Closed loop drilling assembly with electronics outside a non-rotating sleeve

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Field of the Invention

0001This invention relates generally to drilling assemblies that utilize a steering mechanism. More particularly, the present invention relates to downhole drilling assemblies that use a plurality of force application members to guide a drill bit.

Description of the Related Art

0002Valuable hydrocarbon deposits, such as those containing oil and gas, are often found in subterranean formations located thousands of feet below the surface of the Earth. To recover these hydrocarbon deposits, boreholes or wellbores are drilled by rotating a drill bit attached to a drilling assembly (also referred to herein as a "bottom hole assembly" or "BHA"). Such a drilling assembly is attached to the downhole end of a tubing or drill string made up of jointed rigid pipe or a flexible tubing coiled on a reel ("coiled tubing"). Typically, a rotary table or similar surface source rotates the drill pipe and thereby rotates the attached drill bit. A downhole motor, typically a mud motor, is used to rotate the drill bit when coiled tubing is used.

0003Sophisticated drilling assemblies, sometimes referred to as steerable drilling assemblies, utilize a downhole motor and steering mechanism to direct the drill bit along a desired wellbore trajectory. Such drilling assemblies incorporate a drilling motor and a non-rotating sleeve provided with a plurality of force application members. The drilling motor is a turbine-type mechanism wherein high pressure drilling fluid passes between a stator and a rotating element (rotor) that is connected to the drill bit via a shaft. This flow of high pressure drilling fluid rotates the rotor and thereby provides rotary power to the connected drill bit.

0004The drill bit is steered along a desired trajectory by the force application members that, either in unison or independently, apply a force on the wall of the wellbore. The non-rotating sleeve is usually disposed in a wheel-like fashion around a bearing assembly housing associated with the drilling motor. These force application members that expand radially when energized by a power source such as an electrical device (<i>e.g.</i>, electric motor) or a hydraulic device (<i>e.g.</i>, hydraulic pump).

0005Certain steerable drilling assemblies are adapted to rotate the drill bit by either a surface source or the downhole drilling motor, or by both at the same time. In these drilling assemblies, rotation of the drill string causes the drilling motor, as well as the bearing assembly housing, to rotate relative to the wellbore. The non-rotating sleeve, however, remains generally stationary relative to the wellbore when the force application members are actuated. Thus, the interface between the non-rotating sleeve and the bearing assembly housing need to accommodate the relative rotational movement between these two parts.

0006Steerable drilling assemblies typically use formation evaluation sensors, guidance electronics, motors and pumps and other equipment to control the operation of the force application members. These sensors can include accelerometers, inclinometers gyroscopes and other position and direction sensing equipment. These electronic devices are conventionally housed within in the non-rotating sleeve rather than the bearing assembly or other section of the steerable drilling assembly. The placement of electronics within the non-rotating sleeve raises a number of considerations.

0007First, a non-rotating sleeve fitted with electronics requires that power and communication lines run across interface between the non-rotating sleeve and bearing assembly. Because the bearing assembly can rotate relative to the non-rotating sleeve, the non-rotating sleeve and the rotating housing must incorporate a relatively complex connection that bridges the gap between the rotating and non-rotating surface.

0008Additionally, a steering assembly that incorporates electrical components and electronics into the non-rotating sleeve raises considerations as to shock and vibration. As is known, the interaction between the drill bit and formation can be exceedingly dynamic. Accordingly, to protect the on-board electronics, the non-rotating sleeve is placed a distance away from the drill bit. Increasing the distance between the force application members and the drill bit, however, reduces the moment arm that is available to control the drill bit. Thus, from a practical standpoint, increasing the distance between the non-rotating sleeve and the drill bit also increases the amount of force the force application members must generate in order to urge the drill bit in desired direction.

0009Still another consideration is that the non-rotating sleeve must be sized to accommodate all the on-board electronics and electro mechanical equipment. The overall dimensions of the non-rotating sleeve, thus, may be a limiting factor in the configuration of a drilling assembly, and particularly the arrangement of near-bit tooling and equipment.

0010The present invention is directed to addressing one or more of the above stated considerations regarding conventional steering assemblies used with drilling assemblies.

0011<patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="WO9834003A"><text>WO 98/34003</text></patcit> discloses a drilling assembly for drilling deviated wellbores including a drill bit, a drilling motor, a bearing assembly of the drilling motor and a steering device integrated into the motor assembly. The steering device contains force application members at an outer surface of the assembly.

0012<patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="WO0028188A"><text>WO 00/28188</text></patcit> discloses a drilling assembly that includes a mud motor that rotates a drill bit and a set of independently expandable ribs. A stabiliser uphole of the ribs provides stability.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

0013From a first aspect, the present invention provides a drilling assembly as claimed in claim 1.

0014From a second aspect, the present invention provides a method of drilling a well as claimed in claim 16.

0015The present invention provides a drilling assembly having a steering assembly for steering the drill bit in a selected direction. Preferably, the steering assembly is integrated into the bearing assembly housing of a drilling motor. The steering assembly may, altematively, be positioned within a separate housing that is operationally and/or structurally independent of the drilling motor. The steering assembly includes a non-rotating sleeve disposed around a rotating housing portion of the BHA, a power source, and a power circuit The sleeve is provided with a plurality of force application members that expand and contract in order to engage and disengage the borehole wall of the wellbore. The power source for energizing the force application members is a closed hydraulic fluid based system that is located outside of the non-rotating sleeve. The power source is coupled to a power circuit that includes a housing section and a non-rotating sleeve section. Each section includes supply lines and one or more return lines. The power circuit also includes hydraulic slip rings and seals that enable the transfer of hydraulic fluid across the rotating interface between the housing section and the non-rotating sleeve. Any components for controlling the power supply to the force application member are located outside of the non-rotating sleeve. Likewi se, the power source force for actuating the force application member is positioned outside of the non-rotating sleeve.

0016In a preferred embodiment, the BHA includes a surface control unit, one or more BHA sensors, and a BHA processor. The BHA includes known components such as drill string, a telemetry system, a drilling motor and a drill bit The surface control unit and the BHA processor cooperate to guide the drill bit along a desired well trajectory by operating the steering assembly in response to parameters detected by one or more BHA sensors and/or surface sensors. The BHA sensors are configured to detect BHA orientation and formation data. The BHA sensors provides data via the telemetry system that enables the control unit and/or BHA processor to at least (a) establish the orientation of the BHA, (b) compare the BHA position with a desired well profile or trajectory and/or target formation, and (c) issue corrective instructions, if needed, to steer the BHA to the desired well profile and/or toward the target formation.

0017In one preferred closed-loop mode of operation, the control unit and BHA processor include instructions relating to the desired well profile or trajectory and/or desired characteristics of a target formation. The control unit maintains overall control over the drilling activity and transmits command instructions to the BHA processor. The BHA processor controls the direction and progress of the BHA in response to data provided by one or more BHA sensors and/or surface sensors. For example, if sensor azimuth and inclination data indicates that the BHA is straying from the desired well trajectory, then the BHA processor automatically adjusts the force application members of the steering assembly in a manner that steers the BHA to the desired well trajectory. The operation is continually or periodically repeated, thereby providing an automated closed-loop drilling system for drilling oilfield wellbores with enhanced drilling rates and with extended drilling assembly life.

0018It should be understood that examples of the more important features of the invention have been summarized rather broadly in order that detailed description thereof that follows may be better understood, and in order that the contributions to the art may be appreciated. There are, of course, additional features of the invention that will be described hereinafter and which will form the subject of the claims appended hereto.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0019For detailed understanding of the present invention, references should be made to the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like elements have been given like numerals and wherein: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li><figref idref="f0001"><b>Figure 1</b></figref> shows a schematic diagram of a drilling system with a bottom hole assembly according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0002"><b>Figure 2</b></figref> shows a sectional schematic view of a preferred steering assembly used in conjunction with a bottom hole assembly;</li><li><figref idref="f0003"><b>Figure 3</b></figref> schematically illustrates a steering assembly made in accordance with preferred embodiment of the present invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0004"><b>Figure 4</b></figref> schematically illustrates a hydraulic circuit used in a preferred embodiment of the preferred invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0005"><b>Figure 5</b></figref> schematically illustrates an alternate hydraulic circuit used in conjunction with an embodiment of the present inventions; and</li><li><figref idref="f0006"><b>Figure 6</b></figref> shows a cross-sectional view of an exemplary orientation detection system made in accordance with the present invention.</li></ul>

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

0020The present invention relates to devices and methods providing rugged and efficient guidance of a drilling assembly adapted to form a wellbore in a subterranean formation. The present invention is susceptible to embodiments of different forms. There are shown in the drawings, and herein will be described in detail, specific embodiments of the present invention with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered an exemplification of the principles of the invention, and is not intended to limit the invention to that illustrated and described herein.

0021Referring initially to <figref idref="f0001"><b>Figure 1</b></figref> there is shown a schematic diagram of a drilling system <b>10</b> having a bottom hole assembly (BHA) or drilling assembly <b>100</b> shown conveyed in a borehole <b>26</b> formed in a formation <b>95.</b> The drilling system <b>10</b> includes a conventional derrick <b>11</b> erected on a floor <b>12</b> which supports a rotary table <b>14</b> that is rotated by a prime mover such as an electric motor (not shown) at a desired rotational speed. The drill string <b>20,</b> which includes a tubing (drill pipe or coiled-tubing) <b>22,</b> extends downward from the surface into the borehole <b>26.</b> A tubing injector <b>14a</b> is used to inject the BHA <b>100</b> into the wellbore <b>26</b> when a coiled-tubing is used. A drill bit <b>50</b> attached to the drill string <b>20</b> disintegrates the geological formations when it is rotated to drill the borehole <b>26.</b> The drill string <b>20</b> is coupled to a drawworks <b>30</b> via a kelly joint <b>21,</b> swivel <b>28</b> and line <b>29</b> through a pulley <b>27.</b> The operations of the drawworks <b>30</b> and the tubing injector are known in the art and are thus not described in detail herein.

0022The drilling system also includes a telemetry system <b>39</b> and surface sensors, collectively referred to with <b>S₂.</b> The telemetry system <b>39</b> enables two-way communication between the surface and the drilling assembly <b>100.</b> The telemetry system <b>39</b> may be mud pulse telemetry, acoustic telemetry, an electromagnetic telemetry or other suitable communication system. The surface sensors <b>S₂</b> include sensors that provide information relating to surface system parameters such as fluid flow rate, torque and the rotational speed of the drill string <b>20,</b> tubing injection speed, and hook load of the drill string <b>20.</b> The surface sensors <b>S₂</b> are suitably positioned on surface equipment to detect such information. The use of this information will be discussed below. These sensors generate signals representative of its corresponding parameter, which signals are transmitted to a processor by hard wire, magnetic or acoustic coupling. The sensors generally described above are known in the art and therefore are not described in further detail.

0023During drilling, a suitable drilling fluid <b>31</b> from a mud pit (source) <b>32</b> is circulated under pressure through the drill string <b>20</b> by a mud pump <b>34.</b> The drilling fluid passes from the mud pump <b>34</b> into the drill string <b>20</b> via a desurger <b>36</b> and the fluid line <b>38.</b> The drilling fluid <b>31</b> discharges at the borehole bottom <b>51</b> through openings in the drill bit <b>50.</b> The drilling fluid <b>31</b> circulates uphole through the annular space <b>23</b> between the drill string <b>20</b> and the borehole <b>26</b> and returns to the mud pit <b>32</b> via a return line <b>35</b> and drill cutting screen <b>85</b> that removes drill cuttings from the returning drilling fluid. To optimize drilling operations, the preferred drilling system <b>10</b> includes processors that cooperate to control BHA <b>100</b> operation.

0024The processors of the drilling system <b>10</b> include a control unit <b>40</b> and one or more BHA processors <b>42</b> that cooperate to analyze sensor data and execute programmed instructions to achieve more effective drilling of the wellbore. The control unit <b>40</b> and BHA processor <b>42</b> receives signals from one or more sensors and process such signals according to programmed instructions provided to each of the respective processors.

0025The surface control unit <b>40</b> displays desired drilling parameters and other information on a display/monitor <b>44</b> that is utilized by an operator to control the drilling operations. The BHA processor <b>42</b> may be positioned close to the steering assembly <b>200</b> (as shown in <figref idref="f0003"><b>Figure 3</b></figref><b>)</b> or positioned in a different section of the BHA <b>100</b> (as shown in <figref idref="f0002"><b>Figure 2</b></figref><b>).</b> Each processor <b>40,42</b> contains a computer, memory for storing data, recorder for recording data and other known peripherals.

0026Referring now to <figref idref="f0002"><b>Figure 2</b></figref><b>,</b> there is shown a preferred embodiment of the present invention utilized in an exemplary steerable drilling assembly <b>100.</b> The drilling assembly <b>100</b> includes the drill string <b>20,</b> a drilling motor <b>120,</b> a steering assembly <b>200,</b> the BHA processor <b>42,</b> and the drill bit <b>50.</b>

0027The drill string <b>20</b> connects the drilling assembly <b>100</b> to surface equipment such as mud pumps and a rotary table. The drill string <b>20</b> is a hollow tubular through which high pressure drilling fluid ("mud") <b>31</b> is delivered to the drill bit <b>50.</b> The drill string <b>20</b> is also adapted to transmit a rotational force generated at the surface to the drill bit <b>50.</b> The drill string <b>20,</b> of course, can perform a number of other tasks such as providing the weight-on-bit for the drill bit <b>50</b> and act as a transmission medium for acoustical telemetry systems (if used).

0028The drilling motor <b>120</b> provides a downhole rotational drive source for the drill bit <b>50</b>. The drilling motor <b>120</b> contains a power section <b>122</b> and a bearing assembly <b>124.</b> The power section <b>122</b> includes known arrangement wherein a rotor <b>126</b> rotates in a stator <b>127</b> when a high-pressure fluid passes through a series of openings <b>128</b> between the rotor <b>126</b> and the stator <b>127.</b> The fluid may be a drilling fluid or "mud" commonly used for drilling wellbores or it may be a gas or a liquid and gas mixture. The rotor is coupled to a rotatable shaft <b>150</b> for transferring rotary power generated by the drilling motor <b>120</b> to the drill bit <b>50.</b> The drilling motor <b>120</b> and drill string <b>20</b> are configured to independently rotate the drill bit <b>50.</b> Accordingly, the drill bit <b>50</b> may be rotated in any one of three modes: rotation by only the drill string <b>20,</b> rotation by only the drilling motor <b>120,</b> and rotation by a combined use of the drill string <b>20</b> and drilling motor <b>120.</b>

0029The bearing assembly <b>124</b> of the drilling motor <b>120</b> provides axial and radial support for the drill bit <b>50.</b> The bearing assembly <b>124</b> contains within its housing <b>130</b> one or more suitable radial or journal bearings <b>132</b> that provide lateral or radial support to the drive shaft <b>150.</b> The bearing assembly <b>124</b> also contains one or more suitable thrust bearings <b>133</b> to provide axial support (longitudinal or along wellbore) to the drill bit <b>50.</b> The drive shaft <b>150</b> is coupled to the drilling motor rotor <b>126</b> by a flexible shaft <b>134</b> and suitable couplings <b>136.</b> Various types of bearing assemblies are known in the art and are thus not described in greater detail here. It should be understood that the bearing assembly <b>124</b> has been described as part of the drilling motor <b>120</b> merely to follow the generally accepted nomenclature of the industry. The bearing assembly <b>124</b> may alternatively be a device that is operationally and/or structurally independent of the drilling motor <b>120.</b> Thus, the present invention is not limited to any particular bearing configuration. For example, there is no particular minimum or maximum number of radial or thrust bearings that must be present in order to advantageously apply the teachings of the present invention.

0030Preferably, the steering assembly <b>200</b> is integrated into the bearing assembly housing <b>130</b> of the drilling assembly <b>100.</b> The steering assembly <b>200</b> steers the drill bit <b>50</b> in a direction determined by the control unit <b>40 (</b><figref idref="f0001"><b>Fig. 1</b></figref><b>)</b> and/or the BHA processor <b>42</b> in response to one or more downhole measured parameters and predetermined directional models. The steering assembly 200 may, alternatively, be housed within a separate housing (not shown) that is operationally and/or structurallyindependent of the bearing assembly housing 130.

0031Referring now to <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref>, the preferred steering assembly 200 includes a non rotating sleeve 220, a power source 230, a power circuit 240, a plurality of force application members 250, seals 260 and a sensor package 270. As will be explained below, any components (e.g., control electronics) for controlling the power supplied to the force application member 250 are located outside of the nonrotating sleeve 220. Such components can be placed in the bearing assembly housing 130. Referring briefly to <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>, in other embodiments, these components can be positioned ina rotating member such as the rotating drill shaft 22, in a sub 102 positioned adjacent the drilling motor 122 (<figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref>) and/or at other suitable locations in the drilling assembly 200. Likewise, the operative force required to expand and retract the force application member 250 is also located in the housing 130 or other location previously discussed. Therefore, preferably, the only equipment for controlling the power supplied to the force application members 250 that is placed within the non-rotating sleeve 220 is a portion of the power circuit 240.

0032The force application members 250 move (e.g. extend and retract) in order to selectively apply force to the borehole wall 106 of the wellbore 26. Preferably, force application members 250 are ribs that can be actuated together (oncentrically) or independently (eccentrically) in order to steer the drill bit 50 in a given direction. Additionally, the force application members 250 can be positioned at the same or different incremental radial distances. Thus, the force applications members 250 can be configured to provide a selected amount of force and/or move a selected distance (e.g., a radial distance). In one embodiment, a device such as piezoelectric elements (not shown) can be used to measure the steering force at the force application members 250. Other structures such as pistons or expandable bladders may also be used. It is known that the drilling direction can be controlled by applying a force on the drill bit 50 (hat deviates from the axis of the borehole tangent line. This can be explained by use of a force parallelogram depicted in <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref>. The borehole tangent line is the direction in which the normal force (or pressure) is applied on the drill bit50 due to the weight-on-bit, as shown by the arrow 142. The force vector that deviates from this tangent line is created by a side force applied to the drill bit 50 by the steering device 200. If a side force such as that shown by arrow 144 (Rib Force) is applied to the drilling assembly <b>100,</b> it creates a force <b>146</b> on the drill bit <b>50</b> (Bit Force). The resulting force vector <b>148</b> then lies between the weight-on-bit force line (Bit Force) depending upon the amount of the applied Rib Force.

0033The power source <b>230</b> provides the power used to actuate the ribs <b>250.</b> Preferably, the power source <b>230</b> is a closed hydraulic fluid based system wherein the movement of the rib <b>250</b> may be accomplished by a piston <b>252</b> that is actuated by high-pressure hydraulic fluid. Also, a separate piston pump <b>232</b> independently controls the operation of each steering rib <b>250.</b> Each such pump <b>232</b> is preferably an axial piston pump <b>232</b> disposed in the bearing assembly housing <b>130.</b>

0034In a preferred embodiment, the piston pumps <b>232</b> are hydraulically operated by the drill shaft <b>150 (</b><figref idref="f0002"><b>Fig. 2</b></figref><b>)</b> utilizing the drilling fluid flowing through the bearing assembly housing <b>130.</b> Alternatively, a common pump may be used to energize all the force application members <b>250.</b> In still another embodiment, the power source <b>230</b> may include an electrical power delivery system that energizes an electric motor and, for example, a threaded drive shaft that is operatively connected to the force application member <b>250.</b> The selection of a particular power source arrangement is dependent on such factors as the amount of power required to energize the force application members, the power demands of other downhole equipment, and severity of the downhole environment. Other factors affecting the selection of a power source will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art.

0035The power circuit <b>240</b> transmits the power generated by the power source <b>230</b> to the force application members <b>250.</b> Where the power source is hydraulically actuated arrangement, as described above, the power circuit <b>240</b> includes a plurality of lines that are adapted to convey the high-pressure fluid to the force application members <b>250</b> and to return the fluid from the force application members <b>250</b> to a sump <b>234</b> in the power source <b>230.</b> A power circuit <b>240</b> so configured includes a housing section <b>241</b> and a non-rotating sleeve section <b>242.</b> Each section <b>241, 242</b> includes supply lines collectively referred with numeral <b>243</b> and one or more return lines collectively referred to with numeral <b>244.</b> The power source <b>250</b> can control one or more parameters of the hydraulic fluid (e.g., pressure of flow rate) to thereby control the force application members <b>250.</b> In one arrangement, the pressure of the fluid provided to the force application members <b>250</b> can be measured by a pressure transducer (not shown) and these measurements can be used to control the force application members <b>250.</b>

0036The housing section <b>241</b> also includes one or more control valve and valve actuators, collectively referred to with numeral <b>246,</b> disposed between each piston pump <b>232</b> and its associated steering rib <b>250</b> to control one or more parameters of interest (e.g, pressure and/or flow rate) of the hydraulic fluid from such piston pump <b>232</b> to its associated steering rib <b>250.</b> Each valve actuator <b>246</b> controls the flow rate through its associated control valve <b>246.</b> The valve actuator <b>246</b> may be a solenoid, magnetostrictive device, electric motor, piezoelectric device or any other suitable device. To supply the hydraulic power or pressure to a particular steering rib <b>250,</b> the valve actuator <b>246</b> is activated to allow hydraulic fluid to flow to the rib <b>250.</b> If the valve actuator <b>246</b> is deactivated, the control valve <b>246</b> is blocked, and the piston pump <b>232</b> cannot create pressure in the rib <b>250.</b> In a preferred mode of drilling, all piston pumps <b>232</b> are operated continuously by the drive shaft <b>150.</b> The valves and valve actuators can also utilize proportional hydraulics.

0037A preferred method of energizing the ribs <b>250</b> utilizes a duty cycle. In this method, the duty cycle of the valve actuator <b>246</b> is controlled by processor or control circuit (not shown) disposed at a suitable place in the drilling assembly <b>100.</b> The control circuit may be placed at any other location, including at a location above the power section <b>122.</b>

0038Referring now to <figref idref="f0004"><b>Figure 4</b></figref><b>,</b> there is shown an exemplary power circuit <b>240.</b> The power circuit <b>240</b> includes a sleeve section <b>242</b> and a housing section <b>241.</b> In the illustrated embodiment, the housing section <b>241</b> includes a plurality of supply lines <b>243</b> and return lines <b>244.</b> The housing section lines <b>243</b> and <b>244</b> connect with complimentary lines <b>240, 243</b> and <b>244</b> in the sleeve section <b>242.</b> Because there is rotating contact between the housing <b>210</b> and the sleeve <b>220,</b> a mechanism such as a multi-channel hydraulic swivel or slip ring <b>280</b> is used to connect the lines of the housing section <b>241</b> and the sleeve section <b>242.</b>

0039Hydraulic slip rings <b>280</b> and seals <b>282</b> and <b>284</b> of the power circuit <b>240</b> enable the transfer of high-pressure and low-pressure hydraulic fluid between the power source <b>230</b> and force application members <b>250</b> at the rotating interface between the housing section <b>130</b> and the non-rotating sleeve <b>220.</b> Hydraulic slip rings <b>280</b> convey the high-pressure hydraulic fluid from lines <b>243</b> of the power circuit housing section <b>241</b> to the corresponding lines <b>243</b> of the power circuit sleeve section <b>242.</b> The seals <b>282</b> and <b>284</b> prevent leakage of the hydraulic fluid and also prevent drilling fluid from invading the power circuit <b>240.</b> Preferably, seals <b>282</b> are mud/oil seals adapted for a low-pressure environment and seals <b>284</b> are oil seals adapted for a high-pressure environment. This arrangement recognizes that the fluid being conveyed to the force application members <b>250</b> via lines <b>243</b> are at high pressure whereas the return lines <b>244</b> are conveying fluids at low pressure.

0040It will be understood that the power circuit <b>240</b> may have as many supply lines <b>243</b> as there are force application members. Referring now to <figref idref="f0005"><b>Figure 5</b></figref><b>,</b> the return lines <b>244</b> may be modified to optimize the overall hydraulic arrangement. For example, the sleeve section <b>242</b> may consolidate the return lines <b>244</b> from each of the force application members <b>250 (</b><figref idref="f0006"><b>Fig. 6</b></figref><b>)</b> into a single line <b>245</b> which then communicates with a single return line <b>244</b> in the housing section <b>241.</b> Alternatively, one or more supply lines <b>243</b> may be dedicated to the each of the force application members <b>250.</b> Thus, the overall architecture of the power circuit <b>250</b> depends on power source used to actuate the force application members <b>250.</b>

0041Referring now to <figref idref="f0002"><b>Figures 2</b></figref> and <figref idref="f0003"><b>3</b></figref><b>,</b> the non-rotating sleeve <b>220</b> provides a stationary base from which the force application members <b>250</b> can engage the borehole wall <b>106.</b> The non-rotating sleeve <b>220</b> is generally a tubular element that is telescopically disposed around the bearing assembly housing <b>130.</b> The sleeve <b>220</b> engages the housing <b>130</b> at bearings <b>260.</b> The bearings <b>260</b> may include a radial bearing <b>262</b> that facilitates the rotational sliding action between the sleeve <b>220</b> and the housing <b>130</b> and a thrust bearing <b>264</b> that absorbs the axial loadings caused by the thrust of the drill bit <b>50</b> against the borehole wall <b>106.</b> Preferably, bearings <b>260</b> include mud-lubricated journal bearings <b>262</b> disposed outwardly on the sleeve <b>220.</b>

0042Referring now to <figref idref="f0003"><b>Figure 3</b></figref><b>,</b> the sensor package <b>270</b> includes one or more BHA sensors <b>S₁</b>, a BHA orientation-sensing system, and other electronics that provide the information used by the processors <b>40,42</b> to steer the drill bit <b>50.</b> The sensor package <b>270</b> provides data that enables the processors <b>40,42</b> to at least (a) establish the orientation of the BHA <b>100,</b> (b) compare the BHA <b>100</b> position with the desired well profile or trajectory and/or target formation, and (c) issue corrective instructions, if needed, to return the BHA <b>100</b> to the desired well profile and/or toward the target formation. The BHA sensors <b>S₁</b> detect data relating to: (a) formation related parameters such as formation resistivity, dielectric constant, and formation porosity; (b) the physical and chemical properties of the drilling fluid disposed in the BHA; (c) "drilling parameters" or "operations parameters," which include the drilling fluid flow rate, drill bit rotary speed, torque, weight-on-bit or the thrust force on the bit ("WOB"); (d) the condition and wear of individual devices such as the mud motor, bearing assembly, drill shaft, tubing and drill bit; and (e) the drill string azimuth, true coordinates and direction in the wellbore <b>26</b> (<i>e.g.</i>, position and movement sensors such as an inclinometer, accelerometers, magnetometers or a gyroscopic devices). BHA sensors S₁ can be dispersed throughout the length of the BHA <b>100.</b> The above-described sensors generates signals representative of its corresponding parameter of interest, which signals are transmitted to a processor by hard wire, magnetic or acoustic coupling. The sensors generally described above are known in the art and therefore are not described in detail herein.

0043Referring now to <figref idref="f0006"><b>Figure 6</b></figref><b>,</b> there is shown an exemplary orientation-sensing system <b>300</b> for determining the orientation (<i>e.g.</i>, tool face orientation) of the sleeve <b>220</b> and force application members <b>250</b> relative to the drilling assembly <b>100.</b> The orientation-sensing system <b>300</b> includes a first member <b>302</b> positioned on the non-rotating sleeve <b>220,</b> and a second member <b>304</b> positioned on the rotating housing <b>130.</b> This first member <b>302</b> is positioned at a fixed relationship with respect to one or more of the force application members <b>250</b> and either actively or passively provides an indication of its position relative to the second member <b>304.</b> A preferred orientation-sensing system <b>300</b> includes a magnet <b>302</b> positioned at a known pre-determined angular orientation on the non-rotating sleeve <b>220</b> with the respect to the force application members <b>250.</b> A magnetic pickup <b>304,</b> which is mounted on the housing <b>130,</b> will come into contact with magnetic fields of the magnetic during rotation. Because the rotation speed, inclination and orientation of the housing is known, the position of the force application members <b>250</b> may be calculated as needed by the BHA processor <b>42 (</b><figref idref="f0002"><b>Figures 2</b></figref><b>and</b><figref idref="f0003"><b>3</b></figref><b>).</b> It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that other arrangements may be used in lieu of magnetic signals. Such other arrangements for detecting orientation include inductive transducers (linear variable differential transformers), coil or hall sensors, and capacity sensors. Still other arrangements can use radio waves, electrical signals, acoustic signals, and interfering physical contact between the first and second members. Additionally, accelerometers can be used to determine a trigger point relative to a position, such as hole high side, to correct tool face orientation. Moreover, acoustic sensors can be used to determine the eccentricity of the assembly <b>100</b> relative to the wellbore.

0044Referring now to <figref idref="f0003"><b>Figure 3</b></figref> the sensor package <b>270</b> can provide the processor <b>40,42</b> with an indication of the status of the steering assembly <b>200</b> by monitoring the power source <b>230</b> to determine the amount or the magnitude of the hydraulic pressure (<i>e.g.</i>, measurements from a pressure transducer) for any given force application member and the duty cycle to which that force application member <b>250</b> may be subjected. The processors <b>40,42</b> can use this data to determine the amount of force that the force application members <b>250</b> are applying to the borehole wall <b>106</b> at any given time.

0045In one preferred closed-loop mode of operation, the processors <b>40,42</b> include instructions relating to the desired well profile or trajectory and/or desired characteristics of a target formation. The control unit <b>40</b> maintains control over aspects of the drilling activity such as monitoring for system dysfunctions, recording sensor data, and adjusting system <b>10</b> setting to optimize, for example, rate of penetration. The control unit <b>40,</b> either periodically or as needed, transmits command instructions to the BHA processor <b>42.</b> In response to the command instructions, the BHA processor <b>42</b> controls the direction and progress of the BHA <b>100.</b> During an exemplary operation, the sensor package <b>270</b> provides orientation readings (<i>e.g.,</i> azimuth and inclination) and data relating to the status of the force application members <b>250</b> to the BHA processor <b>42.</b> Using a predetermined wellbore trajectory stored in a memory module, the BHA processor <b>42</b> uses the orientation and status data to reorient and adjust the force application members <b>250</b> to guide the drill bit <b>50</b> along the predetermined wellbore trajectory. During another exemplary operation, the sensor package <b>270</b> provides data relating to a pre-determined formation parameter <i>e.g.,</i> resistivity). The BHA processor <b>42</b> can use this formation data to determine the proximity of the BHA <b>100</b> to a bed boundary and issue steering instructions that prevents the BHA <b>100</b> from exiting the target formation. This automated control of the BHA <b>100</b> may include periodic two-way telemetric communication with the control unit <b>40</b> wherein the BHA processor <b>42</b> transmits selected sensor data and processed data and receives command instructions. The command instructions transmitted by the control unit <b>40</b> may, for instance, be based on calculations based on data received from the surface sensors <b>S₂.</b> As noted earlier, the surface sensors <b>S₂</b> provide data that can be relevant to steering the BHA <b>100,</b><i>e.g.,</i> torque, the rotational speed of the drill string <b>20,</b> tubing injection speed, and hook load. In either instance, the BHA processor <b>42</b> controls the steering assembly <b>200</b> calculating the change in displacement, force or other variable needed to re-orient the BHA <b>100</b> in the desired direction and repositioning re-positioning the force application members to induce the BHA <b>100</b> to move in the desired direction.

0046As can be seen, the drilling system <b>10</b> may be programmed to automatically adjust one or more of the drilling parameters to the desired or computed parameters for continued operations. It will be appreciated that, in this mode of operation, the BHA processor transmits only limited data, some of which has already been processed, to the control unit. As is known, baud rate of conventional telemetry systems limit the amount of BHA sensor data that can be transmitted to the control unit. Accordingly, by processing some of the sensor data downhole, bandwidth of the telemetry system used by the drilling system <b>10</b> is conserved.

0047It should be appreciated that the processors <b>40,42</b> provide substantial flexibility in controlling drilling operations. For example, the drilling system <b>10</b> may be programmed so that only the control unit <b>40</b> controls the BHA <b>100</b> and the BHA processor <b>42</b> merely supplies certain processed sensor data to the control unit <b>40.</b> Alternatively, the processors <b>40,42 can</b> share control of the BHA <b>100;</b><i>e.g.</i>, the control unit <b>40</b> may only take control over the BHA <b>100</b> when certain pre-defined parameters are present. Additionally, the drilling system <b>10</b> can be configured such that the operator can override the automatic adjustments and manually adjust the drilling parameters within predefined limits for such parameters.

0048It will also be appreciated that placement of the steering assembly electronics in the rotating bearing assembly rather than the non-rotating sleeve provides greater flexibility in electronics design and protection. For example, all of the drilling assembly electronics can be consolidated in a module removably fixed within the drilling assembly <b>100.</b> Further, by placing the sensor package <b>270</b> and power source <b>230</b> in the housing <b>126,</b> the overall size of the non-rotating sleeve <b>220</b> is correspondingly reduced. Still further, the electronics-free non-rotating sleeve <b>220</b> may be placed closer to the drill bit <b>50</b> because the instrumentation that would otherwise be subject to shock and vibration is maintained at a safe distance within the bearing assembly housing <b>210.</b> This closer placement increases the moment arm available to steer the bit <b>50</b> and also reduces the unsupported length of drill shaft between the drilling motor <b>120</b> and the drill bit <b>50.</b> In certain embodiments, a limited amount of electronics having selected characteristics (<i>e.g</i>., rugged, shock-resistant, self-contained, etc.) can be included in the non-rotating sleeve <b>220</b> while the majority of the electronics remains in the rotating housing <b>210.</b>

0049It should be understood that the teachings of the present invention are not limited to the particular configuration of the drilling assembly described. For example, the sensor package <b>230</b> may be moved up hole of the drilling motor. Likewise the power source <b>230</b> may be moved up hole of the drilling motor. Also, there may be greater or fewer number of force application members <b>250.</b>

0050The foregoing description is directed to particular embodiments of the present invention for the purpose of illustration and explanation. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that many modifications and changes to the embodiment set forth above are possible without departing from the scope and the spirit of the invention. For example, certain self-contained electronics or other equipment may be disposed on the rotating sleeve so long as no power, communication or other connection between the non-rotating sleeve and drilling system is required to operate such equipment. Of course, the use of such systems may affect the operational advantages of the present invention. For example, such equipment may limit the degree to which the overall non-rotating sleeve may be reduced. It is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all such modifications and changes.