Addressing method and system for using an anycast address

Description of equivalent WO 02071720 A1

0001Addressing method and system for using an anycast address

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

0003The present invention relates to a method and system for addressing a data source in a data network, such as an IP (Internet Protocol) network, by using an address, e.g. an IP anycast address, assigned to more than one interface.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

0005At many Internet sites, the workload required of various services, has grown to the point where a single system is often unable to cope. Offering the same service under a number of different node names is a solution that has been used by a number of sites, for example, by Netscape for its file transfers.

0006As the Web matures, the ability to react to load imbalances becomes increasingly important. Initially, most Web servers delivered content based on more or less uniformly small files. Consequently, if the number of requests was evenly distributed, the load on the servers would be relatively uniform. However today, and increasingly in the future, Web servers hand out more dynamically-generated results with substantial graphics content and a wide variation in the computation required to produce the results. This variation of content and effort makes it much more difficult to keep a group of servers evenly loaded.

0007In ..Network Dispatcher: a connection router for scalable Internet services" by Guerney D. H. Hunta et al, IBM T . Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, U.S.A., the problem of keeping load evenly spread or balanced on a group of servers is solved by a network dispatcher integrated with the TCP/IP

0008(Transmit Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) stack of a single system. It acts as a dispatcher of connections from clients who know a single IP address for a service, to a set of servers that actually perform the work. Unlike other approaches, only the data packets going from the clients to the server pass through the network dispatcher; packets from the server to the client may go by other routes, which need not include a network dispatcher. This reduces the load on the network dispatcher, allowing it to potentially stand in front of a larger number of servers so as to spread the load as part of several Web server complexes. In particular, the proposed network dispatcher comprises an executor which is adapted to handle connection allocation and the forwarding of packets for each TCP connection. The network dispatcher supports Virtual' Encapsulated Clusters (VECs) which are collections of hosts providing services on a single IP address. The executor maintains a connection table, a VEC table for each VEC, a port table for each VEC, and a server table for each port within a VEC. Load sharing is supported by a user-level manager process that monitors the load on the servers and controls the connection allocation algorithm.

0009According the addressing architecture of the IP version 6 protocol (IPv6), IPv6 anycast addresses are assigned to more than one interface (typically belonging to different network nodes), with the property that a packet sent to an anycast address is routed to the ..nearest" interface having that address, according to the routing protocols' measure of distance. Anycast addresses are allocated from the unicast address space, using any of the defined unicast address formats. Thus, anycast addresses are syntactically indistinguishable from unicast addresses which are assigned to one interface. For any assigned anycast address, there is a longest address prefix P that identifies the topological region in which all interfaces belonging to that anycast address reside. Possible uses of anycast addresses are to identify the set of routers attached to a particular subnet, or the set of routers providing entry into a particular routing domain. Packets sent to the subnet-router anycast address will be delivered to one router on the subnet. The subnet-router anycast address is intended to be used for applications where a node needs to communicate with one of a set of routers on a remote subnet. For example, when a mobile host needs to communicate with one of the mobile agents on ist ..horne" subnet. However, currently anycast addressing in IPv6 can only be used by subnet routers, because solutions for a generic anycast use for IP hosts are not defined at present. Additionally, since the current IPv6 specification prohibits the use of anycast addresses as the source address in an IP packet, the usage of anycast addressing is not possible with the existing methods for connection oriented services (e.g. services using TCP transport). If anycast addressing would be used, the next packet from the client would be addressed to the same server anycast address, but could be delivered to a different server due to the anycast addressing method. Hence, the server needs to respond with a real IPv6 interface address as the IPv6 source address. This, however, will break the TCP connection set-up, that does not actually know that the anycast address is an anycast address (anycast addresses look like normal unicast addresses) and is expecting the response packet from the original destination address of the connection set-up message.

0010Another problem in anycast addressed services is the question of authorization: How does the client initiating the service request know that the server who answers to the anycast addressed request is indeed authorized to do so? A malicious server could be listening to the anycast addressed traffic on the link and immediately answer to the client, spoofing as the real server, and maybe setting up a man-in-the-middle attack.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

0012It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and system for addressing a data source in a data network, by means of which an anycast server addressing and authorization can be implemented.

0013This object is achieved by a method for addressing a data source in a data network by using an anycast address assigned to more than one interface, said method comprising the steps of: designating said data source in said data network as a possible receiver for data traffic for said anycast address; mapping said anycast address to a real address of said data source; and providing a binding update function for maintaining a mapping between said any- cast address and said real address of said data source between said data source and either a client, or a network node with an anycast agent functionality, or both.

0014Furthermore, the above object is achieved by a system for addressing a data source in a data network by using an anycast address assigned to more than one interface, said system comprising: mapping means for mapping said anycast address to the real address of said data source; and binding update means for providing a binding update function for maintaining an address relation between a client which has used said anycast address and said data source.

0015Additionally, the above object is achieved by a network node for addressing a data source in a data network by using an anycast address assigned to more than one interface, said network node comprising binding update means for providing a binding update function for maintaining an address relation between a client which has used said anycast address and said data source.

0016Accordingly, service users do not need to know the identity of an individual server when initiating a service request, i.e. TCP connection request, but can address the service request to an anycast address representing all the servers for the service in question. The anycast addressing mechanism will then deliver the service request to the nearest server providing the service.

0017According to an advantageous development, the mapping and/or binding update function are implemented by using Mobile IP protocol features or signalings. In particular, the Mobile IP protocol features may comprise a home address destination option, a binding update destination option, a binding acknowledgement destination option, and a Mobile IP routing header. The binding update function may include a method for address mapping authorization. Furthermore, the mobility management function of the Mobile IP may be used to hand over clients from one data source to another or from a network interface or link to another.

0018In case the binding update function is performed at the network node with the anycast agent functionality, the data source may bind with the network node to notify its availability. This binding may be performed, by the Mobile IP Home Binding procedure. Moreover, multiple bindings for the same anycast address to different data sources may be managed by the network node. The data source may initiate bindings via multiple different IP addresses. The anycast address may be routed to the network node according to an anycast group defined by the anycast address, and a data source wishing to join the anycast group may send a binding update message to the network node. This may be achieved by using separate unicast or multicast address is for the binding update message. As an alternative, the Mobile IP dynamic home agent discovery method can be used to determine the address of the network node.

0019Furthermore, a service handover from a failed link to a working one may be performed by a new binding update to the network node and/or to the clients. A load or capacity information provided by the binding update function or a network topology information may be used for selecting a data source for a client sending a request. Additionally, a binding update with zero life-time may be sent to the network node for each binding initiated by a data source, if the data source needs to by taken down.

0020Plural ones of the network node may be used to serve the anycast address, and an anycast address delivery may be used to reach one of the plural ones of the network node for an anycast addressed service request. The one of the plural ones of the network node may synchronize a received binding information with other ones of the plural ones of the network node.

0021Furthermore, a caching of a client to server association may be flushed for clients which do not send data packets to the data source via the network node. The network node may monitor data sources addressed by the anycast address, to provide a fault tolerance and/or fail-over support.

0022A short term registation may be provided in that the data source periodically registers to the network node or that the network node sends binding requests to the data source. The network node may assume that the data source is down when it does not receive any data packets via a reverse tunnel for response packets from the data source, and verifies this by sending a binding request to the data source. A service request to an anycast address from a client may be directed to a different data source, if the client has been communicating with a failed data source at the same anycast address.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0024In the following, the present invention will be described in greater detail based on preferred embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawing figures, in which:

0025Fig. 1 shows a scenario of a Mobile IP scheme for anycast server addressing according to a first preferred embodiment;

0026Fig. 2 shows a scenario of server registering with an anycast agent according to a second preferred embodiment; and

0027Fig. 3 shows a scenario of the Mobile IP scheme for anycast server addressing with the anycast agent according to the second preferred embodiment.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

0029The preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described based on a new usage of the Mobile IP protocol in conjunction with anycast addressed services, that can be connection oriented. The authorization problem can be solved with the IPsec feature by the server providing a proof that it is actually authorized to respond to the request addressed to the anycast address.

0030The security aspect of the present invention is based on a key exchange as suggested in the Mobile IPv6 specification. While a Mobile IPv6 mobile node need to provide proof that it is authorized to use the claimed home address, an anycast server needs to provide proof that it is authorized to use the anycast address.

0031To achieve this, the anycast addressed servers are adapted to bind their real unicast IPv6 address („care-of-address") to the anycast address („home address"). As an example, this may be achieved by using the corresponding Mobile IP specification features. The Binding Update is included with the first packet sent in response to the anycast addressed service request. In the same packet, the server includes a Home Address Destination Option containing the anycast address, and- uses the real interface IPv6 address as the source address in the packet. Then the client (the ..correspondent node") receives the response, the Home Address Option will be processed, allowing the TCP stack (for example) to keep using the original anycast address as required by the current TCP specifications.

0032Next the client (the ..correspondent node") would process the Binding Update, creating a Binding Cache entry mapping the anycast address to the server's real IPv6 address. It should be noted that this binding is private to the client in question, and neighboring clients may have bindings to different servers, while addressing the service using the same anycast address. The Binding is secured by the Authentication Header included as required by the Mobile IP protocol. All the security issues may be handled in line with the Mobile IP protocol. The next (e.g. TCP) packet being sent to the server would then contain the Binding Acknowledgement (if requested by the server). Fig. 1 shows an example scenario for an anycast addressing according to the first preferred embodiment. Two clients C^ 11 and C2 12 are connected via an IP network 4 to a router 5 which is arranged to establish an anycast link to data sources, such as three servers S-] to S3 21 to 23 or the like. In Fig. 1 , a client C<| 11 initiates communication via the router 5 with a service at an anycast address A. If using TCP, this would include a TCP SYN message, and possibly data. The client C-] 11 receives a response from a server Si, 21 including both a home address destination option, and a binding update destination option. If using TCP, this would include an ACK message and a SYN message, and possibly data. The client C-j 11 responds with a packet being sent directly to the server S-j 21 including a binding acknowledgement destination option (if requested by the server), and a routing header, e.g. the Mobile IP specified Routing Header, containing the anycast address A. Fig. 1 also shows another client C2 12 communicating with another server S2 22 using the same anycast address A.

0033Since the Mobile IPv6 is designed to manage mobility of a mobile node, the server (posing as a mobile node) providing the service can also be mobile. Additionally, the mobility management function could be used to hand over clients from an interface or a link to another, or from a server to another (e.g. for load balancing, to take the server down for maintenance, etc.).

0034In the above it has been assumed that native anycast routing exists in the IP router 5, delivering the anycast addressed service request to any of the servers S-j 21 to S3 23 providing the service. However, with the current methods this would require typically a manual router configuration, which can be both error prone and can not necessarily react to server load situations etc. The solution, where the servers S-\ 21 to S3 23 would be running actual routing protocols to advertise the anycast routes, while possible, is not practical, since the server computers are typically not configured with routing protocol stacks, and perhaps cannot be trusted to inject routes to the network 4. Also, when using only ..native" anycast routing, the requirements for Binding Update generation and processing, as described above are strict: If not followed, the service set up can fail. To solve the above identified problems, the second preferred embodiment comprises a network node (anycast agent 6) with an anycast agent functionality (like the Mobile IPv6 „Home Agent") added to the anycast architecture. Fig. 2 shows a scenario of server registering with the anycast agent 6. Compared to Fig. 1 , the router 5 has been replaced by the anycast agent 6 which located between a first network part or network 41 and a second network part or network 42. Each individual one of the servers S-| 21 to S3 23 would bind with the anycast agent 6 to let the anycast agent know that they are available. A binding procedure such as e.g. the standard Mobile IP Home Binding procedure can be used for this purpose. A significant difference resides in the fact that the anycast agent 6 will manage multiple simultaneous bindings for the same anycast address, bound to distinct server IP addresses.

0035Additionally, the same server may initiate bindings via multiple distinct IP addresses, representing distinct physical interfaces, and possibly links, and whole routes, to provide a measure of fault tolerance for the service access. In this scenario the service handover also becomes possible from failed links to the working ones with a new binding update to the anycast agent 6 and/or to the clients (..correspondent nodes").

0036In this anycast agent scenario, the anycast address in question is routed by the (other) routers to the anycast agent managing the „Anycast Group" defined by that address. The individual servers wishing to join the anycast group will then send a binding update message to the anycast agent 6, possibly using the anycast address itself as the destination address of the binding update. Alternatively, a separate unicast or multicast address could be used for the home binding updates. Optionally, a dynamic home agent discovery method, e.g. the Mobile IPv6 dynamic home agent discovery method, could be used to find the anycast agent address. When the packet gets to the anycast agent 6, it will recognize the home binding in the packet and process it e.g. like a Mobile IPv6 Home Agent would, but managing multiple bindings for each distinct anycast address. Additionally, the servers S-] 21 to S3 23 can include specific options in the binding update informing the anycast agent 6 on load, capacity, etc. information of the service(s) being provided by the server. This could be utilized by the anycast agent 6 in deciding to which server to assign each client. The anycast agent 6 could also use the network topology information it may have, when choosing a server for a client sending the request.

0037If an individual server needs to be taken down (for repair etc.), a binding update, e.g. the Mobile IPv6 Binding Update, with zero life-time is sent to the anycast agent 6 and to any client with which a binding has been established by the server in question. Also, individual interfaces from the serves could be taken down with the same method.

0038Note that if there is only one anycast agent, there is no real anycast addressing based routing delivery being used. However, there could be many anycast agents serving the same anycast address, and anycast address delivery would be used in this case to reach one anycast agent for each anycast addressed service request.

0039If multiple anycast agents are used to serve the same anycast address, the anycast agent receiving the „Home Binding" from the server would need to synchronize this Binding information with other anycast servers, since any one of the agents may receive anycast addressed service requests for the anycast address in question.

0040Fig. 3 shows an example scenario for an anycast addressing with an anycast agent 6. The anycast agent 6 receives the anycast addressed service requests sent by clients, e.g. the client C-i, 11 (Fig. 3, step 1). It then consults its binding database, possibly including additional information (load, capacity, network topology), and chooses a server to which to forward the request, e.g. the server S<ι 21 (Fig. 3, step 2). As an example, all normal methods for Mobile IPv6 Home Agent to deliver datagrams to mobile nodes (e.g. IP-in-lP tunneling) can be used for request delivery. The anycast agent 6 would need to cache the client/server mapping for some time, since the client might not be able to process the binding update being sent by the chosen server in a timely manner (or at all). This means that multiple packets from the client to the same server could be delivered via the anycast agent 6, but as soon as the binding update is being processed by the client, the anycast agent 6 is cut from the packet delivery route from the client C<|

00415 11 to the server Sj 21 (Fig. 3, step 4). This loosens the requirement by the client

0042C-j 11 to immediately process the binding update sent by the server S-] 11. In any case, the server S<| 21 will include the home address destination option and deliver a response packet to the client C-| 11 directly (Fig. 3, step 3), if no specific reason is given to deliver the responses via the anycast agent 6. The home 10 address destination option allows the client C-j 11 to associate the incoming packets with the anycast address used when sending the initial request out.

0043The caching of client to server association could be flushed for clients that do not send packets to a server via the anycast agent 6. This situation can be interpreted

004415 either of two ways: 1 ) the client has processed a binding update with the server and is communicating with the server directly, or 2) the client is not accessing the service any more. Additionally, for connection oriented transport protocols, the

0045' anycast agent 6 could recognize the connection termination between the client and server and flush the association at that point. Any new connections to the

004620 same anycast service could then be directed to other servers.

0047Additionally, the anycast agent 6 can provide fault tolerance and fail-over support by monitoring the servers S-j 21 to S3 23. This can be achieved in the following ways: 25

00481 ) By only accepting short term registrations (bindings), requiring the servers S-j

004921 to S3 23 to register periodically (assuming that the service process can control the binding updates being sent). Alternatively sending binding requests to the server whenever the anycast agent 6 feels like checking the availability of a 30 server. 2) By requesting the servers S-j 21 to S3 23 to tunnel initial service response packets via the anycast agent 6. If the anycast agent 6 will not get any packets via this reverse tunnel, it will suspect that the concerned server is down. The anycast agent 6 could verify this by sending a specific binding request to the concerned server to check if the server is responding. If the server is down, it's binding would be removed, so that no more clients would be directed to the failed server. If a client has been communicating with a failed server, it's next service request to the same anycast address will be directed to a different server, if available.

0050With reverse tunneling from a server (S1 21 to S3 23) to the anycast agent 6 it is possible to deliver packets to the client (C1 11 , C2 12) without including the home address option, and including the anycast address as the source address in these packets. It is also possible to leave out the home address option and to use the anycast address as the packet's source address without reverse tunneling, if the anycast agent 6 (or a group of coordinated anycast agents) arranges consistent delivery of packets from a given client to the same server, and if the network containing the servers allows the servers to use the anycast address as a packet source address.

0051Yet another alternative for the checking of the server availability is periodic polling of the availability of each registered server S1 21 to S3 23. The polling may be performed by checking the availability of the node itself within the network or a service corresponding to the anycast address.

0052One possibility for the checking of the availability of the node within the network is the ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) echo procedure. The ICMP is a part of the IP, which is used to handle errors and control messages at the IP layer. The checking of the availability of a service within the node can be performed using application specific means.

0053The anycast agent 6 may be built on top of a router platform, possibly starting the implementation from an existing Mobile IP Home Agent implementation. The network servers may be configured as ..Mobile Nodes", using the anycast address as home address, and either the same anycast address as the anycast agent address, or a separate IP address as the anycast agent address. Optionally, the Mobile IPv6 dynamic home agent discovery method could be used to find the anycast agent address. When the service clients receive the response packets from the anycast addressed server, the packet is equipped with the home address option and (optionally) the binding update. In case of using the Mobile IP signaling, for the service client this seems as normal Mobile IP, and he will act accordingly. If the client does not process the binding update, all packets from him to the server will go through the anycast agent 6, who maintains the association to the chosen server, so that the packets from a specific client will go to the same server.

0054In summary, the present invention solves the addressing and related authorization problem in that the server node responds with the real address as the source address. The packet also comprises a home address destination option and a binding update destination option. The client inserts into the source address the anycast address carried in the home address destination options. Then the packet is passed to upper protocol layers. A reply packet from the client to the server node is sent directly to the server node, the packet containing a binding acknowledgement destination option and a routing Header. The routing header contains the anycast address. Alternatively, an anycast agent 6 may be provided in the network. Packets addressed to the anycast address are received by the anycast agent 6. The anycast agent 6 selects from among the server nodes belonging to the anycast group. The server nodes are registered to the anycast group using a binding procedure. Furthermore, the invention involves the ideas of using load balancing via the anycast agent 6. The anycast agent may request periodic re-registrations or some kind of polling to determine the status of server nodes.

0055While the present invention has been described for IPv6, Mobile IPv6, and connection oriented services (e.g. TCP transport), the method is also applicable to other cases as well. Examples of other applicable cases/scenarios include services using different transport protocols (such as media streaming, NFS, etc. using UDP, SCTP, RTP, etc.), IPv4, and any possible future versions. Any extensions or modification to Mobile IP protocol are expected to work with this solution. The mentioned Mobile IP mechanisms are only mentioned as examples. Furthermore, this invention is not dependent on Mobile IP, but covers signaling methods where anycast servers can optionally register with a network device to become possible receivers for anycast traffic for a specific anycast address and where the client maps the anycast address to the server's real address and optionally uses this mapping to make transparent use of the anycast address. The anycast server can provide authentication data to the client providing a proof that the server indeed has been authorized to respond to the used anycast address. This proof may be provided either directly between the server and the client, or via intermediate nodes or systems, such as DNS (Domain Name System), certificate authorities, etc.

0056However, this invention additionally covers the use of the Mobile IP protocol (v4, v6) for this purpose.