous solutions is added and mixed vigorously.
2710The vials are counted in a beta scintillation counter. As negative control, only buffer is used.
2711As a positive control fetal calf serum is used. Example 43: Assaying for Glycosuria.
2712[1282] Glycosuria (i.e., excess sugar in the urine), can be readily assayed to provide an index of the disease state of diabetes mellitus. Excess urine in a patient sample as compared with a normal patient sample is symptomatic of DDDM and NDDDM. Efficacy of treatment of such a patient having DDDM and NDDDM is indicated by a resulting decrease in the amount of excess glucose in the urine. In a prefeπed embodiment for DDDM and NDDDM monitoring, urine samples from patients are assayed for the presence of glucose using techniques known in the art. Glycosuria in humans is defined by a urinary glucose concentration exceeding 100 mg per 100 ml. Excess sugar levels in those patients exhibiting glycosuria can be measured even more precisely by obtaining blood samples and assaying serum glucose.
2713Example 44: Occurrence of Diabetes in NOD Mice.
2714[1283] Female NOD (non-obese diabetic) mice are characterized by displaying DDM with a course which is similar to that found in humans, although the disease is more pronounced in female than male NOD mice. Hereinafter, unless otherwise stated, the term
2715"NOD mouse" refers to a female NOD mouse. NOD mice have a progressive destruction of beta cells which is caused by a chronic autoimmune disease. Thus, NOD mice begin life with euglycemia, or normal blood glucose levels. By about 15 to 16 weeks of age, however, NOD mice start becoming hyperglycemic, indicating the destraction of the majority of their pancreatic beta cells and the coπesponding inability of the pancreas to produce sufficient insulin. Thus, both the cause and the progression of the disease are similar to human DDDM patients.
2716[1284] In vivo assays of efficacy of the immunization regimens can be assessed in female NOD/LtJ mice (commercially available from The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor,
2717Me.), hi the literature, it's reported that 80% of female mice develop diabetes by 24 weeks of age and onset of insulitis begins between 6-8 weeks age. NOD mice are inbred and highly responsive to a variety of immunoregulatory strategies. Adult NOD mice (6-8 weeks of age) have an average mass of 20-25 g.
2718[1285] These mice can be either untreated (control), treated with the therapeutics of the subject invention (e.g., albumin fusion proteins of the invention and fragments and variants thereof), alone or in combination with other therapeutic compounds stated above.
2719The effect of these various treatments on the progression of diabetes can be measured as follows:
2720[1286] At 14 weeks of age, the female NOD mice can be phenotyped according to glucose tolerance. Glucose tolerance can be measured with the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT). Briefly, blood is drawn from the paraorbital plexus at 0 minutes and
272160 minutes after the intraperitoneal injection of glucose (1 g/kg body weight). Normal tolerance is defined as plasma glucose at 0 minutes of less than 144 mg %, or at 60 minutes of less than 160 mg %. Blood glucose levels are determined with a Glucometer Elite apparatus.
2722[1287] Based upon this phenotypic analysis, animals can be allocated to the different experimental groups. In particular, animals with more elevated blood glucose levels can be assigned to the impaired glucose tolerance group. The mice can be fed ad libitum and can be supplied with acidified water (pH 2.3).
2723[1288] The glucose tolerant and intolerant mice can be further subdivided into control, albumin fusion proteins of the subject invention, and albumin fusion proteins/therapeutic compounds combination groups. Mice in the control group can receive an inteφeritoneal injection of vehicle daily, six times per week. Mice in the albumin fusion group can receive an inteφeritoneal injection of the therapeutics of the subject invention
2724(e.g., albumin fusion proteins of the invention and fragments and variants thereof) in vehicle daily, six times per week. Mice in the albumin fusion proteins/therapeutic compounds combination group can receive both albumin fusion proteins and combinations of therapeutic compounds as described above.
2725[1289] The level of urine glucose in the NOD mice can be determined on a bi-weekly. basis using Labstix (Bayer Diagnostics, Hampshire, England). Weight and fluid intake can also be determined on a bi-weekly basis. The onset of diabetes is defined after the appearance of glucosuria on two consecutive determinations. After 10 weeks of treatment, an additional
2726EPGTT can be performed and animals can be sacrificed the following day.
2727[1290] Over the 10 week course of freatment, control animals in both the glucose tolerant and glucose intolerant groups develop diabetes at a rate of 60% and 86%, respectively (see US patent No. 5,866,546, Gross et al.). Thus, high rates of diabetes occur even in NOD mice which are initially glucose tolerant if no intervention is made.
2728[1291] Results can be confirmed by the measurement of blood glucose levels in NOD mice, before and after treatment. Blood glucose levels are measured as described above in both glucose tolerant and intolerant mice in all groups described. [1292] In an alternative embodiment, the therapeutics of the subject invention (e.g., specific fusions disclosed as SEQ DD NO:Y and fragments and variants thereof) can be quantified using specfrometric analysis and appropriate protein quantities can be resuspended prior to injection in 50 .mu.l phosphate buffered saline (PBS) per dose. Two injections, one week apart, can be administered subcutaneously under the dorsal skin of each mouse. Monitoring can be performed on two separate occasions prior to immunization and can be performed weekly throughout the treatment and continued thereafter. Urine can be tested for glucose every week (Keto-Diastix.RTM.; Miles Inc., Kankakee, DI.) and glycosuric mice can be checked for serum glucose (ExacTech.RTM., MediSense, Inc., Waltham, Mass.). Diabetes is diagnosed when fasting glycemia is greater than 2.5g/L.
2729Example 45: Histological Examination of NOD Mice.
2730[1293] Histological examination of tissue samples from NOD mice can demonstrate the ability of the compositions of the present invention, and/or a combination of the compositions of the present invention with other therapeutic agents for diabetes, to increase the relative concentration of beta cells in the pancreas. The experimental method is as follows:
2731[1294] The mice from Example 44 can be sacrificed at the end of the treatment period and tissue samples can be taken from the pancreas. The samples can be fixed in 10% formalin in 0.9% saline and embedded in wax. Two sets of 5 serial 5 .mu.m sections can be cut for immunolabelling at a cutting interval of 150 ,mu.m. Sections can be immunolabelled for insulin (guinea pig anti-insulin antisera dilution 1:1000, ICN Thames U.K.) and glucagon (rabbit anti-pancreatic glucagon antisera dilution 1:2000) and detected with peroxidase conjugated anti-guinea pig (Dako, High Wycombe, U.K.) or peroxidase conjugated anti- rabbit antisera (dilution 1 :50, Dako).
2732[1295] The composition of the present invention may or may not have as strong an effect on the visible mass of beta cells as it does on the clinical manifestations of diabetes in glucose tolerant and glucose intolerant animals.
2733Example 46: Pancreatic Beta-Cell Transplantation Combination Therapy.
2734[1296] Transplantation is a common form of treatment of autoimmune disease, especially when the target self tissue has been severely damaged. For example, and not by way of limitation, pancreas transplantation and islet cell transplantation are common treatment options for DDDM (See, e.g., Stewart et al., Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 86 (3): 984-988 (2001); Brunicardi, Transplant. Proc. 28: 2138-40 (1996); Kendall & Robertson, Diabetes Metab. 22: 157-163 (1996); Hamano et al., Kobe J. Med. Sci. 42: 93-104 (1996); Larsen & Stratta, Diabetes Metab. 22: 139-146 (1996); and Kinkhabwala, et al., Am. J. Surg. 171: 516-520 (1996)). As with any transplantation method, transplantation therapies for autoimmune disease patients include treatments to minimize the risk of host rejection of the transplanted tissue. However, autoimmune disease involves the additional, independent risk that the pre-existing host autoimmune response which damaged the original self tissue will exert the same damaging effect on the transplanted tissue. Accordingly, the present invention encompasses methods and compositions for the treatment of autoimmune pancreatic disease using the albumin fusion proteins of the subject invetion in combination with immunomodulators/immunosuppressants in individuals undergoing transplantation therapy of the autoimmune disease.
2735[1297] In accordance with the invention, the albumin fusion-based compositions and formulations described above, are administered to prevent and treat damage to the transplanted organ, tissue, or cells resulting from the host individual's autoimmune response initially directed against the original self tissue. Administration may be carried out both prior and subsequent to transplantation in 2 to 4 doses each one week apart. [1298] The following immunomodulators/immunosuppressants including, but not limited to, AI-401, CDP-571 (anti-TNF monoclonal antibody), CG-1088, Diamyd (diabetes vaccine), ICM3 (anti-ICAM-3 monoclonal antibody), linomide (Roquinimex), NBI-6024 (altered peptide ligand), TM-27, VX-740 (HMR-3480), caspase 8 protease inhibitors, thalidomide, hOKT3gammal (Ala-ala) (anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody), Oral Interferon- Alpha, oral lactobacillus, and LymphoStat-B™ can be used together with the albumin fusion therapeutics of the subject invention in islet cell or pancreas transplantation.
2736Example 47: In vivo Mouse Model of NIDDM.
2737[1299] Male C57BL/6J mice from Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME) can be obtained at 3 weeks of age and fed on conventional chow or diets enriched in either fat
2738(35.5% wt/wt; Bioserv.Frenchtown, NJ) or fructose (60% wt/wt; Harlan Teklad, Madison,
2739WT). The regular chow is composed of 4.5% wt wt fat, 23% wt wt protein, 31.9% wt/wt starch, 3.7% wt/wt fructose, and 5.3% wt/wt fiber. The high-fat (lard) diet is composed of
274035.5% wt/wt fat, 20% wt/wt protein, 36.4% wt/wt starch, 0.0% wt/wt fructose, and 0.1% wt/wt fiber. The high-fructose diet is composed of 5% wt/wt fat, 20% wt/wt protein, 0.0% wt/wt starch, 60% wt/wt fructose, and 9.4% wt/wt fiber. The mice may be housed no more than five per cage at 22° +/- 3°C temperature- and 50% +/- 20% humidity-controlled room with a 12-hour light (6 am to 6 pm)/dark cycle (Luo et al., 1998, Metabolism 47(6): 663-8, "Nongenetic mouse models of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus"; Larsen et al., Diabetes 50(11): 2530-9 (2001), "Systemic administration of the long-acting GLP-1 derivative NN2211 induces lasting and reversible weight loss in both normal and obese rats"). After exposure to the respective diets for 3 weeks, mice can be injected intraperitoneally with either streptozotocin, "STZ" (Sigma, St. Louis, MO), at 100 mg kg body weight or vehicle (0.05 mol/L citric acid, pH 4.5) and kept on the same diet for the next 4 weeks. Under nonfasting conditions, blood is obtained 1, 2, and 4 weeks post-STZ by nipping the distal part of the tail. Samples are used to measure nonfasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations. Body weight and food intake are recorded weekly. [1300] To directly determine the effect of the high-fat diet on the ability of insulin to stimulate glucose disposal, the experiments can be initiated on three groups of mice, fat-fed, chow-fed injected with vehicle, and fat-fed injected with STZ at the end of the 7-week period described above. Mice can be fasted for 4 hours before the experiments. In the first series of experiments, mice can be anesthetized with methoxyflurane (Pitman-Moor, Mundelein, EL) inhalation. Regular insulin (Sigma) can be injected intravenously ([IV] 0.1 U/kg body weight) through a tail vein, and blood can be collected 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 minutes after the injection from a different tail vein. Plasma glucose concentratioiis can be determined on these samples, and the half-life (t'Λ) of glucose disappearance from plasma can be calculated using WinNonlin (Scientific Consulting, Apex, NC), a pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics software program.
2741[1301] In the second series of experiments, mice can be anesthetized with intraperitoneal sodium pentobarbital (Sigma). The abdominal cavity is opened, and the main abdominal vein is exposed and catheterized with a 24-gauge IV catheter (Johnson-Johnson Medical, Arlington, TX). The catheter is secured to muscle tissue adjacent to the abdominal vein, cut on the bottom of the syringe connection, and hooked to a prefilled PE50 plastic tube, which in turn is connected to a syringe with infusion solution. The abdominal cavity is then sutured closed. With this approach, there would be no blockage of backflow of the blood from the lower part of the body. Mice can be infused continuously with glucose (24.1 mg/kg/min) and insulin (10 mU/kg/min) at an infusion volume of 10 μL/min. Retro-orbital blood samples (70 μL each) can be taken 90, 105, 120, and 135 minutes after the start of infusion for measurement of plasma glucose and insulin concentrations. The mean of these four samples is used to estimate steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) and insulin (SSPI) concentrations for each animal.
2742[1302] Finally, experiments to evaluate the ability of the albumin fusion proteins, the therapeutic compositions of the instant application, either alone or in combination with any one or more of the therapeutic drags listed for the freatment of diabetes mellitus, to decrease plasma glucose can be performed in the following two groups of "NDDDM" mice models that are STZ-injected: (1) fat-fed C57BL/6J, and (2) fructose-fed C57BL/6J. Plasma glucose concentrations of the mice for these studies may range from 255 to 555 mg/dL. Mice are randomly assigned to freatment with either vehicle, albumin fusion therapeutics of the present invention either alone or in combination with any one or more of the therapeutic drags listed for the freatment of diabetes mellitus. A total of three doses can be administered. Tail vein blood samples can be taken for measurement of the plasma glucose concentration before the first dose and 3 hours after the final dose.
2743[1303] Plasma glucose concentrations can be determined using the Glucose
2744Diagnostic Kit from Sigma (Sigma No. 315), an enzyme colorimetric assay. Plasma insulin levels can be determined using the Rat Insulin RIA Kit from Linco Research (#RI-13K; St. Charles, MO).
2745Example 48: In vitro H4IIe -SEAP Reporter Assays Establishing Involvement in Insulin Action.
2746The Various H4IIe Reporters
2747[1304] H4De/rMEP-SEAP: The malic enzyme promoter isolated from rat (rMEP) contains a PPAR-gamma element which is in the insulin pathway. This reporter constract is stably transfected into the liver H4De cell-line.
2748[1305] H4De/SREBP-SEAP: The sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP- lc) is a transcription factor which acts on the promoters of a number of insulin-responsive genes, for example, fatty acid synthetase (FAS), and which regulates expression of key genes in fatty acid metabolism in fibroblasts, adipocytes, and hepatocytes. SREBP-lc, also known as the adipocyte determination and differentiation factor 1 (ADD-1), is considered as the primary mediator of insulin effects on gene expression in adipose cells. It's activity is modulated by the levels of insulin, sterols, and glucose. This reporter constract is stably transfected into the liver H4De cell-line.
2749[1306] H4De/FAS-SEAP: The fatty acid synthetase reporter constructs contain a minimal SREBP-responsive FAS promoter. This reporter construct is stably transfected into the liver H4De cell-line.
2750[1307] H4De/PEPCK-SEAP: The phosphoenolpyravate carboxykinase (PEPCK) promoter is the primary site of hormonal regulation of PEPCK gene transcription modulating PEPCK activity. PEPCK catalyzes a committed and rate-limiting step in hepatic gluconeogenesis and must therefore be carefully controlled to maintain blood glucose levels within normal limits. This reporter constract is stably transfected into the liver H4De cell- line.
2751[1308] These reporter constructs can also be stably transfected into 3T3-L1 fibroblasts and L6 myoblasts. These stable cell-lines are then differentiated into 3T3-L1 adipocytes and L6 myotubes as previously described in Example 41. The differentiated cell-lines can then be used in the SEAP assay described below. Growth and Assay Medium
2752[1309] The growth medium comprises 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), 10% Calf
2753Serum, 1% NEAA, lx penicillin/streptomycin, and 0.75 mg/mL G418 (for H4De/rFAS-SEAP and H4De/SREBP-SEAP) or 0.50 mg mL G418 (for H4De/rMEP-SEAP). For H4De/PEPCK-SEAP, the growth medium consists of 10% FBS, 1% penicillin/streptomycin, 15 mM HEPES buffered saline, and 0.50 mg/mL G418.
2754[1310] The assay medium consists of low glucose DMEM medium (Life
2755Technologies), 1% NEAA, lx penicilJin/streptomycin for the H4De/rFAS-SEAP, H4De/SREBP-SEAP, H4fle/rMEP-SEAP reporters. The assay medium for H4De/PEPCK- SEAP reporter consists of 0.1% FBS, 1% penicillin/streptomycin, and 15 mM HEPES buffered saline. Method
2756[1311] The 96-well plates are seeded at 75,000 cells/well in 100 μL/well of growth medium until cells in log growth phase become adherent. Cells are starved for 48 hours by replacing growth medium with assay medium, 200 μL/well. (For H4De/PEPCK-SEAP cells, assay medium containing 0.5 μM dexamethasone is added at 100 μL/well and incubated for approximately 20 hours). The assay medium is replaced thereafter with 100 μL/well of fresh assay medium, and a 50 μL aliquot of cell supernatant obtained from fransfected cell-lines expressing the therapeutics of the subject invention (e.g., albumin fusion proteins of the invention and fragments and variants thereof) is added to the well. Supematants from empty vector transfected cell-lines are used as negative control. Addition of 10 nM and/or 100 nM insulin to the wells is used as positive control. After 48 hours of incubation, the conditioned media are harvested and SEAP activity measured (Phospha-Light System protocol, Tropix #BP2500). Briefly, samples are diluted 1 :4 in dilution buffer and incubated at 65 °C for 30 minutes to inactivate the endogenous non-placental form of SEAP. An aliquot of 50 μL of the diluted samples is mixed with 50 μL of SEAP Assay Buffer which contains a mixture of inhibitors active against the non-placental SEAP isoenzymes and is incubated for another 5 minutes. An aliquot of 50 μL of CSPD chemiluminescent substrate which is diluted 1:20 in Emerald luminescence enhancer is added to the mixture and incubated for 15-20 minutes. Plates are read in a Dynex plate luminometer.
2757Example 49: Preparation of HA-cvtokine or HA-growth factor fusion proteins (such as EPO. GMCSF. GCSF).
2758[1312] The cDNA for the cytokine or growth factor of interest, such as EPO, can be isolated by a variety of means including from cDNA libraries, by RT-PCR and by PCR using a series of overlapping synthetic oligonucleotide primers, all using standard methods. The nucleotide sequences for all of these proteins are known and available, for instance, in U.S. Patents 4,703,008, 4,810,643 and 5,908,763. The cDNA can be tailored at the 5' and 3' ends to generate restriction sites, such that oligonucleotide linkers, can be used, for cloning of the cDNA into a vector containing the cDNA for HA. This can be at the N or C-terminus with or without the use of a spacer sequence. EPO (or other cytokine) cDNA is cloned into a vector such as ρPPC0005 (Figure 2), pScCHSA, pScNHSA , or pC4:HSA from which the complete expression cassette is then excised and inserted into the plasmid pSAC35 to allow the expression of the albumin fusion protein in yeast. The albumin fusion protein secreted from the yeast can then be collected and purified from the media and tested for its biological activity. For expression in mammalian cell lines, a similar procedure is adopted except that the expression cassette used employs a mammalian promoter, leader sequence and terminator (See Example 1). This expression cassette is then excised and inserted into a plasmid suitable for the transfection of mammalian cell lines.
2759Example 50: Preparation of HA-IFN fusion proteins (such as IFNα). [1313] The cDNA for the interferon of interest such as IFNα can be isolated by a variety of means including but not exclusively, from cDNA libraries, by RT-PCR and by PCR using a series of overlapping synthetic oligonucleotide primers, all using standard methods. The nucleotide sequences for interferons, such as IFNα are known and available, for instance, in U.S. Patents 5,326,859 and 4,588,585, in EP 32 134, as well as in public databases such as GenBank. The cDNA can be tailored at the 5' and 3' ends to generate restriction sites, such that oligonucleotide linkers can be used to clone the cDNA into a vector containing the cDNA for HA. This can be at the N or C-terminus of the HA sequence, with or without the use of a spacer sequence. The TFNα (or other interferon) cDNA is cloned into a vector such as pPPC0005 (Figure 2), pScCHSA, pScNHS A , or pC4:HSA from which the complete expression cassette is then excised and inserted into the plasmid pSAC35 to allow the expression of the albumin fusion protein in yeast. The albumin fusion protein secreted from the yeast can then be collected and purified from the media and tested for its biological activity. For expression in mammalian cell lines a similar procedure is adopted except that the expression cassette used employs a mammalian promoter, leader sequence and terminator (See Example 1). This expression cassette is then excised and inserted into a plasmid suitable for the transfection of mammalian cell lines.
2760Maximum protein recovery from vials
2761[1314] The albumin fusion proteins of the invention have a high degree of stability even when they are packaged at low concentrations. In addition, in spite of the low protein concentration, good fusion-protein recovery is observed even when the aqueous solution includes no other protein added to minimize binding to the vial walls. The recovery of vial- stored HA-EFN solutions was compared with a stock solution. 6 or 30 μg/ml HA-EFN solutions were placed in vials and stored at 4°C. After 48 or 72 hrs a volume originally equivalent to 10 ng of sample was removed and measured in an EFN sandwich ELISA. The estimated values were compared to that of a high concenfration stock solution. As shown, there is essentially no loss of the sample in these vials, indicating that addition of exogenous material such as albumin is not necessary to prevent sample loss to the wall of the vials
2762In vivo stability and bioavailability ofHA-a-IFN fusions
2763[1315] To determine the in vivo stability and bioavailability of a HA-α-IFN fusion molecule, the purified fusion molecule (from yeast) was administered to monkeys. Pharmaceutical compositions formulated from HA-α-EFN fusions may account for the extended serum half-life and bioavailability. Accordingly, pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated to contain lower dosages of alpha-interferon activity compared to the native alpha-interferon molecule.
2764[1316] Pharmaceutical compositions containing HA-α-IFN fusions may be used to treat or prevent disease in patients with any disease or disease state that can be modulated by the administration of α-EFN. Such diseases include, but are not limited to, hairy cell leukemia, Kaposi's sarcoma, genital and anal warts, chronic hepatitis B, chronic non-A, non- B hepatitis, in particular hepatitis C, hepatitis D, chronic myelogenous leukemia, renal cell carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, ovarian and cervical carcinoma, skin cancers, recuπent respirator papillomatosis, non-Hodgkin's and cutaneous T-cell lymphomas, melanoma, multiple myeloma , ADDS, multiple sclerosis, gliobastoma, etc. (see Interferon Alpha, In: AHFS Drug Information, 1997.
2765[1317] Accordingly, the invention includes pharmaceutical compositions containing a
2766HA-α-EFN fusion protein, polypeptide or peptide formulated with the proper dosage for human administration. The invention also includes methods of treating patients in need of such treatment comprising at least the step of administering a pharmaceutical composition containing at least one HA-α-IFN fusion protein, polypeptide or peptide. Bifunctional HA-a-IFN fusions
2767[1318] A HA-α-IFN expression vector may be modified to include an insertion for the expression of bifunctional HA-α-IFN fusion proteins. For instance, the cDNA for a second protein of interest may be inserted in frame downstream of the "rHA-EFN" sequence after the double stop codon has been removed or shifted downstream of the coding sequence. [1319] In one version of a bifunctional HA-α-EFN fusion protein, an antibody or fragment against B-lymphocyte stimulator protein (GenBank Ace 4455139) or polypeptide may be fused to one end of the HA component of the fusion molecule. This bifunctional protein is useful for modulating any immune response generated by the α-IFN component of the fusion.
2768Example 51: Preparation of HA-hormone fusion protein (such as insulin. LH, FSH). [1320] The cDNA for the hormone of interest such as insulin can be isolated by a variety of means including but not exclusively, from cDNA libraries, by RT-PCR and by PCR using a series of overlapping synthetic oligonucleotide primers, all using standard methods. The nucleotide sequences for all of these proteins are known and available, for instance, in public databases such as GenBank. The cDNA can be tailored at the 5' and 3' ends to generate restriction sites, such that oligonucleotide linkers can be used, for cloning of the cDNA into a vector containing the cDNA for HA. This can be at the N or C-terminus with or without the use of a spacer sequence. The hormone cDNA is cloned into a vector such as pPPC0005 (Figure 2), pScCHSA, pScNHSA , or pC4:HSA from which the complete expression cassette is then excised and inserted into the plasmid pSAC35 to allow the expression of the albumin fusion protein in yeast. The albumin fusion protein secreted from the yeast can then be collected and purified from the media and tested for its biological activity. For expression in mammalian cell lines a similar procedure is adopted except that the expression cassette used employs a mammalian promoter, leader sequence and terminator (See Example 1). This expression cassette is then excised and inserted into a plasmid suitable for the transfection of mammalian cell lines.
2769Example 52: Preparation of HA-soluble receptor or HA-binding protein fusion protein such as HA-TNF receptor.
2770[1321] The cDNA for the soluble receptor or binding protein of interest such as TNF receptor can be isolated by a variety of means including but not exclusively, from cDNA libraries, by RT-PCR and by PCR using a series of overlapping synthetic oligonucleotide primers, all using standard methods. The nucleotide sequences for all of these proteins are known and available, for instance, in GenBank. The cDNA can be tailored at the 5' and 3' ends to generate restriction sites, such that oligonucleotide linkers can be used, for cloning of the cDNA into a vector containing the cDNA for HA. This can be at the N or C-terminus with or without the use of a spacer sequence. The receptor cDNA is cloned into a vector such as pPPC0005 (Figure 2), pScCHSA, pScNHSA , or pC4:HSA from which the complete expression cassette is then excised and inserted into the plasmid pSAC35 to allow the expression of the albumin fusion protein in yeast. The albumin fusion protein secreted from the yeast can then be collected and purified from the media and tested for its biological activity. For expression in mammalian cell lines a similar procedure is adopted except that the expression cassette used employs a mammalian promoter, leader sequence and terminator
2771(See Example 1). This expression cassette is then excised and inserted into a plasmid suitable for the transfection of mammalian cell lines.
2772Example 53: Preparation of HA-growth factors such as HA-IGF-1 fusion protein.
2773[1322] The cDNA for the growth factor of interest such as IGF-1 can be isolated by a variety of means including but not exclusively, from cDNA libraries, by RT-PCR and by PCR using a series of overlapping synthetic oligonucleotide primers, all using standard methods (see GenBank Ace. No.NP_000609). The cDNA can be tailored at the 5' and 3' ends to generate restriction sites, such that oligonucleotide linkers can be used, for cloning of the cDNA into a vector containing the cDNA for HA. This can be at the N or C-terminus with or without the use of a spacer sequence. The growth factor cDNA is cloned into a vector such as pPPC0005 (Figure 2), pScCHSA, pScNHSA , or pC4:HSA from which the complete expression cassette is then excised and inserted into the plasmid pSAC35 to allow the expression of the albumin fusion protein in yeast. The albumin fiision protein secreted from the yeast can then be collected and purified from the media and tested for its biological activity. For expression in mammalian cell lines a similar procedure is adopted except that the expression cassette used employs a mammalian promoter, leader sequence and terminator (See Example 1). This expression cassette is then excised and inserted into a plasmid suitable for the transfection of mammalian cell lines.
2774Example 54: Preparation of HA-single chain antibody fusion proteins. [1323] Single chain antibodies are produced by several methods including but not limited to: selection from phage libraries, cloning of the variable region of a specific antibody by cloning the cDNA of the antibody and using the flanking constant regions as the primer to clone the variable region, or by synthesizing an oligonucleotide coπesponding to the variable region of any specific antibody. The cDNA can be tailored at the 5' and 3' ends to generate restriction sites, such that oligonucleotide linkers can be used, for cloning of the cDNA into a vector containing the cDNA for HA. This can be at the N or C-terminus with or without the use of a spacer sequence. The cell cDNA is cloned into a vector such as pPPC0005 (Figure 2), pScCHSA, pScNHSA , or pC4:HSA from which the complete expression cassette is then excised and inserted into the plasmid pSAC35 to allow the expression of the albumm fusion protein in yeast. [1324] In fusion molecules of the invention, the VH and VL can be linked by one of the following means or a combination thereof: a peptide linker between the C-terminus of the V<sub>H</sub> and the N-terminus of the V<sub>L;</sub> ; a Kex2p protease cleavage site between the VH and V<sub>L</sub> such that the two are cleaved apart upon secretion and then self associate; and cystine residues positioned such that the V<sub>H</sub> and V can form a disulphide bond between them to link them together. An alternative option would be to place the V<sub>H</sub> at the N-terminus of HA or an HA domain fragment and the V at the C-terminus of the HA or HA domain fragment. [1325] The albumin fusion protein secreted from the yeast can then be collected and purified from the media and tested for its activity. For expression in mammalian cell lines a similar procedure is adopted except that the expression cassette used employs a mammalian promoter, leader sequence and terminator (See Example 1). This expression cassette is then excised and inserted into a plasmid suitable for the transfection of mammalian cell lines. The antibody produced in this manner can be purified from media and tested for its binding to its antigen using standard immunochemical methods.
2775Example 55: Preparation of HA-cell adhesion molecule fusion proteins. [1326] The cDNA for the cell adhesion molecule of interest can be isolated by a variety of means including but not exclusively, from cDNA libraries, by RT-PCR and by PCR using a series of overlapping synthetic oligonucleotide primers, all using standard methods. . The nucleotide sequences for the known cell adhesion molecules are known and available, for instance, in GenBank. The cDNA can be tailored at the 5' and 3' ends to generate restriction sites, such that oligonucleotide linkers can be used, for cloning of the cDNA into a vector containing the cDNA for HA. This can be at the" N or C-terminus with or without the use of a spacer sequence. The cell adhesion molecule cDNA is cloned into a vector such as pPPC0005 (Figure 2), pScCHSA, pScNHSA , or pC4:HSA from which the complete expression cassette is then excised and inserted into the plasmid pSAC35 to allow the expression of the albumin fusion protein in yeast. The albumin fusion protein secreted from the yeast can then be collected and purified from the media and tested for its biological activity. For expression in mammalian cell lines a similar procedure is adopted except that the expression cassette used employs a mammalian promoter, leader sequence and terminator (See Example 1). This expression cassette is then excised and inserted into a plasmid suitable for the transfection of mammalian cell lines.
2776Example 56: Preparation of inhibitory factors and peptides as HA fusion proteins (such as HA-antiviral. HA-antibiotic, HA-enzγme inhibitor and HA-anti-allergic proteins). [1327] The cDNA for the peptide of interest such as an antibiotic peptide can be isolated by a variety of means including but not exclusively, from cDNA libraries, by RT- PCR and by PCR using a series of overlapping synthetic oligonucleotide primers, all using standard methods. The cDNA can be tailored at the 5' and 3' ends to generate restriction sites, such that oligonucleotide linkers can be used, for cloning of the cDNA into a vector containing the cDNA for HA. This can be at the N or C-terminus with or without the use of a spacer sequence. The peptide cDNA is cloned into a vector such as pPPC0005 (Figure 2), pScCHSA, pScNHSA , or pC4:HSA from which the complete expression cassette is then excised and inserted into the plasmid pSAC35 to allow the expression of the albumin fusion protein in yeast. The albumin fusion protein secreted from the yeast can then be collected and purified from the media and tested for its biological activity. For expression in mammalian cell lines a similar procedure is adopted except that the expression cassette used employs a mammalian promoter, leader sequence and terminator (See Example 1). This expression cassette is then excised and inserted into a plasmid suitable for the transfection of mammalian cell lines.
2777Example 57: Preparation of targeted HA fusion proteins.
2778[1328] The cDNA for the protein of interest can be isolated from cDNA library or can be made synthetically using several overlapping oligonucleotides using standard molecular biology methods. The appropriate nucleotides can be engineered in the cDNA to form convenient restriction sites and also allow the attachment of the protein cDNA to albumin cDNA similar to the method described for hGH. Also a targeting protein or peptide cDNA such as single chain antibody or peptides, such as nuclear localization signals, that can direct proteins inside the cells can be fused to the other end of albumin. The protein of interest and the targeting peptide is cloned into a vector such as pPPC0005 (Figure 2), pScCHSA, pScNHSA , or pC4:HSA which allows the fusion with albumin cDNA. In this manner both N- and C-terminal end of albumin are fused to other proteins. The fused cDNA is then excised from pPPC0005 and is inserted into a plasmid such as pSAC35 to allow the expression of the albumin fusion protein in yeast. All the above procedures can be performed using standard methods in molecular biology. The albumin fusion protein secreted from yeast can be collected and purified from the media and tested for its biological activity and its targeting activity using appropriate biochemical and biological tests. Example 58: Preparation of HA-enzymes fusions.
2779[1329] The cDNA for the enzyme of interest can be isolated by a variety of means including but not exclusively, from cDNA libraries, by RT-PCR and by PCR using a series of overlapping synthetic oligonucleotide primers, all using standard methods. The cDNA can be tailored at the 5' and 3' ends to generate restriction sites, such that oligonucleotide linkers can be used, for cloning of the cDNA into a vector containing the cDNA for HA. This can be at the N or C-terminus with or without the use of a spacer sequence. The enzyme cDNA is cloned into a vector such as pPPC0005 (Figure 2), pScCHSA, pScNHS A, or pC4:HSA from which the complete expression cassette is then excised and inserted into the plasmid pSAC35 to allow the expression of the albumin fusion protein in yeast. The albumin fusion protein secreted from the yeast can then be collected and purified from the media and tested for its biological activity. For expression in mammalian cell lines a similar procedure is adopted except that the expression cassette used employs a mammalian promoter, leader sequence and terminator (See Example 1). This expression cassette is then excised and inserted into a plasmid suitable for the transfection of mammalian cell lines.
2780Example 59: Bacterial Expression of an Albumin Fusion Protein. [1330] A polynucleotide encoding an albumin fusion protein of the present invention comprising a bacterial signal sequence is amplified using PCR oligonucleotide primers coπesponding to the 5' and 3' ends of the DNA sequence, to synthesize insertion fragments. The primers used to amplify the polynucleotide encoding insert should preferably contain restriction sites, such as BamHI and Xbal, at the 5' end of the primers in order to clone the amplified product into the expression vector. For example, BamHI and Xbal coπespond to the restriction enzyme sites on the bacterial expression vector pQE-9. (Qiagen, Inc.,
2781Chatsworth, CA). This plasmid vector encodes antibiotic resistance (Amp<sup>1</sup>), a bacterial origin of replication (ori), an EPTG-regulatable promoter/operator (P/O), a ribosome binding site (RBS), a 6-histidine tag (6-His), and restriction enzyme cloning sites. [1331] The pQE-9 vector is digested with BamHI and Xbal and the amplified fragment is ligated into the pQE-9 vector maintaining the reading frame initiated at the bacterial RBS. The ligation mixture is then used to fransform the E. coli strain M15/rep4 (Qiagen, Inc.) which contains multiple copies of the plasmid pREP4, which expresses the lad repressor and also confers kanamycin resistance (Kan<sup>1</sup>). Transformants are identified by their ability to grow on LB plates and ampicillin/kanamycin resistant colonies are selected. Plasmid DNA is isolated and confirmed by restriction analysis.
2782[1332] Clones containing the desired constructs are grown overnight (O/N) in liquid culture in LB media supplemented with both Amp (100 ug/ml) and Kan (25 ug/ml). The O/N culture is used to inoculate a large culture at a ratio of 1:100 to 1:250. The cells are grown to an optical density 600 (O.D.<sup>600</sup>) of between 0.4 and 0.6. IPTG (Isopropyl-B-D-thiogalacto pyranoside) is then added to a final concentration of 1 mM. IPTG induces by inactivating the lad repressor, clearing the P/O leading to increased gene expression. [1333] Cells are grown for an extra 3 to 4 hours. Cells are then harvested by centrifugation (20 mins at 6000Xg). The cell pellet is solubilized in the chaotropic agent 6 Molar Guanidine HCl or preferably in 8 M urea and concentrations greater than 0.14 M 2- mercaptoethanol by stirring for 3-4 hours at 4°C (see, e.g., Burton et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 779:379-387 (1989)). The cell debris is removed by centrifugation, and the supernatant containing the polypeptide is loaded onto a nickel-nitrilo-tri-acetic acid ("Ni-NTA") affinity resin column (available from QIAGEN, Die, supra). Proteins with a 6 x His tag bind to the Ni-NTA resin with high affinity and can be purified in a simple one-step procedure (for details see: The QIAexpressionist (1995) QIAGEN, Inc., supra).
2783[1334] Briefly, the supernatant is loaded onto the column in 6 M guanidine-HCl, pH
27848. The column is first washed with 10 volumes of 6 M guanidine-HCl, pH 8, then washed with 10 volumes of 6 M guanidine-HCl pH 6, and finally the polypeptide is eluted with 6 M guanidine-HCl, pH 5.
2785[1335] The purified protein is then renatured by dialyzing it against phosphate- buffered saline (PBS) or 50 mM Na-acetate, pH 6 buffer plus 200 mM NaCl. Alternatively, the protein can be successfully refolded while immobilized on the Ni-NTA column. Exemplary conditions are as follows: renature using a linear 6M-1M urea gradient in 500 mM NaCl, 20% glycerol, 20 mM Tris/HCl pH 7.4, containing protease inhibitors. The renaturation should be performed over a period of 1.5 hours or more. After renaturation the proteins are eluted by the addition of 250 mM immidazole. Immidazole is removed by a final dialyzing step against PBS or 50 mM sodium acetate pH 6 buffer plus 200 mM NaCl. The purified protein is stored at 4° C or frozen at -80° C.
2786[1336] In addition to the above expression vector, the present invention further includes an expression vector, called pHE4a (ATCC Accession Number 209645, deposited on February 25, 1998) which contains phage operator and promoter elements operatively linked to a polynucleotide encoding an albumin fusion protein of the present invention, called pHE4a. (ATCC Accession Number 209645, deposited on February 25, 1998.) This vector contains: 1) a neomycinphosphotransferase gene as a selection marker, 2) an E. coli origin of replication, 3) a T5 phage promoter sequence, 4) two lac operator sequences, 5) a Shine- Delgarno sequence, and 6) the lactose operon repressor gene (laclq). The origin of replication (oriC) is derived from pUC19 (LTI, Gaithersburg, MD). The promoter and operator sequences are made synthetically.
2787[1337] DNA can be inserted into the pHE4a by restricting the vector with Ndel and
2788Xbal, BamHI, Xhol, or Asp718, running the restricted product on a gel, and isolating the larger fragment (the sniffer fragment should be about 310 base pairs). The DNA insert is generated according to PCR protocols described herein or otherwise known in the art, using PCR primers having restriction sites for Ndel (5' primer) and Xbal, BamHI, Xhol, or Asp718 (3' primer). The PCR insert is gel purified and restricted with compatible enzymes. The insert and vector are ligated according to standard protocols.
2789[1338] The engineered vector may be substituted in the above protocol to express protein in a bacterial system.
2790Example 60: Expression of an Albumin Fusion Protein in Mammalian Cells.
2791[1339] The albumin fiision proteins of the present invention can be expressed in a mammalian cell. A typical mammalian expression vector contains a promoter element, which mediates the initiation of transcription of mRNA, a protein coding sequence, and signals required for the termination of transcription and polyadenylation of the transcript. Additional elements include enhancers, Kozak sequences and intervening sequences flanked by donor and acceptor sites for RNA splicing. Highly efficient transcription is achieved with the early and late promoters from SV40, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) from Retroviruses, e.g.,
2792RSV, HTLVI, HIVI and the early promoter of the cytomegaloviras (CMV). However, cellular elements can also be used (e.g., the human actin promoter).
2793[1340] Suitable expression vectors for use in practicing the present invention include, for example, vectors such as, pSVL and pMSG (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden), pRSVcat
2794(ATCC 37152), pSV2dhfr (ATCC 37146), pBC12MI (ATCC 67109), pCMVSport 2.0, and pCMVSport 3.0. Mammalian host cells that could be used include, but are not limited to, human Hela, 293, H9 and Jurkat cells, mouse NTH3T3 and C 127 cells, Cos 1, Cos 7 and
2795CV1, quail QC1-3 cells, mouse L cells and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. [1341] Alternatively, the albumin fusion protein can be expressed in stable cell lines containing the polynucleotide encoding the albumin fusion protein integrated into a chromosome. The co-transfection with a selectable marker such as DHFR, gpt, neomycin, or hygromycin allows the identification and isolation of the transfected cells.
2796[1342] The transfected polynucleotide encoding the fusion protein can also be amplified to express large amounts of the encoded fusion protein. The DHFR (dihydrofolate reductase) marker is useful in developing cell lines that carry several hundred or even several thousand copies of the gene of interest. (See, e.g., Alt et al., J. Biol. Chem. 253:1357-1370
2797(1978); Hamlin et al., Biochem. et Biophys. Acta, 1097:107-143 (1990); Page et al.,
2798Biotechnology 9:64-68 (1991)). Another useful selection marker is the enzyme glutamine synthase (GS) (Muφhy et al., Biochem J. 227:277-279 (1991); Bebbington et al.,
2799Bio/Technology 10:169-175 (1992). Using these markers, the mammalian cells are grown in selective medium and the cells with the highest resistance are selected. These cell lines contain the amplified gene(s) integrated into a chromosome. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and NSO cells are often used for the production of proteins.
2800[1343] Derivatives of the plasmid pSV2-dhfr (ATCC Accession No. 37146), the expression vectors pC4 (ATCC Accession No. 209646) and pC6 (ATCC Accession
2801No.209647) contain the strong promoter (LTR) of the Rous Sarcoma Virus (Cullen et al.,
2802Molecular and Cellular Biology, 438-447 (March, 1985)) plus a fragment of the CMV- enhancer (Boshart et al., Cell 41:521-530 (1985)). Multiple cloning sites, e.g., with the restriction enzyme cleavage sites BamHI, Xbal and Asp718, facilitate the cloning of the gene of interest. The vectors also contain the 3' intron, the polyadenylation and termination signal of the rat preproinsulin gene, and the mouse DHFR gene under control of the SV40 early promoter.
2803[1344] Specifically, the plasmid pC6, for example, is digested with appropriate restriction enzymes and then dephosphorylated using calf intestinal phosphates by procedures known in the art. The vector is then isolated from a 1% agarose gel.
2804[1345] A polynucleotide encoding an albumin fusion protein of the present invention is generated using techniques known in the art and this polynucleotide is amplified using
2805PCR technology known in the art. If a naturally occurring signal sequence is used to produce the fusion protein of the present invention, the vector does not need a second signal peptide.
2806Alternatively, if a naturally occurring signal sequence is not used, the vector can be modified to include a heterologous signal sequence. (See, e.g., International Publication No. WO 96/34891.)
2807[1346] The amplified fragment encoding the fusion protein of the invention is isolated from a 1% agarose gel using a commercially available kit ("Geneclean," BIO 101 Inc., La Jolla, Ca.). The fragment then is digested with appropriate restriction enzymes and again purified on a 1% agarose gel.
2808[1347] The amplified fragment encoding the albumin fusion protein of the invention is then digested with the same restriction enzyme and purified on a 1% agarose gel. The isolated fragment and the dephosphorylated vector are then ligated with T4 DNA ligase. E. coli HB101 or XL-1 Blue cells are then transformed and bacteria are identified that contain the fragment inserted into plasmid pC6 using, for instance, restriction enzyme analysis. [1348] Chinese hamster ovary cells lacking an active DHFR gene is used for transfection. Five μg of the expression plasmid pC6 or pC4 is cotransfected with 0.5 μg of the plasmid pSVneo using lipofectin (Feigner et al., supra). The plasmid pSV2-neo contains a dominant selectable marker, the neo gene from Tn5 encoding an enzyme that confers resistance to a group of antibiotics including G418. The cells are seeded in alpha minus MEM supplemented with 1 mg/ml G418. After 2 days, the cells are trypsinized and seeded in hybridoma cloning plates (Greiner, Germany) in alpha minus MEM supplemented with 10, 25, or 50 ng/ml of methotrexate plus 1 mg/ml G418. After about 10-14 days single clones are trypsinized and then seeded in 6- well petri dishes or 10 ml flasks using different concentrations of methotrexate (50 nM, 100 nM, 200 nM, 400 nM, 800 nM). Clones growing at the highest concentrations of methotrexate are then transfeπed to new 6-well plates containing even higher concentrations of methotrexate (1 μM, 2 μM, 5 μM, 10 mM, 20 mM). The same procedure is repeated until clones are obtained which grow at a concentration of 100 - 200 μM. Expression of the desired fusion protein is analyzed, for instance, by SDS-PAGE and Western blot or by reversed phase HPLC analysis.
2809Example 61: Multifusion Fusions.
2810[1349] The albumin fusion proteins (e.g,. containing a Therapeutic protein (or fragment or variant thereof) fused to albumin (or a fragment or variant thereof)) may additionally be fused to other proteins to generate "multifusion proteins". These multifusion proteins can be used for a variety of applications. For example, fusion of the albumin fusion proteins of the invention to His-tag, HA-tag, protein A, IgG domains, and maltose binding protein facilitates purification. (See e.g,. EP A 394,827; Traunecker et al., Nature 331:84-86 (1988)). Nuclear localization signals fused to the polypeptides of the present invention can target the protein to a specific subcellular localization, while covalent heterodimer or homodimers can increase or decrease the activity of an albumin fusion protein. Furthermore, the fusion of additional protein sequences to the albumin fusion proteins of the invention may further increase the solubility and/or stability of the fusion protein. The fusion proteins described above can be made using or routinely modifting techniques known in the art and/or by modifying the following protocol, which outlines the fusion of a polypeptide to an IgG molecule.
2811[1350] Briefly, the human Fc portion of the IgG molecule can be PCR amplified, using primers that span the 5' and 3' ends of the sequence described below. These primers also should have convenient restriction enzyme sites that will facilitate cloning into an expression vector, preferably a mammalian or yeast expression vector. [1351] For example, if pC4 (ATCC Accession No. 209646) is used, the human Fc portion can be ligated into the BamHI cloning site. Note that the 3' BamHI site should be destroyed. Next, the vector containing the human Fc portion is re-restricted with BamHI, linearizing the vector, and a polynucleotide encoding an albumin fiision protein of the present invention (generateed and isolated using techniques known in the art), is ligated into this BamHI site. Note that the polynucleotide encoding the fusion protein of the invention is cloned without a stop codon, otherwise a Fc containing fusion protein will not be produced. [1352] If the naturally occurring signal sequence is used to produce the albumin fusion protein of the present invention, pC4 does not need a second signal peptide. Alternatively, if the naturally occurring signal sequence is not used, the vector can be modified to include a heterologous signal sequence. (See, e.g., hitemational Publication No. WO 96/34891.)
2812Human IgG Fc region:
GGGATCCGGAGCCCAAATCTTCTGACAAAACTCACACATGCCCACCGTGCCCAG
CACCTGAATTCGAGGGTGCACCGTCAGTCTTCCTCTTCCCCCCAAAACCCAAGGA
CACCCTCATGATCTCCCGGACTCCTGAGGTCACATGCGTGGTGGTGGACGTAAGC
CACGAAGACCCTGAGGTCAAGTTCAACTGGTACGTGGACGGCGTGGAGGTGCAT
AATGCCAAGACAAAGCCGCGGGAGGAGCAGTACAACAGCACGTACCGTGTGGTC
AGCGTCCTCACCGTCCTGCACCAGGACTGGCTGAATGGCAAGGAGTACAAGTGC
2819AAGGTCTCCAACAAAGCCCTCCCAACCCCCATCGAGAAAACCATCTCCAAAGCC AAAGGGCAGCCCCGAGAACCACAGGTGTACACCCTGCCCCCATCCCGGGATGAG
CTGACCAAGAACCAGGTCAGCCTGACCTGCCTGGTCAAAGGCTTCTATCCAAGC
GACATCGCCGTGGAGTGGGAGAGCAATGGGCAGCCGGAGAACAACTACAAGAC
CACGCCTCCCGTGCTGGACTCCGACGGCTCCTTCTTCCTCTACAGCAAGCTCACC
GTGGACAAGAGCAGGTGGCAGCAGGGGAACGTCTTCTCATGCTCCGTGATGCAT
GAGGCTCTGCACAACCACTACACGCAGAAGAGCCTCTCCCTGTCTCCGGGTAAAT
GAGTGCGACGGCCGCGACTCTAGAGGAT (SEQ DD NO: 1112)
2826Example 62: Production of an Antibody from an Albumin Fusion Protein.
2827Hybridoma Technolo y
2828[1353] Antibodies that bind the albumin fusion proteins of the present invention and portions of the albumin fusion proteins of the present invention (e.g., the Therapeutic protein portion or albumin portion of the fusion protein) can be prepared by a variety of methods. (See, Cuπent Protocols, Chapter 2.) As one example of such methods, a preparation of an albumin fusion protein of the invention or a portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention is prepared and purified to render it substantially free of natural contaminants. Such a preparation is then introduced into an animal in order to produce polyclonal antisera of greater specific activity.
2829[1354] Monoclonal antibodies specific for an albumin fusion protein of the invention, or a portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention, are prepared using hybridoma technology (Kohler et al., Nature 256:495 (1975); Kohler et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 6:511 (1976); Kohler et al.7~Eur. J. Immunol. 6:292 (1976); Hammerling et al., in: Monoclonal Antibodies and T-Cell Hybridomas, Elsevier, N.Y., pp. 563-681 (1981)). hi general, an animal (preferably a mouse) is immunized with an albumin fusion protein of the invention, or a portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention. The splenocytes of such mice are extracted and fused with a suitable myeloma cell line. Any suitable myeloma cell line may be employed in accordance with the present invention; however, it is preferable to employ the parent myeloma cell line (SP2O), available from the ATCC. After fusion, the resulting hybridoma cells are selectively maintained in HAT medium, and then cloned by limiting dilution as described by Wands et al. (Gasfroenterology 80:225-232 (1981)). The hybridoma cells obtained through such a selection are then assayed to identify clones which secrete antibodies capable of binding an albumin fusion protein of the invention, or a portion of an albumin fiision protein of the invention. [1355] Alternatively, additional antibodies capable of binding to an albumin fusion protein of the invention, or a portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention can be produced in a two-step procedure using anti-idiotypic antibodies. Such a method makes use of the fact that antibodies are themselves antigens, and therefore, it is possible to obtain an antibody which binds to a second antibody. In accordance with this method, protein specific antibodies are used to immunize an animal, preferably a mouse. The splenocytes of such an animal are then used to produce hybridoma cells, and the hybridoma cells are screened to identify clones which produce an antibody whose ability to bind to the an albumin fusion protein of the invention (or portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention) -specific antibody can be blocked by the fusion protein of the invention, or a portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention. Such antibodies comprise anti-idiotypic antibodies to the fusion protein of the invention (or portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention) - specific antibody and are used to immunize an animal to induce formation of further fusion protein of the invention (or portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention) -specific antibodies.
2830[1356] For in vivo use of antibodies in humans, an antibody is "humanized". Such antibodies can be produced using genetic constructs derived from hybridoma cells producing the monoclonal antibodies described above. Methods for producing chimeric and humanized antibodies are known in the art and are discussed herein. (See, for review, Morrison, Science
2831229:1202 (1985); Oi et al., BioTechniques 4:214 (1986); Cabilly et al., U.S. Patent No.
28324,816,567; Taniguchi et al., EP 171496; Morrison et al., EP 173494; Neuberger et al., WO
28338601533; Robinson et al., hitemational Publication No. WO 8702671; Boulianne et al.,
2834Nature 312:643 (1984); Neuberger et al., Nature 314:268 (1985)).
2835[1357] Isolation Of Antibody Fragments Directed Against an albumin fusion protein of the invention, or a portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention From A Library
2836Of scFvs. Naturally occurring V-genes isolated from human PBLs are constructed into a library of antibody fragments which contain reactivities against an albumin fusion protein of the invention, or a portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention, to which the donor may or may not have been exposed (see e.g., U.S. Patent 5,885,793 incoφorated herein by reference in its entirety).
2837[1358] Rescue of the Library. A library of scFvs is constructed from the RNA of human PBLs as described in hitemational Publication No. WO 92/01047. To rescue phage displaying antibody fragments, approximately 10<sup>9</sup> E. coli harboring the phagemid are used to inoculate 50 ml of 2xTY containing 1% glucose and 100 μg/ml of ampicillin (2xTY-AMP- GLU) and grown to an O.D. of 0.8 with shaking. Five ml of this culture is used to inoculate 50 ml of 2xTY-AMP-GLU, 2 x 108 TU of delta gene 3 helper (Ml 3 delta gene DI, see International Publication No. WO 92/01047) are added and the culture incubated at 37°C for 45 minutes without shaking and then at 37°C for 45 minutes with shaking. The culture is centrifiiged at 4000 r.p.m. for 10 min. and the pellet resuspended in 2 liters of 2xTY containing 100 μg/ml ampicillin and 50 ug/ml kanamycin and grown overnight. Phage are prepared as described in hitemational Publication No. WO 92/01047. [1359] Ml 3 delta gene ID is prepared as follows: Ml 3 delta gene DI helper phage does not encode gene ID protein, hence the phage(mid) displaying antibody fragments have a greater avidity of binding to antigen. Infectious Ml 3 delta gene ID particles are made by growing the helper phage in cells harboring a pUC19 derivative supplying the wild type gene DI protein during phage moφhogenesis. The culture is incubated for 1 hour at 37° C without shaking and then for a further hour at 37°C with shaking. Cells are spun down (IEC-Centra 8,400 r.p.m. for 10 min), resuspended in 300 ml 2xTY broth containing 100 μg ampicillin/ml and 25 μg kanamycin/ml (2xTY-AMP-KAN) and grown overnight, shaking at 37°C. Phage particles are purified and concentrated from the culture medium by two PEG-precipitations (Sambrook et al., 1990), resuspended in 2 ml PBS and passed through a 0.45 μm filter (Minisart NML; Sartorius) to give a final concentration of approximately 10<sup>13</sup> transducing units/ml (ampicillin-resistant clones).
2838[1360] Panning of the Library, hnmunotubes (Nunc) are coated overnight in PBS with 4 ml of either 100 μg/ml or 10 μg/ml of an albumin fusion protein of the invention, or a portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention. Tubes are blocked with 2% Marvel- PBS for 2 hours at 37°C and then washed 3 times in PBS. Approximately 10<sup>13</sup> TU of phage is applied to the tube and incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature tumbling on an over and under turntable and then left to stand for another 1.5 hours. Tubes are washed 10 times with PBS 0.1% Tween-20 and 10 times with PBS. Phage are eluted by adding 1 ml of 100 mM triethylamine and rotating 15 minutes on an under and over turntable after which the solution is immediately neutralized with 0.5 ml of 1.0M Tris-HCl, pH 7.4. Phage are then used to infect 10 ml of mid-log E. coli TGI by incubating eluted phage with bacteria for 30 minutes at 37°C. The E. coli are then plated on TYE plates containing 1% glucose and 100 μg/ml ampicillin. The resulting bacterial library is then rescued with delta gene 3 helper phage as described above to prepare phage for a subsequent round of selection. This process is then repeated for a total of 4 rounds of affinity purification with tube-washing increased to 20 times with PBS, 0.1% Tween-20 and 20 times with PBS for rounds 3 and 4. [1361] Characterization of Binders. Eluted phage from the 3rd and 4th rounds of selection are used to infect E. coli HB 2151 and soluble scFv is produced (Marks, et al., 1991) from single colonies for assay. ELISAs are performed with microtitre plates coated with either 10 pg ml of an albumin fusion protein of the invention, or a portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention, in 50 mM bicarbonate pH 9.6. Clones positive in ELISA are further characterized by PCR fingeφrinting (see, e.g., International Publication No. WO 92/01047) and then by sequencing. These ELISA positive clones may also be further characterized by techniques known in the art, such as, for example, epitope mapping, binding affinity, receptor signal transduction, ability to block or competitively inhibit antibody/antigen binding, and competitive agonistic or antagonistic activity.
2839Example 63: Method of Treatment Using Gene Therapy-Ex Vivo.
2840[1362] One method of gene therapy transplants fibroblasts, which are capable of expressing an albumin fusion protein of the present invention, onto a patient. Generally, fibroblasts are obtained from a subject by skin biopsy. The resulting tissue is placed in tissue-culture medium and separated into small pieces. Small chunks of the tissue are placed on a wet surface of a tissue culture flask, approximately ten pieces are placed in each flask.
2841The flask is turned upside down, closed tight and left at room temperature over night. After
284224 hours at room temperature, the flask is inverted and the chunks of tissue remain fixed to the bottom of the flask and fresh media (e.g.. Ham's F12 media, with 10% FBS, penicillin and streptomycin) is added. The flasks are then incubated at 37 degree C for approximately one week.
2843[1363] At this time, fresh media is added and subsequently changed every several days. After an additional two weeks in culture, a monolayer of fibroblasts emerge. The monolayer is trypsinized and scaled into larger flasks.
2844[1364] pMV-7 (Kirschmeier, P.T. et al., DNA, 7:219-25 (1988)), flanked by the long terminal repeats of the Moloney murine sarcoma virus, is digested with EcoRI and HinάTfl and subsequently treated with calf intestinal phosphatase. The linear vector is fractionated on agarose gel and purified, using glass beads.
2845[1365] Polynucleotides encoding an albumin fusion protein of the invention can be generated using techniques known in the art amplified using PCR primers which coπespond to the 5' and 3' end sequences and optionally having appropriate restriction sites and initiation/stop codons, if necessary. Preferably, the 5' primer contains an EcoRI site and the 3' primer includes a HindDI site. Equal quantities of the Moloney murine sarcoma viras linear backbone and the amplified EcoRI and HindID fragment are added together, in the presence of T4 DNA ligase. The resulting mixture is maintained under conditions appropriate for ligation of the two fragments. The ligation mixture is then used to transform bacteria HB101, which are then plated onto agar containing kanamycin for the puφose of confirming that the vector has the gene of interest properly inserted.
2846[1366] The amphotropic pA317 or GP+aml2 packaging cells are grown in tissue culture to confluent density in Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium (DMEM) with 10% calf serum (CS), penicillin and streptomycin. The MSV vector containing the gene is then added to the media and the packaging cells transduced with the vector. The packaging cells now produce infectious viral particles containing the gene (the packaging cells are now refeπed to as producer cells).
2847[1367] Fresh media is added to the transduced producer cells, and subsequently, the media is harvested from a 10 cm plate of confluent producer cells. The spent media, containing the infectious viral particles, is filtered through a millipore filter to remove detached producer cells and this media is then used to infect fibroblast cells. Media is removed from a sub-confluent plate of fibroblasts and quickly replaced with the media from the producer cells. This media is removed and replaced with fresh media. If the titer of viras is high, then virtually all fibroblasts will be infected and no selection is required. If the titer is very low, then it is necessary to use a retroviral vector that has a selectable marker, such as neo or his. Once the fibroblasts have been efficiently infected, the fibroblasts are analyzed to determine whether the albumin fusion protein is produced.
2848[1368] The engineered fibroblasts are then transplanted onto the host, either alone or after having been grown to confluence on cytodex 3 microcarrier beads.
2849Example 64: Method of Treatment Using Gene Therapy - In Vivo.
2850[1369] Another aspect of the present invention is using in vivo gene therapy methods to treat disorders, diseases and conditions. The gene therapy method relates to the introduction of naked nucleic acid (DNA, RNA, and antisense DNA or RNA) sequences encoding an albumin fusion protein of the invention into an animal. Polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the present invention may be operatively linked to (i.e., associated with) a promoter or any other genetic elements necessary for the expression of the polypeptide by the target tissue. Such gene therapy and delivery techniques and methods are known in the art, see, for example, WO90/11092, WO98/11779; U.S. Patent NO. 5693622, 5705151, 5580859; Tabata et al., Cardiovasc. Res. 35(3):470-479 (1997); Chao et al., Pharmacol. Res. 35(6):517-522 (1997); Wolff, Neuromuscul. Disord. 7(5):314-318 (1997); Schwartz et al., Gene Ther. 3(5):405-411 (1996); Tsurumi et al., Circulation 94(12):3281- 3290 (1996) (incoφorated herein by reference).
2851[1370] The polynucleotide constructs may be delivered by any method that delivers injectable materials to the cells of an animal, such as, injection into the interstitial space of tissues (heart, muscle, skin, lung, liver, intestine and the like). The polynucleotide constructs can be delivered in a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid or aqueous carrier. [1371] The term "naked" polynucleotide, DNA or RNA, refers to sequences that are free from any delivery vehicle that acts to assist, promote, or facilitate entry into the cell, including viral sequences, viral particles, liposome formulations, lipofectin or precipitating agents and the like. However, polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the present invention may also be delivered in liposome formulations (such as those taught in Feigner P.L. et al. (1995) Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 772:126-139 and Abdallah B. et al. (1995) Biol. Cell 85(1): 1-7) which can be prepared by methods well known to those skilled in the art.
2852[1372] The polynucleotide vector constructs used in the gene therapy method are preferably constructs that will not integrate into the host genome nor will they contain sequences that allow for replication. Any strong promoter known to those skilled in the art can be used for driving the expression of DNA. Unlike other gene therapy techniques, one major advantage of introducing naked nucleic acid sequences into target cells is the transitory nature of the polynucleotide synthesis in the cells. Studies have shown that non-replicating DNA sequences can be introduced into cells to provide production of the desired polypeptide for periods of up to six months.
2853[1373] The polynucleotide constract can be delivered to the interstitial space of tissues within an animal, including muscle, skin, brain, lung, liver, spleen, bone maπow, thymus, heart, lymph, blood, bone, cartilage, pancreas, kidney, gall bladder, stomach, intestine, testis, ovary, uterus, rectum, nervous system, eye, gland, and connective tissue. Interstitial space of the tissues comprises the intercellular fluid, mucopolysaccharide matrix among the reticular fibers of organ tissues, elastic fibers in the walls of vessels or chambers, collagen fibers of fibrous tissues, or that same matrix within connective tissue ensheathing muscle cells or in the lacunae of bone. It is similarly the space occupied by the plasma of the circulation and the lymph fluid of the lymphatic channels. Delivery to the interstitial space of muscle tissue is prefeπed for the reasons discussed below. They may be conveniently delivered by injection into the tissues comprising these cells. They are preferably delivered to and expressed in persistent, non-dividing cells which are differentiated, although delivery and expression may be achieved in non-differentiated or less completely differentiated cells, such as, for example, stem cells of blood or skin fibroblasts. In vivo muscle cells are particularly competent in their ability to take up and express polynucleotides.
2854[1374] For the naked polynucleotide injection, an effective dosage amount of DNA or
2855RNA will be in the range of from about 0.05 g/kg body weight to about 50 mg/kg body weight. Preferably the dosage will be from about 0.005 mg/kg to about 20 mg/kg and more preferably from about 0.05 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg. Of course, as the artisan of ordinary skill will appreciate, this dosage will vary according to the tissue site of injection. The appropriate and effective dosage of nucleic acid sequence can readily be determined by those of ordinary skill in the art and may depend on the condition being treated and the route of administration. The prefeπed route of administration is by the parenteral route of injection into the interstitial space of tissues. However, other parenteral routes may also be used, such as, inhalation of an aerosol formulation particularly for delivery to lungs or bronchial tissues, throat or mucous membranes of the nose. In addition, naked polynucleotide constructs can be delivered to arteries during angioplasty by the catheter used in the procedure.
2856[1375] The dose response effects of injected polynucleotide in muscle in vivo is determined as follows. Suitable template DNA for production of mRNA coding for polypeptide of the present invention is prepared in accordance with a standard recombinant
2857DNA methodology. The template DNA, which may be either circular or linear, is either used as naked DNA or complexed with liposomes. The quadriceps muscles of mice are then injected with various amounts of the template DNA.
2858[1376] Five to six week old female and male Balb/C mice are anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection with 0.3 ml of 2.5% Avertin. A 1.5 cm incision is made on the anterior thigh, and the quadriceps muscle is directly visualized. The template DNA is injected in 0.1 ml of carrier in a 1 cc syringe through a 27 gauge needle over one minute, approximately 0.5 cm from the distal insertion site of the muscle into the knee and about 0.2 cm deep. A suture is placed over the injection site for future localization, and the skin is closed with stainless steel clips.
2859[1377] After an appropriate incubation time (e.g., 7 days) muscle extracts are prepared by excising the entire quadriceps. Every fifth 15 um cross-section of the individual quadriceps muscles is histochemically stained for protein expression. A time course for fusion protein expression may be done in a similar fashion except that quadriceps from different mice are harvested at different times. Persistence of DNA in muscle following injection may be determined by Southern blot analysis after preparing total cellular DNA and HIRT supematants from injected and control mice. The results of the above experimentation in mice can be used to extrapolate proper dosages and other treatment parameters in humans and other animals using naked DNA.
2860Example 65: Transgenic Animals.
2861[1378] The albumin fusion proteins of the invention can also be expressed in transgenic animals. Animals of any species, including, but not limited to, mice, rats, rabbits, hamsters, guinea pigs, pigs, micro-pigs, goats, sheep, cows and non-human primates, e.g., baboons, monkeys, and chimpanzees may be used to generate transgenic animals. In a specific embodiment, techniques described herein or otherwise known in the art, are used to express fusion proteins of the invention in humans, as part of a gene therapy protocol. [1379] Any technique known in the art may be used to introduce the polynucleotides encoding the albumin fusion proteins of the invention into animals to produce the founder lines of transgenic animals. Such techniques include, but are not limited to, pronuclear microiηjection (Paterson et al., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 40:691-698 (1994); Carver et al., Biotechnology (NY) 11:1263-1270 (1993); Wright et al., Biotechnology (NY) 9:830-834 (1991); and Hoppe et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,191 (1989)); retrovirus mediated gene fransfer into germ lines (Van der Putten et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 82:6148-6152 (1985)), blastocysts or embryos; gene targeting in embryonic stem cells (Thompson et al., Cell 56:313-321 (1989)); electroporation of cells or embryos (Lo, 1983, Mol Cell. Biol. 3:1803- 1814 (1983)); introduction of the polynucleotides of the invention using a gene gun (see, e.g., Ulmer et al., Science 259:1745 (1993); introducing nucleic acid constructs into embryonic pleuripotent stem cells and transferring the stem cells back into the blastocyst; and sperm- mediated gene transfer (Lavifrano et al., Cell 57:717-723 (1989); etc. For a review of such techniques, see Gordon, "Transgenic Animals," Intl. Rev. Cytol. 115:171-229 (1989), which is incoφorated by reference herein in its entirety. [1380] Any technique known in the art may be used to produce transgenic clones containing polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, for example, nuclear transfer into enucleated oocytes of nuclei from cultured embryonic, fetal, or adult cells induced to quiescence (Campell et al., Nature 380:64-66 (1996); Wilmut et al., Nature 385:810-813 (1997)).
2862[1381] The present invention provides for transgenic animals that carry the polynucleotides encoding the albumin fusion proteins of the invention in all their cells, as well as animals which carry these polynucleotides in some, but not all their cells, i.e., mosaic animals or chimeric. The transgene may be integrated as a single transgene or as multiple copies such as in concatamers, e.g., head-to-head tandems or head-to-tail tandems. The transgene may also be selectively introduced into and activated in a particular cell type by following, for example, the teaching of Lasko et al. (Lasko et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:6232-6236 (1992)). The regulatory sequences required for such a cell-type specific activation will depend upon the particular cell type of interest, and will be apparent to those of skill in the art. When it is desired that the polynucleotide encoding the fusion protein of the invention be integrated into the chromosomal site of the endogenous gene coπesponding to the Therapeutic protein portion or ablumin portion of the fusion protein of the invention, gene targeting is prefeπed. Briefly, when such a technique is to be utilized, vectors containing some nucleotide sequences homologous to the endogenous gene are designed for the puφose of integrating, via homologous recombination with chromosomal sequences, into and disrupting the function of the nucleotide sequence of the endogenous gene. The transgene may alsolte selectively introduced into a particular cell type, thus inactivating the endogenous gene in only that cell type, by following, foi example, the teaching of Gu et al. (Gu et al., Science 265:103-106 (1994)). The regulatory sequences required for such a cell- type specific inactivation will depend upon the particular cell type of interest, and will be apparent to those of skill in the art.
2863[1382] Once transgenic animals have been generated, the expression of the recombinant gene may be assayed utilizing standard techniques. Initial screening may be accomplished by Southern blot analysis or PCR techniques to analyze animal tissues to verify that integration of the polynucleotide encoding the fsuion protien of the invention has taken place. The level of mRNA expression of the polynucleotide encoding the fusion protein of the invention in the tissues of the transgenic animals may also be assessed using techniques which include, but are not limited to, Northern blot analysis of tissue samples obtained from the animal, in situ hybridization analysis, and reverse transcriptase-PCR (rt-PCR). Samples of fusion protein-expressing tissue may also be evaluated immunocytochemically or immunohistochemically using antibodies specific for the fusion protein. [1383] Once the founder animals are produced, they may be bred, inbred, outbred, or crossbred to produce colonies of the particular animal. Examples of such breeding strategies include, but are not limited to: outbreeding of founder animals with more than one integration site in order to establish separate lines; inbreeding of separate lines in order to produce compound transgenics that express the transgene at higher levels because of the effects of additive expression of each transgene; crossing of heterozygous transgenic animals to produce animals homozygous for a given integration site in order to both augment expression and eliminate the need for screening of animals by DNA analysis; crossing of separate homozygous lines to produce compound heterozygous or homozygous lines; and breeding to place the transgene (i.e., polynucleotide encoding an albumin fusion protein of the invention) on a distinct background that is appropriate for an experimental model of interest.
2864[1384] Transgenic animals of the invention have uses which include, but are not limited to, animal model systems useful in elaborating the biological function of fusion proteins of the invention and the Therapeutic protein and/or albumin component of the fusion protein of the invention, studying conditions and/or disorders associated with abeπant expression, and in screening for compounds effective in ameliorating such conditions and/or disorders.
2865Example 66: Assays Detecting Stimulation or Inhibition of B cell Proliferation and Differentiation.
2866[1385] Generation of functional humoral immune responses requires both soluble and cognate signaling between B-lineage cells and their microenvironment. Signals may impart a positive stimulus that allows a B-lineage cell to continue its programmed development, or a negative stimulus that instructs the cell to aπest its cuπent developmental pathway. To date, numerous stimulatory and inhibitory signals have been found to influence B cell responsiveness including E -2, TL-4, EL-5, IL-6, E -7, E 10, IL-13, TL-14 and D -15.
2867Interestingly, these signals are by themselves weak effectors but can, in combination with various co-stimulatory proteins, induce activation, proliferation, differentiation, homing, tolerance and death among B cell populations. [1386] One of the best studied classes of B-cell co-stimulatory proteins is the TNF- superfamily. Within this family CD40, CD27, and CD30 along with their respective ligands
2868CD154, CD70, and CD153 have been found to regulate a variety of immune responses.
2869Assays which allow for the detection and/or observation of the proliferation and differentiation of these B-cell populations and their precursors are valuable tools in determining the effects various proteins may have on these B-cell populations in terms of proliferation and differentiation. Listed below are two assays designed to allow for the detection of the differentiation, proliferation, or inhibition of B-cell populations and their precursors.
2870[1387] In Vitro Assay- Albumin fusion proteins of the invention (including fusion proteins containing fragments or variants of Therapeutic proteins and/or albumin or fragments or variants of albumin) can be assessed for its ability to induce activation, proliferation, differentiation or inhibition and/or death in B-cell populations and their precursors. The activity of an albumin fusion protein of the invention on purified human tonsillar B cells, measured qualitatively over the dose range from 0.1 to 10,000 ng/mL, is assessed in a standard B-lymphocyte co-stimulation assay in which purified tonsillar B cells are cultured in the presence of either formalin-fixed Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (SAC) or immobilized anti-human IgM antibody as the priming agent. Second signals such as IL-2 and IL-15 synergize with SAC and IgM crosslinking to elicit B cell proliferation as measured by tritiated-thymidine incoφoration. Novel synergizing agents can be readily identified using this assay. The assay involves isolating human tonsillar B cells by magnetic bead (MACS) depletion of CD3-positive cells. The resulting cell population is greater than 95% B cells as assessed by expression of CD45R(B220) .
2871[1388] Various dilutions of each sample are placed into individual wells of a 96-well plate to which are added 10<sup>5</sup> B-cells suspended in culture medium (RPMI 1640 contaimng
287210% FBS, 5 X 10<sup>"</sup>^ 2ME, lOOU/ml penicillin, lOug/ml streptomycin, and 10<sup>"5</sup> dilution of
2873SAC) in a total volume of 150ul. Proliferation or inhibition is quantitated by a 20h pulse
2874(luCi/well) with 3H-thymidine (6.7 Ci/mM) beginning 72h post factor addition. The positive and negative controls are EL2 and medium respectively.
2875[1389] In vivo Assay- BALB/c mice are injected (i.p.) twice per day with buffer only, or 2 mg Kg of an albumin fusion protein of the invention (including fusion proteins containing fragments or variants of Therapeutic proteins and/or albumin or fragments or variants of albumin). Mice receive this treatment for 4 consecutive days, at which time they are sacrificed and various tissues and serum collected for analyses. Comparison of H&E sections from normal spleens and spleens treated with the albumin fusion protein of the invention identify the results of the activity of the fusion protein on spleen cells, such as the diffusion of peri-arterial lymphatic sheaths, and or significant increases in the nucleated cellularity of the red pulp regions, which may indicate the activation of the differentiation and proliferation of B-cell populations, hnmunohistochemical studies using a B cell marker, anti- CD45R(B220), are used to determine whether any physiological changes to splenic cells, such as splenic disorganization, are due to increased B-cell representation within loosely defined B-cell zones that infiltrate established T-cell regions.
2876[1390] Flow cytometric analyses of the spleens from mice treated with the albumin fusion protein is used to indicate whether the albumin fusion protein specifically increases the proportion of ThB+, CD45R(B220)dull B cells over that which is observed in control mice. [1391] Likewise, a predicted consequence of increased mature B-cell representation in vivo is a relative increase in serum Ig titers. Accordingly, serum IgM and IgA levels are compared between buffer and fusion protein treated mice.
2877Example 67: T Cell Proliferation Assay.
2878[1392] A CD3-induced proliferation assay is performed on PBMCs and is measured by the uptake of <sup>3</sup>H-thymidine. The assay is performed as follows. Ninety-six well plates are coated with 100 μl well of mAb to CD3 (HIT3a, Pharmingen) or isotype-matched control mAb (B33.1) overnight at 4 degrees C (1 μg/ml in .05M bicarbonate buffer, pH 9.5), then washed three times with PBS. PBMC are isolated by F/H gradient centrifugation from human peripheral blood and added to quadruplicate wells (5 x 10<sup>4</sup>/well) of mAb coated plates in RPMI containing 10% FCS and P/S in the presence of varying concentrations of an albumin fusion protein of the invention (including fusion proteins containing fragments or variants of Therapeutic proteins and/or albumin or fragments or variants of albumin) (total volume 200 ul). Relevant protein buffer and medium alone are controls. After 48 hr. culture at 37 degrees C, plates are spun for 2 min. at 1000 φm and 100 μl of supernatant is removed and stored -20 degrees C for measurement of EL-2 (or other cytokines) if effect on proliferation is observed. Wells are supplemented with 100 ul of medium containing 0.5 uCi of <sup>3</sup>H-thymidine and cultured at 37 degrees C for 18-24 hr. Wells are harvested and incoφoration of <sup>3</sup>H-thymidine used as a measure of proliferation. Anti-CD3 alone is the positive control for proliferation. IL-2 (100 U/ml) is also used as a control which enhances proliferation. Control antibody which does not induce proliferation of T cells is used as the negative control for the effects of fusion proteins of the invention.
2879Example 68: Effect of Fusion Proteins of the Invention on the Expression of MHC Class II, Costimulatory and Adhesion Molecules and Cell Differentiation of Monocytes and Monocvte-Derived Human Dendritic Cells.
2880[1393] Dendritic cells are generated by the expansion of proliferating precursors found in the peripheral blood: adherent PBMC or elutriated monocytic fractions are cultured for 7-10 days with GM-CSF (50 ng/ml) and EL-4 (20 ng/ml). These dendritic cells have the characteristic phenotype of immature cells (expression of CD1, CD80, CD86, CD40 and MHC class D antigens). Treatment with activating factors, such as TNF-α, causes a rapid change in surface phenotype (increased expression of MHC class I and D, costimulatory and adhesion molecules, downregulation of FCγRD, upregulation of CD83). These changes coπelate with increased antigen-presenting capacity and with functional maturation of the dendritic cells.
2881[1394] FACS analysis of surface antigens is performed as follows. Cells are treated
28821-3 days with increasing concentrations of an albumin fusion protein of the invention or LPS (positive control), washed with PBS containing 1% BSA and 0.02 mM sodium azide, and then incubated with 1:20 dilution of appropriate FITC- or PE-labeled monoclonal antibodies for 30 minutes at 4 degrees C. After an additional wash, the labeled cells are analyzed by flow cytometry on a FACScan (Becton Dickinson).
2883[1395] Effect on the production of cytokines. Cytokines generated by dendritic cells, in particular D -12, are important in the initiation of T-cell dependent immune responses. IL- 12 strongly influences the development of Thl helper T-cell immune response, and induces cytotoxic T and NK cell function. An ELISA is used to measure the IL-12 release as follows. Dendritic cells (10<sup>6</sup>/ml) are treated with increasing concentrations of an albumin fusion protein of the invention for 24 hours. LPS (100 ng ml) is added to the cell culture as positive control. Supematants from the cell cultures are then collected and analyzed for EL- 12 content using commercial ELISA kit (e.g., R & D Systems (Minneapolis, MN)). The standard protocols provided with the kits are used.
2884[1396] Effect on the expression of MHC Class D. costimulatory and adhesion molecules. Three major families of cell surface antigens can be identified on monocytes: adhesion molecules, molecules involved in antigen presentation, and Fc receptor. Modulation of the expression of MHC class D antigens and other costimulatory molecules, such as B7 and ICAM-1, may result in changes in the antigen presenting capacity of monocytes and ability to induce T cell activation. Increased expression of Fc receptors may coπelate with improved monocyte cytotoxic activity, cytokine release and phagocytosis. [1397] FACS analysis is used to examine the surface antigens as follows. Monocytes are treated 1-5 days with increasing concentrations of an albumin fusion protein of the invention or LPS (positive control), washed with PBS containing 1% BSA and 0.02 mM sodium azide, and then incubated with 1:20 dilution of appropriate FITC- or PE-labeled monoclonal antibodies for 30 minutes at 4 degrees C. After an additional wash, the labeled cells are analyzed by flow cytometry on a FACScan (Becton Dickinson).
2885[1398] Monocyte activation and/or increased survival. Assays for molecules that activate (or alternatively, inactivate) monocytes and/or increase monocyte survival (or alternatively, decrease monocyte survival) are known in the art and may routinely be applied to determine whether a molecule of the invention functions as an inhibitor or activator of monocytes. Albumin fusion proteins of the invention can be screened using the three assays described below. For each of these assays, Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are purified from single donor leukopacks (American Red Cross, Baltimore, MD) by centrifugation through a Histopaque gradient (Sigma). Monocytes are isolated from PBMC by counterflow centrifugal elutriation.
2886[1399] Monocyte Survival Assay. Human peripheral blood monocytes progressively lose viability when cultured in absence of serum or other stimuli. Their death results from internally regulated processes (apoptosis). Addition to the culture of activating factors, such as TNF-alpha dramatically improves cell survival and prevents DNA fragmentation.
2887Propidium iodide (PI) staining is used to measure apoptosis as follows. Monocytes are cultured for 48 hours in polypropylene tubes in serum-free medium (positive confrol), in the presence of 100 ng ml TNF-alpha (negative control), and in the presence of varying concentrations of the fusion protein to be tested. Cells are suspended at a concentration of 2 x 10<sup>6</sup>/ml in PBS containing PI at a final concentration of 5 μg/ml, and then incubated at room temperature for 5 minutes before FACScan analysis. PI uptake has been demonstrated to coπelate with DNA fragmentation in this experimental paradigm.
2888[1400] Effect on cytokine release. An important function of monocytes/macrophages is their regulatory activity on other cellular populations of the immune system through the release of cytokines after stimulation. An ELISA to measure cytokine release is performed as follows. Human monocytes are incubated at a density of 5xl0<sup>5</sup> cells/ml with increasing concentrations of an albumin fusion protein of the invention and under the same conditions, but in the absence of the fusion protein. For IL-12 production, the cells are primed overnight with EFN (100 U/ml) in the presence of the fusion protein. LPS (10 ng/ml) is then added. Conditioned media are collected after 24h and kept frozen until use. Measurement of TNF- alpha, IL-10, MCP-1 and EL-8 is then performed using a commercially available ELISA kit (e.g., R & D Systems (Minneapolis, MN)) and applying the standard protocols provided with the kit.
2889[1401] Oxidative burst. Purified monocytes are plated in 96-w plate at 2-lxlO<sup>5</sup> cell/well. Increasing concentrations of an albumin fusion protein of the invention are added to the wells in a total volume of 0.2 ml culture medium (RPMI 1640 + 10% FCS, glutamine and antibiotics). After 3 days incubation, the plates are centrifiiged and the medium is removed from the wells. To the macrophage monolayers, 0.2 ml per well of phenol red solution (140 mM NaCl, 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.0, 5.5 mM dextrose, 0.56 mM phenol red and 19 U/ml of HRPO) is added, together with the stimulant (200 nM PMA). The plates are incubated at 37°C for 2 hours and the reaction is stopped by adding 20 μl IN NaOH per well. The absorbance is read at 610 nm. To calculate the amount of H<sub>2</sub>O2 produced by the macrophages, a standard curve of a H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> solution of known molarity is performed for each experiment.
2890Example 69: Biological Effects of Fusion Proteins of the Invention.
2891Astrocvte and Neuronal Assays.
2892[1402] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention can be tested for activity in promoting the survival, neurite outgrowth, or phenotypic differentiation of cortical neuronal cells and for inducing the proliferation of glial fibrillary acidic protein immunopositive cells, asfrocytes. The selection of cortical cells for the bioassay is based on the prevalent expression of FGF-1 and FGF-2 in cortical structures and on the previously reported enhancement of cortical neuronal survival resulting from FGF-2 treatment. A thymidine incoφoration assay, for example, can be used to elucidate an albumin fusion protein of the invention's activity on these cells.
2893[1403] Moreover, previous reports describing the biological effects of FGF-2 (basic
2894FGF) on cortical or hippocampal neurons in vitro have demonstrated increases in both neuron survival and neurite outgrowth (Walicke et al., "Fibroblast growth factor promotes survival of dissociated hippocampal neurons and enhances neurite extension." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 53:3012-3016. (1986), assay herein incoφorated by reference in its entirety). However, reports from experiments done on PC- 12 cells suggest that these two responses are not necessarily synonymous and may depend on not only which FGF is being tested but also on which receptor(s) are expressed on the target cells. Using the primary cortical neuronal culture paradigm, the ability of an albumin fusion protein of the invention to induce neurite outgrowth can be compared to the response achieved with FGF-2 using, for example, a thymidine incoφoration assay.
2895Fibroblast and endothelial cell assays.
2896[1404] Human lung fibroblasts are obtained from Clonetics (San Diego, CA) and maintained in growth media from Clonetics. Dermal microvascular endothelial cells are obtained from Cell Applications (San Diego, CA). For proliferation assays, the human lung fibroblasts and dermal microvascular endothelial cells can be cultured at 5,000 cells/well in a 96-well plate for one day in growth medium. The cells are then incubated for one day in 0.1% BSA basal medium. After replacing the medium with fresh 0.1% BSA medium, the cells are incubated with the test fusion protein of the invention proteins for 3 days. Alamar Blue (Alamar Biosciences, Sacramento, CA) is added to each well to a final concenfration of 10%. The cells are incubated for 4 hr. Cell viability is measured by reading in a CytoFluor fluorescence reader. For the PGE<sub>2</sub> assays, the human lung fibroblasts are cultured at 5,000 cells/well in a 96-well plate for one day. After a medium change to 0.1% BSA basal medium, the cells are incubated with FGF-2 or fusion protein of the invention with or without D -lα for 24 hours. The supematants are collected and assayed for PGE2 by EIA kit (Cayman, Ann Arbor, MI). For the IL-6 assays, the human lung fibroblasts are cultured at 5,000 cells/well in a 96-well plate for one day. After a medium change to 0.1% BSA basal medium, the cells are incubated with FGF-2 or with or without an albumin fusion protein of the invention and/or IL-lα for 24 hours. The supematants are collected and assayed for IL-6 by ELISA kit (Endogen, Cambridge, MA).
2897[1405] Human lung fibroblasts are cultured with FGF-2 or an albumin fusion protein of the invention for 3 days in basal medium before the addition of Alamar Blue to assess effects on growth of the fibroblasts. FGF-2 should show a stimulation at 10 - 2500 ng/ml which can be used to compare stimulation with the fusion protein of the invention.
2898Cell proliferation based on [3H1thymidine incoφoration
2899[1406] The following [3H]Thymidine incoφoration assay can be used to measure the effect of a Therapeutic proteins, e.g., growth factor proteins, on the proliferation of cells such as fibroblast cells, epithelial cells or immature muscle cells.
2900[1407] Sub-confluent cultures are arrested in Gl phase by an 18 h incubation in serum-free medium. Therapeutic proteins are then added for 24 h and during the last 4 h, the cultures are labeled with [3H]thymidine, at a final concentration of 0.33 μM (25 Ci/mmol, Amersham, Arlington Heights, IL). The incoφorated [3H]thymidine is precipitated with ice- cold 10% trichloroacetic acid for 24 h. Subsequently, the cells are rinsed sequentially with ice-cold 10% trichloroacetic acid and then with ice-cold water. Following lysis in 0.5 M NaOH, the lysates and PBS rinses (500 ml) are pooled, and the amount of radioactivity is measured. . _<sub>^</sub>
2901Parkinson Models.
2902[1408] The loss of motor function in Parkinson's disease is attributed to a deficiency of striatal dopamine resulting from the degeneration of the nigiostriatal dopaminergic projection neurons. An animal model for Parkinson's that has been extensively characterized involves the systemic administration of l-methyl-4 phenyl 1,2,3,6-tefrahydropyridine (MPTP). In the CNS, MPTP is taken-up by asfrocytes and catabolized by monoamine oxidase B to l-methyl-4-phenyl pyridine (MPP*) and released. Subsequently, MPP is actively accumulated in dopaminergic neurons by the high-affinity reuptake transporter for dopamine. MPP<sup>+</sup> is then concentrated in mitochondria by the electrochemical gradient and selectively inhibits nicotidamide adenine disphosphate: ubiquinone oxidoreductionase (complex I), thereby interfering with electron transport and eventually generating oxygen radicals.
2903[1409] It has been demonstrated in tissue culture paradigms that FGF-2 (basic FGF) has trophic activity towards nigral dopaminergic neurons (Feπari et al., Dev. Biol. 1989). Recently, Dr. Unsicker's group has demonstrated that administering FGF-2 in gel foam implants in the striatum results in the near complete protection of nigral dopaminergic neurons from the toxicity associated with MPTP exposure (Otto and Unsicker, J. Neuroscience, 1990).
2904[1410] Based on the data with FGF-2, an albumin fusion protein of the invention can be evaluated to determine whether it has an action similar to that of FGF-2 in enhancing dopaminergic neuronal survival in vitro and it can also be tested in vivo for protection of dopaminergic neurons in the striatum from the damage associated with MPTP treatment. The potential effect of an albumin fusion protein of the invention is first examined in vitro in a dopaminergic neuronal cell culture paradigm. The cultures are prepared by dissecting the midbrain floor plate from gestation day 14 Wistar rat embryos. The tissue is dissociated with trypsin and seeded at a density of 200,000 cells/cm<sup>2</sup> on polyorthinine-laminin coated glass coverslips. The cells are maintained in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's medium and F12 medium containing hormonal supplements (NI). The cultures are fixed with paraformaldehyde after 8 days in vitro and are processed for tyrosine hydroxylase, a specific marker for dopaminergic neurons, immunohistochemical staining. Dissociated cell cultures are prepared from embryonic rats. The culture medium is changed every third day and the factors are also added at that time.
2905[1411] Since the dopaminergic neurons are isolated from animals at gestation day 14, a developmental time which is past the stage when the dopaminergic precursor cells are proliferating, an increase in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase immunopositive neurons would represent an increase in the number of dopaminergic neurons surviving in vitro. Therefore, if a therapeutic protein of the invention acts to prolong the survival of dopaminergic neurons, it would suggest that the fusion protein may be involved in Parkinson's Disease.
2906Example 70: The Effect of Albumin Fusion Proteins of the Invention on the Growth of
2907Vascular Endothelial Cells.
2908[1412] On day 1, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) are seeded at 2- 5xl0<sup>4</sup> cells/35 mm dish density in Ml 99 medium containing 4% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 16 units/ml heparin, and 50 units/ml endothelial cell growth supplements (ECGS, Biotechnique, Inc.). On day 2, the medium is replaced with M199 containing 10% FBS, 8 units/ml heparin. An albumin fusion protein of the invention, and positive controls, such as VEGF and basic FGF (bFGF) are added, at varying concentrations. On days 4 and 6, the medium is replaced. On day 8, cell number is determined with a Coulter Counter. [1413] An increase in the number of HUVEC cells indicates that the fusion protein may proliferate vascular endothelial cells, while a decrease in the number of HUVEC cells indicates that the fusion protein inhibits vascular endothelial cells.
2909Example 71: Rat Corneal Wound Healing Model.
2910[1414] This animal model shows the effect of an albumin fusion protein of the invention on neovascularization. The experimental protocol includes:
2911Making a 1-1.5 mm long incision from the center of comea into the stromal layer.
2912Inserting a spatula below the lip of the incision facing the outer comer of the eye.
2913Making a pocket (its base is 1-1.5 mm form the edge of the eye).
2914Positioning a pellet, containing 50ng- 5ug of an albumin fusion protein of the invention, within the pocket.
2915[1415] Treatment with an an albumin fiision protein of the invention qan also be applied topically to the comeal wounds in a dosage range of 20mg - 500mg (daily treatment for five days).
2916Example 72: Diabetic Mouse and Glucocorticoid-Impaired Wound Healing Models.
2917Diabetic db+/db+ Mouse Model.
2918[1416] To demonstrate that an albumin, fusion protein of the invention accelerates the healing process, the genetically diabetic mouse model of wound healing is used. The full thickness wound healing model in the db+/db+ mouse is a well characterized, clinically relevant and reproducible model of impaired wound healing. Healing of the diabetic wound is dependent on formation of granulation tissue and re-epithelialization rather than contraction (Gartner, M.H. et al, J. Surg. Res. 52:389 (1992); Greenhalgh, D.G. et al, Am. J.
2919Pathol 136:1235 (1990)).
2920[1417] The diabetic ammals have many of the characteristic features observed in Type
2921D diabetes mellitus. Homozygous (db+/db+) mice are obese in comparison to their normal heterozygous (db+/+m) littermates. Mutant diabetic (db+/db+) mice have a single autosomal recessive mutation on chromosome 4 (db+) (Coleman et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:283-293 (1982)). Animals show polyphagia, polydipsia and polyuria. Mutant diabetic mice (db+/db+) have elevated blood glucose, increased or normal insulin levels, and suppressed cell-mediated immunity (Mandel et al, J. Immunol. 120:1375 (1978); Debray- Sachs, M. et al, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 51(l):l-7 (1983); Leiter et al, Am. J. ofPathol 114:46- 55 (1985)). Peripheral neuropathy, myocardial complications, and microvascular lesions, basement membrane thickening and glomeralar filtration abnormalities have been described in these animals (Norido, F. et al, Exp. Neurol 83(2):221-232 (1984); Robertson et al, Diabetes 29(l):60-67 (1980); Giacomelli et al, Lab Invest. 40(4):460-473 (1979); Coleman, D.L., Diabetes 31 (Suppl):l-6 (1982)). These homozygous diabetic mice develop hyperglycemia that is resistant to insulin analogous to human type D diabetes (Mandel et al, J. Immunol. 120:1375-1377 (1978)).
2922[1418] The characteristics observed in these animals suggests that healing in this model may be similar to the healing observed in human diabetes (Greenhalgh, et al, Am. J. of Pathol 136:1235-1246 (1990)).
2923[1419] Genetically diabetic female C57BL/KsJ (db+/db+) mice and their non-diabetic
2924(db+/+m) heterozygous littermates are used in this study (Jackson Laboratories). The animals are purchased at 6 weeks of age and are 8 weeks old at the beginning of the study. Animals are individually housed and received food and water ad libitum. All manipulations are performed using aseptic techniques. The experiments are conducted according to the rales and guidelines of Human Genome Sciences, Inc. Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and the Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. [1420] Wounding protocol is performed according to previously reported methods
2925(Tsuboi, R. and Rifkin, D.B., J. Exp. Med. 172:245-251 (1990)). Briefly, on the day of wounding, animals are anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of Avertin (0.01 mg mL), 2,2,2-tribromoethanol and 2-methyl-2-butanol dissolved in deionized water. The dorsal region of the animal is shaved and the skin washed with 70% ethanol solution and iodine. The surgical area is dried with sterile gauze prior to wounding. An 8 mm full- thickness wound is then created using a Keyes tissue punch. Immediately following wounding, the suπounding skin is gently sfretched to eliminate wound expansion. The wounds are left open for the duration of the experiment. Application of the treatment is given topically for 5 consecutive days commencing on the day of wounding. Prior to treatment, wounds are gently cleansed with sterile saline and gauze sponges.
2926[1421] Wounds are visually examined and photographed at a fixed distance at the day of surgery and at two day intervals thereafter. Wound closure is determined by daily measurement on days 1-5 and on day 8. Wounds are measured horizontally and vertically using a calibrated Jameson caliper. Wounds are considered healed if granulation tissue is no longer visible and the wound is covered by a continuous epithelium.
2927[1422] An albumin fusion protein of the invention is administered using at a range different doses, from 4mg to 500mg per wound per day for 8 days in vehicle. Vehicle control groups received 50mL of vehicle solution.
2928[1423] Animals are euthanized on day 8 with an intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital (300mg/kg). The wounds and suπounding skin are then harvested for histology and immunohistochemistry. Tissue specimens are placed in 10% neutral buffered formalin in tissue cassettes between biopsy sponges for further processing.
2929[1424] Three groups of 10 animals each (5 diabetic and 5 non-diabetic controls) are evaluated: 1) Vehicle placebo control, 2) untreated group, and 3) treated group.
2930[1425] Wound closure is analyzed by measuring the area in the vertical and horizontal axis and obtaining the total square area of the wound. Contraction is then estimated by establishing the differences between the initial wound area (day 0) and that of post treatment
2931(day 8). The wound area on day 1 is 64mm<sup>2</sup>, the coπesponding size of the dermal punch.
2932Calculations are made using the following formula:
2933a. [Open area on day 8] - [Open area on day 1] / [Open area on day 1]
2934[1426] Specimens are fixed in 10% buffered formalin and paraffin embedded blocks are sectioned peφendicular to the wound surface (5mm) and cut using a Reichert-Jung microtome. Routine hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining is performed on cross-sections of bisected wounds. Histologic examination of the wounds are used to assess whether the healing process and the moφhologic appearance of the repaired skin is altered by treatment with an albumin fusion protein of the invention. This assessment included verification of the presence of cell accumulation, inflammatory cells, capillaries, fibroblasts, re-epithelialization and epidermal maturity (Greenhalgh, D.G. et al, Am. J. Pathol 136:1235 (1990)). A calibrated lens micrometer is used by a blinded observer.
2935[1427] Tissue sections are also stained immunohistochemically with a polyclonal rabbit anti-human keratin antibody using ABC Elite detection system. Human skin is used as a positive tissue control while non-immune IgG is used as a negative control. Keratinocyte growth is determined by evaluating the extent of reepithelialization of the wound using a calibrated lens micrometer.
2936[1428] Proliferating cell nuclear antigen/cyclin (PCNA) in skin specimens is demonstrated by using anti-PCNA antibody (1:50) with an ABC Elite detection system. Human colon cancer served as a positive tissue control and human brain tissue is used as a negative tissue control. Each specimen included a section with omission of the primary antibody and substitution with non-immune mouse IgG. Ranking of these sections is based on the extent of proliferation on a scale of 0-8, the lower side of the scale reflecting slight proliferation to the higher side reflecting intense proliferation.
2937[1429] Experimental data are analyzed using an unpaired t test. A p value of < 0.05 is considered significant.
2938Steroid Impaired Rat Model
2939[1430] The inhibition of wound healing by steroids has been well documented in various in vitro and in vivo systems (Wahl, Glucocorticoids and Wound healing. In: Anti- Inflammatory Steroid Action: Basic and Clinical Aspects. 280-302 (1989); Wahlet al, J. Immunol 115: 476-481 (1975); Werb et al, J. Exp. Med. 747:1684-1694 (1978)). Glucocorticoids retard wound healing by inhibiting angiogenesis, decreasing vascular permeability (Ebert et al, An. Intern. Med. 37:701-705 (1952)), fibroblast proliferation, and collagen synthesis (Beck et al, Growth Factors. 5: 295-304 (1991); Haynes et al, J. Clin. Invest. 61: 703-797 (1978)) and producing a transient reduction of circulating monocytes (Haynes et al., J. Clin. Invest. 61: 703-797 (1978); Wahl, "Glucocorticoids and wound healing", In: Antiinflammatory Steroid Action: Basic and Clinical Aspects, Academic Press, New York, pp. 280-302 (1989)). The systemic administration of steroids to impaired wound healing is a well establish phenomenon in rats (Beck et al, Growth Factors. 5: 295-304 (1991); Haynes et al, J. Clin. Invest. 61: 703-797 (1978); Wahl, "Glucocorticoids and wound heahng", In: Antiinflammatory Steroid Action: Basic and Clinical Aspects, Academic Press, New York, pp. 280-302 (1989); Pierce et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 2229- 2233 (1989)). [1431] To demonstrate that an albumin fusion protein of the invention can accelerate the heahng process, the effects of multiple topical applications of the fusion protein on full thickness excisional skin wounds in rats in which healing has been impaired by the systemic administration of methylprednisolone is assessed.
2940[1432] Young adult male Sprague Dawley rats weighing 250-300 g (Charles River
2941Laboratories) are used in this example. The animals are purchased at 8 weeks of age and are
29429 weeks old at the beginning of the study. The healing response of rats is impaired by the systemic administration of methylprednisolone (17mg/kg/rat intramuscularly) at the time of wounding. Animals are individually housed and received food and water ad libitum. All manipulations are performed using aseptic techniques. This study is conducted according to the rales and guidelines of Human Genome Sciences, Inc. Institutional Animal Care and Use
2943Committee and the Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.
2944[1433] The wounding protocol is followed according to that described above. On the day of wounding, animals are anesthetized with an intramuscular injection of ketamine (50 mg kg) and xylazine (5 mg/kg). The dorsal region of the animal is shaved and the skin washed with 70% ethanol and iodine solutions. The surgical area is dried with sterile gauze prior to wounding. An 8 mm full-thickness wound is created using a Keyes tissue punch.
2945The wounds are left open for the duration of the experiment. Applications of the testing materials are given topically once a day for 7 consecutive days commencing on the day of wounding and subsequent to methylprednisolone aclministration. Prior to treatment, wounds are gently cleansed with sterile saline and gauze sponges.
2946[1434] Wounds are visually examined and photographed at a fixed distance at the day of wounding and at the end of treatment. Wound closure is determined by daily measurement on days 1-5 and on day 8. Wounds are measured horizontally and vertically using a calibrated
2947Jameson caliper. Wounds are considered healed if granulation tissue is no longer visible and the wound is covered by a continuous epithelium.
2948[1435] The fusion protein of the invention is administered using at a range different doses, from 4mg to 500mg per wound per day for 8 days in vehicle. Vehicle control groups received 50mL of vehicle solution.
2949[1436] Ammals are euthanized on day 8 with an intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital (300mg/kg). The wounds and suπounding skin are then harvested for histology. Tissue specimens are placed in 10% neutral buffered formalin in tissue cassettes between biopsy sponges for further processing.
2950[1437] Three groups of 10 animals each (5 with methylprednisolone and 5 without glucocorticoid) are evaluated: 1) Untreated group 2) Vehicle placebo control 3) treated groups.
2951[1438] Wound closure is analyzed by measuring the area in the vertical and horizontal axis and obtaining the total area of the wound. Closure is then estimated by establishing the differences between the initial wound area (day 0) and that of post treatment (day 8). The wound area on day 1 is 64mm<sup>2</sup>, the coπesponding size of the dermal punch. Calculations are made using the following formula:
2952a. [Open area on day 8] - [Open area on day 1] / [Open area on day 1]
2953[1439] Specimens are fixed in 10% buffered formalin and paraffin embedded blocks are sectioned peφendicular to the wound surface (5mm) and cut using an Olympus microtome. Routine hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining is performed on cross-sections of bisected wounds. Histologic examination of the wounds allows assessment of whether the healing process and the moφhologic appearance of the repaired skin is improved by treatment with an albumin fusion protein of the invention. A calibrated lens micrometer is used by a blinded observer to determine the distance of the wound gap. [1440] Experimental data are analyzed using an unpaired t test. A p value of < 0.05 is considered significant.
2954Example 73: Lvmphedema Animal Model.
2955[1441] The puφose of this experimental approach is to create an appropriate and consistent lymphedema model for testing the therapeutic effects of an albumin fusion protein of the invention in lymphangiogenesis and re-establishment of the lymphatic circulatory system in the rat hind limb. Effectiveness is measured by swelling volume of the affected limb, quantification of the amount of lymphatic vasculature, total blood plasma protein, and histopathology. Acute lymphedema is observed for 7-10 days. Perhaps more importantly, the chronic progress of the edema is followed for up to 3-4 weeks.
2956[1442] Prior to beginning surgery, blood sample is drawn for protein concenfration analysis. Male rats weighing approximately ~350g are dosed with Pentobarbital.
2957Subsequently, the right legs are shaved from knee to hip. The shaved area is swabbed with gauze soaked in 70% EtOH. Blood is drawn for serum total protein testing. Circumference and volumetric measurements are made prior to injecting dye into paws after marking 2 measurement levels (0.5 cm above heel, at mid-pt of dorsal paw). The infradermal dorsum of both right and left paws are injected with 0.05 ml of 1% Evan's Blue. Circumference and volumetric measurements are then made following injection of dye into paws.
2958[1443] Using the knee joint as a landmark, a mid-leg inguinal incision is made circumferentially allowing the femoral vessels to be located. Forceps and hemostats are used to dissect and separate the skin flaps. After locating the femoral vessels, the lymphatic vessel that runs along side and underneath the vessel(s) is located. The main lymphatic vessels in this area are then electrically coagulated or suture ligated.
2959[1444] Using a microscope, muscles in back of the leg (near the semitendinosis and adductors) are bluntly dissected. The popliteal lymph node is then located. The 2 proximal and 2 distal lymphatic vessels and distal blood supply of the popliteal node are then ligated by suturing. The popliteal lymph node, and any accompanying adipose tissue, is then removed by cutting connective tissues.
2960[1445] Care is taken to control any mild bleeding resulting from this procedure. After lymphatics are occluded, the skin flaps are sealed by using liquid skin (Vetbond) (AJ Buck).
2961The separated skin edges are sealed to the underlying muscle tissue while leaving a gap of
2962~0.5 cm around the leg. Skin also may be anchored by suturing to underlying muscle when necessary.
2963[1446] To avoid infection, animals are housed individually with mesh (no bedding).
2964Recovering animals are checked daily through the optimal edematous peak, which typically occurred by day.5-7. The plateau edematous peak are then observed. To evaluate the intensity of the lymphedema, the circumference and volumes of 2 ^designated places on each paw before operation and daily for 7 days are measured. The effect of plasma proteins on lymphedema is determined and whether protein analysis is a useful testing perimeter is also investigated. The weights of both control and edematous limbs are evaluated at 2 places.
2965Analysis is performed in a blind manner.
2966[1447] Circumference Measurements: Under brief gas anesthetic to prevent limb movement, a cloth tape is used to measure limb circumference. Measurements are done at the ankle bone and dorsal paw by 2 different people and those 2 readings are averaged.
2967Readings are taken from both control and edematous limbs.
2968[1448] Volumetric Measurements: On the day of surgery, animals are anesthetized with Pentobarbital and are tested prior to surgery. For daily volumetrics animals are under brief halothane anesthetic (rapid immobilization and quick recovery), and both legs are shaved and equally marked using wateφroof marker on legs. Legs are first dipped in water, then dipped into instrument to each marked level then measured by Buxco edema software(Chen/Victor). Data is recorded by one person, while the other is dipping the limb to marked area.
2969[1449] Blood-plasma protein measurements: Blood is drawn, spun, and serum separated prior to surgery and then at conclusion for total protein and Ca2<sup>+</sup> comparison. [1450] Limb Weight Comparison: After drawing blood, the animal is prepared for tissue collection. The limbs are amputated using a quillitine, then both experimental and control legs are cut at the ligature and weighed. A second weighing is done as the tibio- cacaneal joint is disarticulated and the foot is weighed.
2970[1451] Histological Preparations: The transverse muscle located behind the knee
2971(popliteal) area is dissected and aπanged in a metal mold, filled with freezeGel, dipped into cold methylbutane, placed into labeled sample bags at - 80EC until sectioning. Upon sectioning, the muscle is observed under fluorescent microscopy for lymphatics..
2972Example 74: Suppression of TNF alpha-Induced Adhesion Molecule Expression by an
2973Albumin Fusion Protein of the Invention.
2974[1452] The recruitment of lymphocytes to areas of inflammation and angiogenesis involves specific receptor-ligand interactions between cell surface adhesion molecules
2975(CAMs) on lymphocytes and the vascular endothelium. The adhesion process, in both normal and pathological settings, follows a multi-step cascade that involves intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (E-selectin) expression on endothelial cells (EC).
2976The expression of these molecules and others on the vascular endothelium determines the efficiency with which leukocytes may adhere to the local vasculature and extravasate into the local tissue during the development of an inflammatory response. The local concentration of cytokines and growth factor participate in the modulation of the expression of these CAMs.
2977[1453] Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), a potent proinflammatory cytokine, is a stimulator of all three CAMs on endothelial cells and may be involved in a wide variety of inflammatory responses, often resulting in a pathological outcome.
2978[1454] The potential of an albumin fusion protein of the invention to mediate a suppression of TNF-a induced CAM expression can be examined. A modified ELISA assay which uses ECs as a solid phase absorbent is employed to measure the amount of CAM expression on TNF-a treated ECs when co-stimulated with a member of the FGF family of proteins.
2979[1455] To perform the experiment, human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) cultures are obtained from pooled cord harvests and maintained in growth medium (EGM-2; Clonetics, San Diego, CA) supplemented with 10% FCS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin in a 37 degree C humidified incubator containing 5% CO2- HUVECs are seeded in 96-well plates at concentrations of 1 x 10^ cells/well in EGM medium at 37 degree C for 18-24 hrs or until confluent. The monolayers are subsequently washed 3 times with a serum-free solution of RPMI- 1640 supplemented with 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 mg/ml streptomycin, and treated with a given cytokine and or growth factor(s) for 24 h at 37 degree C. Following incubation, the cells are then evaluated for CAM expression.
2980[1456] Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial cells (HUVECs) are grown in a standard
298196 well plate to confluence. Growth medium is removed from the cells and replaced with 90 ul of 199 Medium (10% FBS). Samples for testing and positive or negative controls are added to the plate in triplicate (in 10 ul volumes). Plates are incubated at 37 degree C for either 5 h (selectin and integrin expression) or 24 h (integrin expression only). Plates are aspirated to remove medium and 100 μl of 0.1% paraformaldehyde-PBS(with Ca<sup>4"4"</sup> and Mg <sup>"</sup>*) is added to each well. Plates are held at 4°C for 30 min.
2982[1457] Fixative is then removed from the wells and wells are washed IX with
2983PBS(+Ca,Mg)+0.5% BSA and drained. Do not allow the wells to dry. Add 10 μl of diluted primary antibody to the test and control wells. Anti-ICAM-1-Biotin, Anti-VCAM-1-Biotin and Anti-E-selectin-Biotin are used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml (1:10 dilution of 0.1 mg/ml stock antibody). Cells are incubated at 37°C for 30 min. in a humidified environment.
2984Wells are washed X3 with PBS(+Ca,Mg)+0.5% BSA.
2985[1458] Then add 20 μl of diluted ExtrAvidin- Alkaline Phosphotase (1 :5,000 dilution) to each well and incubated at 37°C for 30 min. Wells are washed X3 with PBS(+Ca,Mg)+0.5% BSA. 1 tablet of p-Nitrophenol Phosphate pNPP is dissolved in 5 ml of glycine buffer (pH 10.4). 100 μl of pNPP substrate in glycine buffer is added to each test well. Standard wells in triplicate are prepared from the working dilution of the ExtrAvidin- Alkaline Phosphotase in glycine buffer: 1:5,000 (10°) > 10<sup>"05</sup> > 10<sup>_1</sup> > 10<sup>"1 5</sup>. 5 μl of each dilution is added to triplicate wells and the resulting AP content in each well is 5.50 ng, 1.74 ng, 0.55 ng, 0.18 ng. 100 μl of pNNP reagent must then be added to each of the standard wells. The plate must be incubated at 37°C for 4h. A volume of 50 μl of 3M NaOH is added to all wells. The results are quantified on a plate reader at 405 nm. The background subtraction option is used on blank wells filled with glycine buffer only. The template is set up to indicate the concentration of AP-conjugate in each standard well [ 5.50 ng; 1.74 ng; 0.55 ng; 0.18 ng]. Results are indicated as amount of bound AP-conjugate in each sample.
2986Example 75: Construction of GAS Reporter Construct.
2987[1459] One signal transduction pathway involved in the differentiation and proliferation of cells is called the Jaks-STATs pathway. Activated proteins in the Jaks-
2988STATs pathway bind to gamma activation site "GAS" elements or interferon-sensitive responsive element ("ISRE"), located in the promoter of many genes. The binding of a protein to these elements alter the expression of the associated gene.
2989[1460] GAS and ISRE elements are recognized by a class of transcription factors called Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription, or "STATs." There are six members of the STATs family. Statl and Stat3 are present in many cell types, as is Stat2 (as response to IFN-alpha is widespread). Stat4 is more restricted and is not in many cell types though it has been found in T helper class I, cells after treatment with IL-12. Stat5 was originally called mammary growth factor, but has been found at higher concentrations in other cells including myeloid cells. It can be activated in tissue culture cells by many cytokines.
2990[1461] The STATs are activated to translocate from the cytoplasm to the nucleus upon tyrosine phosphorylation by a set of kinases known as the Janus Kinase ("Jaks") family.
2991Jaks represent a distinct family of soluble tyrosine kinases and include Tyk2, Jakl, Jak2, and
2992Jak3. These kinases display significant sequence similarity and are generally catalytically inactive in resting cells.
2993[1462] The Jaks are activated by a wide range of receptors summarized in the Table below. (Adapted from review by Schidler and Darnell, Ann. Rev. Biochem. 64:621-51
2994(1995)). A cytokine receptor family, capable of activating Jaks, is divided into two groups: (a)
2995Class 1 includes receptors for EL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, EL-7, IL-9, D.-11, IL-12,. D.-15, Epo,
2996PRL, GH, G-CSF, GM-CSF, LIF, CNTF, and thrombopoietin; and (b) Class 2 includes IFN- a, IFN-g, and IL-10. The Class 1 receptors share a conserved cysteine motif (a set of four conserved cysteines and one tryptophan) and a WSXWS motif (a membrane proximal region encoding Tφ-Ser-Xaa-Tφ-Ser (SEQ DD NO: 1113)).
2997[1463] Thus, on binding of a ligand to a receptor, Jaks are activated, which in turn activate STATs, which then translocate and bind to GAS elements. This entire process is encompassed in the Jaks-STATs signal transduction pathway. Therefore, activation of the Jaks-STATs pathway, reflected by the binding of the GAS or the ISRE element, can be used to indicate proteins involved in the proliferation and differentiation of cells. For example, growth factors and cytokines are known to activate the Jaks-STATs pathway (See Table 5, below). Thus, by using GAS elements linked to reporter molecules, activators of the Jaks- STATs pathway can be identified.
2998Table 5
2999JAKs STATS GAS(elements or ISRE
3000Ligand tγk2 Jakl Jak2 Jak3
3001IFN family
3002EFN-a/B + + - - 1,2,3 ISRE
3003EFN-g + + - 1 GAS (KFl>Lys6>D<sup>7</sup>P)
300411-10 + ? ? - 1,3 gpl30 family
3005IL-6 (Pleiotropic) + + + ? 1,3 GAS(IRFl>Lys6>α<sup>?</sup>P)
3006D-ll(Pleiotropic) ? + ? ? 1,3
3007OnM(Pleiotropic) ? + + ? 1,3
3008LIF(Pleiotropic) ? + + ? 1,3
3009CNTF(Pleiofropic) -/+ + + ? 1,3
3010G-CSF(Pleiotropic) ? + ? ? 1,3
3011EL-12(Pleiofroρic) + - + + 1,3 g-C family
3012IL-2 (lymphocytes) - + - + 1,3,5 GAS
3013IL-4 (lymph/myeloid) - + - + 6GAS(DlFl=ffP»Ly6)(IgH)
3014IL-7 (lymphocytes) - + - + 5 GAS
3015EL-9 (lymphocytes) - + - + 5 GAS
3016EL- 13 (lymphocyte) - + ? ? 6 GAS
3017D.-15 ? + ? + 5 GAS pl40 family
3018EL-3 (myeloid) - - + - 5 GAS(KFl>D<sup>?</sup>P»Ly6)
3019IL-5 (myeloid) - - + - 5 GAS
3020GM-CSF (myeloid) - - + - 5 GAS
3021Growth hormone family
3022GH ? - + - 5
3023PRL ? +/- + - 1,3,5
3024EPO ? + 5 GAS
3025<sup>"</sup> (B-CAS>IRFl=DΨ»Ly6)
3026Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
3027EGF ? + + - 1,3 GAS (ERF1)
3028PDGF ? + + - 1,3
3029CSF-1 ? + + - 1,3 GAS(not ERFl) [1464] To construct a synthetic GAS containing promoter element, which is used in the Biological Assays described in Examples 78-80, a PCR based strategy is employed to generate a GAS-SV40 promoter sequence. The 5' primer contains four tandem copies of the
3030GAS binding site found in the E F1 promoter and previously demonstrated to bind STATs upon induction with a range of cytokines (Rothman et al., Immunity 1:457-468 (1994).), although other GAS or ISRE elements can be used instead. The 5' primer also contains 18bp of sequence complementary to the SV40 early promoter sequence and is flanked with an Xhol site. The sequence of the 5' primer is:
5':GCGCCTCGAGATTTCCCCGAAATCTAGATTTCCCCGAAATGATTTCCCCGAAA
TGATTTCCCCGAAATATCTGCCATCTCAATTAG:3' (SEQ EDNO: 1114)
3033[1465] The downstream primer is complementary to the SV40 promoter and is flanked with a Hind DI site: 5':GCGGCAAGCTTTTTGCAAAGCCTAGGC:3' (SEQ DD
NO: 1115)
3035[1466] PCR amplification is performed using the SV40 promoter template present in the B-gal:promoter plasmid obtained from Clontech. The resulting PCR fragment is digested with Xhol Hind ID and subcloned into BLSK2-. (Stratagene.) Sequencing with forward and reverse primers confirms that the insert contains the following sequence:
5':CTCGAGATTTCCCCGAAATCTAGATTTCCCCGAAATGATTTCCCCGAAATGATT
TCCCCGAAATATCTGCCATCTCAATTAGTCAGCAACCATAGTCCCGCCCCTAACT
CCGCCCATCCCGCCCCTAACTCCGCCCAGTTCCGCCCATTCTCCGCCCCATGGCT
GACTAATTTTTTTTATTTATGCAGAGGCCGAGGCCGCCTCGGCCTCTGAGCTATTC
CAGAAGTAGTGAGGAGGCTTTTTTGGAGGCCTAGGCTTTTGCAAAAAGCTT:3'
(SEQ DD NO:1116)
3042[1467] With this GAS promoter element linked to the SV40 promoter, a GAS:SEAP2 reporter constract is next engineered. Here, the reporter molecule is a secreted alkaline phosphatase, or "SEAP." Clearly, however, any reporter molecule can be instead of SEAP, in this or in any of the other Examples. Well known reporter molecules that can be used instead of SEAP include chloramphenicol acetylfransferase (CAT), luciferase, alkaline phosphatase,
3043B-galactosidase, green fluorescent protein (GFP), or any protein detectable by an antibody.
3044[1468] The above sequence confirmed synthetic GAS-SV40 promoter element is subcloned into the pSEAP-Promoter vector obtained from Clontech using HindDT and Xhol, effectively replacing the SV40 promoter with the amplified GAS:SV40 promoter element, to create the GAS-SEAP vector. However, this vector does not contain a neomycin resistance gene, and therefore, is not prefeπed for mammalian expression systems. [1469] Thus, in order to generate mammalian stable cell lines expressing the GAS-
3045SEAP reporter, the GAS-SEAP cassette is removed from the GAS-SEAP vector using Sail and Notl, and inserted into a backbone vector containing the neomycin resistance gene, such as pGFP-1 (Clontech), using these restriction sites in the multiple cloning site, to create the GAS-SEAP/Neo vector. Once this vector is transfected into mammalian cells, this vector can then be used as a reporter molecule for GAS binding as described in Examples 78-80. [1470] Other constructs can be made using the above description and replacing GAS with a different promoter sequence. For example, construction of reporter molecules containing EGR and NF-KB promoter sequences are described in Examples 78-82. However, many other promoters can be substituted using the protocols described in these Examples. For instance, SRE, IL-2, NFAT, or Osteocalcin promoters can be substituted, alone or in combination (e.g., GAS/NF-KB/EGR, GAS/NF-KB, D-2/NFAT, or NF-KB/GAS). Similarly, other cell lines can be used to test reporter constract activity, such as HELA (epithelial), HUVEC (endothelial), Reh (B-cell), Saos-2 (osteoblast), HUVAC (aortic), or Cardiomyocyte.
3046Example 76: Assay for SEAP Activity.
3047[1471] As a reporter molecule for the assays described in examples disclosed herein,
3048SEAP activity is assayed using the Tropix Phospho-light Kit (Cat. BP-400) according to the following general procedure. The Tropix Phospho-light Kit supplies the Dilution, Assay, and
3049Reaction Buffers used below.
3050[1472] Prime a dispenser with the 2.5x Dilution Buffer and dispense 15 ul of 2.5x dilution buffer into Optiplates containing 35 ul of a solution containing an albumin fusion protein of the invention. Seal the plates with a plastic sealer and incubate at 65 degree C for
305130 min. Separate the Optiplates to avoid uneven heating.
3052[1473] Cool the samples to room temperature for 15 minutes. Empty the dispenser and prime with the Assay Buffer. Add 50 ml Assay Buffer and incubate at room temperature
30535 min. Empty the dispenser and prime with the Reaction Buffer (see the Table below). Add
305450 ul Reaction Buffer and incubate at room temperature for 20 minutes. Since the intensity of the chemiluminescent signal is time dependent, and it takes about 10 minutes to read 5 plates on a luminometer, thus one should treat 5 plates at each time and start the second set
305510 minutes later. [1474] Read the relative light unit in the luminometer. Set HI 2 as blank, and print the results. An increase in chemiluminescence indicates reporter activity.
3056Table 6
3057<img file="EP1463751A2_D0112.tif" />
3058Example 77: Assay Identifying Neuronal Activity.
3059[1475] When cells undergo differentiation and proliferation, a group of genes are activated through many different signal transduction pathways. One of these genes, EGRl (early growth response gene 1), is induced in various tissues and cell types upon activation. The promoter of EGRl is responsible for such induction. Using the EGRl promoter linked to reporter molecules, the ability of fusion proteins of the invention to activate cells can be assessed.
3060[1476] Particularly, the following protocol is used to assess neuronal activity in PC12 cell lines. PC 12 cells (rat phenochromocytoma cells) are known to proliferate and/or differentiate by activation with a number of mitogens, such as TPA (tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate), NGF (nerve growth factor), and EGF (epidermal growth factor). The EGRl gene expression is activated during this treatment. Thus, by stably transfecting PC 12 cells with a constract containing an EGR promoter linked to SEAP reporter, activation of PC 12 cells by an albumin fusion protein of the present invention can be assessed.
3061[1477] The EGR/SEAP reporter constract can be assembled by the following protocol. The EGR-1 promoter sequence (-633 to +l)(Sakamoto K et al., Oncogene 6:867- 871 (1991)) can be PCR amplified from human genomic DNA using the following primers:
3062First primer: 5' GCGCTCGAGGGATGACAGCGATAGAACCCCGG-3' (SEQ DD NO: 1117)
3063Second primer: 5' GCGAAGCTTCGCGACTCCCCGGATCCGCCTC-3' (SEQ DD
NO: 1118)
3065[1478] Using the GAS:SEAP/Neo vector produced in Example 75, EGRl amplified product can then be inserted into this vector. Linearize the GAS:SEAP/Neo vector using restriction enzymes Xho ΗindTD, removing the GAS/SV40 stuffer. Restrict the EGRl amplified product with these same enzymes. Ligate the vector and the EGRl promoter.
3066[1479] To prepare 96 well-plates for cell culture, two mis of a coating solution (1 :30 dilution of collagen type I (Upstate Biotech Inc. Cat#08-115) in 30% ethanol (filter sterilized)) is added per one 10 cm plate or 50 ml per well of the 96-well plate, and allowed to air dry for 2 hr.
3067[1480] PC12 cells are routinely grown in RPMI-1640 medium (Bio Whittaker) containing 10% horse serum (JRH BIOSCIENCES, Cat. # 12449-78P), 5% heat-inactivated fetal bovine seram (FBS) supplemented with 100 units/ml penicillin and 100 ug/ml streptomycin on a precoated 10 cm tissue culture dish. One to four split is done every three to four days. Cells are removed from the plates by scraping and resuspended with pipetting up and down for more than 15 times.
3068[1481] Transfect the EGR/SEAP/Neo construct into PC12 using techniques known in the art. EGR-SEAP/PC12 stable cells are obtained by growing the cells in 300 ug/ml G418. The G418-free medium is used for routine growth but every one to two months, the cells should be re-grown in 300 ug/ml G418 for couple of passages.
3069[1482] To assay for neuronal activity, a 10 cm plate with cells around 70 to 80% confluent is screened by removing the old medium. Wash the cells once with PBS
3070(Phosphate buffered saline). Then starve the cells in low serum medium (RPMI- 1640 containing 1% horse serum and 0.5% FBS with antibiotics) overnight.
3071[1483] The next morning, remove the medium and wash the cells with PBS. Scrape off the cells from the plate, suspend the cells well in 2 ml low serum medium. Count the cell number and add more low serum medium to reach final cell density as 5x10^ cells/ml. [1484] Add 200 ul of the cell suspension to each well of 96-well plate (equivalent to
30721x10$ cells/well). Add a series of different concentrations of an albumin fusion protein of the inventon, 37 degree C for 48 to 72 hr. As a positive control, a growth factor known to activate PC12 cells through EGR can be used, such as 50 ng/ul of Neuronal Growth Factor (NGF). Over fifty-fold induction of SEAP is typically seen in the positive control wells. SEAP assay may be routinely performed using techniques known in the art and/or as described in Example 76.
3073Example 78: Assay for T-cell Activity.
3074[1485] The following protocol is used to assess T-cell activity by identifying factors, and determining whether an albumin fusion protein of the invention proliferates and/or differentiates T-cells. T-cell activity is assessed using the GAS/SEAP/Neo constract produced in Example 75. Thus, factors that increase SEAP activity indicate the ability to activate the Jaks-STATS signal transduction pathway. The T-cell used in this assay is Jurkat T-cells (ATCC Accession No. TD3-152), although Molt-3 cells (ATCC Accession No. CRL- 1552) and Molt-4 cells (ATCC Accession No. CRL-1582) cells can also be used. [1486] Jurkat T-cells are lymphoblastic CD4+ Thl helper cells. In order to generate stable cell lines, approximately 2 million Jurkat cells are transfected with the GAS-SEAP/neo vector using DMREE-C (Life Technologies)(fransfection procedure described below). The transfected cells are seeded to a density of approximately 20,000 cells per well and transfectants resistant to 1 mg/ml genticin selected. Resistant colonies are expanded and then tested for their response to increasing concentrations of interferon gamma. The dose response of a selected clone is demonstrated. [1487] Specifically, the following protocol will yield sufficient cells for 75 wells containing 200 ul of cells. Thus, it is either scaled up, or performed in multiple to generate sufficient cells for multiple 96 well plates. Jurkat cells are maintained in RPMI + 10% seram with l%Pen-Strep. Combine 2.5 mis of OPTI-MEM (Life Technologies) with 10 ug of plasmid DNA in a T25 flask. Add 2.5 ml OPTI-MEM containing 50 ul of DMRD3-C and incubate at room temperature for 15-45 mins.
3075[1488] During the incubation period, count cell concentration, spin down the required number of cells (10<sup>7</sup> per transfection), and resuspend in OPTI-MEM to a final concentration of 10<sup>7</sup> cells/ml. Then add 1ml of 1 x 10<sup>7</sup> cells in OPTI-MEM to T25 flask and incubate at 37 degree C for 6 hrs. After the incubation, add 10 ml of RPMI + 15% serum.
3076[1489] The Jurkat:GAS-SEAP stable reporter lines are maintained in RPMI + 10% serum, 1 mg ml Genticin, and 1% Pen-Strep. These cells are treated with varying concentrations of one or more fusion proteins of the present invention.
3077[1490] On the day of treatment with the fusion protein, the cells should be washed and resuspended in fresh RPMI + 10% seram to a density of 500,000 cells per ml. The exact number of cells required will depend on the number of fusion proteins and the number of different concentrations of fusion proteins being screened. For one 96 well plate, approximately 10 million cells (for 10 plates, 100 million cells) are required.
3078[1491] The well dishes containing Jurkat cells treated with the fusion protein are placed in an incubator for 48 hrs (note: this time is variable between 48-72 hrs). 35 ul samples from each well are then fransfeπed to an opaque 96 well plate using a 12 channel pipette. The opaque plates should be covered (using sellophene covers) and stored at -20 degree C until SEAP assays are performed according to Example 76. The plates containing the remaining freated cells are placed at 4 degree C and serve as a source of material for repeating the assay on a specific well if desired.
3079[1492] As a positive control, 100 Unit/ml interferon gamma can be used which is known to activate Jurkat T cells. Over 30 fold induction is typically observed in the positive control wells.
3080[1493] The above protocol may be used in the generation of both transient, as well as, stable transfected cells, which would be apparent to those of skill in the art.
3081Example 79: Assay for T-cell Activity.
3082[1494] NF-KB (Nuclear Factor KB) is a transcription factor activated by a wide variety of agents including the inflammatory cytokines IL-1 and TNF, CD30 and CD40, lymphotoxin-alpha and lymphotoxin-beta, by exposure to LPS or thrombin, and by expression of certain viral gene products. As a transcription factor, NF-KB regulates the expression of genes involved in immune cell activation, control of apoptosis (NF- KB appears to shield cells from apoptosis), B and T-cell development, anti-viral and antimicrobial responses, and multiple stress responses.
3083[1495] In non-stimulated conditions, NF- KB is retained in the cytoplasm with I-KB
3084(Inhibitor KB). However, upon stimulation, I- KB is phosphorylated and degraded, causing
3085NF- KB to shuttle to the nucleus, thereby activating transcription of target genes. Target genes activated by NF- KB include IL-2, ΪL-6, GM-CSF, ICAM-1 and class 1 MHC.
3086[1496] Due to its central role and ability to respond to a range of stimuli, reporter constructs utilizing the NF-KB promoter element are used to screen the fusion protein.
3087Activators or inhibitors of NF-KB would be useful in treating, preventing, and/or diagnosing diseases. For example, inhibitors of NF-KB could be used to treat those diseases related to the acute or chronic activation of NF-KB, such as rheumatoid arthritis.
3088[1497] To construct a vector containing the NF-KB promoter element, a PCR based strategy is employed. The upstream primer contains four tandem copies of the NF-KB binding site (GGGGACTTTCCC) (SEQ DD NO: 1119), 18 bp of sequence complementary to the 5' end of the SV40 early promoter sequence, and is flanked with an Xhol site:
5':GCGGCCTCGAGGGGACTTTCCCGGGGACTTTCCGGGGACTTTCCGGGACTTTC
CATCCTGCCATCTCAATTAG:3' (SEQ ED NO: 1120)
3091[1498] The downstream primer is complementary to the 3' end of the SV40 promoter and is flanked with a Hind DI site:
5':GCGGCAAGCTTTTTGCAAAGCCTAGGC:3' (SEQ DD NO: 1115)
3093[1499] PCR amplification is performed using the SV40 promoter template present in the pB-gal:promoter plasmid obtained from Clontech. The resulting PCR fragment is digested with Xhol and Hind EE and subcloned into BLSK2-. (Stratagene) Sequencing with the T7 and T3 primers confirms the insert contains the following sequence:
3094S^CTCGAGGGGACTTTCCCGGGGACTTTCCGGGGACTTTCCGGGACTTTCCATCTG
CCATCTCAATTAGTCAGCAACCATAGTCCCGCCCCTAACTCCGCCCATCCCGCCC
CTAACTCCGCCCAGTTCCGCCCATTCTCCGCCCCATGGCTGACTAATTTTTTTTAT
TTATGCAGAGGCCGAGGCCGCCTCGGCCTCTGAGCTATTCCAGAAGTAGTGAGG
3098AGGCTTTTTTGGAGGCCTAGGCTTTTGCAAAAAGCTT:3' (SEQ NO: 1121) [1500] Next, replace the SV40 minimal promoter element present in the pSEAP2- promoter plasmid (Clontech) with this NF-KB/SV40 fragment using Xhol and HindlD. However, this vector does not contain a neomycin resistance gene, and therefore, is not prefeπed for mammalian expression systems.
3099[1501] In order to generate stable mammalian cell lines, the NF-KB/SV40/SEAP cassette is removed from the above NF-KB/SEAP vector using restriction enzymes Sail and Notl, and inserted into a vector containing neomycin resistance. Particularly, the NF- KB/SV40/SEAP cassette was inserted into pGFP-1 (Clontech), replacing the GFP gene, after restricting pGFP-1 with Sail and Notl.
3100[1502] Once NF-KB/SV40/SEAP/Neo vector is created, stable Jurkat T-cells are created and maintained according to the protocol described in Example 76. Similarly, the method for assaying fusion proteins with these stable Jurkat T-cells is also described in Example 76. As a positive control, exogenous TNF alpha (0.1,1, 10 ng) is added to wells H9, H10, and HI 1, with a 5-10 fold activation typically observed.
3101Example 80: Assay Identifying Myeloid Activity.
3102[1503] The following protocol is used to assess myeloid activity of an albumin fusion protein of the present invention by determining whether the fusion protein proliferates and or differentiates myeloid cells. Myeloid cell activity is assessed using the GAS/SEAP/Neo construct produced in Example 75. Thus, factors that increase SEAP activity indicate the ability to activate the Jaks-STATS signal transduction pathway. The myeloid cell used in this assay is U937, a pre-monocyte cell line, although TF-1, HL60, or KG1 can be used. [1504] To transiently transfect U937 cells with the GAS/SEAP/Neo constract produced in Example 75, a DEAE-Dextran method (Kharbanda et. al., 1994, Cell Growth &
3103Differentiation, 5:259-265) is used. First, harvest 2xl0<sup>7</sup> U937 cells and wash with PBS. The U937 cells are usually grown in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) supplemented with 100 units/ml penicillin and 100 mg/ml streptomycin. [1505] Next, suspend the cells in 1 ml of 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4) buffer containing
31040.5 mg/ml DEAE-Dextran, 8 ug GAS-SEAP2 plasmid DNA, 140 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 375 uM Na2HPO4.7H2O, 1 mM MgCl2, and 675 uM CaCl<sub>2</sub>. Incubate at 37 degrees C for 45 min.
3105[1506] Wash the cells with RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% FBS and then resuspend in 10 ml complete medium and incubate at 37 degree C for 36 hr. [1507] The GAS-SEAP/U937 stable cells are obtained by growing the cells in 400 ug/ml G418. The G418-free medium is used for routine growth but every one to two months, the cells should be re-grown in 400 ug/ml G418 for couple of passages.
31068
3107[1508] These cells are tested by harvesting 1x10 cells (this is enough for ten 96-well plates assay) and wash with PBS. Suspend the cells in 200 ml above described growth medium, with a final density of 5xl0<sup>5</sup> cells/ml. Plate 200 ul cells per well in the 96-well plate (or lxlO<sup>5</sup> cells/well).
3108[1509] Add different concentrations of the fusion protein. Incubate at 37 degee C for
310948 to 72 hr. As a positive confrol, 100 Unit/ml interferon gamma can be used which is known to activate U937 cells. Over 30 fold induction is typically observed in the positive control wells. SEAP assay the supernatant according to methods known in the art and/or the protocol described in Example 76.
3110Example 81: Assay Identifying Changes in Small Molecule Concentration and Membrane Permeability.
3111[1510] Binding of a ligand to a receptor is known to alter intracellular levels of small molecules, such as calcium, potassium, sodium, and pH, as well as alter membrane potential. These alterations can be measured in an assay to identify fusion proteins which bind to receptors of a particular cell. Although the following protocol describes an assay for calcium, this protocol can easily be modified to detect changes in potassium, sodium, pH, membrane potential, or any other small molecule which is detectable by a fluorescent probe. [1511] The following assay uses Fluorometric Imaging Plate Reader ("FLIPR") to measure changes in fluorescent molecules (Molecular Probes) that bind small molecules. Clearly, any fluorescent molecule detecting a small molecule can be used instead of the calcium fluorescent molecule, fluo-4 (Molecular Probes, Inc.; catalog no. F- 14202), used here.
3112[1512] For adherent cells, seed the cells at 10,000 -20,000 cells/well in a Co-star black 96-well plate with clear bottom. The plate is incubated in a CO<sub>2</sub> incubator for 20 hours. The adherent cells are washed two times in Biotek washer with 200 ul of HBSS (Hank's Balanced Salt Solution) leaving 100 ul of buffer after the final wash. [1513] A stock solution of 1 mg/ml fluo-4 is made in 10% pluronic acid DMSO. To load the cells with fluo-4, 50 ul of 12 ug/ml fluo-4 is added to each well. The plate is incubated at 37 degrees C in a CO<sub>2</sub> incubator for 60 min. The plate is washed four times in the Biotek washer with HBSS leaving 100 ul of buffer.
3113[1514] For non-adherent cells, the cells are spun down from culture media. Cells are re-suspended to 2-5x10° cells/ml with HBSS in a 50-ml conical tube. 4 ul of 1 mg/ml fluo-4 solution in 10% pluronic acid DMSO is added to each ml of cell suspension. The tube is then placed in a 37 degrees C water bath for 30-60 min. The cells are washed twice with HBSS, resuspended to lxlO<sup>6</sup> cells/ml, and dispensed into a microplate, 100 ul/well. The plate is centrifuged at 1000 φm for 5 min. The plate is then washed once in Denley Cell Wash with 200 ul, followed by an aspiration step to 100 ul final volume.
3114[1515] For a non-cell based assay, each well contains a fluorescent molecule, such as fluo-4 . The fusion protein of the invention is added to the well, and a change in fluorescence is detected.
3115[1516] To measure the fluorescence of intracellular calcium, the FLIPR is set for the following parameters: (1) System gain is 300-800 mW; (2) Exposure time is 0.4 second; (3) Camera F/stop is F/2; (4) Excitation is 488 nm; (5) Emission is 530 nm; and (6) Sample addition is 50 ul. Increased emission at 530 nm indicates an extracellular signaling event caused by an albumin fusion protein of the present invention or a molecule induced by an albumin fusion protein of the present invention, which has resulted in an increase in the intracellular Ca<sup>"</sup>*-*<sup>"</sup> concentration.
3116Example 82: Assay Identifying Tyrosine Kinase Activity.
3117[1517] The Protein Tyrosine Kinases (PTK) represent a diverse group of transmembrane and cytoplasmic kinases. Within the Receptor Protein Tyrosine Kinase
3118(RPTK) group are receptors for a range of mitogenic and metabolic growth factors including the PDGF, FGF, EGF, NGF, HGF and Insulin receptor subfamilies. In addition there are a large family of RPTKs for which the coπesponding ligand is unknown. Ligands for RPTKs include mainly secreted small proteins, but also membrane-bound and extracellular matrix proteins.
3119[1518] Activation of RPTK by ligands involves ligand-mediated receptor dimerization, resulting in fransphosphorylation of the receptor subunits and activation of the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. The cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases include receptor associated tyrosine kinases of the src-family (e.g., src, yes, lck, lyn, fyn) and non-receptor linked and cytosolic protein tyrosine kinases, such as the Jak family, members of which mediate signal transduction triggered by the cytokine superfamily of receptors (e.g., the Interleukins, Interferons, GM-CSF, and Leptin).
3120[1519] Because of the wide range of known factors capable of stimulating tyrosine kinase activity, identifying whether an albumin fusion protein of the present invention or a molecule induced by a fusion proetin of the present invention is capable of activating tyrosine kinase signal transduction pathways is of interest. Therefore, the following protocol is designed to identify such molecules capable of activating the tyrosine kinase signal transduction pathways.
3121[1520] Seed target cells (e.g., primary keratinocytes) at a density of approximately
312225,000 cells per well in a 96 well Loprodyne Silent Screen Plates purchased from Nalge Nunc (Naperville, IL). The plates are sterilized with two 30 minute rinses with 100% ethanol, rinsed with water and dried overnight. Some plates are coated for 2 hr with 100 ml of cell culture grade type I collagen (50 mg/ml), gelatin (2%) or polylysine (50 mg/ml), all of which can be purchased from Sigma Chemicals (St. Louis, MO) or 10% Matrigel purchased from Becton Dickinson (Bedford,MA), or calf serum, rinsed with PBS and stored at 4 degree C. Cell growth on these plates is assayed by seeding 5,000 cells/well in growth medium and indirect quantitation of cell number through use of alamarBlue as described by the manufacturer Alamar Biosciences, Inc. (Sacramento, CA) after 48 hr. Falcon plate covers #3071 from Becton Dickinson (Bedford,MA) are used to cover die Loprodyne Silent Screen Plates. Falcon<sup>*"</sup>Microtest ID cell culture plates can also be used in some proliferation experiments.
3123[1521] To prepare extracts, A431 cells are seeded onto the nylon membranes of
3124Loprodyne plates (20,000/200ml/well) and cultured overnight in complete medium. Cells are quiesced by incubation in serum-free basal medium for 24 hr. After 5-20 minutes treatment with EGF (60ng/ml) or a different concentrations of an albumin fusion protein of the invention, the medium was removed and 100 ml of extraction buffer ((20 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 0.15 M NaCl, 1% Triton X-100, 0.1% SDS, 2 mM Na3VO4, 2 mM Na4P2O7 and a cocktail of protease inhibitors (# 1836170) obtained from Boeheringer Mannheim (Indianapolis, IN)) is added to each well and the plate is shaken on a rotating shaker for 5 minutes iat 4°C. The plate is then placed in a vacuum transfer manifold and the extract filtered through the 0.45 mm membrane bottoms of each well using house vacuum. Extracts are collected in a 96-well catch/assay plate in the bottom of the vacuum manifold and immediately placed on ice. To obtain extracts clarified by centrifugation, the content of each well, after detergent solubilization for 5 minutes, is removed and centrifuged for 15 minutes at 4 degree C at 16,000 x g.
3125[1522] Test the filtered extracts for levels of tyrosine kinase activity. Although many methods of detecting tyrosine kinase activity are known, one method is described here. [1523] Generally, the tyrosine kinase activity of an albumin fusion protein of the invention is evaluated by determining its ability to phosphorylate a tyrosine residue on a specific substrate (a biotinylated peptide). Biotinylated peptides that can be used for this puφose include PSK1 (coπesponding to amino acids 6-20 of the cell division kinase cdc2- p34) and PSK2 (coπesponding to amino acids 1-17 of gastrin). Both peptides are substrates for a range of tyrosine kinases and are available from Boehringer Mannheim. [1524] The tyrosine kinase reaction is set up by adding the following components in order. First, add lOul of 5uM Biotinylated Peptide, then lOul ATP/Mg2+ (5mM ATP/50mM
3126MgCl2), then lOul of 5x Assay Buffer (40mM imidazole hydrochloride, pH7.3, 40 mM beta- glycerophosphate, ImM EGTA, lOOmM Mgθ2, 5 mM MnCl2, 0.5 mg/ml BSA), then 5ul of
3127Sodium Vanadate(lmM), and then 5ul of water. Mix the components gently and preincubate the reaction mix at 30 degree C for 2 min. Initial the reaction by adding lOul of the control enzyme or the filtered supernatant.
3128[1525] The tyrosine kinase assay reaction is then terminated by adding 10 ul of
3129120mm EDTA and place the reactions on ice.
3130[1526] Tyrosine kinase activity is determined by transferring 50 ul aliquot of reaction mixture to a microtiter plate (MTP) module and incubating at 37 degree C for 20 min. This allows the streptavidin coated 96 well plate to associate with the biotinylated peptide. Wash the MTP module with 300ul/well of PBS four times. Next add 75 ul of anti-phospotyrosine antibody conjugated to horse radish peroxidase(anti-P-Tyr-POD(0.5u/ml)) to each well and incubate at 37 degree C for one hour. Wash the well as above.
3131[1527] Next add lOOul of peroxidase subsfrate solution (Boehringer Mannheim) and incubate at room temperature for at least 5 mins (up to 30 min). Measure the absorbance of the sample at 405 nm by using ELISA reader. The level of bound peroxidase activity is quantitated using an ELISA reader and reflects the level of tyrosine kinase activity. Example 83: Assay Identifying Phosphorylation Activity.
3132[1528] As a potential alternative and/or complement to the assay of protein tyrosine kinase activity described in Example 82, an assay which detects activation (phosphorylation) of major intracellular signal transduction intermediates can also be used. For example, as described below one particular assay can detect tyrosine phosphorylation of the Erk-1 and Erk-2 kinases. However, phosphorylation of other molecules, such as Raf, JNK, p38 MAP, Map kinase kinase (MEK), MEK kinase, Src, Muscle specific kinase (MuSK), ERAK, Tec, and Janus, as well as any other phosphoserine, phosphotyrosine, or phosphothreonine molecule, can be detected by substituting these molecules for Erk-1 or Erk-2 in the following assay.
3133[1529] Specifically, assay plates are made by coating the wells of a 96-well ELISA plate with 0.1ml of protein G (lug/ml) for 2 hr at room temp, (RT). The plates are then rinsed with PBS and blocked with 3% BSA PBS for 1 hr at RT. The protein G plates are then treated with 2 commercial monoclonal antibodies (lOOng/well) against Erk-1 and Erk-2 (1 hr at RT) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology). (To detect other molecules, this step can easily be modified by substituting a monoclonal antibody detecting any of the above described molecules.) After 3-5 rinses with PBS, the plates are stored at 4 degree C until use. [1530] A431 cells are seeded at 20,000/well in a 96-well Loprodyne filteφlate and cultured overnight in growth medium. The cells are then starved for 48 hr in basal medium (DMEM) and then treated with EGF (6ng/well) or varying concentrations of the fusion protein of the invention for 5-20 minutes. The cells are then solubilized and extracts filtered directly into the assay plate.
3134[1531] After incubation with the extract for 1 hr at RT, the wells are again rinsed. As a positive confrol, a commercial preparation of MAP kinase (lOng/well) is used in place of A431 extract. Plates are then treated with a commercial polyclonal (rabbit) antibody (lug/ml) which specifically recognizes the phosphorylated epitope of the Erk-1 and Erk-2 kinases (1 hr at RT). This antibody is biotinylated by standard procedures. The bound polyclonal antibody is then quantitated by successive incubations with Europium-sfreptavidin and Europium fluorescence enhancing reagent in the Wallac DELFIA instrument (time-resolved fluorescence). An increased fluorescent signal over background indicates a phosphorylation by the fusion protein of the present invention or a molecule induced by an albumin fusion protein of the present invention. Example 84: Assay for the Stimulation of Bone Marrow CD34+ Cell Proliferation. [1532] This assay is based on the ability of human CD34+ to proliferate in the presence of hematopoietic growth factors and evaluates the ability of fusion proteins of the inventon to stimulate proliferation of CD34+ cells.
3135[1533] It has been previously shown that most mature precursors will respond to only a single signal. More immature precursors require at least two signals to respond. Therefore, to test the effect of fusion proteins of the invention on hematopoietic activity of a wide range of progenitor cells, the assay contains a given fusion protein of the invention in the presence or absence of hematopoietic growth factors. Isolated cells are cultured for 5 days in the presence of Stem Cell Factor (SCF) in combination with tested sample. SCF alone has a very limited effect on the proliferation of bone maπow (BM) cells, acting in such conditions only as a "survival" factor. However, combined with any factor exhibiting stimulatory effect on these cells (e.g., IL-3), SCF will cause a synergistic effect. Therefore, if the tested fusion protein has a stimulatory effect on hematopoietic progenitors, such activity can be easily detected. Since normal BM cells have a low level of cycling cells, it is likely that any inhibitory effect of a given fusion protein might not be detected. Accordingly, assays for an inhibitory effect on progenitors is preferably tested in cells that are first subjected to in vitro stimulation with SCF+EL+3, and then contacted with the compound that is being evaluated for inhibition of such induced proliferation.
3136[1534] Briefly, CD34+ cells are isolated using methods known in the art. The cells are thawed and resuspended in medium (QBSF 60 serum-free medium with 1% L-glutamine (500ml) Quality Biological, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD Cat# 160-204-101). After several gentle centrifugation steps at 200 x g, cells are allowed to rest for one hour. The cell count is adjusted to 2.5 x 10<sup>5</sup> cells/ml. During this time, 100 μl of sterile water is added to the peripheral wells of a 96-well plate. The cytokines that can be tested with an albumin fusion protein of the invention in this assay is rhSCF (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, Cat# 255- SC) at 50 ng ml alone and in combination with rhSCF and rhflL-3 (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, Cat# 203-ML) at 30 ng/ml. After one hour, 10 μl of prepared cytokines, varying concentrations of an albumin fusion protein of the invention, and 20 μl of diluted cells are added to the media which is already present in the wells to allow for a final total volume of 100 μl. The plates are then placed in a 37°C/5% CO<sub>2</sub> incubator for five days. [1535] Eighteen hours before the assay is harvested, 0.5 μCi/well of [3H] Thymidine is added in a 10 μl volume to each well to determine the proliferation rate. The experiment is terminated by harvesting the cells from each 96-well plate to a filtermat using the Tomtec Harvester 96. After harvesting, the filtermats are dried, trimmed and placed into OmniFilter assemblies consisting of one OmniFilter plate and one OmniFilter Tray. 60 μl Microscint is added to each well and the plate sealed with TopSeal-A press-on sealing film A bar code 15 sticker is affixed to the first plate for counting. The sealed plates are then loaded and the level of radioactivity determined via the Packard Top Count and the printed data collected for analysis. The level of radioactivity reflects the amount of cell proliferation. [1536] The studies described in this example test the activity of a given fusion protein to stimulate bone maπow CD34+ cell proliferation. One skilled in the art could easily modify the exemplified studies to test the activity of fusion porteins and polynucleotides of the invention (e.g., gene therapy) as well as agonists and antagonists thereof. The ability of an albumin fusion protein of the invention to stimulate the proliferation of bone marrow CD34+ cells indicates that the albumin fusion protein and/or polynucleotides coπesponding to the fusion protein are useful for the diagnosis and treatment of disorders affecting the immune system and hematopoiesis. Representative uses are described in the "Immune Activity" and "Infectious Disease" sections above, and elsewhere herein.
3137Example 85: Assay for Extracellular Matrix Enhanced Cell Response flEMECR).
3138[1537] The objective of the Extracellular Matrix Enhanced Cell Response (EMECR) assay is to evaluate the ability of fusion proteins of the invention to act on hematopoietic stem cells in the context of the extracellular matrix (ECM) induced signal.
3139[1538] Cells respond to the regulatory factors in the context of signal(s) received from the suπounding microenvironment. For example, fibroblasts, and endothelial and epithelial stem cells fail to replicate in the absence of signals from the ECM. Hematopoietic stem cells can undergo self-renewal in the bone marrow, but not in in vitro suspension culture. The ability of stem cells to undergo self-renewal in vitro is dependent upon their interaction with the sfromal cells and the ECM protein fibronectin (fh). Adhesion of cells to fh is mediated by the α<sub>5</sub>.βι and α .βι integrin receptors, which are expressed by human and mouse hematopoietic stem cells. The factor(s) which integrate with the ECM environment and are responsible for stimulating stem cell self-renewal havea not yet been identified. Discovery of such factors should be of great interest in gene therapy and bone maπow transplant applications [1539] Briefly, polystyrene, non tissue culture treated, 96-well plates are coated with fh fragment at a coating concentration of 0.2 μg/ cm<sup>2</sup>. Mouse bone maπow cells are plated (1,000 cells/well ) in 0.2 ml of serum-free medium. Cells cultured in the presence of EL-3 ( 5 ng/ml ) + SCF ( 50 ng/ml ) would serve as the positive control, conditions under which little self-renewal but pronounced differentiation of the stem cells is to be expected. Albumin fusion proteins of the invention are tested with appropriate negative controls in the presence and absence of SCF(5.0 ng/ml), where volume of the administed composition containing the albumin fusion protein of the invention represents 10% of the total assay volume. The plated cells are then allowed to grow by incubating in a low oxygen environment ( 5% CO<sub>2</sub>, 7% O<sub>2</sub>, and 88% N<sub>2</sub> ) tissue culture incubator for 7 days. The number of proliferating cells within the wells is then quantitated by measuring thymidine incoφoration into cellular DNA. Verification of the positive hits in the assay will require phenotypic characterization of the cells, which can be accomplished by scaling up of the culture system and using appropriate antibody reagents against cell surface antigens and FACScan.
3140[1540] If a particular fusion protein of the present invention is found to be a stimulator of hematopoietic progenitors, the fusion protein and polynucleotides coπesponding to the fiision protein may be useful for example, in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders affecting the immune system and hematopoiesis. Representative uses are described in the "Immune Activity" and "Infectious Disease" sections above, and elsewhere herein. The fusion protein may also be useful in the expansion of stem cells and committed progenitors of various blood lineages, and in the differentiation and/or proliferation of various cell types.
3141[1541] Additionally, the albumin fiision proteins of the invention and polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention, may also be employed to inhibit the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells and therefore may be employed to protect bone marrow stem cells from chemotherapeutic agents during chemotherapy. This antiproliferative effect may allow administration of higher doses of chemotherapeutic agents and, therefore, more effective chemotherapeutic treatment.
3142[1542] Moreover, fusion proteins of the invention and polynucleotides encoding albumin fusion proteins of the invention may also be useful for the treatment and diagnosis of hematopoietic related disorders such as, anemia, pancytopenia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia or leukemia, since sfromal cells are important in the production of cells of hematopoietic lineages. The uses include bone maπow cell ex-vivo culture, bone maπow transplantation, bone maπow reconstitution, radiotherapy or chemotherapy of neoplasia.
3143Example 86: Human Dermal Fibroblast and Aortic Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation. [1543] An albumin fusion protein of the invention is added to cultures of normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) and human aortic smooth muscle cells (AoSMC) and two co-assays are performed with each sample. The first assay examines the effect of the fusion protein on the proliferation of normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) or aortic smooth muscle cells (AoSMC). Abeπant growth of fibroblasts or smooth muscle cells is a part of several pathological processes, including fibrosis, and restenosis. The second assay examines EL6 production by both NHDF and SMC. TL6 production is an indication of functional activation. Activated cells will have increased production of a number of cytokines and other factors, which can result in a proinflammatory or immunomodulatory outcome. Assays are run with and without co-TNFa stimulation, in order to check for costimulatory or inhibitory activity.
3144[1544] Briefly, on day 1, 96-well black plates are set up with 1000 cells/well (NHDF) or 2000 cells/well (AoSMC) in 100 μl culture media. NHDF culture media contains: Clonetics FB basal media, lmg/ml hFGF, 5mg/ml insulin, 50mg/ml gentamycin, 2%FBS, while AoSMC culture media contains Clonetics SM basal media, 0.5 μg/ml hEGF, 5mg/ml insulin, 1 μg/ml hFGF, 50mg/ml gentamycin, 50 μg/ml Amphotericin B, 5%FBS. After incubation at 37°C for at least 4-5 hours culture media is aspirated and replaced with growth arrest media. Growth arrest media for NHDF contains fibroblast basal media, 50mg/ml gentamycin, 2% FBS, while growth aπest media for AoSMC contains SM basal media, 50mg/ml gentamycin, 50μg/ml Amphotericin B, 0.4% FBS. Incubate at 37 °C until day 2. [1545] On day 2, serial dilutions and templates of an albumin fusion protein of the invention are designed such that they always include media controls and known-protein controls. For both stimulation and inhibition experiments, proteins are diluted in growth arrest media. For inhibition experiments, TNFa is added to a final concentration of 2ng/ml (NHDF) or 5ng/ml (AoSMC). Add 1/3 vol media containing confrols or an albumin fusion protein of the invention and incubate at 37 degrees C/5% CO<sub>2</sub> until day 5. [1546] Transfer 60μl from each well to another labeled 96-well plate, cover with a plate-sealer, and store at 4 degrees C until Day 6 (for EL6 ELISA). To the remaining 100 μl in the cell culture plate, aseptically add Alamar Blue in an amount equal to 10% of the culture volume (lOμl). Return plates to incubator for 3 to 4 hours. Then measure fluorescence with excitation at 530nm and emission at 590nm using the CytoFluor. This yields the growth stimulation/inhibition data.
3145[1547] On day 5, the IL6 ELISA is performed by coating a 96 well plate with 50-100 ul well of Anti-Human IL6 Monoclonal antibody diluted in PBS, pH 7.4, incubate ON at room temperature.
3146[1548] On day 6, empty the plates into the sink and blot on paper towels. Prepare
3147Assay Buffer containing PBS with 4% BSA. Block the plates with 200 μl/well of Pierce Super Block blocking buffer in PBS for 1-2 hr and then wash plates with wash buffer (PBS, 0.05% Tween-20). Blot plates on paper towels. Then add 50 μl well of diluted Anti-Human EL-6 Monoclonal, Biotin-labeled antibody at 0.50 mg/ml. Make dilutions of EL-6 stock in media (30, 10, 3, 1, 0.3, 0 ng/ml). Add duplicate samples to top row of plate. Cover the plates and incubate for 2 hours at RT on shaker.
3148[1549] Plates are washed with wash buffer and blotted on paper towels. Dilute EU- labeled Streptavidin 1:1000 in Assay buffer, and add 100 μl/well. Cover the plate and incubate 1 h at RT. Plates are again washed with wash buffer and blotted on paper towels. [1550] Add 100 μl/well of Enhancement Solution. Shake for 5 minutes. Read the plate on the Wallac DELFIA Fluorometer. Readings from triplicate samples in each assay were tabulated and averaged.
3149[1551] A positive result in this assay suggests AoSMC cell proliferation and that the albumin fusion protein may be involved in dermal fibroblast proliferation and/or smooth muscle cell proliferation. A positive result also suggests many potential uses of the fusion protein and polynucleotides encoding the albumin fusion protein. For example, inflammation and immune responses, wound healing, and angiogenesis, as detailed throughout this specification. Particularly, fusion proteins may be used in wound healing and dermal regeneration, as well as the promotion of vasculogenesis, both of the blood vessels and lymphatics. The growth of vessels can be used in the treatment of, for example, cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, fusion proteins showing antagonistic activity in this assay may be useful in treating diseases, disorders, and/or conditions which involve angiogenesis by acting as an anti-vascular agent (e.g., anti-angiogenesis). These diseases, disorders, and/or conditions are known in the art and/or are described herein, such as, for example, malignancies, solid tumors, benign tumors, for example hemangiomas, acoustic neuromas, neurofibromas, trachomas, and pyogenic granulomas; artheroscleric plaques; ocular angiogenic diseases, for example, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, macular degeneration, comeal graft rejection, neovascular glaucoma, retrolental fibroplasia, rabeosis, retinoblastoma, uvietis and Pterygia (abnormal blood vessel growth) of the eye; rheumatoid arthritis; psoriasis; delayed wound healing; endometriosis; vasculogenesis; granulations; hypertrophic scars (keloids); nonunion fractures; scleroderma; trachoma; vascular adhesions; myocardial angiogenesis; coronary collaterals; cerebral collaterals; arteriovenous malformations; ischemic limb angiogenesis; Osier- Webber Syndrome; plaque neovascularization; telangiectasia; hemophiliac joints; angiofibroma; fibromuscular dysplasia; wound granulation; Crohn's disease; and atherosclerosis. Moreover, albumin fusion proteins that act as antagonists in this assay may be useful in treating anti- hypeφroliferative diseases and/or anti-inflammatory known in the art and/or described herein.
3150Example 87: Cellular Adhesion Molecule (CAM) Expression on Endothelial Cells.
3151[1552] The recruitment of lymphocytes to areas of inflammation and angiogenesis involves specific receptor-ligand interactions between cell surface adhesion molecules
3152(CAMs) on lymphocytes and the vascular endothelium. The adhesion process, in both normal and pathological settings, follows a multi-step cascade that involves intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (E-selectin) expressioh on endothelial cells (EC).
3153The expression ot hese molecules and others on the vascular endothelium determines the efficiency with which leukocytes may adhere to the local vasculature and extravasate into the local tissue during the development of an inflammatory response. The local concentration of cytokines and growth factor participate in the modulation of the expression of these CAMs.
3154[1553] Briefly, endothelial cells (e.g., Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial cells
3155(HUVECs)) are grown in a standard 96 well plate to confluence, growth medium is removed from the cells and replaced with 100 μl of 199 Medium (10% fetal bovine serum (FBS)).
3156Samples for testing (contaimng an albumin fusion protein of the invention) and positive or negative controls are added to the plate in triplicate (in 10 μl volumes). Plates are then incubated at 37°C for either 5 h (selectin and integrin expression) or 24 h (integrin expression only). Plates are aspirated to remove medium and 100 μl of 0.1% paraformaldehyde-
3157PBS(with Ca++ and Mg++) is added to each well. Plates are held at 4°C for 30 min. Fixative is removed from the wells and wells are washed IX with PBS(+Ca,Mg) + 0.5% BSA and drained. 10 μl of diluted primary antibody is added to the test and control wells. Anti-ICAM- 1-Biotin, Anti-VCAM-1-Biotin and Anti-E-selectin-Biotin are used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml (1:10 dilution of 0.1 mg/ml stock antibody). Cells are incubated at 37°C for 30 min. in a humidified environment. Wells are washed three times with PBS(+Ca,Mg) + 0.5% BSA. 20 μl of diluted ExtrAvidin- Alkaline Phosphatase (1:5,000 dilution, refeπed to herein as the working dilution) are added to each well and incubated at 37°C for 30 min. Wells are washed three times with PBS(+Ca,Mg)+0.5% BSA. Dissolve 1 tablet of p-Nitrophenol Phosphate pNPP per 5 ml of glycine buffer (pH 10.4). 100 μl of pNPP substrate in glycine buffer is added to each test well. Standard wells in triplicate are prepared from the working dilution of the ExtrAvidin-Alkaline Phosphotase in glycine buffer: 1:5,000 (10°) > 10<sup>"05</sup> > 10<sup>"1</sup> > 10<sup>"1 5</sup>.5 μl of each dilution is added to triplicate wells and the resulting AP content in each well is 5.50 ng, 1.74 ng, 0.55 ng, 0.18 ng. 100 μl of pNNP reagent is then added to each of the standard wells. The plate is incubated at 37°C for 4h. A volume of 50 μl of 3M NaOH is added to all wells. The plate is read on a plate reader at 405 nm using the background subtraction option on blank wells filled with glycine buffer only. Additionally, the template is set up to indicate the concenfration of AP-conjugate in each standard well [ 5.50 ng; 1.74 ng; 0.55 ng; 0.18 ng]. Results are indicated as amount of bound AP-conjugate in each sample.
3158Example 88: Alamar Blue Endothelial Cells Proliferation Assay.
3159[1554] This assay may be used to quantitatively determine protein mediated inhibition of bFGF-induced proliferation of Bovine Lymphatic Endothelial Cells (LECs), Bovine Aortic Endothelial Cells (BAECs) or Human Microvascular Uterine Myometrial Cells (UTMECs). This assay incoφorates a fluorometric growth indicator based on detection of metabolic activity. A standard Alamar Blue Proliferation Assay is prepared in EGM-2MV with 10 ng /ml of bFGF added as a source of endothelial cell stimulation. This assay may be used with a variety of endothelial cells with slight changes in growth medium and cell concenfration. Dilutions of protein batches to be tested are diluted as appropriate. Serum-free medium (GD3CO SFM) without bFGF is used as a non-stimulated control and Angiostatin or TSP-1 are included as a known inhibitory controls.
3160[1555] Briefly, LEG, BAECs or UTMECs are seeded in growth media at a density of
31615000 to 2000 cells/well in a 96 well plate and placed at 37 degreesC overnight. After the overnight incubation of the cells, the growth media is removed and replaced with GTBCO EC-SFM. The cells are treated with the appropriate dilutions of an albumin fusion protein of the invention or control protein sample(s) (prepared in SFM ) in triplicate wells with additional bFGF to a concentration of 10 ng/ ml. Once the cells have been treated with the samples, the plate(s) is/are placed back in the 37° C incubator for three days. After three days 10 ml of stock alamar blue (Biosource Cat# DALl lOO) is added to each well and the plate(s) is/are placed back in the 37°C incubator for four hours. The plate(s) are then read at 530nm excitation and 590nm emission using the CytoFluor fluorescence reader. Direct output is recorded in relative fluorescence units.
3162[1556] Alamar blue is an oxidation-reduction indicator that both fluoresces and changes color in response to chemical reduction of growth medium resulting from ceU growth. As cells grow in culture, innate metabolic activity results in a chemical reduction of the immediate suπounding environment. Reduction related to growth causes the indicator to change from oxidized (non-fluorescent blue) form to reduced (fluorescent red) form (i.e., stimulated proliferation will produce a stronger signal and inhibited proliferation will produce a weaker signal and the total signal is proportional to the total number of cells as well as their metabolic activity). The background level of activity is observed with the starvation medium alone. This is compared to the output observed from the positive control samples (bFGF in growth medium) and protein dilutions.
3163Example 89: Detection of Inhibition of a Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction.
3164[1557] This assay can be used to detect and evaluate inhibition of a Mixed
3165Lymphocyte Reaction (MLR) by fusion proteins of the invention. Inhibition of a MLR may be due to a direct effect on cell proliferation and viability, modulation of costimulatory molecules on interacting cells, modulation of adhesiveness between lymphocytes and accessory cells, or modulation of cytokine production by accessory cells. Multiple cells may be targeted by the albumin fusion proteins that inhibit MLR since the peripheral blood mononuclear fraction used in this assay includes T, B and natural killer lymphocytes, as well as monocytes and dendritic cells.
3166[1558] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention found to inhibit the MLR may find application in diseases associated with lymphocyte and monocyte activation or proliferation. These include, but are not limited to, diseases such as asthma, arthritis, diabetes, inflammatory skin conditions, psoriasis, eczema, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, glomerulonephritis, inflammatory bowel disease, crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, arteriosclerosis, ciπhosis, graft vs. host disease, host vs. graft disease, hepatitis, leukemia and lymphoma.
3167[1559] Briefly, PBMCs from human donors are purified by density gradient centrifugation using Lymphocyte Separation Medium (LSM<sup>®</sup>, density 1.0770 g/ml, Organon Teknika Coφoration, West Chester, PA). PBMCs from two donors are adjusted to 2 x 10<sup>6</sup> cells/ml in RPMI-1640 (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY) supplemented with 10% FCS and 2 mM glutamine. PBMCs from a third donor is adjusted to 2 x 10<sup>5</sup> cells/ml. Fifty microliters of PBMCs from each donor is added to wells of a 96-well round bottom microtiter plate. Dilutions of the fusion protein test material (50 μl) is added in triplicate to microtiter wells. Test samples (of the protein of interest) are added for final dilution of 1:4; rhuEL-2 (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, catalog number 202-EL) is added to a final concentration of 1 μg/ml; anti-CD4 mAb (R&D Systems, clone 34930.11, catalog number MAB379) is added to a final concentration of 10 μg/ml. Cells are cultured for 7-8 days at 37°C in 5% CO<sub>2</sub>, and 1 μC of [<sup>3</sup>H] thymidine is added to wells for the last 16 hrs of culture. Cells are harvested and thymidine incoφoration determined using a Packard TopCount^ Data is expressed as the mean and standard deviation of triplicate determinations. [1560] Samples of the fusion protein of interest are screened in separate experiments and compared to the negative control treatment, anti-CD4 mAb, which inhibits proliferation of lymphocytes and the positive control treatment, IL-2 (either as recombinant material or supernatant), which enhances proliferation of lymphocytes.
3168Example 90: Assays for Protease Activity.
3169[1561] The following assay may be used to assess protease activity of an albumin fusion protein of the invention.
3170[1562] Gelatin and casein zymography are performed essentially as described
3171(Heusen et al., Anal. Biochem., 102:196-202 (1980); Wilson et al., Journal of Urology,
3172149:653-658 (1993)). Samples are run on 10% polyacryamide/0.1% SDS gels containing 1% gelain orcasein, soaked in 2.5% triton at room temperature for 1 hour, and in 0.1 M glycine, pH 8.3 at 37°C 5 to 16 hours. After staining in amido black areas of proteolysis apear as clear areas agains the blue-black background. Trypsin (Sigma T8642) is used as a positive control. [1563] Protease activity is also determined by monitoring the cleavage of n-a- benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE) (Sigma B-4500. Reactions are set up in (25mMNaPO<sub>4</sub>,lmM EDTA, and ImM BAEE), pH 7.5. Samples are added and the change in adsorbance at 260nm is monitored on the Beckman DU-6 spectrophotometer in the time- drive mode. Trypsin is used as a positive control.
3173[1564] Additional assays based upon the release of acid-soluble peptides from casein or hemoglobin measured as adsorbance at 280 nm or colorimetrically using the Folin method are performed as described in Bergmeyer, et al., Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, 5 (1984). Other assays involve the solubilization of chromogenic substrates (Ward, Applied Science, 251-317 (1983)).
3174Example 91: Identifying Serine Protease Substrate Specificity.
3175[1565] Methods known in the art or described herein may be used to determine the substrate specificity of the albumin fusion proteins of the present invention having serine protease activity. A prefeπed method of determining substrate specificity is by the use of positional scanning synthetic combinatorial libraries as described in GB 2 324 529 (incoφorated herein in its entirety).
3176Example 92: Ligand Binding Assays.
3177[1566] The following assay may be used to assess ligand binding activity of an albumin fusion protein of the invention.
3178[1567] Ligand binding assays provide a direct method for ascertaining receptor pharmacology and are adaptable to a high throughput format. The purified ligand for an albumin fusion protein of the invention is radiolabeled to high specific activity (50-2000 Ci/mmol) for binding studies. A determination is then made that the process of radiolabeling does not diminish the activity of the ligand towards the fusion protein. Assay conditions for buffers, ions, pH and other modulators such as nucleotides are optimized to establish a workable signal to noise ratio for both membrane and whole cell polypeptide sources. For these assays, specific polypeptide binding is defined as total associated radioactivity minus the radioactivity measured in the presence of an excess of unlabeled competing ligand. Where possible, more than one competing ligand is used to define residual nonspecific binding.
3179Example 93: Functional Assay in Xenopus Oocvtes. [1568] Capped RNA transcripts from linearized plasmid templates encoding an albumin fusion protein of the invention is synthesized in vitro with RNA polymerases in accordance with standard procedures. In vitro transcripts are suspended in water at a final concentration of 0.2 mg/mi. Ovarian lobes are removed from adult female toads, Stage V defolliculated oocytes are obtained, and RNA transcripts (10 ng/oocytc) are injected in a 50 nl bolus using a microinjection apparatus. Two electrode voltage clamps are used to measure the cuπents from individual Xenopus oocytes in response fusion protein and polypeptide agonist exposure. Recordings are made in Ca2+ free Barth's medium at room temperature. The Xenopus system can be used to screen known ligands and tissue/cell extracts for activating ligands.
3180Example 94: Microphysiometric Assays.
3181[1569] Activation of a wide variety of secondary messenger systems results in extrusion of small amounts of acid from a cell. The acid formed is largely as a result of the increased metabolic activity required to fuel the intracellular signaling process. The pH changes in the media suπounding the cell are very small but are detectable by the CYTOSENSOR microphysiometer (Molecular Devices Ltd., Menlo Park, Calif.). The CYTOSENSOR is thus capable of detecting the ability of an albumin fusion protein of the invention to activate secondary messengers that are coupled to an energy utilizing intracellular signaling pathway.
3182Example 95: Extract/Cell Supernatant Screening.
3183[1570] A large number of mammalian receptors exist for which there remains, as yet, no cognate activating ligand (agonist). Thus, active ligands for these receptors may not be included within the ligands banks as identified to date. Accordingly, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention can also be functionally screened (using calcium, cAMP, microphysiometer, oocyte electrophysiology, etc., functional screens) against tissue extracts to identify natural ligands for the Therapeutic protein portion and/or albumin protein portion of an albumin fusion protein of the invention. Exfracts that produce positive functional responses can be sequentially subfractionated until an activating ligand is isolated and identified.
3184Example 96: ATP-binding assay. [1571] The following assay may be used to assess ATP-binding activity of fusion proteins of the invention.
3185[1572] ATP-binding activity of an albumin fusion protein of the invention may be detected using the ATP-binding assay described in U.S. Patent 5,858,719, which is herein incoφorated by reference in its entirety. Briefly, ATP-binding to an albumin fusion protein of the invention is measured via photoaffinity labeling with 8-azido-ATP in a competition assay. Reaction mixtures containing 1 mg/ml of ABC transport protein are incubated with varying concentrations of ATP, or the non-hydrolyzable ATP analog adenyl-5'-imidodiphosphate for 10 minutes at 4°C. A mixture of 8-azido-ATP (Sigma Chem. Coφ., St. Louis, MO.) plus 8- azido-ATP (<sup>32</sup>P-ATP) (5 mCi/μmol, ICN, Irvine CA.) is added to a final concentration of 100 μM and 0.5 ml aliquots are placed in the wells of a porcelain spot plate on ice. The plate is irradiated using a short wave 254 nm UV lamp at a distance of 2.5 cm from the plate for two one-minute intervals with a one-minute cooling interval in between. The reaction is stopped by addition of dithiothreitol to a final concenfration of 2mM. The incubations are subjected to SDS-PAGE elecfrophoresis, dried, and autoradiographed. Protein bands corresponding to the albumin fiision proteins of the invention are excised, and the radioactivity quantified. A decrease in radioactivity with increasing ATP or adenly-5'-imidodiphosphate provides a measure of ATP affinity to the fusion protein.
3186Example 97: Phosphorylation Assay.
3187[1573] In order to assay for phosphorylation activity of an albumin fusion protein of the invention, a phosphorylation assay as described in U.S. Patent 5,958,405 (which is herein incoφorated by reference) is utilized. Briefly, phosphorylation activity may be measured by phosphorylation of a protein substrate using gamma-labeled <sup>32</sup>P-ATP and quantitation of the incoφorated radioactivity using a gamma radioisotope counter. The fusion portein of the invention is incubated with the protein subsfrate, <sup>32</sup>P-ATP, and a kinase buffer. The <sup>32</sup>P incoφorated into the substrate is then separated from free <sup>32</sup>P-ATP by elecfrophoresis, and the incoφorated <sup>32</sup>P is counted and compared to a negative control. Radioactivity counts above the negative control are indicative of phosphorylation activity of the fusion protein.
3188Example 98: Detection of Phosphorylation Activity (Activation) of an Albumin Fusion Protein of the Invention in the Presence of Polypeptide Ligands. [1574] Methods known in the art or described herein may be used to determine the phosphorylation activity of an albumin fusion protein of the invention. A prefeπed method of determining phosphorylation activity is by the use of the tyrosine phosphorylation assay as described in US 5,817,471 (incoφorated herein by reference).
3189Example 99: Identification Of Signal Transduction Proteins That Interact With An albumin fusion protein Of The Present Invention.
3190[1575] Albumin fusion proteins of the invention may serve as research tools for the identification, characterization and purification of signal transduction pathway proteins or receptor proteins. Briefly, a labeled fusion protein of the invention is useful as a reagent for the purification of molecules with which it interacts. In one embodiment of affinity purification, an albumin fusion protein of the invention is covalently coupled to a chromatography column. Cell-free extract derived from putative target cells, such as carcinoma tissues, is passed over the column, and molecules with appropriate affinity bind to the albumin fusion protein. The protein complex is recovered from the column, dissociated, and the recovered molecule subjected to N-terminal protein sequencing. This amino acid sequence is then used to identify the captured molecule or to design degenerate oligonucleotide probes for cloning the relevant gene from an appropriate cDNA library.
3191Example 100: IL-6 Bioassay.
3192[1576] A variety of assays are known in the art for testing the proliferative effects of an albumin fusion protein of the invention. For example, one such asssay is the IL-6 Bioassay as described by Marz et al (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A., 95:3251-56 (1998), which is herein incoφorated by reference). After 68 hrs. at 37°C, the number of viable cells is measured by adding the tetrazolium salt thiazolyl blue (MTT) and incubating for a further 4 hrs. at 37°C. B9 cells are lysed by SDS and optical density is measured at 570 nm. Controls containing IL-6 (positive) and no cytokine (negative) are Briefly, IL-6 dependent B9 murine cells are washed three times in IL-6 free medium and plated at a concentration of 5,000 cells per well in 50 μl, and 50 μl of fusion protein of the invention is added, utilized. Enhanced proliferation in the test sample(s) (containing an albumin fusion protein of the invention) relative to the negative confrol is indicative of proliferative effects mediated by the fusion protein. Example 101: Support of Chicken Embryo Neuron Survival.
3193[1577] To test whether sympathetic neuronal cell viability is supported by an albumin fusion protein of the invention, the chicken embryo neuronal survival assay of Senaldi et al may be utilized (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A., 96:11458-63 (1998), which is herein incoφorated by reference). Briefly, motor and sympathetic neurons are isolated from chicken embryos, resuspended in L15 medium (with 10% FCS, glucose, sodium selenite, progesterone, conalbumin, putrescine, and insulin; Life Technologies, Rockville, MD.) and Dulbecco's modified Eagles medium [with 10% FCS, glutamine, penicillin, and 25 mM Hepes buffer (pH 7.2); Life Technologies, Rockville, MD.], respectively, and incubated at 37°C in 5% CO<sub>2</sub> in the presence of different concentrations of the purified fusion protein of the invention, as well as a negative control lacking any cytokine. After 3 days, neuron survival is determined by evaluation of cellular moφhology, and through the use of the colorimetric assay of Mosmann (Mosmann, T., J. Immunol. Methods, 65:55-63 (1983)). Enhanced neuronal cell viability as compared to the controls lacking cytokine is indicative of the ability of the albumin fusion protein to enhance the survival of neuronal cells.
3194Example 102: Assay for Phosphatase Activity.
3195[1578] The following assay may be used to assess serine/threonine phosphatase
3196(PTPase) activity of an albumin fusion protein of the invention.
3197[1579] In order to assay for serine/threonine phosphatase (PTPase) activity, assays can be utilized which are widely known to those skilled h the art. For example, the serine/threonine phosphatase (PSPase) activity of an albumin fusion protein of the invention may be measured using a PSPase assay kit from New England Biolabs, Inc. Myelin basic protein (MyBP), a substrate for PSPase, is phosphorylated on serine and threonine residues with cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase in the presence of [<sup>32</sup>P] ATP. Protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity is then determined by measuring the release of inorganic phosphate from
319832P-labeled MyBP.
3199Example 103: Interaction of Serine Threonine Phosnhatases with other Proteins.
3200[1580] Fusion protein of the invention having serine/threonine phosphatase activity ( e.g., as determined in Example 102) are useful, for example, as research tools for the identification, characterization and purification of additional interacting proteins or receptor proteins, or other signal transduction pathway proteins. Briefly, a labeled fusion protein of the invention is useful as a reagent for the purification of molecules with which it interacts. In one embodiment of affinity purification, an albumin fusion protein of the invention is covalently coupled to a chromatography column. Cell-free extract derived from putative target cells, such as neural or liver cells, is passed over the column, and molecules with appropriate affinity bind to the fusion protein. The fusion protein -complex is recovered from the column, dissociated, and the recovered molecule subjected to N-terminal protein sequencing. This amino acid sequence is then used to identify the captured molecule or to design degenerate oligonucleotide probes for cloning the relevant gene from an appropriate cDNA library.
3201Example 104: Assaying for Heparanase Activity.
3202[1581] There a numerous assays known in the art that may be employed to assay for heparanase activity of an albumin fusion protein of the invention. In one example, heparanase activity of an albumin fusion protein of the invention, is assayed as described by Vlodavsky et al., (Vlodavsky et al., Nat. Med., 5:793-802 (1999)). Briefly, cell lysates, conditioned media, intact cells (1 x 10<sup>6</sup> cells per 35-mm dish), cell culture supernatant, or purified fusion protein are incubated for 18 hrs at 37°C, pH 6.2-6.6, with <sup>35</sup>S-labeled ECM or soluble ECM derived peak I proteoglycans. The incubation medium is centrifuged and the supernatant is analyzed by gel filtration on a Sepharose CL-6B column (0.9 x 30 cm). Fractions are eluted with PBS and their radioactivity is measured. Degradation fragments of heparan sulfate side chains are eluted from Sepharose 6B at 0.5 < K<sub>aV</sub> < 0.8 (peak D). Each experiment is done at least three times. Degradation fragments coπesponding to "peak D," as described by Vlodavsky et al., is indicative of the activity of an albumin fusion protein of the invention in cleaving heparan sulfate.
3203Example 105: Immobilization of biomolecules.
3204[1582] This example provides a method for the stabilization of an albumin fusion protein of the invention in non-host cell lipid bilayer constucts (see, e.g., Bieri et al., Nature
3205Biotech 17:1105-1108 (1999), hereby incoφorated by reference in its entirety herein) which can be adapted for the study of fusion proteins of the invention in the various functional assays described above. Briefly, carbohydrate-specific chemistry for biotinylation is used to confine a biotin tag to an albumin fusion protein of the invention, thus allowing uniform orientation upon immobilization. A 50uM solution of an albumin fusion protein of the invention in washed membranes is incubated with 20 mM NaIO4 and 1.5 mg/ml (4mM) BACH or 2 mg/ml (7.5mM) biotin-hydrazide for 1 hr at room temperature (reaction volume, 150ul). Then the sample is dialyzed (Pierce Slidealizer Cassett, 10 kDa cutoff; Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford EL) at 4C first for 5 h, exchanging the buffer after each hour, and finally for 12 h against 500 ml buffer R (0.15 M NaCl, 1 mM MgC12, 10 mM sodium phosphate, pH7). Just before addition into a cuvette, the sample is diluted 1:5 in buffer ROG50 (Buffer R supplemented with 50 mM octylglucoside).
3206Example 106: Assays for Metalloproteinase Activity.
3207[1583] Metalloproteinases are peptide hydrolases which use metal ions, such as Zn<sup>2+</sup>, as the catalytic mechanism. Metalloproteinase activity of an albumin fusion protein of the present invention can be assayed according to methods known in the art. The following exemplary methods are provided: Proteolysis of alpha-2-macroglobulin
3208[1584] To confirm protease activity, a purified fusion protein of the invention is mixed with the substrate alpha-2-macroglobulin (0.2 unit/ml; Boehringer Mannheim, Germany) in lx assay buffer (50 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 0.2 M NaCl, 10 mM CaCl<sub>2</sub>, 25 μM ZnCl<sub>2</sub> and 0.05% Brij-35) and incubated at 37°C for 1-5 days. Trypsin is used as positive control. Negative controls contain only alpha-2-macroglobulin in assay buffer. The samples are collected and boiled in SDS-PAGE sample buffer contaimng 5% 2-mercaptoethanol for 5-min, then loaded onto 8% SDS-polyacrylamide gel. After elecfrophoresis the proteins are visualized by silver staining. Proteolysis is evident by the appearance of lower molecular weight bands as compared to the negative control.
3209Inhibition of alpha-2-macroglobulin proteolysis by inhibitors of metalloproteinases [1585] Known metalloproteinase inhibitors (metal chelators (EDTA, EGTA, AND
3210HgCl<sub>2</sub>), peptide metalloproteinase inhibitors (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2), and commercial small molecule MMP inhibitors) may also be used to characterize the proteolytic activity of an albumin fusion protein of the invention. Three synthetic MMP inhibitors that may be used are: MMP inhibitor I, [IC<sub>50</sub> = 1.0 μM against MMP-1 and MMP-8; IC<sub>50</sub> = 30 μM against MMP-9; IC50 = 150 μM against MMP-3]; MMP-3 (stromelysin-1) inhibitor I [IC<sub>50</sub> = 5 μM against MMP-3], and MMP-3 inhibitor fl [Kj = 130 nM against MMP-3]; inhibitors available through Calbiochem, catalog # 444250, 444218, and 444225, respectively). Briefly, different concentrations of the small molecule MMP inhibitors are mixed with a purified fusion protein of the invention (50μg/ml) in 22.9 μl of lx HEPES buffer (50 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 0.2 M NaCl, 10 mM CaCl<sub>2</sub>, 25 μM ZnCl<sub>2</sub> and 0.05%Brij-35) and incubated at room temperature (24 °C) for 2-hr, then 7.1 μl of substrate alpha-2-macroglobulin (0.2 unit/ml) is added and incubated at 37°C for 20-hr. The reactions are stopped by adding 4x sample buffer and boiled immediately for 5 minutes. After SDS-PAGE, the protein bands are visualized by silver stain.
3211Synthetic Fluorogenic Peptide Substrates Cleavage Assay
3212[1586] The substrate specificity for fusion proteins of the invention with demonstrated metalloproteinase activity may be determined using techniques knonw in the art, such as using synthetic fluorogenic peptide substrates (purchased from BACHEM Bioscience fric). Test substrates include, M-1985, M-2225, M-2105, M-2110, and M-2255. The first four are MMP substrates and the last one is a substrate of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) converting enzyme (TACE). These substrastes are preferably prepared in 1:1 dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and water. The stock solutions are 50-500 μM. Fluorescent assays are performed by using a Perkin Elmer LS 50B luminescence spectrometer equipped with a constant temperature water bath. The excitation λ is 328 nm and the emission λ is 393 nm. Briefly, the assay is carried out by incubating 176 μl lx HEPES buffer (0.2 M NaCl, 10 mM CaCl<sub>2</sub>, 0.05% Brij-35 and 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.5) with 4 μl of substrate solution (50 μM) at 25 °C for 15 minutes, and then adding 20 μl of a purified fusion protein of the invention into the assay cuvett. The final concentration of subsfrate is 1 μM. Initial hydrolysis rates are monitored for 30-min.
3213Example 107:Identification and Cloning of VH and VL domains.
3214[1587] One method to identfy and clone VH and VL domains from cell lines expressing a particular antibody is to perform PCR with VH and VL specific primers on cDNA made from the antibody expressing cell lines. Briefly, RNA is isolated from the cell lines and used as a template for RT-PCR designed to amplify the VH and VL domains of the antibodies expressed by the EBV cell lines. Cells may be lysed in the TRIzol® reagent (Life Technologies, Rockville. MD) and extracted with one fifth volume of chloroform. After addition of chloroform, the solution is allowed to incubate at room temperature for 10 minutes, and the centrifiiged at 14,000 φm for 15 minutes at 4°C in a tabletop centrifuge. The supernatant is collected and RNA is precipitated using an equal volume of isopropanol. Precipitated RNA is pelleted by centrifuging at 14,000 φm for 15 minutes at 4°C in a tabletop centrifuge. Following centrifugation, the supernatant is discarded and washed with 75% ethanol. Follwing washing, the RNA is centrifiiged again at 800 φm for 5 minutes at 4°C. The supernatant is discarded and the pellet allowed to air dry. RNA is the dissolved in DEPC water and heated to 60°C for 10 minutes. Quantities of RNA can determined using optical density measurements. cDNA may be synthesized, according to methods well-known in the art, from 1.5-2.5 micrograms of RNA using reverse transciptase and random hexamer primers. cDNA is then used as a template for PCR amplification of VH and VL domains. Primers used to amplify VH and VL genes are shown in Table 7. Typically a PCR reaction makes use of a single 5' primer and a single 3' primer. Sometimes, when the amount of available RNA template is limiting, or for greater efficiency, groups of 5' and/or 3' primers may be used. For example, sometimes all five VH-5' primers and all JH3' primers are used in a single PCR reaction. The PCR reaction is carried out in a 50 microliter volume containing IX PCR buffer, 2mM of each dNTP, 0.7 units of High Fidelity Taq polymerse, 5' primer mix, 3' primer mix and 7.5 microliters of cDNA. The 5' and 3' primer mix of both VH and VL can be made by pooling together 22 pmole and 28 pmole, respectively, of each of the individual primers. PCR conditions are: 96°C for 5 minutes; followed by 25 cycles of 94°C for 1 minute, 50°C for 1 minute, and 72°C for 1 minute; followed by an extension cycle of 72°C for 10 minutes. After the reaction is completed, sample tubes are stored 4°C.
3215Table 7: Primer Sequences Used to Amplify VH and VL domains.
3216Primer name SEO ED NO Primer Sequence (5'-3')
3217VH Primers
3218Hu VHl-5' 1056 CAGGTGCAGCTGGTGCAGTCTGG
3219Hu VH2-5' 1057 CAGGTCAACTTAAGGGAGTCTGG
3220Hu VH3-5' 1058 GAGGTGCAGCTGGTGGAGTCTGG
3221Hu VH4-5' 1059 CAGGTGCAGCTGCAGGAGTCGGG
3222Hu VH5-5' 1060 GAGGTGCAGCTGTTGCAGTCTGC
3223Hu VH6-5' 1061 CAGGTACAGCTGCAGCAGTCAGG
3224Hu JHl,2-5' 1062 TGAGGAGACGGTGACCAGGGTGCC
3225Hu JH3-5' 1063 TGAAGAGACGGTGACCATTGTCCC
3226Hu JH4,5-5' 1064 TGAGGAGACGGTGACCAGGGTTCC
3227Hu JH6-5' 1065 TGAGGAGACGGTGACCGTGGTCCC
3228VL Primers /
3229Hu Vkappal-5' 1066 GACATCCAGATGACCCAGTCTCC
3230Hu Vkappa2a-5' 1067 GATGTTGTGATGACTCAGTCTCC
3231Hu Vkappa2b-5' 1068 GATATTGTGATGACTCAGTCTCC
3232Hu Vkapρa3-5' 1069 GAAATTGTGTTGACGCAGTCTCC
3233Hu Vkapρa4-5' 1070 GACATCGTGATGACCCAGTCTCC
3234Hu Vkappa5-5' 1071 GAAACGACACTCACGCAGTCTCC
3235Hu Vkappa6-5' 1072 GAAATTGTGCTGACTCAGTCTCC
3236HuVlambdal-5' 1073 CAGTCTGTGTTGACGCAGCCGCC
3237Hu Vlambda2-5' 1074 CAGTCTGCCCTGACTCAGCCTGC
3238Hu Vlambda3-5' 1075 TCCTATGTGCTGACTCAGCCACC
3239Hu Vlambda3b-5' 1076 TCTTCTGAGCTGACTCAGGACCC
3240Hu Vlambda4-5' 1077 CACGTTATACTGACTCAACCGCC
3241Hu Vlambda5-5' 1078 CAGGCTGTGCTCACTCAGCCGTC
3242Hu Vlambda6-5' 1079 AATTTTATGCTGACTCAGCCCCA
3243Hu Jkappal-3' 1080 ACGTTTGATTTCCACCTTGGTCCC
3244Hu Jkappa2-3' 1081 ACGTTTGATCTCCAGCTTGGTCCC
3245Hu Jkappa3-3' 1082 ACGTTTGATATCCACTTTGGTCCC
3246Hu Jkappa4-3' 1083 ACGTTTGATCTCCAGCTTGGTCCC
3247Hu Jkappa5-3' 1084 ACGTTTAATCTCCAGTCGTGTCCC
3248Hu Jlambdal-3' 1085 CAGTCTGTGTTGACGCAGCCGCC
3249Hu Jlambda2-3' 1086 CAGTCTGCCCTGACTCAGCCTGC
3250Hu Jlambda3~3' 1087 TCCTATGTGCTGACTCAGCCACC
3251Hu Jlambda3b-3' 1088 TCTTCTGAGCTGACTCAGGACCC
3252Hu Jlambda4-3' 1089 CACGTTATACTGACTCAACCGCC
3253Hu Jlambda5-3' 1090 CAGGCTGTGCTCACTCAGCCGTC
3254Hu Jlambda6-3' 1091 AATTTTATGCTGACTCAGCCCCA PCR samples are then electrophoresed on a 1.3% agarose gel. DNA bands of the expected sizes (~506 base pairs for VH domains, and 344 base pairs for VL domains) can be cut out of the gel and purified using methods well known in the art. Purified PCR products can be ligated into a PCR cloning vector (TA vector from Invitrogen Inc., Carlsbad, CA). Individual cloned PCR products can be isolated after transfection of E. coli and blue/white color selection. Cloned PCR products may then be sequenced using methods commonly known in the art.
3255[1588] The PCR bands containing the VH domain and the VL domains can also be used to create full-length Ig expression vectors. VH and VL domains can be cloned into vectors containing the nucleotide sequences of a heavy (e.g., human IgGl or human IgG4) or light chain (human kappa or human lambda) constant regions such that a complete heavy or light chain molecule could be expressed from these vectors when transfected into an appropriate host cell. Further, when cloned heavy and light chains are both expressed in one cell line (from either one or two vectors), they can assemble into a complete functional antibody molecule that is secreted into the cell culture medium. Methods using polynucleotides encoding VH and VL antibody domain to generate expression vectors that encode complete antibody molecules are well known within the art.
3256EXAMPLE 108: Construct ID 2672, HSA-T20. Generation.
3257[1589] Constract DD 2672 (SEQ DD NO:1186), pSAC35:HSA.T20, comprises DNA encoding a T20 albumin fusion protein which has full length HSA fused to the amino- terminus of the HTV-l inhibitory peptide T20, i.e., Y643-F678, in the yeast S. cerevisiae expression vector pSAC35. The T20 peptide is derived from the ectodomain of the HTV-l transmembrane protein gp41 and is shown to have inhibitory activity on HTV-l infection.
3258Cloning of T20 cDN A
3259[1590] The polynucleotide encoding T20 was PCR generated using four overlapping primers T20-1, T20-2, T20-3, and T20-4, described below. The sequence was codon optimized for expression in yeast S. cerevisiae. The PCR fragment was cut with Bsu 36V Asc
3260I, and ligated into Bsu 36V Asc I cut pScNHSA. A Not I fragment was then subcloned into the pSAC35 plasmid. Constract DD #2672 encodes an albumin fusion protein containing full length HSA and the HIV-1 inhibitory peptide T20, i.e., Tyr-643 to Phe-678 (SEQ ED
3261NO: 1188). [1591] The 5' and 3' primers of the four overlapping oligonucleotides suitable for
3262PCR amplification of the polynucleotide encoding the HTV-l inhibitory peptide T20, T20-1 and T20-4, were synthesized:
T20-1 : 5'-AAGCTGCCTTAGGCTTATACACTAGTTTGATTCATAGTTTG-3' (SEQ ED NO: 1189)
T20-2 : 5'-TAC ACTAGTTTGATTC ATAGTTTGATTGAAGAAAGTC AAAATC AAC AAGAAAA
GAATGAACAAG-3' (SEQ DD NO: 1204)
T20-3 : 5'-AAACCAATTCCACAAACTAGCCCATTTATCCAATTCCAACAATTCTTGTTCATT
CTTTTCTTGTTGAT-3' (SEQ DD NO:1205)
T20-4: 5'-TTGGCGCGCCTTAAAACCAATTCCACAAACTAGCCCATTTATCC-3'
(SEQ DD NO: 1190)
3270[1592] T20-1 incoφorates the Bsu 361 cloning site (shown underlined) and nucleotides encoding the last four amino acid residues of the mature form of HSA (SEQ ED
3271NO: 1038), as well as 24 nucleotides (shown in bold) encoding the first 8 amino acid residues of the HTV-l inhibitory peptide T20, i.e., Tyr-643 to Leu-650. In T20-4, the Asc I site is underlined and the last 31 nucleotides (shown in bold) are the reverse complement of DNA encoding the last 10 amino acid residues of the HTV-l inhibitory peptide T20, Asp-669 to
3272Phe-678. The T20-2 and T20-3 oligonucleotides overlap with each other and with T20-1 and
3273T20-4, respectively, and encode the HIV-1 inhibitory peptide T20. The PCR product was purified (for example, using Wizard PCR Preps DNA Purification System (Promega Coφ)) and then digested with Bsu36l and Ascl. After further purification of the Bsu36l-Ascl fragment by gel elecfrophoresis, the product was cloned into Bsu36VAscI digested pScNHSA.
3274After the sequence was confirmed, the expression cassette encoding this T20 albumin fusion protein was subcloned into pSAC35 as a Not I fragment. A Not I fragment was further subcloned into pSAC35 to give constract DD # 2672.
3275[1593] Further, analysis of the Ν-terminus of the expressed albumin fusion protein by amino acid sequencing can confirm the presence of the expected HSA sequence (see below).
3276[1594] T20 albumin fusion proteins of the invention preferably comprise the mature form of HSA , i.e., Asp-25 to Leu-609, fused to either the Ν- or C- terminus of the HIV-1 inhibitory peptide T20, i.e., Tyr-643 to Phe-678. In one embodiment of the invention, T20 albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise a signal sequence which directs the nascent fusion polypeptide in the secretory pathways of the host used for expression. In a further prefeπed embodiment, the signal peptide encoded by the signal sequence is removed, and the mature T20 albumin fusion protein is secreted directly into the culture medium. T20 albumin fusion proteins of the invention may comprise heterologous signal sequences including, but not limited to, MAF, INV, Ig, Fibulin B, Clusterin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4, variant HSA leader sequences including, but not limited to, a chimeric HSA/MAF leader sequence, or other heterologous signal sequences known in the art. In a prefeπed embodiment, T20 albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprise the native HTV-l transmembrane protein gp41 signal sequence. In fiirther prefeπed embodiments, the T20 albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise an N-terminal methionine residue. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides, including fragments and/or variants, are also encompassed by the invention. Expression and Purification of Construct ID 2672. Expression in yeast S. cerevisiae.
3277[1595] Constract 2672 can be transformed into yeast S. cerevisiae by methods known in the art (see Example 3). Expression levels can be examined by immunoblot detection with anti-HSA serum as the primary antibody. Purification from yeast S. cerevisiae cell supernatant.
3278[1596] The cell supernatant containing the secreted T20 albumin fusion protein expressed from constract ED #2672 in yeast S. cerevisiae can be purified as described in Example 4. N-terminal sequencing of the albumin fusion protein should result in the sequence DAHKS (SEQ ED NO:2143) which coπesponds to the amino terminus of the mature form of HSA. i
3279The activity of T20 can be assayed using an in vitro Infectivity Assay and/or a Cell-Cell
3280Fusion Inhibition Assay.
3281[1597] The in vitro infectivity and cell-cell fusion inhibition assays are described in
3282Wild et al., "Peptides coπesponding to a predictive alpha-helical domain of human immunodeficiency viras type 1 gp41 are potent inhibitors of virus infection", Proc. Natl.
3283Acad. Sci. USA, 91_: 9770-9774 (1994)).
3284Method
3285[1598] High-titered viras stocks may be prepared in CEM human leukemia cells as described previously (see Wild, C, et al., "A synthetic peptide inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus replication: coπelation between solution structure and viral inhibition", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 10537-10541 (1992)). Infectious titers may be estimated by end-point dilution on AA5 and CEM continuous cell-lines. Reverse transcriptase (RT) activity present in the supematants may be taken as criteria for successful infection. The 50% tissue culture infection dose (TCDD<sub>50</sub>) may be calculated by using the formula of Reed and Muench (see Wild et al., "Peptides coπesponding to a predictive alpha- helical domain of human immunodeficiency viras type 1 gp41 are potent inhibitors of viras infection", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91<sub>.</sub>: 9770-9774 (1994)). Primary HTV-l isolates may be expanded in activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, "PBMC", from normal donors. [1599] The ability of the T20 albumin fusion protein to inhibit infection with prototypic cell-free viras, i.e., HTV-l <sub>AI</sub> or HIV-1 <sub>NIHZ</sub>, may be evaluated by incubating serial dilutions of cell-free viras with AA5 or CEM target cells containing various concentrations of the T20 albumin fusion protein. The T20 albumin fusion protein may be tested against primary isolates and the prototypic HIV-1 <sub>LAI</sub> isolate in a similar assay using PBMC as target cells. Both assays are carried out as described in Wild et al., 1992.
3286[1600] The ability of the T20 albumin fusion protein to block virus-mediated cell-cell fusion may be assessed as described previously in Wild et al., 1992. Briefly, approximately 7 x 10<sup>4</sup> MOLT-4 cells may be incubated with 10<sup>4</sup> CEM cells and chronically infected with the HIV-1 isolates in 96-well plates (half-area cluster plates; Costar) in 100 μL of culture medium. The T20 albumin fusion protein may be added in 10 μL and the cell mixtures may be incubated for 24 hrs at 37°C. At that time, multinucleated giant cells may be estimated by microscopic examination at x40 magnification.
3287The activity ofT20 albumin fusion encoded by construct ID # 2672 can be assayed using an in vitro Infectivity Assay and/or a Cell-Cell Fusion Inhibition Assay.
3288Method
3289[1601] The T20 albumin fusion protein encoded by constract 2672 can be tested in the in vitro infectivity bioassay as well as the cell-cell fusion inhibition assay as described above under subsection heading, "The activity of T20 can be assayed using an in vitro
3290Infectivity Assay and/or a Cell-Cell Fusion Inhibition Assay".
3291EXAMPLE 109: Construct ID 2673. T20-HSA. Generation.
3292[1602] Constract DD 2673, pSAC35:T20.HSA, comprises DNA encoding a T20 albumin fiision protein which has the HSA chimeric leader sequence, i.e., the HSA-kex2 signal peptide, followed by the HTV-l inhibitory peptide T20, i.e., Y643-F678, fused to the amino-terminus of the mature form of HSA in the yeast S. cerevisiae expression vector pSAC35.
3293Cloning of T20 cDN A
3294[1603] The DNA encoding the HTV-l inhibitory peptide was PCR generated using four overlapping primers. The sequence was codon optimized for expression in yeast S. cerevisiae. The PCR fragment was digested with Sal VCla I and subcloned into Xho VCla I digested pScCHSA. A Not I fragment was then subcloned into the pSAC35 plasmid. Constract DD #2673 encodes for the chimeric leader sequence of HSA fused to the HTV-l inhibitory peptide T20, i.e., Tyr-643 to Phe-678, followed by the mature form of HSA. [1604] The 5' and 3' primers of the four overlapping oligonucleotides suitable for
3295PCR amplification of the polynucleotide encoding the HTV-l inhibitory peptide T20, T20-5 and T20-6, were synthesized:
T20-5 : 5'-AGOAGCGTCGACAAAAGATACACTAGTTTGATTCATAGTTTG-3' (SEQ DD NO:1192)
3297T20-6: 5^CG :GCATCGATGAG AACCTCACTCTTGTGTGCATCAAACCAATTCCACAAA CTAGCCCATTTATCC-3' (SEQ DD NO: 1193)
3298T20-5 incoφorates a Sal I cloning site (shown underlined), nucleotides encoding the last three amino acid residues of the HSA chimeric leader sequence, and the DNA encoding the first 8 amino acids (shown in bold) of the HTV-l inhibitory peptide T20, i.e., Tyr-643 to Leu- 650. In T20-6, the underlined sequence is a Cla I site; and the Cla I site and the DNA following it are the reverse complement of DNA encoding the first 10 amino acids of the mature HSA protein (SEQ ED NO: 1038). The bolded sequence is the reverse complement of the 31 nucleotides encoding the last 10 amino acid residues Asp-669 to Phe-678 of the HTV-l inhibitory peptide T20. The T20-2 and T20-3 oligonucleotides (as in Example 108) overlap with each other and with T20-5 and T20-6, respectively, and encode the HTV-l inhibitory peptide T20. Using these primers, the HTV-l inhibitory peptide T20 was generated by annealing, extension of the annealed primers, digestion with Sal I and Cla I, and subcloning into Xho VCla I digested pScCHSA. After the sequence was confirmed, the Not I fragment containing the T20 albumin fusion expression cassette was subcloned into pSAC35 cut with Not I to generate construct DD 2673. Constract DD #2673 encodes an albumin fusion protein containing the chimeric leader sequence, the HTV-l inhibitory peptide T20, and the mature form of HSA.
3299[1605] Further, analysis of the N-terminus of the expressed albumin fusion protein by amino acid sequencing can confirm the presence of the expected T20 sequence (see below). [1606] T20 albumin fusion proteins of the invention preferably comprise the mature form of HSA , i.e., Asp-25 to Leu-609, fused to either the N- or C- terminus of the HTV-l inhibitory peptide T20, i.e., Tyr-643 to Phe-678. In one embodiment of the invention, T20 albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise a signal sequence which directs the nascent fusion polypeptide in the secretory pathways of the host used for expression. In a further prefeπed embodiment, the signal peptide encoded by the signal sequence is removed, and the mature T20 albumin fusion protein is secreted directly into the culture medium. T20 albumin fusion proteins of the invention may comprise heterologous signal sequences including, but not limited to, MAF, ESTV, Ig, Fibulin B, Clusterin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4, variant HSA leader sequences including, but not limited to, a chimeric HSA MAF leader sequence, or other heterologous signal sequences known in the art. hi a prefeπed embodiment, T20 albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprise the native HTV-l transmembrane protein gp41 signal sequence. In further prefeπed embodiments, the T20 albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise an N-terminal methionine residue. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides, including fragments and/or variants, are also encompassed by the invention.
3300Expression and Purification of Construct ID 2673.
3301Expression in yeast S. cerevisiae.
3302[1607] Construct 2673 can be transformed into yeast S. cerevisiae by methods known in the art (see Example 3). Expression levels can be examined by immunoblot detection with anti-HSA serum as the primary antibody.
3303Purification from yeast S. cerevisiae cell supernatant.
3304[1608] The cell supernatant containing the secreted T20 albumin fusion protein expressed from constract DD #2673 in yeast S. cerevisiae can be purified as described in
3305Example 4. N-terminal sequencing of the expressed and purified albumin fiision protein should generate YTSLI (SEQ DD NO:2151) which coπesponds to the amino terminus of the
3306HTV-l inhibitory peptide T20. The activity of T20 albumin fusion encoded by construct ID # 2673 can be assayed using an in vitro Infectivity Assay and/or a Cell-Cell Fusion Inhibition Assay.
3307Method
3308[1609] The T20 albumin fusion protein encoded by constract 2673 can be tested in the in vitro infectivity bioassay as well as the cell-cell fusion inhibition assay as described above in Example 108 under subsection heading, "The activity of T20 can be assayed using an in vitro Infectivity Assay and/or a Cell-Cell Fusion Inhibition Assay".
3309EXAMPLE 110: Indications for T20 albumin fusion proteins
3310[1610] Based on the activity of T20 albumin fusion proteins in the above assays, T20 albumin fusion proteins are useful in treating, preventing, and/or diagnosing HIV, ADDS, and/or SIV (simian immunodeficiency viras) infections.
3311EXAMPLE 111: Construct ID 2667. HSA-T1249. Generation.
3312[1611] Constract ED 2667, pSAC35:HSA.T1249, comprises DNA encoding a T1249 albumin fusion protein which has the full length HSA protein, including the native HSA leader sequence, fused to the amino-terminus of the second-generation fusion inhibitor peptide, "T1249", i.e., W1-F39, in the yeast S. cerevisiae expression vector pSAC35. The T1249 peptide is a second-generation fusion inhibitor derived from the HTV-l transmembrane protein gp41 and is shown to have inhibitory activity on HTV-l infection.
3313Cloning ofT1249 cDNA
3314[1612] The polynucleotide encoding T1249 was PCR generated using four overlapping primers T 1249-1, T 1249-2, T 1249-3, and T 1249-4, described below. The sequence was codon optimized for expression in yeast S. cerevisiae. The PCR fragment was cut with Bsu 36VAsc I, and ligated into Bsu 36V Asc I cut pScNHSA. A Not I fragment was then subcloned into the pSAC35 plasmid. Constract ED #2667 encodes an albumin fusion protein containing the full length HSA protein, including the native HSA leader sequence, fused to the T1249 peptide, i.e., Tφ-1 to Phe-39.
3315[1613] The 5' and 3' primers of the four overlapping oligonucleotides suitable for
3316PCR amplification of the polynucleotide encoding the T1249 peptide, T1249-1 and T1249-4, were synthesized:
T1249-1 : 5'-AAGCTGCCTTAGGCTTATGGCAAGAATGGGAAC AAAAG-3 ' (SEQ ED NO:1181)
T 1249-2: 5'- TGGCAAGAATGGGAACAAAAGATTACTGCTTTGTTAGAACAAGCTCAAATT
CAACAAGAAAAGAATGAAT-3' (SEQ ED NO: 1206)
T 1249-3: 5'- GAACCATTCCCATAAAGAAGCCCATTTATCCAACTTTTGCAATTCATATTCA
3321TTCTTTTCTTGTTGAATTTGAGCTT-3<sup>*</sup> (SEQ ED NO: 1207)
T1249-4: 5'-TTGGCGCGCCTTAGAACCATTCCCATAAAGAAGCCCATTTATC-3'
(SEQ D NO: 1182)
3324[1614] T1249-1 incoφorates the Bsu 361 cloning site (shown underlined) and nucleotides encoding the last four amino acid residues of the mature form of HSA (SEQ DD
3325NO: 1038), as well as 21 nucleotides (shown in bold) encoding the first 7 amino acid residues of the T1249 peptide, i.e., Tφ-1 to Lys-7. In T1249-4, the Asc I site is underlined and the last
332630 nucleotides (shown in bold) are the reverse complement of DNA encoding the last 10 amino acid residues of the T1249 peptide, Asρ-30 to Phe-39. The T1249-2 and T1249-3 oligonucleotides overlap with each other and with T 1249-1 and T 1249-4, respectively, and encode the T1249 peptide. The PCR product was purified (for example, using Wizard PCR
3327Preps DNA Purification System (Promega Coφ)) and then digested with Bsu36l and Ascl.
3328After further purification of the Bsu36l-Ascl fragment by gel elecfrophoresis, the product was cloned into Bsu36VAscI digested pScNHSA. After the sequence was confirmed, the expression cassette encoding this T1249 albumin fusion protein was subcloned into pSAC35 as a Not I fragment. A Not I fragment was further subcloned into pSAC35 to give constract
3329DD # 2667.
3330[1615] Further, analysis of the N-terminus of the expressed albumin fusion protein by amino acid sequencing can confirm the presence of the expected HSA sequence (see below).
3331[1616] T1249 albumin fusion proteins of the invention preferably comprise the mature form of HSA , i.e., Asp-25 to Leu-609, fused to either the N- or C- terminus of the
3332HTV-l inhibitory peptide T1249, i.e., Tφ-1 to Phe-39. In one embodiment of the invention,
3333T1249 albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise a signal sequence which directs the nascent fusion polypeptide in the secretory pathways of the host used for expression. In a further prefeπed embodiment, the signal peptide encoded by the signal sequence is removed, and the mature T1249 albumin fusion protein is secreted directly into the culture medium. T1249 albumin fusion proteins of the invention may comprise heterologous signal sequences including, but not limited to, MAF, ESTV, Ig, Fibulin B,
3334Clusterin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4, variant HSA leader sequences including, but not limited to, a chimeric HSA MAF leader sequence, or other heterologous signal sequences known in the art. In a prefeπed embodiment, T1249 albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprise the native HTV-l transmembrane protein gp41 signal sequence. In further prefeπed embodiments, the T1249 albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise an N-terminal methionine residue. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides, including fragments and/or variants, are also encompassed by the invention.
3335Expression and Purification of Construct ID 2667.
3336Expression in yeast S. cerevisiae.
3337[1617] Constract 2667 can be transformed into yeast S. cerevisiae by methods known in the art (see Example 3). Expression levels can be examined by immunoblot detection with anti-HSA serum as the primary antibody.
3338Purification from yeast S. cerevisiae cell supernatant.
3339[1618] The cell supernatant containing the secreted T1249 albumin fusion protein expressed from construct DD #2667 in yeast S. cerevisiae can be purified as described in
3340Example 4. N-terminal sequencing of the albumin fusion protein should result in the sequence DAHKS which coπesponds to the amino terminus of the mature form of HSA.
3341The activity of T1249 albumin fusion encoded by construct ID # 2667 can be assayed using an in vitro Infectivity Assay and/or a Cell-Cell Fusion Inhibition Assay.
3342Method
3343[1619] ' The T1249 albumin fusion protein encoded by constract 2667 can be tested in the in vitro infectivity bioassay as well as the cell-cell fusion inhibition assay as described above in Example 108 under subsection heading, "The activity of T20 can be assayed using an in vitro Infectivity Assay and/or a Cell-Cell Fusion Inhibition Assay".
3344EXAMPLE 112: Construct ID 2670. T1249-HSA. Generation.
3345[1620] Constract DD 2670, pSAC35:T1249.HSA, comprises DNA encoding a T1249 albumin fusion protein which has the HSA chimeric leader sequence, i.e., the HSA-kex2 signal peptide, the second-generation fusion inhibitor peptide, "T1249", i.e., W1-F39 fiised to the amino-terminus of the mature form of HSA in the yeast S. cerevisiae expression vector pSAC35. Cloning ofT1249 cDNA
3346[1621] The DNA encoding the second-generation fusion inhibitor peptide was PCR generated using four overlapping primers. The sequence was codon optimized for expression in yeast S. cerevisiae. The PCR fragment was digested with Sal VCla I and subcloned into Xho VCla I digested pScCHSA. A Not I fragment was then subcloned into the pSAC35 plasmid. Constract ED #2670 encodes for the chimeric leader sequence of HSA fused to the T1249 peptide, i.e., Tφ-1 to Phe-39, followed by the mature form of HSA. [1622] The 5' and 3' primers of the four overlapping oligonucleotides suitable for
3347PCR amplification of the polynucleotide encoding the T1249 peptide, T1249-5 and T1249-6, were synthesized:
T1249-5: 5'-AGGAGCGTCGACAAAAGATGGCAAGAATGGGAACAAAAG-3' (SEQ D NO: 1184)
3349T1249-6: 5'-ATCGATGAGCAACCTCACTCTTGTGTGCATCGAACCATTCCCATAAAG AAGCCCATTTATC-3' (SEQ ED NO: 1185)
3350[1623] T1249-5 incoφorates a Sal I cloning site (shown underlined), nucleotides encoding the last three amino acid residues of the HSA chimeric leader sequence, and the DNA encoding the first 7 amino acids (shown in bold) of the T1249 peptide, i.e., Tφ-1 to Lys-7. In T1249-6, the underlined sequence is a Cla I site; and the Cla I site and the DNA following it are the reverse complement of DNA encoding the first 10 amino acids of the mature HSA protein (SEQ DD NO: 1038). The bolded sequence is the reverse complement of the 30 nucleotides encoding the last 10 amino acid residues Asp-30 to Phe-39 of the T1249 peptide. The T1249-2 and T1249-3 oligonucleotides (as in Example 111) overlap with each other and with T1249-5 and T1249-6, respectively, and encode the T1249 peptide. Using these primers, the T1249 peptide was generated by annealing, extension of the annealed primers, digestion with Sal I and Cla I, and subcloning into Xho VCla I digested pScCHSA. After the sequence was confirmed, the Not I fragment containing the T1249 albumin fusion expression cassette was subcloned into pSAC35 cut with Not I to generate constract DD 2670. Constract DD #2670 encodes an albumin fusion protein containing the chimeric leader sequence, the T1249 peptide, and the mature form of HSA.
3351[1624] Further, analysis of the N-terminus of the expressed albumin fusion protein by amino acid sequencing can confirm the presence of the expected T1249 sequence (see below).
3352[1625] T1249 albumin fusion proteins of the invention preferably comprise the mature form of HSA , i.e., Asp-25 to Leu-609, fused to either the N- or C- terminus of the T1249 peptide, i.e., Tφ-1 to Phe-39. In one embodiment of the invention, T1249 albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise a signal sequence which directs the nascent fusion polypeptide in the secretory pathways of the host used for expression. In a further prefeπed embodiment, the signal peptide encoded by the signal sequence is removed, and the mature T1249 albumin fusion protein is secreted directly into the culture medium. T1249 albumin fusion proteins of the invention may comprise heterologous signal sequences including, but not limited to, MAF, INV, Ig, Fibulin B, Clusterin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4, variant HSA leader sequences including, but not limited to, a chimeric HSA/MAF leader sequence, or other heterologous signal sequences known in the art. In a prefeπed embodiment, T1249 albumin fusion proteins of the invention comprise the native HTV-l transmembrane protein gp41 signal sequence. In further prefeπed embodiments, the T1249 albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise an N-terminal methionine residue. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides, including fragments and/or variants, are also encompassed by the invention.
3353The activity ofT1249 albumin fusion encoded by construct ID # 2670 can be assayed using an in vitro Infectivity Assay and/or a Cell-Cell Fusion Inhibition Assay.
3354Method
3355[1626] -The T1249 albumin fusion protein encoded by constract 2670 can be tested in the in vitro infectivity bioassay as well as the cell-cell fusion inhibition assay as described above in Example 108 under subsection heading, 'The activity of T20 can be assayed using an in vitro Infectivity Assay and/or a Cell-Cell Fusion Inhibition Assay".
3356EXAMPLE 113: Indications for T1249 albumin fusion proteins
3357[1627] Based on the activity of T1249 albumin fusion proteins in the above assays,
3358T1249 albumin fusion proteins are useful in treating, preventing, and/or diagnosing HTV, ADDS, and/or STV (simian immunodeficiency viras) infections.
3359EXAMPLE 114: Construct ID 2702. HSA-GCSF.T31-L201. Generation
3360[1628] Constract DD 2702, pSAC35:HSA.GCSF.T31-L201, comprises DNA encoding a GCSF albumin fusion protein which has matare HSA fused downstream of the HSA/kex2 leader sequence and upsfream of amino acids T31 to L201 of GCSF, in the yeast S. cerevisiae expression vector pSAC35.
3361Cloning of GCSF cDNA
3362[1629] The polynucleotide encoding the GCSF C-terminal deletion mutant was PCR amplified using primers GCSF-5 and GCSF-6, described below. The amplimer was cut with
3363Bsu36l and Ascl, and ligated into pScNHSA. Constract DD #2702 encodes an albumin fusion protein containing mature HSA fused downstream of the HSA/kex2 leader sequence and upstream of amino acids T31 to L201 of GCSF.
3364[1630] Two oligonucleotide primers, GCSF-5 and GCSF-6, suitable for PCR amplification of the polynucleotide encoding the GCSF C-terminal deletion mutant, were synthesized:
GCSF-5: 5'- AAGCTGCCTTAGGCTTAACCCCCCTGGGCCCTGCCAG (SEQ DD NO:
33661197)
GCSF-6: 5'- GCGCGCGGCGCGCCTCAAAGGTGGCGTAGAACGCGGTACGAC (SEQ
DD NO: 1198)
3369[1631] GCSF-5 incoφorates the Bsu36l cloning site (shown underlined), and nucleotides encoding the last six amino acids of HSA as well as the first six amino acids of mature GCSF (amino acids T31 through A36). GCSF-6 contains an Ascl cloning site (shown underlined) and the last 25 nucleotides are the reverse complement of DNA encoding the last eight amino acid residues of the GCSF C-terminal deletion mutant (SI 94 through L201). The
3370PCR product generated with these primers was purified (for example, using Wizard PCR
3371Preps DNA Purification System (Promega Coφoration)) and then digested with Bsu36l and
3372Ascl. After further purification of the i?_sM36I//4_s<sup>,</sup>eI PCR fragment by gel elelctrophoresis, the product was cloned into Bsu36VA sci digested pScNHSA. After the sequence was confirmed, the expression cassette encoding this GCSF albumin fusion protein was subcloned into pSAC35 as a Notl fragment.
3373[1632] Further analysis of the Ν-terminus of the expressed albumin fusion protein by amino acid sequencing can confirm the presence of the expected HSA sequence (see below).
3374[1633] GCSF albumin fusion proteins of the invention preferably comprise the mature form of HSA, i.e., Asp-25 to Leu-609, fused to either the Ν- or C-terminus of the C-terminal deletion mutant of GCSF, i.e., T31 to L201. In one embodiment of the invention, GCSF albumin fiision proteins of the invention further comprise a signal sequence which directs the nascent fusion polypeptide in the secretory pathways of the host used for expression. In a further prefeπed embodiment, the signal peptide encoded by the signal sequence is removed, and the mature GCSF albumin fusion protein is secreted directly into the culture medium. GCSF albumin fusion proteins of the invention may comprise heterologous signal sequences including, but not limited to, MFα-1, Invertase, Ig, Fibulin B, Clusterin, Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4, K. lactis killer toxin, and variant HSA leader sequences including, but not limited to, a chimeric HSA MFα-1 (HSA/kex2) leader sequence, a chimeric K.lactis/MFα-1 leader sequence, or other heterologous signal sequences known in the art. In a further prefeπed embodiment, GCSF albumin fusion prteins of the invention comprise the native GCSF signal sequence. In further prefeπed embodiements, the GCSF albumin fusion proteins of the invention further comprise and N-terminal methionine residue. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides, including fragments and/or variants are also encompassed by the invention.
3375Expression and Purification of Construct ID #2702
3376Expression in yeast S. cerevisiae
3377[1634] • Constract #2702 was transformed into yeast S. cerevisiae by methods known in the art (see Example 3) and as previously described for constract DD #1642 (see Example
337819). Expression levels were examined by immunoblot detection with anti-HSA serum as the primary antibody (data not shown).
3379Purification from yeast S. cerevisiae cell supernatant
3380[1635] A general procedure for purification of albumin fusion proteins is described in
3381Example 4. The cell supernatant containing GCSF albumin fusion protein expressed from constract DD #2702 in yeast S. cerevisiae was purified as described in Example 20. N- terminal sequencing of the albumin fusion protein should result in the sequence DAHKS which coπesponds to the amino terminus of the mature form of HSA.
3382The activity of GCSF albumin fusion encoded by construct ID # 2702 can be assayed using an in vitro NFS-60 cell proliferation assay.
3383Method
3384[1636] The GCSF albumin fusion protein encoded by constract 2702 was tested using the in vitro NFS-60 cell proliferation bioassay previously described in Example 19 under subsection headings "The activity of GCSF can be assayed using an in vitro NFS-60 cell proliferation assay" and "The activity of GCSF albumin fusion encoded by constract DD #
33851642 can be assayed using an in vitro NFS-60 cell proliferation assay". Results
3386[1637] Both the partially purified GCSF albumin fusion protein encoded by constract
33871634 (HSA-GCSF) and the GCSF C-terminal deletion mutant albumin fusion protein (L-171) encoded by construct 2702 demonstrated the ability to cause NFS-60 cell proliferation, with the C-terminal deletion mutant exhibiting a more potent proliferative effect (see Figure 19). Unexpectedly, the fusion protein encoded by constract 2702 exhibited 2-3 times more activity than the fusion protein encoded by constract 1643. Alternate GCSF albumin fusion constructs comprise albumin fused to amino acid residues 1-169 of mature GCSF and albumin fused to amino acid residues 1-170 of mature GCSF.
3388EXAMPLE 115: Construct ID 2876. HSA-IFNα hybrid
3389[1638] Constract ID 2876, pSAC35:HSA.EFNoA(Cl-Q91)/D(L93-E166)
3390R23K,A113V comprises DNA encoding an IFNα hybrid albumin fusion protein which has mature HSA fused downstream of the HSA kex2 leader sequence and upstream of an IFNα A D hybrid amino acid sequence, in the yeast S. cerevisiae expression vector pSAC35. Regarding the composition of the hybrid IFN, the first 91 amino acids are from the subtype IFNα2 (also called IFNαA) and the remaining 75 aa are from IFNαl (IFNαD). We incoφorated two point mutations (R23K, A113V). The fusion was generated by PCR and fused downstream of HSA within the yeast expression vector pSAC35.
3391Results
3392CID 2876 Expression and Purification
3393[1639] The yeast strain BXP-10 was transformed with ρSAC35:CED 2876 and a fransformant selected for fermentation. A 5 -liter fermentation was performed and analysis of supernatant demonstrated high expression (approximately 500 mg/1). A small proportion of the supernatant was processed to pilot purification. Approximately 1 mg of CDD 2876 protein
3394(greater than 95% pure based on N-terminal sequence) was obtained following a purification through Blue-sepharose, followed by gel filtration, followed by Q-anion exchange. The remaining fermentation starting material is available for further purification if needed.
3395ISRE Activity
3396[1640] All type I EFNs mediate their activities through engagement of a common IFN receptor complex and activation of the ISRE signal transduction pathway. Activation of gene transcription through this pathway leads to the cellular responses associated with EFNs including anti-proliferation, antiviral and immune modulation. Using a reporter based strategy, the ability of CDD 2876 to activate the ISRE signal transduction pathway was determined. CDD 2876 was found to be a potent activator of the ISRE pathway, demonstrating an EC<sub>50</sub> of 2.7 ng/ml (data not shown). This compares favorably with the potency of CDD 3165 in this assay system.
3397Anti-viral activity
3398[1641] A hallmark activity of EFNs is their ability to mediate cellular protection against viral infection. While most human type I EFNs display antiviral activity in a species restricted manner, the hybrid IFN employed in this study has been demonstrated to be active on murine cells. Thus the antiviral activity of CDD 2876 was evaluated on the murine cell line L929 infected with EMCV. Results indicate that CDD 2876 does demonstrate antiviral activity in a cross species manner (data not shown).
3399Example 116: Activity of Construct 3070 (GLP-1 Albumin Fusion) Measured bv In
3400Vitro Stimulation of Insulin mRNA in INS-1 Cells
3401[1642] It has recently been shown that GLP-1 increases the expression of insulin mRNA in pancreatic beta-cells (Buteau et al., Diabetologia 1999 Jul;42(7):856-64). Thus, the ability of the GLP-1 albumin fusion protein encoded by CDD 3070 to stimulate insulin mRNA was evaluated using the pancreatic beta-cell line DNS-1 (832/13).
3402[1643] Figure 14 illustrates the steady-state levels of insulin mRNA in INS-1 (832/13) cells after treatment with GLP-1 or GLP-1 albumin fusion protein encoded by constract ED
34033070 (CDD 3070 protein). Both GLP-1 and the COD 3070 protein stimulate transcription of the insulin gene. The first bar (black) represents the untreated cells. Bars 2-4 (white) represent cells treated with the indicated concentrations of GLP-1. Bars 5-7 (gray) represent cells treated with the indicated concentrations of CDD 3070 protein.
3404[1644] It will be clear that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as particularly described in the foregoing description and examples. Numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings and, therefore, are within the scope of the appended claims.
3405[1645] The entire disclosure of each document cited (including patents, patent applications, patent publications, journal articles, abstracts, laboratory manuals, books, or other disclosures) as well as information available through Identifiers specific to databases such as GenBank, GeneSeq, or the CAS Registry, refeπed to in this application are herein incoφorated by reference in their entirety.
3406[1646] Furthermore, the specification and sequence listing of each of the following
3407U.S. applications are herein incoφorated by reference in their entirety: U.S. Application No. 60/341,811, filed December 21, 2001; U.S. Application No. 60/360,000, filed February 28, 2002; U.S. Application No. 60/378,950, filed May 10, 2002; U.S. Application No. 60/398,008, filed July 24, 2002; U.S. Application No. 60/411,355, filed September 18, 2002; U.S. Application No. 60/414,984, filed October 2, 2002; U.S. Application No. 60/417,611, filed October 11, 2002; U.S. Application No. 60/420,246, filed October 23, 2002; U.S. Application No. 60/423,623, filed November 5, 2002; U.S. Application No. 60/350,358, filed January 24, 2002; U.S. Application No. 60/359,370, filed February 26, 2002; U.S. Application No. 60/367,500, filed March 27, 2002; U.S. Application No. 60/402,131, filed August 9, 2002; U.S. Application No. 60/402,708, filed August 13, 2002; U.S. Application No. 60/351,360, filed January 28, 2002; U.S. Application No. 60/382,617, filed May 24, 2002; U.S. Application No. 60/383,123, filed May 28, 2002; U.S. Application No. 60/385,708, filed June 5, 2002; U.S. Application No. 60/394,625, filed July 10, 2002; U.S. Application No. 60/411,426, filed September 18, 2002; U.S. Application No. 60/370,227, filed April 8, 2002; U.S. Application No. 60/351,360 filed January 28, 2002; U.S. Application No. 60/382,617, filed May 24, 2002; U.S. Application No. 60/383,123, filed May 28, 2002; U.S. Application No. 60/385,708, filed June 5, 2002; U.S. Application No. 60/394,625, filed July 10, 2002; and U.S. Application No. 60/411,426, filed September 18, 2002. Furthermore, the specification and sequence listing of U.S. application, Human Genome Sciences, Inc. attorney docket number PF574PCT, filed concurrently herewith on December 23, 2002, is hereby incoφorated by reference in its entirety.
3408International Application" <sup>1</sup> 'ii" ϋ„,n cu "<sup>■</sup>:.$ ..,»..
3409Applicant's File Reference Number: PF564PCT Number: Unassigned
INDICATIONS RELATING TO DEPOSITED BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL
3411(PCT Rule 13 bis)
3412A. The indications made below relate to the deposited biological material referred to on pages 126 and 127 in Table 3 of the description.
3413B. IDENTIFICATION OF DEPOSIT: Further deposits are identified on an additional sheet: <img file="EP1463751A2_D0113.tif" />
3414Name of Depository: American Type Culture Collection Address of Depository: 10801 University Boulevard
3415Manassas, Virginia 20110-2209 United States of America
3416<img file="EP1463751A2_D0114.tif" />
CANADA
3418The applicant requests that, until either a Canadian patent has been issued on the basis of an application or the application has been refused, or is abandoned and no longer subject to reinstatement, or is withdrawn, the Commissioner of Patents only authorizes the furnishing of a sample of the deposited biological material refeπed to in the application to an independent expert nominated by the Commissioner, the applicant must, by a written statement, inform the International Bureau accordingly before completion of technical preparations for publication of the international application.
NORWAY
3420The applicant hereby requests that the application has been laid open to public inspection (by the Norwegian Patent Office), or has been finally decided upon by the Norwegian Patent Office without having been laid open inspection, the furnishing of a sample shall only be effected to an expert in the art. The request to this effect shall be filed by the applicant with the Norwegian Patent Office not later than at the time when the application is made available to the public under Sections 22 and 33(3) of the Norwegian Patents Act. If such a request has been filed by the applicant, any request made by a third party for the furnishing of a sample shall indicate the expert to be used. That expert may be any person entered on the list of recognized experts drawn up by the Norwegian Patent Office or any person approved by the applicant in the individual case.
AUSTRALIA
3422The applicant hereby gives notice that the furnishing of a sample of a microorganism shall only be effected prior to the grant of a patent, or prior to the lapsing, refusal or withdrawal of the application, to a person who is a skilled addressee without an interest in the invention (Regulation 3.25(3) of the Australian Patents Regulations).
FINLAND
3424The applicant hereby requests that, until the application has been laid open to public inspection (by the National Board of Patents and Regulations), or has been finally decided upon by the National Board of Patents and Registration without having been laid open to public inspection, the furnishing of a sample shall only be effected to an expert in the art. UNITED KINGDOM
3425The applicant hereby requests that the furnishing of a sample of a microorganism shall only be made available to an expert. The request to this effect must be filed by the applicant with the International Bureau before the completion of the technical preparations for the international publication of the application.
DENMARK
3427The applicant hereby requests that, until the application has been laid open to public inspection (by the Danish Patent Office), or has been finally decided upon by the Danish Patent office without having been laid open to public inspection, the furnishing of a sample shall only be effected to an expert in the art. The request to this effect shall be filed by the applicant with the Danish Patent Office not later that at the time when the application is made available to the public under Sections 22 and 33(3) of the Danish Patents Act. If such a request has been filed by the applicant, any request made by a third party for the furnishing of a sample shall indicate the expert to be used. That expert may be any person entered on a list of recognized experts drawn up by the Danish Patent Office or any person by the applicant in the individual case.
SWEDEN
3429The applicant hereby requests that, until the application has been laid open to public inspection (by the Swedish Patent Office), or has been finally decided upon by the Swedish Patent Office without having been laid open to public inspection, the furnishing of a sample shall only be effected to an expert in the art. The request to this effect shall be filed by the applicant withthe hitemational Bureau before the expiration of 16 months from the priority date (preferably on the Form PCT/RO/134 reproduced in annex Z of Volume I of the PCT Applicant's Guide). If such a request has been filed by the applicant any request made by a third party for the furnishing of a sample shall indicate the expert to be used. That expert may be any person entered on a list of recognized experts drawn up by the Swedish Patent Office or any person approved by a applicant in the individual case.
NETHERLANDS
3431The applicant hereby requests that until the date of a grant of a Netherlands patent or until the date on which the application is refused or withdrawn or lapsed, the microorganism shall be made available as provided in the 31F(1) of the Patent Rules only by the issue of a sample to an expert. The request to this effect must be furnished by the applicant with the Netherlands Industrial Property Office before the date on which the application is made available to the public under Section 22C or Section 25 of the Patents Act of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, whichever of the two dates occurs earlier. UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE DOCUMENT CLASSIFICATION BARCODE SHEET
3432<img file="EP1463751A2_D0115.tif" />
3433New International Application
3434Claim(s)
3435<img file="EP1463751A2_D0116.tif" />
3436<img file="EP1463751A2_D0117.tif" />
Contents144
117 sheets
Sheet 1 Sheet 2 Sheet 3 Sheet 4 Sheet 5 Sheet 6 Sheet 7 Sheet 8 Sheet 9 Sheet 10 Sheet 11 Sheet 12 Sheet 13 Sheet 14 Sheet 15 Sheet 16 Sheet 17 Sheet 18 Sheet 19 Sheet 20 Sheet 21 Sheet 22 Sheet 23 Sheet 24 Sheet 25 Sheet 26 Sheet 27 Sheet 28 Sheet 29 Sheet 30 Sheet 31 Sheet 32 Sheet 33 Sheet 34 Sheet 35 Sheet 36 Sheet 37 Sheet 38 Sheet 39 Sheet 40 Sheet 41 Sheet 42 Sheet 43 Sheet 44 Sheet 45 Sheet 46 Sheet 47 Sheet 48 Sheet 49 Sheet 50 Sheet 51 Sheet 52 Sheet 53 Sheet 54 Sheet 55 Sheet 56 Sheet 57 Sheet 58 Sheet 59 Sheet 60 Sheet 61 Sheet 62 Sheet 63 Sheet 64 Sheet 65 Sheet 66 Sheet 67 Sheet 68 Sheet 69 Sheet 70 Sheet 71 Sheet 72 Sheet 73 Sheet 74 Sheet 75 Sheet 76 Sheet 77 Sheet 78 Sheet 79 Sheet 80 Sheet 81 Sheet 82 Sheet 83 Sheet 84 Sheet 85 Sheet 86 Sheet 87 Sheet 88 Sheet 89 Sheet 90 Sheet 91 Sheet 92 Sheet 93 Sheet 94 Sheet 95 Sheet 96 Sheet 97 Sheet 98 Sheet 99 Sheet 100 Sheet 101 Sheet 102 Sheet 103 Sheet 104 Sheet 105 Sheet 106 Sheet 107 Sheet 108 Sheet 109 Sheet 110 Sheet 111 Sheet 112 Sheet 113 Sheet 114 Sheet 115 Sheet 116 Sheet 117
Every citation, both ways
| Document | Relation | Office | Cited during |
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| WO0177137A1 | Cites | World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) | Search report |
| EP0624195A1 | Cites | European Patent Office (EPO) | Search report |
189 members in 30 offices
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| Change of applicant/patenteeR081 | R081 | DE | |
| Change of applicant/patenteeR081 | R081 | DE | |
| Change of applicant/patenteeR081 | R081 | DE | |
| Change of representativeR082 | R082 | DE | |
| Supplementary protection certificateCCP | CCP | LU |
Numbers
- Publication
- 1463751
- Application
- 27999663
Titles3
- German
- ALBUMINFUSIONSPROTEINE
- English
- ALBUMIN FUSION PROTEINS
- French
- PROTEINES HYBRIDES D'ALBUMINE
Classification
- CPC, 140
- C07K14/765
- A61K38/04
- A61K38/17
- C07K14/4713
- C07K14/505
- C07K14/57563
- C07K14/635
- C07K2319/00
- C07K2319/31
- C12N15/62
- C12N2501/335
- C12N2740/16122
- C12N9/0008
- A61K38/00
- C12Y102/01
- C07K16/26
- C12N9/0006
- C12Y101/01105
- C07K14/005
- C12N2740/16111
- A61K31/155
- A61K31/426
- A61K31/4439
- A61K31/4965
- A61K38/28
- C12N2740/16134
- C12N2740/16171
- C12Y207/01095
- C07K2317/622
- C07K2317/10
- A61P1/02
- A61P1/04
- A61P1/16
- A61P1/18
- A61P11/00
- A61P11/02
- A61P11/06
- A61P13/02
- A61P13/08
- A61P13/10
- A61P13/12
- A61P15/00
- A61P15/08
- A61P15/10
- A61P17/00
- A61P17/02
- A61P19/02
- A61P19/04
- A61P19/06
- A61P19/08
- A61P21/00
- A61P21/04
- A61P25/00
- A61P25/10
- A61P25/16
- A61P25/28
- A61P27/02
- A61P27/06
- A61P27/16
- A61P29/00
- A61P3/00
- A61P3/04
- A61P3/12
- A61P3/14
- A61P31/00
- A61P31/04
- A61P31/10
- A61P31/12
- A61P31/14
- A61P31/16
- A61P31/18
- A61P31/20
- A61P31/22
- A61P33/00
- A61P33/02
- A61P33/06
- A61P35/00
- A61P35/02
- A61P3/06
- A61P3/08
- A61P35/04
- A61P37/02
- A61P37/04
- A61P37/06
- A61P37/08
- A61P43/00
- A61P5/00
- A61P5/06
- A61P5/14
- A61P5/40
- A61P5/50
- A61P7/00
- A61P7/04
- A61P7/06
- A61P7/12
- A61P9/00
- A61P9/02
- A61P9/04
- A61P9/06
- A61P9/08
- A61P9/10
- A61P9/12
- A61P9/14
- A61P3/10
- C07K16/241
- C07K14/555
- C07K7/06
- C07K2317/76
- C07K2319/20
- C07K14/62
- C07K14/435
- C07K14/4723
- C07K14/475
- C07K14/50
- C07K14/51
- C07K14/521
- C07K14/525
- C07K14/535
- C07K14/54
- C07K14/5406
- C07K14/55
- C07K14/56
- C07K14/565
- C07K14/575
- C07K14/5759
- C07K14/585
- C07K14/60
- C07K14/605
- C07K14/61
- C07K14/655
- C07K14/665
- C07K14/705
- C07K14/82
- A61K39/21
- C07K14/59
- C07K14/65
- C07K14/7151
- C07K16/00
- C07K2319/30
- C12N7/00
- IPC, 18
- C12N15 09
- A61K38 00
- A61K39 395
- A61P3 10
- A61P7 06
- A61P13 12
- A61P19 06
- A61P35 00
- C07H21 04
- C07K14 47
- C07K14 76
- C07K14 765
- C07K19 00
- C12N1 15
- C12N1 19
- C12N1 21
- C12N5 10
- C12P21 04
Designated states30
- Contracting states, 25
- Austria
- Belgium
- Bulgaria
- Switzerland
- Cyprus
- Czechia
- Germany
- Denmark
- Estonia
- Spain
- Finland
- France
- United Kingdom
- Greece
- Ireland
- Italy
- Liechtenstein
- Luxembourg
- Monaco
- Netherlands (Kingdom of the)
- Portugal
- Sweden
- Slovenia
- Slovakia
and 1 moreShow fewer
- Türkiye
- Extension states, 5
- Albania
- Lithuania
- Latvia
- North Macedonia
- Romania