Cartridge for the preparation of beverages

0001The present invention relates to a cartridge for the preparation of beverages and, in particular, using sealed cartridges which are formed from substantially air- and water-impermeable materials and which contain one or more ingredients for the preparation of beverages.

0002It has previously been proposed to seal beverage preparation ingredients in individual air-impermeable packages. For example, cartridges or capsules containing compacted ground coffee are known for use in certain coffee preparation machines which are generally termed "espresso" machines. In the production of coffee using these preparation machines the coffee cartridge is placed in a brewing chamber and hot water is passed though the cartridge at relatively high pressures, thereby extracting the aromatic coffee constituents from the ground coffee to produce the coffee beverage. Typically, such machines operate at a pressure of greater than 6 x 10⁵ Pa. The preparation machines of the type described have to date been relatively expensive since components of the machine, such as the water pumps and seals, must be able to withstand the high pressures.

0003In <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="WO0158786A"><text>WO01/58786</text></patcit> there is described a cartridge for the preparation of beverages which operates at a pressure generally in the range 0.7 to 2.0 x 10⁵ Pa. However, the cartridge is designed for use in a beverage preparation machine for the commercial or industrial market and is relatively expensive. Hence, there remains a requirement for a cartridge for the preparation of beverages wherein the cartridges and beverage preparation machine are suitable, in particular, for the domestic market in terms of cost, performance and reliability.

0004Another cartridge comprising means for chosing the strength of the beverage to be obtained is known from <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="WO02074661A1"><text>WO 02/074661 A1</text></patcit>.

0005It is known to provide dairy-based beverage ingredients in cartridges in the form of a powder or other dehydrated form. However, consumers consistently indicate that the use of such powdered dairy-based products adversely affects the taste, colour and texture of the final beverage. It has proven difficult to provide liquid dairy-based products in a cartridge due to the requirement to sterilise the cartridge components. Further, it has been found to be difficult to control the dilution and dispensing of the liquid milk products to arrive at a consistent and acceptable final beverage.

0006Accordingly, the present invention provides a sealed cartridge as defined in claim 1 of the claims appended hereto.

0007It will be understood that by the term "cartridge" as used herein is meant any package, container, sachet or receptacle which contains one or more beverage ingredients in the manner described. The cartridge may be rigid, semi-rigid or flexible.

0008The cartridge of the present invention contains one or more liquid beverage ingredients suitable for the formation of a beverage product. The beverage product may be, for example, one of coffee, tea, chocolate, carbonated beverages, or a dairy-based beverage including milk.

0009Advantageously, the cartridge of the present invention provides superior dilution and dispensing of liquid beverage ingredients by ensuring that the liquid beverage ingredients are dispensed more evenly over the operating cycle rather than being dispensed all at the start of the operating cycle followed by substantially pure aqueous medium, which is, for example, water. This steady dispensation of the liquid beverage ingredients leads to improved homogeneity of the dispensed liquid beverage. In addition, where the diluted liquid beverage is subsequently subjected to foaming, by for example, jetting through an orifice, the improved homogeneity of the liquid leads to a greater consistency of foaming and improved quality and quantity of foam produced per unit volume of liquid beverage.

0010In one embodiment the partition comprises one or more apertures for controllably releasing the at least a proportion of the one or more liquid beverage ingredients into the aqueous medium flow path. Four apertures may be provided.

0011The partition may comprise a cup-shaped member having an open mouth directed away from the aqueous medium flow path. The cup-shaped member is preferably annular. The one or more apertures are preferably provided at or near a base of the cup-shaped member. The at least a proportion of the liquid beverage ingredients in the cup-shaped member, for example, drain by gravity through the one or more apertures in use.

0012In one embodiment, the cup-shaped member is spaced from a bottom of the cartridge, such that the aqueous medium flow path passes between the cup-shaped member and the bottom of the cartridge. Consequently, the at least a proportion of the liquid beverage ingredients in the cup-shaped member drains by gravity through the one or more apertures in use vertically downwards into the aqueous medium flow path.

0013Preferably, the cartridge comprises an inner member and an outer member, wherein the inner member comprises the cup-shaped member. The components of the inner member and the outer member may more easily be sterilised prior to assembly when they are separated. Once the components are conjoined a number of small-apertured, tortuous pathways are created which cannot effectively be sterilised using known methods. The ability to sterilise the components is a particularly advantageous feature where the cartridges are used for dispensing dairy-based beverages such as milk.

0014Preferably, the cartridge further comprises means for producing a jet of the beverage, wherein said means for producing the jet of the beverage comprises an aperture in the aqueous medium flow path. The aperture may be delimited by an interface between the inner member and the outer member.

0015Preferably, the cartridge further comprises at least one inlet for air and means for generating a pressure reduction of the jet of beverage, whereby, in use, air from the at least one air inlet is incorporated into the beverage as a plurality of small bubbles. At least one air inlet may be provided in the inner member downstream of the aperture.

0016In one embodiment the at least one air inlet and means for producing a pressure reduction in the jet of beverage produces a foaming of the one or more liquid beverage ingredients of greater than 40%. Preferably, greater than 70%. Preferably, the cartridge is disc-shaped. The outer member and/or inner member are formed, for example, from polypropylene.

0017In one example, the liquid beverage ingredient is a concentrated liquid milk composition. Preferably, the concentrated liquid milk contains between 25 and 40% total solids. More preferably, the concentrated liquid milk contains 30% total solids. Also preferably, the concentrated liquid milk contains between 0.1 and 12% fat. Alternatively, the one or more liquid beverage ingredients are selected from the group of cocoa solids, coffee, tea, sweeteners, cordials, flavourings, alcoholic beverages, flavoured milk, fruit juices, squashes, sauces and desserts.

0018In the following description the terms "upper" and "lower" and equivalents will be used to describe the relational positioning of features of the invention. The terms "upper" and "lower" and equivalents should be understood to refer to the cartridge (or other components) in its normal orientation for insertion into a beverage preparation machine and subsequent dispensing as shown, for example, in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 4</figref>. In particular, "upper" and "lower" refer, respectively, to relative positions nearer or further from a top surface 11 of the cartridge. In addition, the terms "inner" and "outer" and equivalents will be used to describe the relational positioning of features of the invention. The terms "inner" and "outer" and equivalents should be understood to refer to relative positions in the cartridge (or other components) being, respectively, nearer or further from a centre or major axis X of the cartridge 1 (or other component).

0019Embodiments will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li><figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> is cross-sectional drawing of an outer member of first and second embodiments of cartridge;</li><li><figref idref="f0001">Figure 2</figref> is a cross-sectional drawing of a detail of the outer member of <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> showing an inwardly directed cylindrical extension;</li><li><figref idref="f0001">Figure 3</figref> is a cross-sectional drawing of a detail of the outer member of <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> showing a slot;</li><li><figref idref="f0002">Figure 4</figref> is a perspective view from above of the outer member of <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0002">Figure 5</figref> is a perspective view from above of the outer member of <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> in an inverted orientation;</li><li><figref idref="f0002">Figure 6</figref> is a plan view from above of the outer member of <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0003">Figure 7</figref> is a cross-sectional drawing of an inner member of the first embodiment of cartridge;</li><li><figref idref="f0003">Figure 8</figref> is a perspective view from above of the inner member of <figref idref="f0003">Figure 7</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0003">Figure 9</figref> is a perspective view from above of the inner member of <figref idref="f0003">Figure 7</figref> in an inverted orientation;</li><li><figref idref="f0003">Figure 10</figref> is a plan view from above of the inner member of <figref idref="f0003">Figure 7</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0004">Figure 11</figref> is a cross-sectional drawing of the first embodiment of cartridge in an assembled condition;</li><li><figref idref="f0005">Figure 12</figref> is a cross-sectional drawing of an inner member of the second embodiment of cartridge;</li><li><figref idref="f0005">Figure 13</figref> is a cross-sectional drawing of a detail of the inner member of <figref idref="f0005">Figure 12</figref> showing an aperture;</li><li><figref idref="f0005">Figure 14</figref> is a perspective view from above of the inner member of <figref idref="f0005">Figure 12</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0005">Figure 15</figref> is a perspective view from above of the inner member of <figref idref="f0005">Figure 12</figref> in an inverted orientation;</li><li><figref idref="f0006">Figure 16</figref> is another cross-sectional drawing of the inner member of <figref idref="f0005">Figure 12</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0006">Figure 17</figref> is a cross-sectional drawing of another detail of the inner member of <figref idref="f0005">Figure 12</figref> showing an air inlet;</li><li><figref idref="f0007">Figure 18</figref> is a cross-sectional drawing of the second embodiment of cartridge in an assembled condition;</li><li><figref idref="f0008">Figure 19</figref> is cross-sectional drawing of an outer member of third and fourth embodiments of cartridge, the fourth embodiment being according to the present invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0008">Figure 20</figref> is a cross-sectional drawing of a detail of the outer member of <figref idref="f0008">Figure 19</figref> showing an inwardly directed cylindrical extension;</li><li><figref idref="f0009">Figure 21</figref> is a plan view from above of the outer member of <figref idref="f0008">Figure 19</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0009">Figure 22</figref> is a perspective view from above of the outer member of <figref idref="f0008">Figure 19</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0009">Figure 23</figref> is a perspective view from above of the outer member of <figref idref="f0008">Figure 19</figref> in an inverted orientation;</li><li><figref idref="f0010">Figure 24</figref> is a cross-sectional drawing of an inner member of the third embodiment of cartridge;</li><li><figref idref="f0010">Figure 25</figref> is a plan view from above of the inner member of <figref idref="f0010">Figure 24</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0010">Figure 26</figref> is a cross-sectional drawing of a detail of the inner member of <figref idref="f0010">Figure 24</figref> showing an in-turned upper rim;</li><li><figref idref="f0010">Figure 27</figref> is a perspective view from above of the inner member of <figref idref="f0010">Figure 24</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0010">Figure 28</figref> is a perspective view from above of the inner member of <figref idref="f0010">Figure 24</figref> in an inverted orientation;</li><li><figref idref="f0011">Figure 29</figref> is a cross-sectional drawing of the third embodiment of cartridge in an assembled condition;</li><li><figref idref="f0012">Figure 30</figref> is a cross-sectional drawing of an inner member of the fourth embodiment of cartridge according to the present invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0012">Figure 31</figref> is a plan view from above of the inner member of <figref idref="f0012">Figure 30</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0012">Figure 32</figref> is a perspective view from above of the inner member of <figref idref="f0012">Figure 30</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0012">Figure 33</figref> is a perspective view from above of the inner member of <figref idref="f0012">Figure 30</figref> in an inverted orientation;</li><li><figref idref="f0013">Figure 34</figref> is a cross-sectional drawing of the fourth embodiment of cartridge in an assembled condition;</li><li><figref idref="f0014">Figure 35a</figref> is a graph of concentration vs. operating cycle time;</li><li><figref idref="f0014">Figure 35b</figref> is a graph of foamability vs. operating cycle time; and</li><li><figref idref="f0014">Figure 35c</figref> is a graph of temperature vs. operating cycle time.</li></ul>

0020As shown in <figref idref="f0004">Figure 11</figref>, the cartridge 1 generally comprises an outer member 2, an inner member 3 and a laminate 5. The outer member 2, inner member 3 and laminate 5 are assembled to form the cartridge 1 which has an interior 120 for containing one or more beverage ingredients, an inlet 121, an outlet 122 and a beverage flow path linking the inlet 121 to the outlet 122 and which passes through the interior 120. The inlet 121 and outlet 122 are initially sealed by the laminate 5 and are opened in use by piercing or cutting of the laminate 5. The beverage flow path is defined by spatial inter-relationships between the outer member 2, inner member 3 and laminate 5 as discussed below. Other components may optionally be included in the cartridge 1, such as a filter 4, as will be described further below.

0021A first version of cartridge 1 which will be described for background purposes is shown in <figref idref="f0001 f0002 f0003 f0004">Figures 1 to 11</figref>. The first version of the cartridge 1 is particularly designed for use in dispensing filtered products such as roast and ground coffee or leaf tea. However, this version of the cartridge 1 and the other versions described below may be used with other products such as chocolate, coffee, tea, sweeteners, cordials, flavourings, alcoholic beverages, flavoured milk, fruit juices, squashes, sauces and desserts.

0022As can be seen from <figref idref="f0002">Figure 5</figref>, the overall shape of the cartridge 1 is generally circular or disc-shaped with the diameter of the cartridge 1 being significantly greater than its height. A major axis X passes through the centre of the outer member as shown in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>. Typically the overall diameter of the outer member 2 is 74.5 mm ±6mm and the overall height is 16 mm ±3mm. Typically the volume of the cartridge 1 when assembled is 30.2 ml ±20%.

0023The outer member 2 generally comprises a bowl-shaped shell 10 having a curved annular wall 13, a closed top 11 and an open bottom 12. The diameter of the outer member 2 is smaller at the top 11 compared to the diameter at the bottom 12, resulting from a flaring of the annular wall 13 as one traverses from the closed top 11 to the open bottom 12. The annular wall 13 and closed bottom 11 together define a receptacle having an interior 34.

0024A hollow inwardly directed cylindrical extension 18 is provided in the closed top 11 centred on the major axis X. As more clearly shown in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 2</figref>, the cylindrical extension 18 comprises a stepped profile having first, second and third portions 19, 20 and 21. The first portion 19 is right circular cylindrical. The second portion 20 is frusto-conical in shape and is inwardly tapered. The third portion 21 is another right circular cylinder and is closed off by a lower face 31. The diameter of the first, second and third portion 19, 20 and 21 incrementally decreases such that the diameter of the cylindrical extension 18 decreases as one traverses from the top 11 to the closed lower face 31 of the cylindrical extension 18. A generally horizontal shoulder 32 is formed on the cylindrical extension 18 at the junction between the second and third portions 20 and 21.

0025An outwardly extending shoulder 33 is formed in the outer member 2 towards the bottom 12. The outwardly extending shoulder 33 forms a secondary wall 15 co-axial with the annular wall 13 so as to define an annular track forming a manifold 16 between the secondary wall 15 and the annular wall 13. The manifold 16 passes around the circumference of the outer member 2. A series of slots 17 are provided in the annular wall 13 level with the manifold 16 to provide gas and liquid communication between the manifold 16 and the interior 34 of the outer member 2. As shown in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 3</figref>, the slots 17 comprise vertical slits in the annular wall 13. Between 20 and 40 slots are provided. In the embodiment shown thirty-seven slots 17 are provided generally equi-spaced around the circumference of the manifold 16. The slots 17 are preferably between 1.4 and 1.8 mm in length. Typically the length of each slot is 1.6 mm representing 10% of the overall height of the outer member 2. The width of each slot is between 0.25 and 0.35 mm. Typically, the width of each slot is 0.3 mm. The width of the slots 17 is sufficiently narrow to prevent the beverage ingredients passing therethrough into the manifold 16 either during storage or in use.

0026An inlet chamber 26 is formed in the outer member 2 at the periphery of the outer member 2. A cylindrical wall 27 is provided, as most clearly shown in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 5</figref>, which defines the inlet chamber 26 within, and partitions the inlet chamber 26 from, the interior 34 of the outer member 2. The cylindrical wall 27 has a closed upper face 28 which is formed on a plane perpendicular to the major axis X and an open lower end 29 co-planar with the bottom 12 of the outer member 2. The inlet chamber 26 communicates with the manifold 16 via two slots 30 as shown in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>. Alternatively, between one and four slots may be used to communicate between the manifold 16 and the inlet chamber 26.

0027A lower end of the outwardly extending shoulder 33 is provided with an outwardly extending flange 35 which extends perpendicularly to the major axis X. Typically the flange 35 has a width of between 2 and 4 mm. A portion of the flange 35 is enlarged to form a handle 24 by which the outer member 2 may be held. The handle 24 is provided with an upturned rim 25 to improve grip.

0028The outer member 2 is formed as a single integral piece from high density polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyester, or a laminate of two or more of these materials. A suitable polypropylene is the range of polymers available from DSM UK Limited (Redditch, United Kingdom). The outer member may be opaque, transparent or translucent. The manufacturing process may be injection moulding.

0029The inner member 3 as shown in <figref idref="f0003">Figures 7 to 10</figref>, comprises an annular frame 41 and a downwardly extending cylindrical funnel 40. A major axis X passes through the centre of the inner member 3 as shown in <figref idref="f0003">Figure 7</figref>.

0030As best shown in <figref idref="f0003">Figure 8</figref>, the annular frame 41 comprises an outer rim 51 and an inner hub 52 joined by ten equi-spaced radial spokes 53. The inner hub 52 is integral with and extends from the cylindrical funnel 40. Filtration apertures 55 are formed in the annular frame 41 between the radial spokes 53. A filter 4 is disposed on the annular frame 41 so as to cover the filtration apertures 55. The filter is preferably made from a material with a high wet strength, for example a non-woven fibre material of polyester. Other materials which may be used include a water-impermeable cellulosic material, such as a cellulosic material comprising woven paper fibres. The woven paper fibres may be admixed with fibres of polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride and/or polyethylene. The incorporation of these plastic materials into the cellulosic material renders the cellulosic material heat-sealable. The filter 4 may also be treated or coated with a material which is activated by heat and/or pressure so that it can be sealed to the annular frame 41 in this way.

0031As shown in the cross-sectional profile of <figref idref="f0003">Figure 7</figref>, the inner hub 52 is located at a lower position than the outer rim 51, resulting in the annular frame 41 having a sloping lower profile.

0032The upper surface of each spoke 53 is provided with an upstanding web 54 which divides a void space above the annular frame 41 into a plurality of passages 57. Each passage 57 is bounded on either side by a web 54 and on a lower face by the filter 4. The passages 57 extend from the outer rim 51 downwardly towards, and open into, the cylindrical funnel 40 at openings 56 defined by the inner extremities of the webs 54.

0033The cylindrical funnel 40 comprises an outer tube 42 surrounding an inner discharge spout 43. The outer tube 42 forms the exterior of the cylindrical funnel 40. The discharge spout 43 is joined to the outer tube 42 at an upper end of the discharge spout 43 by means of an annular flange 47. The discharge spout 43 comprises an inlet 45 at an upper end which communicates with the openings 56 of the passages 57 and an outlet 44 at a lower end through which the prepared beverage is discharged into a cup or other receptacle. The discharge spout 43 comprises a frusto-conical portion 48 at an upper end and a cylindrical portion 58 at a lower end. The cylindrical portion 58 may have a slight taper such that it narrows towards the outlet 44. The frusto-conical portion 48 helps to channel beverage from the passages 57 down towards the outlet 44 without inducing turbulence to the beverage. An upper surface of the frusto-conical portion 48 is provided with four support webs 49 equi-spaced around the circumference of the cylindrical funnel 40. The support webs 49 define channels 50 therebetween. The upper edges of the support webs 49 are level with one another and perpendicular to the major axis X.

0034The inner member 3 may be formed as a single integral piece from polypropylene or a similar material as described above and by injection moulding in the same manner as the outer member 2.

0035Alternatively, the inner member 3 and/or the outer member 2 may be made from a biodegradable polymer. Examples of suitable materials include degradable polyethylene (for example, SPITEK supplied by Symphony Environmental, Borehamwood, United Kingdom), biodegradable polyester amide (for example, BAK 1095 supplied by Symphony Environmental), poly lactic acids (PLA supplied by Cargil, Minnesota, USA), starch-based polymers, cellulose derivatives and polypeptides.

0036The laminate 5 is formed from two layers, a first layer of aluminium and a second layer of cast polypropylene. The aluminium layer is between 0.02 and 0.07 mm in thickness. The cast polypropylene layer is between 0.025 and 0.065 mm in thickness. In one embodiment the aluminium layer is 0.06 mm and the polypropylene layer is 0.025 mm thick. This laminate is particularly advantageous as it has a high resistance to curling during assembly. As a result the laminate 5 may be pre-cut to the correct size and shape and subsequently transferred to the assembly station on the production line without undergoing distortion. Consequently, the laminate 5 is particularly well suited to welding. Other laminate materials may be used including PET/Aluminium/PP, PE/EVOH/PP, PET/metallised/PP and Aluminium/PP laminates. Roll laminate stock may be used instead of die cut stock.

0037The cartridge 1 may be closed by a rigid or semi-rigid lid instead of a flexible laminate.

0038Assembly of the cartridge 1 involves the following steps: <ol id="ol0001" compact="compact"><li>a) the inner member 3 is inserted into the outer member 2;</li><li>b) the filter 4 is cut to shape and placed onto the inner member 3 so to be received over the cylindrical funnel 40 and come to rest against the annular frame 41;</li><li>c) the inner member 3, outer member 2 and filter 4 are joined by ultrasonic welding;</li><li>d) the cartridge 1 is filled with one or more beverage ingredients;</li><li>e) the laminate 5 is affixed to the outer member 2.</li></ol>

0039These steps will be discussed in greater detail below.

0040The outer member 2 is oriented with the open bottom 12 directed upwards. The inner member 3 is then inserted into the outer member 2 with the outer rim 51 being received as a loose fit in an axial extension 14 at top 11 of the cartridge 1. The cylindrical extension 18 of the outer member 2 is at the same time received in the upper portion of the cylindrical funnel 40 of the inner member 3. The third portion 21 of the cylindrical extension 18 is seated inside the cylindrical funnel 40 with the closed lower face 31 of the cylindrical extension 18 bearing against the support webs 49 of the inner member 3. The filter 4 is then placed over the inner member 3 such that the filter material contacts the annular rim 51. An ultrasonic welding process is then used to join the filter 4 to the inner member 3 and at the same time, and in the same process step, the inner member 3 to the outer member 2. The inner member 3 and filter 4 are welded around the outer rim 51. The inner member 3 and outer member 2 are joined by means of weld lines around the outer rim 51 and also the upper edges of the webs 54.

0041As shown most clearly in <figref idref="f0004">Figure 11</figref>, the outer member 2 and inner member 3 when joined together define a void space 130 in the interior 120 below the annular flange 41 and exterior the cylindrical funnel 40 which forms a filtration chamber. The filtration chamber 130 and passages 57 above the annular frame 41 are separated by the filter paper 4.

0042The filtration chamber 130 contains the one or more beverage ingredients 200. The one or more beverage ingredients are packed into the filtration chamber 130. For a filtered style beverage the ingredient is typically roast and ground coffee or leaf tea. The density of packing of the beverage ingredients in the filtration chamber 130 can be varied as desired. Typically, for a filtered coffee product the filtration chamber contains between 5.0 and 10.2 grams of roast and ground coffee in a filtration bed of thickness of typically 5 to 14 mm. Optionally, the interior 120 may contain one or more bodies, such as spheres, which are freely movable within the interior 120 to aid mixing by inducing turbulence and breaking down deposits of beverage ingredients during discharge of the beverage.

0043The laminate 5 is then affixed to the outer member 2 by forming a weld 126 around the periphery of the laminate 5 to join the laminate 5 to the lower surface of the outwardly extending flange 35. The weld 126 is extended to seal the laminate 5 against the lower edge of the cylindrical wall 27 of the inlet chamber 26. Further, a weld 125 is formed between the laminate 5 and the lower edge of the outer tube 42 of the cylindrical funnel 40. The laminate 5 forms the lower wall of the filtration chamber 130 and also seals the inlet chamber 26 and cylindrical funnel 40. However, a small gap 123 exists prior to dispensation between the laminate 5 and the lower edge of the discharge spout 43. A variety of welding methods may be used, such as heat and ultrasonic welding, depending on the material characteristics of the laminate 5.

0044Advantageously, the inner member 3 spans between the outer member 2 and the laminate 5. The inner member 3 is formed from a material of relative rigidity, such as polypropylene. As such, the inner member 3 forms a load-bearing member that acts to keep the laminate 5 and outer member 2 spaced apart when the cartridge 1 is compressed. It is preferred that the cartridge 1 is subjected to a compressive load of between 130 and 280N in use. The compressive force acts to prevent the cartridge failing under internal pressurisation and also serves to squeeze the inner member 3 and outer member 2 together. This ensures that the internal dimensions of passageways and apertures in the cartridge 1 are fixed and unable to change during pressurisation of the cartridge 1.

0045To use the cartridge 1 it is first inserted into a beverage preparation machine and the inlet 121 and outlet 122 are opened by piercing members of the beverage preparation machine which perforate and fold back the laminate 5. An aqueous medium, typically water, under pressure enters the cartridge 1 through the inlet 121 into the inlet chamber 26 at a pressure of between 0.1-2.0 bar. From there the water is directed to flow through the slots 30 and round the manifold 16 and into the filtration chamber 130 of the cartridge 1 through the plurality of slots 17. The water is forced radially inwardly through the filtration chamber 130 and mixes with the beverage ingredients 200 contained therein. The water is at the same time forced upwardly through the beverage ingredients. The beverage formed by passage of the water through the beverage ingredients passes through the filter 4 and filtration apertures 55 into the passages 57 lying above the annular frame 41. The sealing of the filter 4 onto the spokes 53 and the welding of the rim 51 with the outer member 2 ensures that there are no short-circuits and all the beverage has to pass through the filter 4.

0046The beverage then flows downwardly along the radial passages 57 formed between the webs 54 and through the openings 56 and into the cylindrical funnel 40. The beverage passes along the channels 50 between the support webs 47 and down the discharge spout 43 to the outlet 44 where the beverage is discharged into a receptacle such as a cup.

0047Preferably, the beverage preparation machine comprises an air purge facility, wherein compressed air is forced through the cartridge 1 at the end of the operating cycle to flush out the remaining beverage into the receptacle.

0048A second version of cartridge 1 will now be described for background purposes with reference to <figref idref="f0005 f0006 f0007">Figures 12 to 18</figref>. The second version of the cartridge 1 is particularly designed for use in dispensing espresso-style products such as roast and ground coffee where it is desirable to produce a beverage having a froth of tiny bubbles known as a crema. Many of the features of the second version of the cartridge 1 are the same as in the first version and like numerals have been used to reference like features. In the following description the differences between the first and second versions will be discussed. Common features which function in the same manner will not be discussed in detail.

0049The outer member 2 is of the same construction as in the first version of cartridge 1 and as shown in <figref idref="f0001 f0002">Figures 1 to 6</figref>.

0050The annular frame 41 of the inner member 3 is the same as in the first version. Also, a filter 4 is disposed on the annular frame 41 so as to cover the filtration apertures 55. The outer tube 42 of the cylindrical funnel 40 is also as before. However, there are a number of differences in the construction of the inner member 2 of the second version compared to the first version. As shown in <figref idref="f0006">Figure 16</figref>, the discharge spout 43 is provided with a partition 65 which extends part way up the discharge spout 43 from the outlet 44. The partition 65 helps to prevent the beverage spraying and/or splashing as it exits the discharge spout 43. The profile of the discharge spout 43 is also different and comprises a stepped profile with a distinct dog-leg 66 near an upper end of the tube 43.

0051A rim 67 is provided upstanding from the annular flange 47 joining the outer tube 42 to the discharge spout 43. The rim 67 surrounds the inlet 45 to the discharge spout 43 and defines an annular channel 69 between the rim 67 and the upper portion of the outer tube 42. The rim 67 is provided with an inwardly directed shoulder 68. At one point around the circumference of the rim 67 an aperture 70 is provided in the form of a slot which extends from an upper edge of rim 67 to a point marginally below the level of the shoulder 68 as most clearly shown in <figref idref="f0005">Figures 12 and 13</figref>. The slot has a width of 0.64 mm.

0052An air inlet 71 is provided in annular flange 47 circumferentially aligned with the aperture 70 as shown in <figref idref="f0006">Figures 16 and 17</figref>. The air inlet 71 comprises an aperture passing through the flange 47 so as to provide communication between a point above the flange 47 and the void space below the flange 47 between the outer tube 42 and discharge spout 43. Preferably, and as shown, the air inlet 71 comprises an upper frusto-conical portion 73 and a lower cylindrical portion 72. The air inlet 71 is typically formed by a mould tool such as a pin. The tapered profile of the air inlet 71 allows the mould tool to be more easily removed from the moulded component. The wall of the outer tube 42 in the vicinity of the air inlet 71 is shaped to form a chute 75 leading from the air inlet 71 to the inlet 45 of the discharge spout 43. As shown in <figref idref="f0006">Figure 17</figref>, a canted shoulder 74 is formed between the air inlet 71 and the chute 75 to ensure that the jet of beverage issuing from the slot 70 does not immediately foul on the upper surface of the flange 47 in the immediate vicinity of the air inlet 71.

0053The assembly procedure for the second version of cartridge 1 is similar to the assembly of the first version. However, there are certain differences. As shown in <figref idref="f0007">Figure 18</figref>, the third portion 21 of the cylindrical extension 18 is seated inside the support rim 67 rather than against support webs. The shoulder 32 of the cylindrical extension 18 between the second portion 20 and third portion 21 bears against the upper edge of the support rim 67 of the inner member 3. An interface zone 124 is thus formed between the inner member 3 and the outer member 2 comprising a face seal between the cylindrical extension 18 and the support rim 67 which extends around nearly the whole circumference of the cartridge 1. The seal between the cylindrical extension 18 and the support rim 67 is not fluid-tight though since the slot 70 in the support rim 67 extends through the support rim 67 and downwardly to a point marginally below the shoulder 68. Consequently the interface fit between the cylindrical extension 18 and the support rim 67 transforms the slot 70 into an aperture 128, as most clearly shown in <figref idref="f0007">Figure 18</figref>, providing gas and liquid communication between the annular channel 69 and the discharge spout 43. The aperture is typically 0.64 mm wide by 0.69 mm long.

0054Operation of the second version of cartridge 1 to dispense a beverage is similar to the operation of the first version but with certain differences. Beverage in the radial passages 57 flows downwardly along the passages 57 formed between the webs 54 and through the openings 56 and into the annular channel 69 of the cylindrical funnel 40. From the annular channel 69 the beverage is forced under pressure through the aperture 128 by the back pressure of beverage collecting in the filtration chamber 130 and passages 57. The beverage is thus forced through aperture 128 as a jet and into an expansion chamber formed by the upper end of the discharge spout 43. As shown in <figref idref="f0007">Figure 18</figref>, the jet of beverage passes directly over the air inlet 71. As the beverage enters the discharge spout 43 the pressure of the beverage jet drops. As a result air is entrained into the beverage stream in the form of a multitude of small air bubbles as the air is drawn up through the air inlet 71. The jet of beverage issuing from the aperture 128 is funnelled downwards to the outlet 44 where the beverage is discharged into a receptacle such as a cup where the air bubbles form the desired crema. Thus, the aperture 128 and the air inlet 71 together form an eductor which acts to entrain air into the beverage. Flow of beverage into the eductor should be kept as smooth as possible to reduce pressure losses. Advantageously, the walls of the eductor should be made concave to reduce losses due to 'wall effect' friction. The dimensional tolerance of the aperture 128 is small. Preferably the aperture size is fixed plus or minus 0.02 mm². Hairs, fibrils or other surface irregularities can be provided within or at the exit of the eductor to increase the effective cross-sectional area which has been found to increase the degree of air entrainment.

0055A third version of cartridge 1 will now be described for background purposes and is shown in <figref idref="f0008 f0009 f0010 f0011">Figures 19 to 29</figref>. The third version of the cartridge 1 is particularly designed for use in dispensing soluble products which may be in powdered, liquid, syrup, gel or similar form. The soluble product is dissolved by or forms a suspension in, an aqueous medium such as water when the aqueous medium is passed, in use, through the cartridge 1. Examples of beverages include chocolate, coffee, milk, tea, soup or other rehydratable or aqueous-soluble products. Many of the features of the third version of the cartridge 1 are the same as in the previous versions and like numerals have been used to reference like features. In the following description the differences between the third and previous versions will be discussed. Common features which function in the same manner will not be discussed in detail.

0056Compared to the outer member 2 of the previous versions, the hollow inwardly directed cylindrical extension 18 of the outer member 2 of the third version has a larger overall diameter as shown in <figref idref="f0008">Figure 20</figref>. In particular the diameter of the first portion 19 is typically between 16 and 18 mm compared to 13.2 mm for the outer member 2 of the previous versions. In addition, the first portion 19 is provided with a convex outer surface 19a, or bulge, as most clearly shown in <figref idref="f0008">Figure 20</figref>, the function of which will be described below. The diameter of the third portions 21 of the cartridges 1 are however the same resulting in the area of the shoulder 32 being greater in this, the third version of the cartridge 1. Typically the volume of the cartridge 1 when assembled is 32.5 ml ±20%.

0057The number and positioning of the slots in the lower end of the annular wall 13 is also different. Between 3 and 5 slots are provided. In the embodiment as shown in <figref idref="f0009">Figure 23</figref>, four slots 36 are provided equi-spaced around the circumference of the manifold 16. The slots 36 are slightly wider than in the previous versions of the cartridge 1 being between 0.35 and 0.45 mm, preferably 0.4 mm wide.

0058In other respects the outer members 2 of the cartridges 1 are the same.

0059The construction of the cylindrical funnel 40 of the inner member 3 is the same as in the first version of cartridge 1 with an outer tube 42, discharge spout 45, annular flange 47 and support webs 49 being provided. The only difference is that the discharge spout 45 is shaped with an upper frusto-conical section 92 and a lower cylindrical section 93.

0060In contrast to the previous versions and as shown in <figref idref="f0010">Figures 24 to 28</figref>, the annular frame 41 is replaced by a skirt portion 80 which surrounds the cylindrical funnel 40 and is joined thereto by means of eight radial struts 87 which adjoin the cylindrical funnel 40 at or near the annular flange 47. A cylindrical extension 81 of the skirt portion 80 extends upwardly from the struts 87 to define a chamber 90 with an open upper face. An upper rim 91 of the cylindrical extension 81 has an in-turned profile as shown in <figref idref="f0010">Figure 26</figref>. An annular wall 82 of the skirt portion 80 extends downwardly from the struts 87 to define an annular channel 86 between the skirt portion 80 and the outer tube 42.

0061The annular wall 82 comprises at a lower end an exterior flange 83 which lies perpendicular to the major axis X. A rim 84 depends downwardly from a lower surface of the flange 83 and contains five apertures 85 which are circumferentially equi-spaced around the rim 84. Thus, the rim 84 is provided with a castellated lower profile.

0062Apertures 89 are provided between the struts 87 allowing communication between the chamber 90 and the annular channel 86.

0063The assembly procedure for the third version of cartridge 1 is similar to the assembly of the first version but with certain differences. The outer member 2 and inner member 3 are push-fitted together as shown in <figref idref="f0011">Figure 29</figref> and retained by means of a snap-fit arrangement rather than welded together. On joining the two members the inwardly directed cylindrical extension 18 is received inside the upper cylindrical extension 81 of the skirt portion 80. The inner member 3 is retained in the outer member 2 by frictional interengagement of the convex outer surface 19a of the first portion 19 of the cylindrical extension 18 with the in-turned rim 91 of the upper cylindrical extension 81. With the inner member 3 located in the outer member 2 a mixing chamber 134 is defined located exterior to the skirt portion 80. The mixing chamber 134 contains the beverage ingredients 200 prior to dispensation. It should be noted that the four inlets 36 and the five apertures 85 are staggered circumferentially with respect to one another. The radial location of the two parts relative to each other need not be determined or fixed during assembly since the use of four inlets 36 and five apertures 85 ensures that misalignment occurs between the inlets and apertures whatever the relative rotational positioning of the components.

0064The one or more beverage ingredients are packed into the mixing chamber 134 of the cartridge. The density of packing of the beverage ingredients in the mixing chamber 134 can be varied as desired.

0065The laminate 5 is then affixed to the outer member 2 and inner member 3 in the same manner as described above in the previous versions.

0066In use, water enters the mixing chamber 134 through the four slots 36 in the same manner as previous versions of the cartridge. The water is forced radially inwardly through the mixing chamber and mixes with the beverage ingredients contained therein. The product is dissolved or mixed in the water and forms the beverage in the mixing chamber 134 and is then driven though the apertures 85 into the annular channel 86 by back pressure of beverage and water in the mixing chamber 134. The circumferential staggering of the four inlet slots 36 and the five apertures 85 ensures that jets of water are not able to pass radially directly from the inlet slots 36 to the apertures 85 without first circulating within the mixing chamber 134. In this way the degree and consistency of dissolution or mixing of the product is significantly increased. The beverage is forced upwardly in the annular channel 86, through the apertures 89 between the struts 87 and into the chamber 90. The beverage passes from chamber 90 through the inlets 45 between the support webs 49 into the discharge spout 43 and towards the outlet 44 where the beverage is discharged into a receptacle such as a cup. The cartridge finds particular application with beverage ingredients in the form of viscous liquids or gels. In one application a liquid chocolate ingredient is contained in the cartridge 1 with a viscosity of between 1700 and 3900mPa at ambient temperature and between 5000 and 10000mPa at 0°C and a refractive solids of 67 Brix ±3. In another application liquid coffee is contained in the cartridge 1 with a viscosity of between 70 and 2000mPa at ambient and between 80 and 5000mPa at 0°C where the coffee has a total solids level of between 40 and 70%. The liquid coffee ingredient may contain between 0.1 and 2.0% by weight sodium bicarbonate, preferably between 0.5 and 1.0% by weight. The sodium bicarbonate acts to maintain the pH level of the coffee at or below 4.8 enabling a shelf-life for coffee-filled cartridges of up to 12 months.

0067A fourth version of cartridge 1 embodying the present invention is shown in <figref idref="f0012 f0013">Figures 30 to 34</figref>. The fourth version of the cartridge 1 is particularly designed for use in dispensing liquid products such as concentrated liquid milk. Many of the features of the fourth version of the cartridge 1 are the same as in the previous versions and like numerals have been used to reference like features. In the following description the differences between the fourth and previous versions will be discussed. Common features which function in the same manner will not be discussed in detail.

0068The outer member 2 is the same as in the third version of cartridge 1 and as shown in <figref idref="f0008 f0009">Figures 19 to 23</figref>.

0069The cylindrical funnel 40 of the inner member 3 is similar to that shown in the second version of cartridge 1 but with certain differences. As shown in <figref idref="f0012">Figure 30</figref> the discharge spout 43 is shaped with an upper frusto-conical section 106 and a lower cylindrical section 107. Three axial ribs 105 are provided on the inner surface of the discharge spout 43 to direct the dispensed beverage downwards towards the outlet 44 and prevent the discharged beverage from spinning within the spout. Consequently, the ribs 105 act as baffles. As in the second version of cartridge 1, an air inlet 71 is provided through the annular flange 47. However, the chute 75 beneath the air inlet 71 is more elongated than in the second version.

0070A skirt portion 80 is provided similar to that shown in the third version of the cartridge 1 described above. Between 5 and 12 apertures 85 are provided in the rim 84. Typically ten apertures are provided rather than the five provided in the third version of cartridge 1.

0071An annular bowl 100 is provided extending from and integral with the flange 83 of the skirt portion 80. The annular bowl 100 comprises a flared body 101 with an open upper mouth 104 which is directed upwards. Four feed apertures 103 shown in <figref idref="f0012">Figures 30 and 31</figref> are located in the body 101 at or near the lower end of the bowl 100 where it joins the skirt portion 80. Preferably, the feed apertures are equi-spaced around the circumference of the bowl 100. The bowl 100 joins the skirt portion 80 part-way up its length such that a discrete gap is provided between the bowl 100 and the laminate 5 when the cartridge is assembled. Thus, the apertures 85 are located below the level of the bowl 100. As can be seen from <figref idref="f0013">Figure 34</figref>, when the cartridge 1 is assembled and filled the bowl 100 contains a proportion of the liquid beverage ingredients therein, effectively partitioning that proportion of the beverage ingredients from the apertures 85.

0072The laminate 5 is of the type described above in the previous embodiments.

0073The assembly procedure for the fourth version of cartridge 1 is the same as that for the third version.

0074Operation of the fourth version of cartridge is similar to that of the third version. The water enters the cartridge 1 and the mixing chamber 134 in the same manner as before. There the water mixes with and dilutes the liquid product which is then forced out below the bowl 100 and through the apertures 85 towards the outlet 44 as described above. The proportion of the liquid product initially contained within the annular bowl 100 as shown in <figref idref="f0013">Figure 34</figref> is not subject to immediate dilution by the water entering the mixing chamber 134. Rather, the diluted liquid product in the lower part of the mixing chamber 134 will tend to exit through apertures 85 rather than be forced up and into the annular bowl 100 through upper mouth 104. Consequently, the liquid product in the annular bowl 100 will remain relatively concentrated during the initial stages of the operating cycle compared to the product in the lower part of the mixing chamber 134. The liquid product in the annular bowl 100 drips through the feed apertures 103 under gravity into the stream of product exiting the mixing chamber 134 through the apertures 85 and below the bowl 100. The annular bowl 100 acts to even out the concentration of the diluted liquid product entering the cylindrical funnel 40 by holding back a proportion of the concentrated liquid product and releasing it into the exiting liquid stream flow path steadily throughout the operating cycle as illustrated in <figref idref="f0014">Figure 35a</figref> where the concentration of the milk measured as a percentage of the total solids present is shown during an operating cycle of approximately 15 seconds. Line a illustrates the concentration profile with the bowl 100 whilst line b illustrates a cartridge without the bowl 100. As can be seen the concentration profile with the cup 100 is more even during the operating cycle and there is no immediate large drop in concentration as occurs without the bowl 100. The initial concentration of the milk is typically 30-35% SS and at the end of the cycle 10% SS. This results in a dilution ratio of around 3 to 1, although dilution ratios of between 1 to 1 and 6 to 1 are possible with the present invention. For other liquid beverage ingredients the concentrations may vary. For example for liquid chocolate the initial concentration is approximately 67% SS and at the end of the cycle 12-15% SS. This results in a dilution ratio (ratio of aqueous medium to beverage ingredient in dispensed beverage) of around 5 to 1, although dilution ratios of between 2 to 1 and 10 to 1 are possible with the present invention. For liquid coffee the initial concentration is between 40-67% and the concentration at the end of dispense 1-2% SS. This results in a dilution ratio of between 20 to 1 and 70 to 1, although dilution ratios of between 10 to 1 and 100 to 1 are possible with the present invention.

0075From the annular channel 86 the beverage is forced under pressure through the aperture 128 by the back pressure of beverage collecting in the filtration chamber 134 and chamber 90. The beverage is thus forced through aperture 128 as a jet and into an expansion chamber formed by the upper end of the discharge spout 43. As shown in <figref idref="f0013">Figure 34</figref>, the jet of beverage passes directly over the air inlet 71. As the beverage enters the discharge spout 43 the pressure of the beverage jet drops. As a result air is entrained into the beverage stream in the form of a multitude of small air bubbles as the air is drawn up through the air inlet 71. The jet of beverage issuing from the aperture 128 is funnelled downwards to the outlet 44 where the beverage is discharged into a receptacle such as a cup where the air bubbles form the desired frothy appearance.

0076Advantageously, the inner member 3, outer member 2, laminate 5 and filter 4 can all be readily sterilised due to the components being separable and not individually comprising tortuous passageways or narrow crevices. Rather, it is only after conjoining the components, after sterilisation, that the necessary passageways are formed. This is particularly important where the beverage ingredient is a dairy-based product such as liquid milk concentrate.

0077The fourth embodiment of beverage cartridge is particularly advantageous for dispensing a concentrated dairy-based liquid product such as liquid milk. Previously, powdered milk products have been provided in the form of sachets for adding to a pre-prepared beverage. However, for a cappuccino-style beverage it is necessary to foam the milk. This has been achieved previously by passing steam through a liquid milk product. However this necessitates the provision of a steam supply which increases the cost and complexity of the machine used to dispense the beverage. The use of steam also increases the risk of injury during operation of the cartridge. Accordingly the present invention provides for a beverage cartridge having a concentrated dairy-based liquid product therein. It has been found that by concentrating the milk product a greater amount of foam can be produced for a particular volume of milk when compared to fresh or UHT milk. This reduces the size required for the milk cartridge. Fresh semi-skimmed milk contains approximately 1.6% fat and 10% total solids. The concentrated liquid milk preparations of the present invention contain between 0.1 and 12% fat and 25 to 40% total solids. In a typical example, the preparation contains 4% fat and 30% total solids. The concentrated milk preparations are suitable for foaming using a low pressure preparation machine as will be described below. In particular, foaming of the milk is achieved at pressures below 2 bar, preferably approximately 1.5 bar using the cartridge of the fourth embodiment described above.

0078The foaming of the concentrated milk is particularly advantageous for beverages such as cappuccinos and milk shakes. Preferably the passing of the milk through the aperture 128 and over the air inlet 71 and the optional use of the bowl 100 enables foaming levels of greater than 40%, preferably greater than 70% for milk. For liquid chocolate foaming levels of greater than 70% are possible. For liquid coffee foaming levels of greater than 70% are possible. The foamability level is measured as the ratio of the volume of the foam produced to the volume of liquid beverage ingredient dispensed. For example, where 138.3ml of beverage is dispensed, of which 58.3ml is foam the foamability is measured as [58.3/(138.3-58.3)]*100 = 72.9%. The foamability of the milk (and other liquid ingredients) is enhanced by the provision of the bowl 100 as can be seen in <figref idref="f0014">Figure 35b</figref>. The foamability of the milk dispensed with the bowl 100 present (line a) is greater than that of milk dispensed without the bowl present (line b). This is because the foamability of the milk is positively correlated to the concentration of the milk and as shown in <figref idref="f0014">Figure 35a</figref> the bowl 100 maintains a higher concentration of the milk a larger part of the operating cycle. It is also known that foamability of the milk is positively correlated to temperature of the aqueous medium as shown in <figref idref="f0014">Figure 35c</figref>. Thus the bowl 100 is advantageous since more of the milk remains in the cartridge until near the end of the operating cycle when the aqueous medium is at its hottest. This again improves foamability.

0079The cartridge of the fourth embodiment is also advantageous in dispensing liquid coffee products.

0080It has been found that the embodiments of beverage cartridge advantageously provide an improved consistency of the brewed beverage when compared to prior art cartridges. Reference is made to Table 1 below which shows the results of brew yields for twenty samples each of cartridges A and B containing roast and ground coffee. Cartridge A is a beverage cartridge according to the first embodiment. Cartridge B is a prior art beverage cartridge as described in the applicant's document <patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="WO0158786A"><text>WO01/58786</text></patcit>. The refractive index of the brewed beverage is measured in Brix units and converted to a percentage of soluble solids (%SS) using standard tables and formulae. In the examples below: <maths id="math0001"><math display="block"><mo>"</mo><mi>SS</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0.7774</mn><mo>*</mo><mfenced><mi>Brix value</mi></mfenced><mo>+</mo><mn>0.0569.</mn></math><img file="EP1440907B2_D0001.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0002"><math display="block"><mo>%</mo><mspace width="1em" /><mi>Yield</mi><mo>=</mo><mfenced><mo>%</mo><mi>SS</mi><mo>*</mo><mi>Brew Volume</mi><mspace width="1em" /><mfenced><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mfenced></mfenced><mo>/</mo><mfenced><mn>100</mn><mo>*</mo><mi>Coffee Weight</mi><mspace width="1em" /><mfenced><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mfenced></mfenced></math><img file="EP1440907B2_D0002.tif" /></maths><tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="all"><title><u>Table 1</u></title><tgroup cols="6"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="15mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="28mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="29mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="14mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="20mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="16mm" /><thead><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col6" align="left" valign="top"><b>CARTRIDGE A</b></entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="top">Sample</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Brew Volume (g)</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Coffee Weight (g)</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Brix</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">% SS (*)</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">% Yield</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="right">1</entry><entry align="right">105.6</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">1.58</entry><entry align="right">1.29</entry><entry align="right">20.88</entry></row><row><entry align="right">2</entry><entry align="right">104.24</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">1.64</entry><entry align="right">1.33</entry><entry align="right">21.36</entry></row><row><entry align="right">3</entry><entry align="right">100.95</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">1.67</entry><entry align="right">1.36</entry><entry align="right">21.05</entry></row><row><entry align="right">4</entry><entry align="right">102.23</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">1.71</entry><entry align="right">1.39</entry><entry align="right">21.80</entry></row><row><entry align="right">5</entry><entry align="right">100.49</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">1.73</entry><entry align="right">1.40</entry><entry align="right">21.67</entry></row><row><entry align="right">6</entry><entry align="right">107.54</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">1.59</entry><entry align="right">1.29</entry><entry align="right">21.39</entry></row><row><entry align="right">7</entry><entry align="right">102.70</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">1.67</entry><entry align="right">1.36</entry><entry align="right">21.41</entry></row><row><entry align="right">8</entry><entry align="right">97.77</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">1.86</entry><entry align="right">1.50</entry><entry align="right">22.61</entry></row><row><entry align="right">9</entry><entry align="right">97.82</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">1.7</entry><entry align="right">1.38</entry><entry align="right">20.75</entry></row><row><entry align="right">10</entry><entry align="right">97.83</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">1.67</entry><entry align="right">1.36</entry><entry align="right">20.40</entry></row><row><entry align="right">11</entry><entry align="right">97.6</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">1.78</entry><entry align="right">1.44</entry><entry align="right">21.63</entry></row><row><entry align="right">12</entry><entry align="right">106.64</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">1.61</entry><entry align="right">1.31</entry><entry align="right">21.47</entry></row><row><entry align="right">13</entry><entry align="right">99.26</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">1.54</entry><entry align="right">1.25</entry><entry align="right">19.15</entry></row><row><entry align="right">14</entry><entry align="right">97.29</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">1.59</entry><entry align="right">1.29</entry><entry align="right">19.35</entry></row><row><entry align="right">15</entry><entry align="right">101.54</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">1.51</entry><entry align="right">1.23</entry><entry align="right">19.23</entry></row><row><entry align="right">16</entry><entry align="right">104.23</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">1.61</entry><entry align="right">1.31</entry><entry align="right">20.98</entry></row><row><entry align="right">17</entry><entry align="right">97.5</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">1.73</entry><entry align="right">1.40</entry><entry align="right">21.03</entry></row><row><entry align="right">18</entry><entry align="right">100.83</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">1.68</entry><entry align="right">1.36</entry><entry align="right">21.14</entry></row><row><entry align="right">19</entry><entry align="right">101.67</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">1.67</entry><entry align="right">1.36</entry><entry align="right">21.20</entry></row><row><entry align="right">20</entry><entry align="right">101.32</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">1.68</entry><entry align="right">1.36</entry><entry align="right">21.24</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col4" align="left" /><entry align="center">AVERAGE</entry><entry align="right">20.99</entry></row></tbody></tgroup><tgroup cols="6"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="15mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="28mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="29mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="14mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="20mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="16mm" /><thead><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col6" rowsep="0" align="left" valign="top" /></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col6" align="left" valign="top"><b>CARTRIDGE B</b></entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="top">Sample</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Brew Volume (g)</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Coffee Weight (g)</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Brix</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">% SS (*)</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">% Yield</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="right">1</entry><entry align="right">100.65</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">1.87</entry><entry align="right">1.511</entry><entry align="right">23.39</entry></row><row><entry align="right">2</entry><entry align="right">95.85</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">1.86</entry><entry align="right">1.503</entry><entry align="right">22.16</entry></row><row><entry align="right">3</entry><entry align="right">98.4</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">1.8</entry><entry align="right">1.456</entry><entry align="right">22.04</entry></row><row><entry align="right">4</entry><entry align="right">92.43</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">2.3</entry><entry align="right">1.845</entry><entry align="right">26.23</entry></row><row><entry align="right">5</entry><entry align="right">100.26</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">1.72</entry><entry align="right">1.394</entry><entry align="right">21.50</entry></row><row><entry align="right">6</entry><entry align="right">98.05</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">2.05</entry><entry align="right">1.651</entry><entry align="right">24.90</entry></row><row><entry align="right">7</entry><entry align="right">99.49</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">1.96</entry><entry align="right">1.581</entry><entry align="right">24.19</entry></row><row><entry align="right">8</entry><entry align="right">95.62</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">2.3</entry><entry align="right">1.845</entry><entry align="right">27.14</entry></row><row><entry align="right">9</entry><entry align="right">94.28</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">2.17</entry><entry align="right">1.744</entry><entry align="right">25.29</entry></row><row><entry align="right">10</entry><entry align="right">96.13</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">1.72</entry><entry align="right">1.394</entry><entry align="right">20.62</entry></row><row><entry align="right">11</entry><entry align="right">96.86</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">1.81</entry><entry align="right">1.464</entry><entry align="right">21.82</entry></row><row><entry align="right">12</entry><entry align="right">94.03</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">2.2</entry><entry align="right">1.767</entry><entry align="right">25.56</entry></row><row><entry align="right">13</entry><entry align="right">96.28</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">1.78</entry><entry align="right">1.441</entry><entry align="right">21.34</entry></row><row><entry align="right">14</entry><entry align="right">95.85</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">1.95</entry><entry align="right">1.573</entry><entry align="right">23.19</entry></row><row><entry align="right">15</entry><entry align="right">95.36</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">1.88</entry><entry align="right">1.518</entry><entry align="right">22.28</entry></row><row><entry align="right">16</entry><entry align="right">92.73</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">1.89</entry><entry align="right">1.526</entry><entry align="right">21.77</entry></row><row><entry align="right">17</entry><entry align="right">88</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">1.59</entry><entry align="right">1.293</entry><entry align="right">17.50</entry></row><row><entry align="right">18</entry><entry align="right">93.5</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">2.08</entry><entry align="right">1.674</entry><entry align="right">24.08</entry></row><row><entry align="right">19</entry><entry align="right">100.88</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">1.75</entry><entry align="right">1.417</entry><entry align="right">22.00</entry></row><row><entry align="right">20</entry><entry align="right">84.77</entry><entry align="right">6.5</entry><entry align="right">2.37</entry><entry align="right">1.899</entry><entry align="right">24.77</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col4" align="left" /><entry align="center">AVERAGE</entry><entry align="right">23.09</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0081Performing a t-test statistical analysis on the above data gives the following results: <tables id="tabl0002" num="0002"><table frame="top"><title><u>Table 2</u></title><tgroup cols="3" colsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="48mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="34mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="34mm" /><thead><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col3" align="left" valign="top">t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances</entry></row><row><entry valign="top" /><entry align="center" valign="top"><i>% Yield (Cartridge A)</i></entry><entry align="center" valign="top"><i>% Yield (Cartridge B)</i></entry></row></thead><tbody><row rowsep="0"><entry>Mean</entry><entry align="right">20.99</entry><entry align="right">23.09</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry>Variance</entry><entry align="right">0.77</entry><entry align="right">5.04</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry>Observations</entry><entry align="right">20</entry><entry align="right">20</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry>Pooled Variance</entry><entry align="right">2.90</entry><entry align="right" /></row><row rowsep="0"><entry>Hypothesized Mean Difference</entry><entry align="right">0</entry><entry align="right" /></row><row rowsep="0"><entry>df</entry><entry align="right">38</entry><entry align="right" /></row><row rowsep="0"><entry>t Stat</entry><entry align="right">-3.90</entry><entry align="right" /></row><row rowsep="0"><entry>P(T&lt;=t) one-tail</entry><entry align="right">0.000188</entry><entry align="right" /></row><row rowsep="0"><entry>t Critical one-tail</entry><entry align="right">1.686</entry><entry align="right" /></row><row rowsep="0"><entry>P(T&lt;=t) two-tail</entry><entry align="right">0.000376</entry><entry align="right" /></row><row><entry>t Critical two-tail</entry><entry align="right">2.0244</entry><entry align="right" /></row><row rowsep="0"><entry>Standard Deviation</entry><entry align="right">0.876</entry><entry align="right">2.245</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0082The analysis shows that the consistency of % yield, which equates to brew strength, for cartridge A is significantly better (at a 95% confidence level) than the prior art cartridges, with a standard deviation of 0.88% compared to 2.24%. This means that beverages brewed with cartridge A have a more repeatable and uniform strength. This is preferred by consumers who like their drinks to taste the same time after time and do not want arbitrary changes in brew strength.

0083The materials of the cartridges described above may be provided with a barrier coating to improve their resistance to oxygen and/or moisture and/or other contaminant ingress. The barrier coating may also improve the resistance to leakage of the beverage ingredients from within the cartridges and/or reduce the degree of leaching of extractibles from the cartridge materials which might adversely affect the beverage ingredients. The barrier coating may be of a material selected from the group of PET, Polyamide, EVOH, PVDC or a metallised material. The barrier coating may be applied by a number of mechanisms including but not limited to vapour deposition, vacuum deposition, plasma coating, co-extrusion, in-mould labelling and two/multi-stage moulding.