Improved productivity catalysts and microstructure control

Description of equivalent WO 0236641 A2

IMPROVED PRODUCTIVITY CATALYSTS AND MICROSTRUCTURE

CONTROL

0003CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit ofthe following applications under 35

0004USC § 120: Application No. 09/507,492, filed February 18, 2000, and Application No. 09/563,812, filed May 3, 2000, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference; and the benefit ofthe following applications under 35 USC § 119: Provisional Application No. 60/231,920, filed September 11, 2000; Provisional Application No. 60/246,254, filed November 6, 2000; Provisional Application No. 60/246,255, filed November 6, 2000; Provisional Application No. 60/246,178, filed November 6, 2000; and Provisional Application No. 60/298,893, filed June 19, 2001, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

0006This application generally relates to olefin polymerization catalyst compositions and olefin polymerization processes using the same, and to new polyolefm compositions.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

0008The use of late transition metal complexes as catalysts for olefin polymerization has recently been reviewed by Ittel et al. (Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1169). Notwithstanding the many advances described therein, there remains a need for new late transition metal catalysts with improved productivities under commercial reactor operating conditions, and for new methods of microstructure control. Late transition metal catalysts and processes that combine (i) high productivities at elevated temperatures and pressures in the presence of hydrogen as a molecular weight control agent, and (ii) high levels of branching, are especially sought. New catalysts and processes for these purposes are described herein. The distribution of branch lengths obtained using late transition metal catalysts is also important. Previously reported catalysts have tended to give ethylene homopolymers with too few longer branches, relative to methyl branches, to give LLDPE's with adequate film toughness. With the objective of addressing this problem, we have developed catalysts and processes which give ethylene homopolymers with substantially higher ratios of C₅ and longer branches to methyl branches. These new catalysts, processes and ethylene homopolymer compositions are also described herein.

0009SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In a first aspect, this invention pertains to a catalyst for olefin polymerization, comprising a Group 3-11 metal complex of a bidentate, tridentate, or tetradentate ligand, wherein the complex comprises at least one N-donor fragment of formula la or lb;

0010<img file="WO0236641A2_D0001.tif" /> 1a 1b

0011wherein: M is a Group 3-11 transition metal;

0012R^3a"d are each, independently, H, F, CI, Br, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, fluoroalkyl, nitro, heteroatom connected hydrocarbyl or heteroatom connected substituted hydrocarbyl; and

0013Ar^la is an aryl or heteroaryl group substituted at one or both ortho positions by a group Q²; wherein Q² is hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heteroatom connected hydrocarbyl or heteroatom connected substituted hydrocarbyl.

0014In a first preferred embodiment ofthe first aspect, M is a Group 8-10 metal. In a second preferred embodiment, M is nickel, and Q is sufficiently long to extend sufficiently close to the metal M to increase the catalyst productivity at elevated temperatures, or in the presence of hydrogen, or both, relative to an otherwise similar catalyst wherein Q is replaced by H, Me, or Ph.

0015In a third preferred embodiment, M is nickel, and Q² is sufficiently long to extend sufficiently close to the metal M to increase the regioselectivity or stereoselectivity of comonomer incorporation, relative to an otherwise similar catalyst wherein Q² is replaced by H, Me, or Ph. In a fourth preferred embodiment, M is nickel, and Q² is sufficiently long to extend sufficiently close to the metal M to decrease the amount of chain-running, relative to an otherwise similar catalyst wherein Q² is replaced by H, Me, or Ph.

0016In a fifth preferred embodiment, M is palladium, and Q² is sufficiently long to extend sufficiently close to the metal M to decrease the amount of chain-running, relative to an otherwise similar catalyst wherein Q² is replaced by H, Me, or Ph.

0017In a sixth preferred embodiment, M is nickel, and Q² is sufficiently long to extend sufficiently close to the metal M to increase the chain-running stereoselectivity, relative to an otherwise similar catalyst wherein Q² is replaced by H, Me, or Ph.

0018In a seventh preferred embodiment, M is nickel, and Q is sufficiently long to extend sufficiently close to the metal M to decrease the rate of activation ofthe catalyst when an alkylaluminum reagent is used as cocatalyst, relative to an otherwise similar catalyst wherein Q² is replaced by H, Me, or Ph. In an eighth preferred embodiment, M is a Group 8-10 metal and the catalyst comprises a bidentate ligand selected from Set 1;

0019Setl

0020<img file="WO0236641A2_D0002.tif" />

0021<img file="WO0236641A2_D0003.tif" /> Set 1, cont'd

0022<img file="WO0236641A2_D0004.tif" />

0023<img file="WO0236641A2_D0005.tif" /> Set 1, cont'd

0024<img file="WO0236641A2_D0006.tif" />

0025<img file="WO0236641A2_D0007.tif" /> Set 1, cont'd

0026<img file="WO0236641A2_D0008.tif" />

0027<img file="WO0236641A2_D0009.tif" /> Set 1, cont'd

0028<img file="WO0236641A2_D0010.tif" />

0029<img file="WO0236641A2_D0011.tif" /> Set 1, cont'd

0030<img file="WO0236641A2_D0012.tif" />

0031<img file="WO0236641A2_D0013.tif" /> Set 1, cont'd

0032<img file="WO0236641A2_D0014.tif" /> wa14

0033<img file="WO0236641A2_D0015.tif" /> Set 1, cont'd

0034<img file="WO0236641A2_D0016.tif" />

0035<img file="WO0236641A2_D0017.tif" /> Set 1, cont'd

0036<img file="WO0236641A2_D0018.tif" />

0037wherein:

0038R^2x'^y are each independently H, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heteroatom connected hydrocarbyl, heteroatom connected substituted hydrocarbyl; silyl, or ferrocenyl; in addition, R^2x and R^2y may be linked by a bridging group;

0039R^3a"k are each independently H, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heteroatom connected hydrocarbyl, heteroatom connected substituted hydrocarbyl, fluoroalkyl, silyl, boryl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, cyano, or nitro; R^4a'^b are each independently hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heteroatom connected hydrocarbyl, heteroatom connected substituted hydrocarbyl; in addition, R^4a and R^4b may be linked by a bridging group;

0040"surface" refers to a silicon or other atom which is part of, or attached to, a solid support;

0041G¹ is a divalent bridging group; and

0042Ar^2a"m are each independently hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heteroatom attached hydrocarbyl, heteroatom attached substituted hydrocarbyl, halo, nitro, boryl, or trialkoxysilane.

0043In a ninth preferred embodiment of this first aspect, M is iron or cobalt, the catalyst comprises a tridentate ligand, and Q² which is sufficiently long to extend sufficiently close to the metal M to increase the catalyst productivity at elevated temperatures.

0044In a tenth preferred embodiment, the tridentate ligand.of the ninth preferred embodiment of this first aspect is selected from Set 2;

0045Set 2

0046<img file="WO0236641A2_D0019.tif" /> Set 2, cont'd

0047<img file="WO0236641A2_D0020.tif" /> tri2

0048wherein:

0049R^2x'^y are each independently H, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heteroatom connected hydrocarbyl, heteroatom connected substituted hydrocarbyl; silyl, or ferrocenyl; and

0050R^3a"k are each independently H, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heteroatom connected hydrocarbyl, heteroatom connected substituted hydrocarbyl, fluoroalkyl, silyl, boryl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, cyano, or nitro.

0051In an eleventh preferred embodiment, the catalyst is a titanium or zirconium complex of a bidentate ligand selected from Set 3;

0052Set 3

0053<img file="WO0236641A2_D0021.tif" /> da1 Set 3, cont'd

0054<img file="WO0236641A2_D0022.tif" />

0055<img file="WO0236641A2_D0023.tif" /> wherein:

0056R² is H, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heteroatom connected hydrocarbyl, heteroatom connected substituted hydrocarbyl, silyl, or ferrocenyl;

0057R^3a"J are each independently H, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heteroatom connected hydrocarbyl, heteroatom connected substituted hydrocarbyl, fluoroalkyl, fluoro, chloro, or bromo; and

0058Ar^2a"J are each independently hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heteroatom attached hydrocarbyl, heteroatom attached substituted hydrocarbyl, halo, nitro, boryl, or trialkoxysilane. In a twelfth preferred embodiment, the catalyst further comprises a solid support.

0059In a thirteenth preferred embodiment, the catalyst ofthe twelfth embodiment is attached to the solid support via a covalent bond to the group Ar^la.

0060In a second aspect, this invention pertains to a process for the polymerization of olefins, comprising contacting one or more olefins with the catalyst ofthe first aspect. .

0061In a first preferred embodiment ofthe second aspect, at least one ofthe olefins is ethylene.

0062In a second preferred embodiment ofthe second aspect, the olefin is ethylene, M is nickel, the temperature is at least 80 °C, the pressure is less than about 800 psig, sufficient hydrogen is added to reduce the number average molecular weight ofthe polymer by at least 20% relative to an otherwise similar reaction conducted in the absence of hydrogen, the catalyst productivity is at least 500 kg polyethylene per g nickel, and the polymer has a DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) first cycle peak melting point greater than 131 °C.

0063In a third, more preferred embodiment ofthe second embodiment ofthe second aspect, sufficient hydrogen is added to reduce the number average molecular weight ofthe polymer by at least 50% relative to an otherwise similar reaction conducted in the absence of hydrogen, and the polymer has a DSC first cycle peak melting point greater than 133 °C.

0064In a fourth preferred embodiment ofthe second aspect, at least one ofthe olefins is ethylene, M is palladium and the amount of chain running is reduced. In a third aspect, this invention pertains to a bidentate, tridentate, or tetradentate ligand ofthe first or second aspects.

0065In a fourth aspect, this invention pertains to a process for the polymerization of olefins, comprising contacting one or niore olefins with a catalyst comprising a Group 8-10 metal complex of a bidentate, N,N-donor ligand, wherein the first ofthe donor nitrogens, N¹, is substituted by an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring wherein the ortho substituents are aryl or heteroaryl groups, and the second ofthe donor nitrogens, N , is substituted by an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring wherein one or both ofthe ortho substituents are other than aryl or heteroaryl; wherein the catalyst is capable of homopolymerizing ethylene to produce a polymer with a number average molecular weight of at least 20,000 g/mole and at least 20 branch points per 1000 carbons with a catalyst productivity of at least 500 kg polyethylene per g of Group 8-10 metal at a temperature of at least 60 °C at a partial pressure of ethylene of at least 350 psia at a partial pressure of hydrogen of at least 2 psia. Preferred substituents other than aryl or heteroaryl include Br, CI, CF₃ and fluoroalkyl.

0066In a first preferred embodiment of this fourth aspect, the ligand is such that the calculated rate of olefin rotation in square planar complexes ofthe type (L)M(H)(R^laCH=CHR^lb)ⁿ⁺, wherein n = 0 or 1, M is nickel or palladium, L is the bidentate, N,N-donor ligand, R^la is H or Me, and R^l is Me, and R^laCH=CHR^lb is trans to N¹, is at least 2 times higher than the calculated rate of olefin rotation in the complex wherein R^laCH=CHR^l is cis to N¹.

0067In a second, more preferred embodiment, the calculated rate of olefin rotation in the complex ofthe first preferred embodiment ofthe fourth aspect wherein R^laCH=CHR^lb is trans to N¹ is at least 4 times higher than the calculated rate of olefin rotation in the isomeric complex wherein R^l CH=CHR^lb is cis to N¹. In a third preferred embodiment of this fourth aspect, the metal is nickel, N^l is substituted by a 2,6-diaryl substituted aryl group or a 2,5-diaryl substituted 1- pyrrolyl group, and N² is substituted by an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring wherein one or both ofthe ortho substituents are other than aryl or heteroaryl. In a fourth, more preferred embodiment of this fourth aspect, the metal is mckel, N¹ is substituted by a 2,6-diaryl substituted aryl group, N² is substituted by an aromatic ring wherein one or both ofthe ortho substituents are other than aryl or heteroaryl, and the catalyst productivity is at least 500 kg polyethylene per g nickel at a temperature of at least 70 °C.

0068In a fifth preferred embodiment ofthe fourth aspect, the process ofthe fourth preferred emodiment ofthe fourth aspect comprises a catalyst wherein N² is substituted by an aromatic ring wherein one ofthe ortho substituents is aryl, heteroaryl or bromo, and the other ortho substituent is bromo.

0069In a sixth embodiment ofthe fourth aspect, the bidentate ligand is selected <img file="WO0236641A2_D0024.tif" />

00702/36641

007120

0072Set 4

0073<img file="WO0236641A2_D0025.tif" /> hcr4

0074<img file="WO0236641A2_D0026.tif" /> hcrl

0075<img file="WO0236641A2_D0027.tif" /> hcr2 Set 4, cont'd

0076<img file="WO0236641A2_D0028.tif" /> hcr5

0077<img file="WO0236641A2_D0029.tif" /> hcr6

0078<img file="WO0236641A2_D0030.tif" /> hcr7

0079<img file="WO0236641A2_D0031.tif" /> Set 4, cont'd

0080<img file="WO0236641A2_D0032.tif" /> hcr9

0081<img file="WO0236641A2_D0033.tif" /> hcr10

0082<img file="WO0236641A2_D0034.tif" /> hcr11

0083<img file="WO0236641A2_D0035.tif" /> Set 4, cont'd

0084<img file="WO0236641A2_D0036.tif" /> Set 4, cont'd

0085<img file="WO0236641A2_D0037.tif" />

0086<img file="WO0236641A2_D0038.tif" /> hcr17

0087<img file="WO0236641A2_D0039.tif" /> hcr18 Set 4, cont'd

0088<img file="WO0236641A2_D0040.tif" /> shc

0089<img file="WO0236641A2_D0041.tif" /> shcr2

0090<img file="WO0236641A2_D0042.tif" /> shcr3

0091<img file="WO0236641A2_D0043.tif" /> shcr4

0092<img file="WO0236641A2_D0044.tif" /> Set 4, cont'd

0093<img file="WO0236641A2_D0045.tif" />

0094<img file="WO0236641A2_D0046.tif" /> Set 4, cont'd

0095<img file="WO0236641A2_D0047.tif" />

0096<img file="WO0236641A2_D0048.tif" /> s cr9 wherein:

0097R^2x'^y are each independently H, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heteroatom connected hydrocarbyl, heteroatom connected substituted hydrocarbyl, silyl, or ferrocenyl; in addition, R² and R^2y may be linked by a bridging group; R^3a_1 are each independently H, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heteroatom connected hydrocarbyl, heteroatom connected substituted hydrocarbyl, fluoroalkyl, silyl, boryl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, cyano, or nitro; Ar^2a"m are each independently aryl or heteroaryl; and Ar^3a"c are each independently 4-substituted aryl groups; wherein the 4- substituents are selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heteroatom connected hydrocarbyl, heteroatom connected substituted • hydrocarbyl, fluoroalkyl, silyl, boryl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, cyano, phenylsulfonyl, and nitro.

0098In a seventh preferred embodiment ofthe fourth aspect, the olefin is ethylene and the polymer is an ethylene homopolymer wherein the average spacing between branch points is such that there is at least a 10% excess of sequences ofthe type - CHR-(CH₂) _n+2-CHR-, where R is alkyl and n is 0 or a positive integer, relative to sequences of the type -CHR-(CH₂)_2m-CHR-, where R is alkyl and m is a positive integer. In an eighth preferred embodiment ofthe fourth aspect, the olefin is ethylene, N is substituted by a 2-aryl-6-bromo-aryl group and the polymer is an ethylene homopolymer wherein there is an excess of isotactic sequences ofthe type -CHR^la-(CH₂)_4n+2-CHR^lb-, where R^la and R^l are hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl branches and n is 0 or 1, relative to a random distribution. In a fifth aspect, this invention pertains to a polymer prepared according to the process ofthe fourth aspect.

0099In a sixth aspect, this invention pertains to a process for the polymerization of olefins, comprising contacting one or more olefins with a catalyst comprising a Group 8-10 metal complex of a bidentate, tridentate or multidentate ligand, wherein the catalyst is activated using an alkylaluminum compound, wherein the alkylaluminum compound is subsequently selectively deactivated before the bulk of the polymerization has occurred. In a first preferred embodiment ofthe sixth aspect, the alkylaluminum compound is selectively deactivated through the addition of a phenol or substituted phenol.

0100In a second preferred embodiment ofthe sixth aspect, the Group 8-10 metal complex is a cationic nickel complex of a bidentate N,N-donor ligand.

0101In a third preferred embodiment ofthe sixth aspect, the Group 8-10 metal complex is a cationic iron or cobalt complex of a tridentate ligand.

0102In a seventh aspect, this invention pertains to a catalyst for the polymerization of olefins, comprising a nickel complex of a ligand of formula 2a;

0103<img file="WO0236641A2_D0049.tif" />

01042a

0105wherein:

0106R^2x'^y are each independently hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heteroatom connected hydrocarbyl, heteroatom connected substituted hydrocarbyl, or silyl; in addition, R^2x and R^2y may be linked by a bridging group;

0107R^{3 "f} are each independently H, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heteroatom connected hydrocarbyl, heteroatom connected substituted hydrocarbyl, fluoroalkyl, silyl, boryl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, cyano, or nitro;

0108R^3x,y are each independently halo or fluoroalkyl; and Ar^2a,b are each independently aryl or heteroaryl.

0109In a first preferred embodiment of this seventh aspect, R^2x and R^2y are linked by a bridging group.

0110In an eighth aspect, this invention pertains to a process for the polymerization of olefins comprising contacting ethylene and optionally other olefins with the catalyst ofthe seventh aspect in the presence of sufficient hydrogen to reduce the number average molecular weight ofthe polymer by at least 10% relative to an otherwise similar process carried out in the absence of hydrogen. By "other olefins", we mean 1-alkenes, preferably 1-butene, 1-hexene or 1- octene, or long chain 1-alkene macromonomers.

0111In a ninth aspect, this invention pertains to an ethylene homopolymer having a number average molecular weight of at least 10,000 g/mole, total branching of less than about 70 branches per 1000 carbons, at least 10% saturated hydrocarbon polymer chains, and a ratio of C₅ and longer branches to methyl branches of at least 0.35.

0112In a first preferred embodiment of this ninth aspect, the total branching is less than about 60 branches per 1000 carbons; at least 25% ofthe polymer chains are saturated hydrocarbon chains; and the ratio of C₅ and longer branches to methyl branches is at least 0.40. In a second preferred embodiment, the total branching is less than about 60 branches per 1000 carbons; and the ratio of C₅ and longer branches to methyl branches is at least 0.45. In a third preferred embodiment, the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) curve ofthe homopolymer shows a bimodal melt endotherm on the second heat from the melt, with the area ofthe smaller ofthe two peaks representing at least 25% ofthe total melt endotherm.

0113DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In this disclosure, symbols ordinarily used to denote elements in the Periodic Table and commonly abbreviated groups, take their ordinary meaning, unless otherwise specified. Thus, N, O, S, P, and Si stand for nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, and silicon, respectively, while Me, Et, Pr, 'Pr, Bu, ^lBu and Ph stand for methyl, ethyl, propyl, z^'so-propyl, butyl, tert-butyl and phenyl, respectively.

0114A "1-pyrrolyl or substituted 1-pyrrolyl" group refers to a group of formula II below:

0115<img file="WO0236641A2_D0050.tif" />

0116wherein R^3a"d are each independently H, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heteroatom connected hydrocarbyl, heteroatom connected substituted hydrocarbyl, fluoroalkyl, silyl, boryl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, cyano, or nitro; in addition, any two or more of R^3a"d may be linked by a bridging group or groups to form bicyclic or polycyclic ring systems including carbazol-9-yl and indol-1-yl.

0117A "hydrocarbyl" group means a monovalent or divalent, linear, branched or cyclic group which contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms. Examples of monovalent hydrocarbyls include the following: C1-C20 alkyl; C1-C20 alkyl substituted with one or more groups selected from Cι-C₂₀ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, and aryl; C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl; C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl substituted with one or more groups selected from Ci-C₂o alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, and aryl; C₆-C₁₄ aryl; and C₆-C₁ aryl substituted with one or more groups selected from -C20 alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, and aryl. Examples of divalent (bridging) hydrocarbyls include: -CH₂-, -CH2CH₂- -CH₂CH₂CH₂- and 1,2-phenylene. The term "aryl" refers to an aromatic carbocyclic monoradical, which may be substituted or unsubstituted, wherein the substituents are halo, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heteroatom attached hydrocarbyl, heteroatom attached substituted hydrocarbyl, nitro, cyano, fluoroalkyl, sulfonyl, and the like. Examples include: phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthracenyl, 2,6-diphenylphenyl, 3,5- dimethylphenyl, 4-nitrophenyl, 3-nitrophenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4- dimethylaminophenyl, 2,6-dibromophenyl, 2,4,6-tribromophenyl, 2,4-dibromo-6- phenylphenyl, 2,6-di(4-tert-butylphenyl)phenyl, 2,6-di(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4- phenylphenyl, 2,6-di(4-phenylphenyl)-4-phenylphenyl, 2,4-dibromo-6- trifluoromethylphenyl, 2,4-bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)-6-trifluoromethylphenyl, 2- chloro-4,6-di(4-tert-butylphenyl)phenyl, 2,6-di(l-naphthyl)-4-phenylphenyl, and the like. A "heterocyclic ring" refers to a carbocyclic ring wherein one or more ofthe carbon atoms has been replaced by an atom selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, P, Se, As, Si, B, and the like.

0118A "heteroaromatic ring" refers to an aromatic heterocyclic ring; examples include pyrrole, furan, thiophene, indene, imidazole, oxazole, isoxazole, carbazole, thiazole, pyrimidine, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrazine, benzothiophene, and the like.

0119A "heteroaryl" refers to a heterocyclic ring monoradical which is aromatic; examples include 1-pyrrolyl, 2-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrrolyl, furyl, thienyl, indenyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, carbazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, benzothienyl, and the like, and substituted derivatives thereof.

0120A "silyl" group refers to a SiR₃ group wherein Si is silicon and R is hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heteroatom connected hydrocarbyl, or silyl, as in Si(SiR₃)₃.

0121A "boryl" group refers to a BR₂ or B(OR)₂ group, wherein R is hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl.

0122A "heteroatom" refers to an atom other than carbon or hydrogen. Preferred heteroatoms include oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, arsenic, chlorine, bromine, silicon, and fluorine.

0123A "substituted hydrocarbyl" refers to a monovalent, divalent, or trivalent hydrocarbyl substituted with one or more heteroatoms. Examples of monovalent substituted hydrocarbyls include: 2,6-dimethyl-4-methoxyphenyl, 2,6-diisopropyl- 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-cyano-2,6-dimethylphenyl, 2,6-dimethyl-4-nitrophenyl, 2,6- difluorophenyl, 2,6-dibromophenyl, 2,6-dichlorophenyl, 4-methoxycarbonyl-2,6- dimethylphenyl, 2-tert-butyl-6-chlorophenyl,-2,6-dimethyl-4-phenylsulfonylphenyl, 2,6-dimethyl-4-trifluoromethylphenyl, 2,6-dimethyl-4-trimethylammoniumphenyl (associated with a weakly coordinated anion), 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl, 9- hydroxyanthr-10-yl, 2-chloronapth-l-yl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-nitrophenyl, 9- nitroanthr-10-yl, -CH₂OCH₃, cyano, trifluoromethyl, and fluoroalkyl. Examples of divalent (bridging) substituted hydrocarbyls include: 4-methoxy-l,2-phenylene, 1- methoxymethyl-l,2-ethanediyl, l,2-bis(benzyloxymethyl)-l,2-ethanediyl, and l-(4- methoxyphenyl)- 1 ,2-ethanediyl. A "heteroatom connected hydrocarbyl" refers to a group ofthe type

0124E¹⁰(hydrocarbyl), E²⁰H(hydrocarbyl), or E²⁰(hydrocarbyl)₂, where E¹⁰ is an atom selected from Group 16 and E is an atom selected from Group 15. A "heteroatom connected substituted hydrocarbyl" refers to a group ofthe type E¹⁰(substituted hydrocarbyl), E²⁰H(substituted hydrocarbyl), or E²⁰(substituted hydrocarbyl)₂, where E¹⁰ is an atom selected from Group 16 and E²⁰ is an atom selected from Group 15. The term "fluoroalkyl" as used herein refers to a C₁-C₂0 alkyl group substituted by one or more fluorine atoms.

0125An "olefin" refers to a compound ofthe formula R^laCH=CHR^lb, where R^la and R may independently be H, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, fluoroalkyl, silyl, O(hydrocarbyl), or O(substituted hydrocarbyl), and where R^la and R^lb may be connected to form a cyclic olefin, provided that in all cases, the substituents R^la and R^lb are compatible with the catalyst. In the case of most Group 4-7 catalysts, this will generally mean that the olefin should not contain good Lewis base donors, since this will tend to severely inhibit catalysis. Preferred olefins for such catalysts include ethylene, propylene, butene, hexene, octene, cyclopentene, norbornene, and styrene. In the case ofthe Group 8-10 catalysts, Lewis basic substituents on the olefin will tend to reduce the rate of catalysis in most cases; however, useful rates of homopolymerization or copolymerization can nonetheless be achieved with some of those olefins. Preferred olefins for such catalysts include ethylene, propylene, butene, hexene, octene, and fluoroalkyl substituted olefins, but may also include, in the case of palladium and some ofthe more functional group tolerant nickel catalysts, norbornene, substituted norbornenes (e.g., norbornenes substituted at the 5-position with halide, siloxy, silane, halo carbon, ester, acetyl, alcohol, or amino groups), cyclopentene, ethyl undecenoate, acrylates, vinyl ethylene carbonate, 4- vinyl-2,2-dimethyl- 1 ,3 -dioxolane, and vinyl acetate.

0126In some cases, the Group 8-10 catalysts can be inhibited by olefins which contain additional olefinic or acetylenic functionality. This is especially likely if the catalyst is prone to "chain-running" wherein the catalyst can migrate up and down the polymer chain between insertions, since this can lead to the formation of relatively unreactive π-allylic intermediates when the olefin monomer contains additional unsaturation. Such effects are best determined on a case-by-case basis, but may be predicted to some extent through knowledge of how much branching is observed with a given catalyst in ethylene homopolymerizations; those catalysts which tend to give relatively high levels of branching with ethylene will tend to exhibit lower rates when short chain diene co-monomers are used under the same conditions. Longer chain dienes tend to be less inhibitory than shorter chain dienes, when other factors are kept constant, since the catalyst has to migrate farther to form the π-allyl, and another insertion may intervene first. Similar considerations apply to unsaturated esters which are capable of inserting and chain-running to form relatively stable intramolecular chelate structures wherein the Lewis basic ester functionality occupies a coordination, site on the catalyst. In such cases, short chain unsaturated esters, such as methyl acrylate, tend to be more inhibitory than long chain esters, such as ethyl undecenoate, if all other factors are kept constant.

0127By "alpha-olefin functional comonomer" we mean an alpha-olefin which contains a functional group containing at least one N or O atom. Preferred functional groups include esters, alkyl ethers, carbonates and nitriles. The term "ortho" is used to refer to substituents attached to the 2- and 6- positions of a 1 -attached, six-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring, or the 2- and 5-positions of a 1 -attached, five-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring, or more generally the first substitutable positions on either side ofthe point of attachment of said aromatic or heteroaromatic ring to said donor nitrogen. By "chain running", we mean the process by which certain olefin polymerization catalysts, especially those based on Group 8-10 transition metal complexes of bidentate ligands, are capable of migrating along a growing polymer chain between insertion events to form branched polymers from ethylene alone, and give modes of enchainment other than 1,2 enchainment when substituted alkenes are polymerized or copolymerized.

0128By "olefin rotation", we mean rotation by at least 180° about a vector extending from said Group 8-10 metal to the olefin centroid. The rate of olefin rotation may be calculated using Density Field Theory / Molecular Mechanics programs (c.f. Ziegler et al. inJ. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 1094 and 6177).

0129By "isotactic sequences ofthe type -CHR^la-(CH₂)_4n+2-CHR^lb-", we mean polymer chain sequences ofthe type -CHR^{1 a}-CH₂-CH₂-CHR^lb- or -CHR^la-(CH₂)₆- CHR^lb- in which the configuration about the -CHR^la- center is the same as that about the -CHR^lb- center where R^la and R^lb are hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl branches and n is 0 or 1. When the only olefin monomer is ethylene, the most common type of branch will be methyl with most ofthe catalysts ofthe current invention; however, longer branches will also be present in most cases, especially when the total number of branches is greater than about 10 per 1000 carbons.

0130By "different (a) comonomer incorporation selectivities, (b) chain running rates, (c) stereoselectivities, or (d) combinations thereof," we mean a difference of at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 40%. By "increase the catalyst productivity at elevated temperatures, or in the presence of hydrogen, or both", we mean a catalyst productivity, expressed in units of kg polymer per mmole catalyst, which is at least 25% higher, preferably 50% higher, even more preferably 100% higher than that observed with an otherwise similar catalyst with H, Me or Ph in place of group Ar^l , under the same reaction conditions.

0131By "elevated temperatures", we mean a temperature of at least 60 °C, preferably at least 70 °C, even more preferably at least 80 °C.

0132By "in the presence of hydrogen", we mean an amount of hydrogen sufficient to reduce the number average molecular weight by at least 5%, preferably at least 10%, even more preferably at least 20%, relative to an otherwise similar reaction conducted in the absence of hydrogen. By "increase the regioselectivity or stereoselectivity of comonomer incorporation", we mean an increase of at least 10%, preferably at least 20% in either the regioselectivity or stereoselectivity of comonomer incorporation, relative to that observed for an otherwise similar catalyst with H, Me or Ph in place of group Ar^la, under the same reaction conditions.

0133By "reduce the amount of chain running", we mean either a decrease of at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, in the amount of branching observed for a branched polyolefin derived from ethylene alone, or an increase of at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, in the amount of branching observed for a chain- straightened poly-alpha-olefin, relative to that observed for an otherwise similar catalyst with H, Me or Ph in place of group Ar^la, under the same reaction conditions.

0134By "chain-straightened", we mean a poly-alpha-olefin with fewer branches than would be observed using an olefin polymerization catalyst which cannot undergo chain-running. By "increase the chain-running stereoselectivity", we mean an_. increase of at least 10%, preferably at least 20% in the occurrence of configurational correlation between adjacent substituted carbons along the polymer chain, relative to a purely random distribution.

0135By "decrease the rate of activation ofthe catalyst", we mean the catalyst precursor is converted into active form more slowly than would be observed for otherwise similar catalysts with H, Me or Ph in place of group Ar^la, under the same reaction conditions. Such slower activation can be advantageous under certain circumstances, including, for example, gas phase fluidized bed processes, where overly rapid activation can lead to over-heating of supported catalyst particles and reactor fouling.

0136The term "alpha-olefin" is used to refer to an olefin of formula H₂C=CHR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group. Preferred alpha-olefins are those with 3-40 carbons. A "π-allyl" group refers to a monoanionic group with three sp² carbon atoms bound to a metal center in a η -fashion. Any ofthe three sp carbon atoms may be substituted with a hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heteroatom connected hydrocarbyl, heteroatom connected substituted hydrocarbyl, or O-silyl group. Examples of π-allyl groups include:

0137Me -C₆H₅

0138<img file="WO0236641A2_D0051.tif" />

0139The term π-benzyl group denotes an π-allyl group where two ofthe sp² carbon atoms are part of an aromatic ring. Examples of π-benzyl groups include:

0140<img file="WO0236641A2_D0052.tif" />

0141A "bridging group" refers to an atom or group which links two or more groups, which has an appropriate valency to satisfy its requirements as a bridging group, and which is compatible with the desired catalysis. Suitable examples include divalent or trivalent hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heteroatom connected hydrocarbyl, heteroatom connected substituted hydrocarbyl, substituted silicon(IV), boron(ni), N(IIι), P(in), and P(V), -C(O)-, -SO₂-, -C(S)-, -B(OMe)-, - C(O)C(O)-, O, S, and Se. In some cases, the groups which are said to be "linked by a bridging group" are directly bonded to one another, in which case the term "bridging group" is meant to refer to that bond. By "compatible with the desired catalysis," we mean the bridging group either does not interfere with the desired catalysis, or acts to usefully modify the catalyst activity or selectivity.

0142The term "weakly coordinating anion" is well known in the artier se and generally refers to a large bulky anion capable of delocalization ofthe negative charge ofthe anion. The importance of such delocalization depends to some extent on the nature ofthe transition metal comprising the cationic active species, with the Group 4-6 transition metals requiring less coordinating anions, such as B(C₆F₅) ^", than many Group 8-10 transition metal based catalysts, which can in some cases give active catalysts with BF ^" counteranions. Weakly coordinating anions, not all of which would be considered bulky, include, but are not limited to: B(C₆Fs) ^", PF₆^", BF ^", SbF₆^", (Ph)4B^" wherein Ph = phenyl, and Ar- B^" wherein Ar B^" = tetrakis[3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-borate. The weakly coordinating nature of such anions is known and described in the literature (S. Strauss et al., Chem. Rev., 1993, 93, 927).

0143The abbreviation "acac" refers to acetylacetonate. In general, substituted acetylacetonates, wherein one or more hydrogens in the parent structure have been replaced by a hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, or fluoroalkyl, may be used in place ofthe "acac". Hydrocarbyl substituted acetylacetonates may be preferred in some cases when it is important, for example, to improve the solubility of a (ligand)Ni(acac)BF₄ salt in mineral spirits.

0144By "under the same reaction conditions", we mean the catalyst loading, solvent, solvent volume, agitation, ethylene pressure, co-monomer concentration, reaction time, and other process relevant parameters are sufficiently similar that a valid comparison can be made between two catalysts.

0145The phrase "one or more olefins" refers to the use of one or more chemically different olefin monomer feedstocks, for example, ethylene and propylene. A variety of protocols may be used to generate active polymerization catalysts comprising transition metal complexes of various nitrogen, phosphorous, oxygen and sulfur donor ligands. Examples include (i) the reaction of a Group 4 metallocene dichloride with MAO, (ii) the reaction of a Group 4 metallocene dimethyl complex with N,N-diethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, (iii) the reaction of a Group 8 or 9 metal dihalide complex of a tridentate N-donor ligand with an alkylaluminum reagent, (iv) the reaction of a Group 8 or 9 metal dialkyl complex of a tridentate N-donor ligand with MAO or HB(3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)₄, (v) the reaction of (Me₂N)₄Zr with 2 equivalents of an N-pyrrol-1-ylsalicylimine, followed by treatment ofthe product of that reaction with Me₃SiCl and then a triisobutylaluminum-modified methylaluminoxane, and (vi) the reaction of a nickel or palladium dihalide complex of a bidentate N-donor ligand with an alkylaluminum reagent. Additional methods described herein include the reaction of (tridentate N-donor ligand)M(acac)B(C₆F₅)₄ salts with an alkylaluminum reagent, where M is Fe(II) or Co(II), and the reaction of (bidentate N-donor ligand)Ni(acac)X salts with an alkylaluminum reagent, where X is a weakly coordinating anion, such as B(C₆F₅) ^", BF₄^", PF₆^", SbF₆^", (F₃CSO₂)₂N\ (F₃CSO₂)₃C, and OS(O)₂CF₃^". Cationic [(ligand)M(π-allyl)] complexes with weakly coordinating counteranions, where M is a Group 10 transition metal, are often also suitable catalyst precursors, requiring only exposure to olefin monomer and in some cases elevated temperatures (40-100 °C) or added Lewis acid, or both, to form an ^• active polymerization catalyst. More generally, a variety of (ligand)_nM(Z^la)(Z^lb) complexes, where "ligand" refers to a compound ofthe present invention, n is 1 or 2, M is a Group 4-10 transition metal, and Z^la and Z^l are univalent groups, or may be taken together to form a divalent group, may be reacted with one or more compounds, collectively referred to as compound Y, which function as co-catalysts or activators, to generate an active catalyst ofthe form [(ligand)_nM(T^la)(L)]⁺X^", where n is 1 or 2, T^la is a hydrogen atom or hydrocarbyl, L is an olefin or neutral donor group capable of being displaced by an olefin, M is a Group 4-10 transition metal, and X^" is a weakly coordinating anion. When Z^la and Z^lb are both halide, examples of compound Y include: methylaluminoxane (herein MAO) and other aluminum sesquioxides, R₃A1, R A1C1, and RA1C1₂ (wherein R is alkyl, and plural groups R may be the same or different). When Z^la and Z^l are both alkyl, examples of a compound Y include: MAO and other aluminum sesquioxides, R₃A1, R₂A1C1, RA1C1₂ (wherein R is alkyl, and plural groups R may be the same or different), B(C₆Fs)₃, R°₃Sn[BF₄] (wherein R° is hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl and plural groups R° may be the same or different), H⁺X^", wherein X^" is a weakly coordinating anion, for example, tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate, and Lewis acidic or Bronsted acidic metal oxides, for example, montmorillonite clay. In some cases, for example, when Z^la and Z^lb are both halide or carboxylate, sequential treatment with a metal hydrocarbyl, followed by reaction with a Lewis acid, may be required to generate an active catalyst. Examples of metal hydrocarbyls include: MAO, other aluminum sesquioxides, R₃ Al, R₂A1C1, RA1C1₂ (wherein R is alkyl, and plural groups R may be the same or different), Grignard reagents, organolithium reagents, and diorganozinc reagents. Examples of Lewis acids include: MAO, other aluminum sesquioxides, R₃A1, R₂A1C1, RAICI₂ (wherein R is alkyl, and plural groups R may be the same or different), B(C₆F₅)₃, R°₃Sn[BF₄] (wherein R° is hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl and plural groups R° may be the same or different), and Lewis acidic metal oxides.

0146The term "alkylaluminum" is used to refer to compounds containing at least one alkyl group bonded to Al(III), which are capable of reacting with a metal complex ofthe present invention to generate an active olefin polymerization catalyst. In general, this will involve exchanging one or more alkyl groups from the aluminum with a monoanionic atom or group on the metal complex pro-catalyst. In some cases, a hydride may be directly transferred from the β-carbon ofthe aluminum alkyl to said metal complex. Subsequent abstraction of a second monoanionic atom or group from the metal complex may also be required to generate a cationic active catalyst. When the pro-catalyst is already a cationic metal complex, the role ofthe alkylaluminum may simply be to exchange an alkyl or hydride from the aluminum with a monoanionic group, such as acetylacetonate, attached to the metal complex. In the case of a cationic π-allyl or π-benzyl pro- catalyst, the alkylaluminum reagent may, in some cases, simply act as a Lewis acid, to promote conversion ofthe π-allyl or π-benzyl to a σ-allyl or σ-benzyl bonding mode, thereby facilitating binding and insertion ofthe olefin monomer. When a cationic pro-catalyst is used with an alkylaluminum activator or co-catalyst, it should also be recognized that the starting counteranion (e.g. BF₄^") may react with the alkylaluminum reagent to generate a new counteranion (or a mixture of several different counteranions) under olefin polymerization reaction conditions. Examples of alkylaluminum reagents include: MAO, other aluminum sesquioxides, Me Al, EtAlCl₂, Et₂AlCl, R₃A1, R₂A1C1, RA1C1₂ (wherein R is alkyl, and plural groups R may be the same or different), and the like.

0147The foregoing discussion is intended to illustrate that there are frequently many ways to generate an active catalyst. It is an object of this disclosure to teach that there are a variety of methods wherein the ligands ofthe present invention can be reacted with a suitable metal precursor, and optionally a co-catalyst, to generate an active olefin polymerization catalyst. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the inventors also believe that the active catalyst typically comprises the catalytically active metal, one or more ligands ofthe present invention, the growing polymer chain (or a hydride capable of initiating a new chain), and a site on the metal adjacent to the metal-alkyl bond ofthe chain where ethylene can coordinate, or at least closely approach, prior to insertion. Where specific structures for active catalysts have been implied herein, it should be understood that an object of this invention is to teach and claim that active catalysts comprising the ligands ofthe present invention are formed as the reaction products ofthe catalyst activation reactions disclosed herein, regardless ofthe detailed structures of those active species.

0148Active catalysts may, in some cases, be generated from more than one oxidation state of a given metal. For example, the present invention describes the use of both Co(IH) and Co(II) catalyst precursors to effect olefin polymerization using MAO or other alkylaluminum co-catalysts. Where only one oxidation state of a given metal has been specified herein, it is therefore to be understood that other oxidation states ofthe same metal, complexed by the ligands ofthe present invention, can serve as catalyst precursors or active catalysts. When different oxidation state complexes ofthe ligands are used, appropriate changes in the ancillary ligands or the counteranion must obviously accompany any change in oxidation level to balance the charge. Examples where multiple oxidation state precurors are especially likely to be encountered include, but are not limited to, Ti(III)/Ti(IN), Fe(III)/Fe(II), and Co(iπ)/Co(II).

0149The catalysts ofthe present invention may be used in batch and continuous processes, in solution or slurry or gas phase processes. In some cases, it is advantageous to attach the catalyst to a solid support.

0150Examples of useful solid supports include: inorganic oxides, such as talcs, silicas, titania, silica/chromia, silica/chromia/titania, silica/alumina, zirconia, aluminum phosphate gels, silanized silica, silica hydrogels, silica xerogels, silica aerogels, montmorillonite clay and silica co-gels, as well as organic support materials such as polystyrene and functionalized polystyrene. (See, for example, S.B. Roscoe et al., "Polyolefin Spheres from Metallocenes Supported on Non-Interacting Polystyrene," 1998, Science, 280, 270-273 (1998)). Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the catalysts ofthe present invention are attached to a solid support (by "attached to a solid support" is meant ion paired with a component on the surface, adsorbed to the surface or covalently attached to the surface) that has been pre-treated with an alkylaluminum compound. More generally, the alkylaluminum and the solid support can be combined in any order and any number of alkylaluminum(s) can be utilized. In addition, the supported catalyst thus formed may be treated with additional quantities of alkylaluminum. In another preferred embodiment, the compounds ofthe present invention are attached to silica that has been pre-treated with an alkylaluminum, for example, MAO, Et₃Al, ⁱBu3Al, Et2A101, or Me₃Al.

0151Such supported catalysts are prepared by contacting the transition metal compound, in a substantially inert solvent (by which is meant a solvent which is either unreactive under the conditions of catalyst preparation, or if reactive, acts to usefully modify the catalyst activity or selectivity) with MAO-treated silica for a sufficient period of time to generate the supported catalyst. Examples of substantially inert solvents include toluene, o-difluorobenzene, mineral spirits, hexane, CH₂C1₂, arid CHC1₃.

0152In another preferred embodiment, the catalysts ofthe present invention are activated in solution under an inert atmosphere, and then adsorbed onto a silica support which has been pre-treated with a silylating agent to replace surface silanols by trialkylsilyl groups. Methods to pre-treat silicas in this way are known to those skilled in the art and may be achieved, for example, by heating the silica with hexamethyldisilazane and then removing the volatiles under vacuum. A variety of precurors and procedures may be used to generate the activated catalyst prior to said adsorption, including, for example, reaction of a (ligand)Ni(acac)B(C₆F₅) complex with Et₂AlCl in a toluene/hexane mixture under nitrogen; where "ligand" refers to a compound of the present invention.

0153In another, more preferred embodiment, the catalysts ofthe present invention are covalently attached to a solid support and then activated in a slurry phase process by treatment with an alkylaluminum reagent. Methods of covalent attachment include reaction of a 4-hydroxyphenyl group which is part ofthe ligand with Si(NMe₂)₄, followed by reaction ofthe resultant ligand-O-Si(NMe₂)3 derivative with silica.

0154In several cases, metal complexes are depicted herein with square planar, trigonal bipyramidal, or other coordination, however, it is to be understood that no specific geometry is implied.

0155The polymerizations may be conducted as solution polymerizations, as non- solvent slurry type polymerizations, as slurry polymerizations using one or more of the olefins or other solvent as the polymerization medium, or in the gas phase. One of ordinary skill in the art, with the present disclosure, would understand that the catalyst could be supported using a suitable catalyst support and methods known in the art. Substantially inert solvents, such as toluene, hydrocarbons, methylene chloride and the like, may be used. Propylene and 1 -butene are excellent monomers for use in slurry-type copolymerizations and unused monomer can be flashed off and reused. Temperature and olefin pressure have significant effects on catalyst activity, and on polymer structure, composition, and molecular weight. Suitable polymerization temperatures are preferably from about 20 °C to about 160 °C, more preferably 60 °C to about 100 °C. Suitable polymerization pressurse range from about 1 bar to about 200 bar, preferably 5 bar to 50 bar, more preferably 10 bar to 50 bar.

0156The catalysts ofthe present invention may be used alone, or in combination with one or more other Group 3-10 olefin polymerization or oligomerization catalysts, in solution, slurry, or gas phase processes. Such mixed catalyst systems are sometimes useful for the production of bimodal or multimodal molecular weight or compositional distributions, which may facilitate polymer processing or final product properties.

0157After the reaction has proceeded for a time sufficient to produce the desired . polymers, the polymer can be recovered from the reaction mixture by routine methods of isolation and/or purification. In general, the polymers ofthe present invention are useful as components of thermoset materials, as elastomers, as packaging materials, films, compatibilizing agents for polyesters and polyolefins, as a component of tackifying compositions, and as a component of adhesive materials.

0158High molecular weight resins are readily processed using conventional extrusion, injection molding, compression molding, and vacuum forming techniques well known in the art. Useful articles made from them include films, fibers, bottles and other containers, sheeting, molded objects and the like.

0159Low molecular weight resins are useful, for example, as synthetic waxes and they may be used in various wax coatings or in emulsion form. They are also particularly useful in blends with ethylene/vinyl acetate or ethylene/methyl acrylate- type copolymers in paper coating or in adhesive applications.

0160Although not required, typical additives used in olefin or vinyl polymers may be used in the new homopolymers and copolymers of this invention. Typical additives include pigments, colorants, titanium dioxide, carbon black, antioxidants, stabilizers, slip agents, flame retarding agents, and the like. These additives and their use in polymer systems are known per se in the art.

0161Other features ofthe invention will become apparent in the following description of working examples, which have been provided for illustration of the invention and are not intended to be limiting thereof.

0162The molecular weight data presented in the following examples is determined at 135 °C in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene using refractive index detection, calibrated using narrow molecular weight distribution poly(styrene) standards.

0163EXAMPLES Example 1

0164Ethylene polymerization at elevated temperature and pressure. General procedure used to obtain the polymerization data given in Table I The data given in Table I was generated using a procedure substantially similar to the following procedure. A I L Parr^® autoclave, Model 4520, was dried by heating under vacuum to 180 °C at 0.6 torr for 16 h, then cooled and refilled with dry. nitrogen. The autoclave was charged with dry, deoxygenated hexane (450 mL) and 1.0 mL of a 10 wt% solution of MAO in toluene (Aldrich^®), then purged by pressurizing it to 200 psig with ethylene and venting (3 cycles). Hydrogen was added to the reactor either by direct pressurization to the indicated partial pressure - (for hydrogen partial pressures ≥ 4 psia), or by pressurizing a 40 mL gas sample loop to 40 or 65 psia with hydrogen, and using ethylene gas to sweep the hydrogen into the reactor (for hydrogen partial pressures &lt; 4 psia). The autoclave was then heated to the temperature indicated in Table I and pressurized to within about 100 psig ofthe indicated pressure (see Table I) with ethylene gas while being vigorously stirred. Ethylene pressure was then used to inject 2.0 mL of dry, deoxygenated toluene from a sample loop (to clean the loop), followed by 2.0 mL (corresponding to 0.5 micromole of catalyst) of a toluene stock solution of [(ligand)Ni(acac)][B(C₆F₅)₄], (see Table I for ligand) followed by another 2.0 mL of dry, deoxygenated toluene (to flush the loop), thereby raising the total reactor pressure to 5-10% over the target pressure, after which the reactor was isolated from the ethylene supply and the pressure was allowed to fall to approximately 5-10% below the target pressure, after which more ethylene was added to raise the pressure back to 5-10% over the target pressure and the cycle was repeated as required. In some cases, multiple catalyst injections were made, with the final injection being made at the indicated last injection time. After the indicated total reaction time, 2.0 mL MeOH was injected via the sample loop, and the reactor was promptly cooled, depressurized and opened. The polyethylene product was recovered by filtration, washed with MeOH and then a dilute solution of Irganox™ 1010 (Ciba-Geigy) in acetone, and dried in vacuo at 160 °C, 1 mm Hg. Table I <img file="WO0236641A2_D0053.tif" />

0165Pressure injection K PE /mol Ni 1000 M_n

0166Entry Ligand T (°C) (psig) H₂ (psi) t (min) (min) Yield (g) / Ni (xlO^-3) carbons (xlO^"3) PDI¹ T_m (°C)²

01671 hcrlO 70 395 2 53.3 0 90.0 307 634 44 63.3 2.58 75.1,113.6

01682 wa4 70 400 2 175 72 43.5 756 1560 7.2 127.4 2.15 127.1

01693 a4 71 403 2 264 58 24.9 859 1774 129.0

01704 br4³'⁴ 61 420 4 90 0 39.0 675 1393 109.7 2.52 123.5

01715 wa6 70 395 1 160 51 31.0 538 1110 27 127.2 2.05 102 <img file="WO0236641A2_D0054.tif" />

01726 wa6 ^' 70 790 1 97 31 38.0 644 1330 122.4

01737 hcrll 70 418 2 160 90 27.8 482 994 94.9

01748 wa5 80 400 15 31 0 48.8 2054 4240 &lt;1 51.4 2.2 137.7⁵,133.6

01759 wa5 110 650 16 66 11 29.0 610 1260 7 21.8 1.99 129.2

017610 ar4³ 80 397 18 61 0 65.5 1860 3900 7 40.3 1.9 127.1

017711 ar4³ 110 748 17 46 24 19.8 411 849 13 30.9 1.87 121

017812 wa4 70 402 3 175 72 43.5 756 1560 7.2 127.4 2.15 127.1

017913 wa4 81 385 0 60 33 20.5 355 732 18.9 69.7 2.49 114.5

018014 wa4 81 382 0 45 0 12.0 414 854 14.9 90.7 2.42 116.7

018115 wa4 70 411 3 432 84 23.8 819 1690 115.5 2.29 129.0

0182Table I, cont'd

018316 wa4 70 403 3 264 58 24.9 857 1770

018417 hcrlO 71 392 0 53 12 36.0 308 636 48.8 292.1 1.98 68.6

018518 hcrl2 70 401 2 89 0 64.6 373 769 42 83.4 3.19 76.8,115.1

018619 wa6 79 420 0 123 48 15.6 270 557 41.5 340.3 2.01 86.5

018720 wa6 70 395 2 160 51 31.0 538 1110 27 127.2 2.05 102.0

018821 wa6 70 790 2 97 31 38.0 644 1330 21 161.7 2.56 122.4

018922 hcrll 70 418. 3 160 90 27.8 482 994 94.9

019023 illl⁶ 70 200 5 335 112 21.9 184 387 41 13.7 1.93

019124 hcrll⁷ 80 182 6 107 70 8.6 74 153 52 15.9 2.01 60.8,95.1

019225 shcrlO 80 460 7 404. 167 31.6 309 649 13.4 34.3 2.50 122.3

019326 shcrll⁸ 60 193 7 229 126 46.3 399 836 35 35.0 2.69 80.5,123

0194Notes: ^!PDI = polydispersity index = M_w/M_n. ²2^nd cycle endothermic maximum. ^JLigand structure on following page. ⁴AlMe₃ (2 mmol) used in place of MAO; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylρhenol (9.1 mmol) injected and allowed to react with the AlMe₃ at 80 °C for 30 min prior to addition ofthe Ni catalyst. ⁵l^st cycle endothermic maximum. ⁶Branches per 1000 carbons by ¹³C NMR: 23.2 Me, 3.2 Et, no detected Pr, 1.8 Bu, 12.6 pentyl and longer; ratio C₅ and higher to methyl = 0.54. ^' 'Branches per 1000 carbons by ¹³C NMR: 30.9 Me, 2.6

0195Et, 3.5 Pr, 0.9 Bu, 13.2 pentyl and longer; ratio C₅ and higher to methyl = 0.43. "Branches per 1000 carbons by ¹³C NMR: 23.7 Me, 1.8

0196Et, no detected Pr, no detected Bu, 9.2 pentyl and longer; ratio C₅ and higher to methyl = 0.39

0197Example 1, cont'd

0198<img file="WO0236641A2_D0055.tif" /> Example 2

0199Preparation of da2, a Ti complex thereof, and ethylene polymerization The requisite aniline is prepared as described for a5 in Example 19 below and reacts with malonyl dichloride to afford the corresponding bis amide, which is reduced with borane to the diamine. The latter is deprotonated and reacted with Me₃SiCl to afford the bis(trirnethylsilyi) derivative, which is converted to the corresponding Ti complex and activated in the presence of ethylene following the method of McConville et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc, 1996, 118, 10008-10009) to afford polyethylene.

0200Example 3

0201Ethylene polymerization using r(w3ΪNhYacac)1B(C₆Fs) using MAO to activate The procedure of Example 1 was followed using 15.72 psi hydrogen, an average reaction temperature of 90 °C, an average pressure of 400 psig, two catalyst injections, with the last injection at 0.32 min, and a total reaction time of 120 min to obtain 18.0 g polyethylene, corresponding to 6.1 million mol H mol Ni. The reactor pressure was followed as a function of time, and showed an increasing rate of ethylene consumption, for the first 20-30 min, after which the rate stabilized and then slowly decreased until the end ofthe experiment.

0202Example 4

0203Ethylene polymerization using [Yw3)Ni(acac lB(CfiFs using AlMe₃ to activate The procedure of Example 3 was followed using 14.7 psi hydrogen and 0.36 mmol AlMe₃ in hexane instead of MAO, an average temperature of 81 °C, an average pressure of 399 psig, two injections of catalyst, with the last injection at 0.35 min and a total reaction time of 57 min to obtain 49.9 g polyethylene, corresponding to 1.7 million turnovers. A graph of reactor pressure as a function of time showed a more rapid increase in activity than was observed in Example 3, with full activity apparently being reached within about 5 min. Example 5

0204Synthesis of wa6-il

0205<img file="WO0236641A2_D0056.tif" />

0206Benzaldehyde (3.0 g, 28.3 mmol) and 4'-bromoacetophenone (15.0 g, 75.4 mmol) were nearly dissolved in 95% ethanol (60 mL). Solid sodium hydroxide (1 pellet,, ca. 100 mg) was added. The mixture was heated at reflux for ca. 30 s, then allowed to cool. Upon cooling, an orange oil settled. The mixture was again heated at reflux for ca. 1 min. Upon cooling, near-colorless crystals separated from the orange supernatant. Ethanol (150 L) was added, and the large chunky crystals were crushed with a glass rod, then collected by vacuum filtration and washed with ethanol (3 x 20 mL). The desired diketone wa6-il was used without further purification. Crude yield: 10.3 g, 74%.

0207Example 6

0208Synthesis of wa6-i2

0209<img file="WO0236641A2_D0057.tif" /> wa6-i2 Triphenylmethanol (6.6 g, 25.4 mmol) was suspended in acetic anhydride (70 mL) and warmed until in solution. Tetrafluoroboric acid (48% in water, 4.15 mL, 31.8 mmol) was slowly added dropwise while cooling the exothermic reaction in a room temperature water bath. Diketone wa6-il (10.3 g, 21.2 mmol) was added in portions over a few minutes. Yellow needles ofthe desired pyrylium salt wa6-i2 began to separate from solution within minutes. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h, then vacuum filtered and washed with acetic anhydride (3 x 25 mL) and dried in vacuo at 100 °C to obtain 9.9 g wa6-i2. An additional 540 mg was obtained by treating the filtrate/washings with diethyl ether. Combined yield: 89 %.

0210Example 7

0211Synthesis of wa6-i3

0212<img file="WO0236641A2_D0058.tif" /> wa6-i3

0213Pyrylium salt wa6-i2 (13.85 g, 25.0 mmol) and 4-nitrophenylacetic acid (9.09 g, 50.2 mmol) were slurried in acetic anhydride (26 mL). The mixture was heated to 70 C under a nitrogen atmosphere then triethylamine (7 mL) was added dropwise with stirring. The dark mixture was stored in the refrigerator for 16 h, then filtered and washed with acetic anhydride, then methanol to obtain the desired nitroarene wa6-i3 as a pale yellow powder (7.89 g), which was used without further purification. Example 8

0214Synthesis of wa6-i4

0215<img file="WO0236641A2_D0059.tif" /> wa6-i4

0216To a suspension of wa6-i3 (11.81 g, 20.2 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (2.67 g, 2.4 mmol) in toluene (201 ml) was added 4-tert-butylρhenylboronic acid (10.77g, 60.5 mmol) as a solution in EtOH (40 ml). 2 M aqueous Na₂CO₃ (80 ml) was added and the resulting suspension was heated at 85 °C for 41.5 h, then cooled to 23 °C and extracted with Et₂O. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in toluene and filtered through a plug of silica gel and celite then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was suspended in a small amount of CH₂C1₂ and filtered, washing with heptane. A second amount of precipitate was collected from the filtrate, again washing with heptane. The filtrate was filtered a third time to afford a gray solid, which was adsorbed onto silica gel and eluted through a short plug of silica and celite with CH₂C1₂. The filtrate was combined with the solids obtained previously to afford wa6-i4 (6.14g, 44%), which was used without further purification. Example 9

0217Synthesis of wa6-i5

0218<img file="WO0236641A2_D0060.tif" /> wa6-i5

0219A suspension of wa6-i4 (9.14g, 13.2 mmol) and 5% Pd/C (1.84g) in a mixture of toluene (149 ml) and MeOH (25 ml) was stirred under a balloon of H₂ at 55 °C for 17 h. The reaction was cooled to rt, and filtered through a plug of celite, rinsing with toluene. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to afford wa6-i5 (8.72 g, 100%), which was used without further purification.

0220Example 10

0221Synthesis of wa6-i6

0222<img file="WO0236641A2_D0061.tif" />

0223To an ice cold suspension of wa6-i5 (8.72 g, 13.2 mmol) in acetic acid (102 ml) and CH₂C1₂ (20 ml) was added NaOAc (2.18g) in portions. Following the completion of the addition, bromine (1.37 ml) was added via syringe. The ice bath was removed, and the reaction stirred at 23 °C under Ar for 1.5 h then poured over ice, resulting in the formation of a yellow solid (7.96g), which was collected by vacuum filtration. The filtrate was extracted with CH₂C1₂. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was combined with the solid collected previously to afford wa6-i6 (10.13 g, 94 %), which was used without further purification.

0224Example 11

0225Synthesis of wa6-i7

0226<img file="WO0236641A2_D0062.tif" /> wa6-i7

0227To a suspension of wa6-i6 (4.5 g, 5.5 mmol) and Pd(Ph₃P) (0.722 g, 0.65 mmol) in toluene (54.6 ml) was added 4-tert-butylphenylboronic acid (2.91 g, 16.4 mmol) and EtOH (10.9 ml). The resulting suspension was treated with 2 M aqueous Na₂CO₃ (21.7 ml) then heated to 85 °C for 22.5 h. The reaction was cooled to rt, and extracted with toluene. The organic layer was washed with water, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was divided into two portions and purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 5-50% CH₂Cl₂/heρtane) on two columns to afford wa6-i7 (1.9 g and 2.16 g, total 4.06 g, 80%).

0228Example 12

0229Synthesis of wa6-i8

0230<img file="WO0236641A2_D0063.tif" /> wa6-iδ

0231To a suspension of wa6-i7 (250 mg, 0.27 mmol) in CH₂θ₂ (1.5 ml) was added ethyl chlorooxoacetate (0.032 ml, 0.28 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at 23 °C for 1 h, then diluted with CH₂C1₂ and washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and water. The organic layer was concentrated in vacuo to afford wa6-i8 (277 mg), which was used without further purification.

0232Example 13

0233Synthesis of wa-i9

0234<img file="WO0236641A2_D0064.tif" /> wa6-i9

0235A suspension of wa6-i8 (246 mg, 0.24 mmol) in 'PrOH (1.7 ml) was treated with 2 M NaOH (1.08 ml). The resulting suspension was heated to 60 °C for lh, then cooled to 23 °C and acidified with 2 M HCl (pH = 2). The solid that formed was filtered, washed with H₂O and dried in vacuo to afford wa6-i9 (220 mg, 92 %), which was used without further purification.

0236Example 14

0237Synthesis of wa6-il0

0238<img file="WO0236641A2_D0065.tif" />

0239Amide/acid a6-i9 (215 mg, 0.215 mmol) was added portionwise to a suspension of NaH (60% in oil, 10 mg, 0.254 mmol) in toluene (2 ml). The resulting suspension was stirred at 23 °C for 15 min then treated with oxalyl chloride (338 μl, 3.88 mmol) and stirred at 23 °C for an additional 15 min. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo, and the residue was treated with wa6-i6 (184 mg, 0.225 mmol) followed by CH₂C1₂ (2 ml). The resulting suspension was stirred at 23 °C for 3 days then concentrated in vacuo to afford crude wa6-il0 (415 mg), which was used without further purification. Example 15

0240Synthesis of wa6-ill

0241<img file="WO0236641A2_D0066.tif" />

0242A suspension of wa6-il0 (385 mg (assume 100% yield from example 10), 0.214 mmol) in o-xylene (1.5 ml) was treated with P₄S₁₀ (48 mg, 0.108 mmol). The resulting suspension was heated to 140 °C under Ar for 1.5 h, then cooled to rt. The residue was diluted with toluene and washed with water. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford wa6-ill (413 mg), contaminated with residual xylene. The crude product was not purified further. Example 16

0243Synthesis of wa6

0244<img file="WO0236641A2_D0067.tif" /> wa6

0245To a suspension of wa6-ill (392 mg (assume 100%) yield from example 11), 0.214 mmol,) in 1,2-dibromoethane (2.17 ml) was added 2 M NaOH (2.55 ml) and tetrabutylammonium bromide (12.8 mg, 0.04 mmol). The resulting biphasic mixture was stirred rapidly under Ar at 23 °C for 17 h, then diluted with CH₂C1₂ and washed with H₂O. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 20-70% CH₂Cl₂/heptane) to afford wa6 (280 mg, 70% from wa6-i9). Example 17

0246Synthesis of wa5-il

0247<img file="WO0236641A2_D0068.tif" />

0248A solution of wa6-i7 (329 mg, 0.355 mmol) in CH₂C1₂ (2 ml) was treated with oxalyl chloride (20 μl, 0.22 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at 23 °C under Ar for 1 h, then poured into MeOH. The precipitate was filtered and dried in vacuo. NMR indicated the crude product contained a significant amount of wa6-i7, so the mixture was redissolved in CH₂CI₂ (2 ml) and treated with oxalyl chloride (10 μl, 0.11 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 23 °C under Ar for 25.5h, then poured into MeOH. The precipitate was filtered and dried in vacuo to afford wa5-il (319 mg), which was used without further purification. Example 18

0249Synthesis of wa5-i2

0250<img file="WO0236641A2_D0069.tif" />

0251P S₁₀ (37.5 mg, 0.084 mmol) was added to a suspension of wa5-il (319 mg, 0.167 mmol) in o-xylene (1.4 ml). The resulting suspension was heated to 140 °C under Ar for 5.5h, then cooled to 23 °C overnight. TLC indicated the reaction was not complete, so the mixture was heated to 140 °C for an additional 6h. The reaction was cooled to 23 °C and allowed to stand under Ar overnight. The suspension was diluted with toluene and washed with H₂O. The organic layer was dired over Na2SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford wa5-i2 (242 mg), which was used without further purification. Example 19

0252Synthesis of wa5

0253<img file="WO0236641A2_D0070.tif" />

0254A suspension of wa5-i2 (242 mg, 0.124 mmol) in 1,2-dibromoethane (1.28 ml) was treated with 2 M NaOH (1.5 ml) and tetrabutylammonium bromide (8mg, 0.025 mmol). The resulting biphasic solution was stirred vigorously under Ar for 4 h, then diluted with CH₂C1₂ and washed with H₂O. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO , filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 15-50% CH₂Cl₂ heptane) to afford wa5, contaminated with a small amount of an unidentified impurity. The impurity was removed by washing with MeOH to afford wa5 (87.3 mg, 25% from wa6-i7). Example 20

0255Ethylene polymerization with the nickel catalyst derived from Ni(acac ?,

0256<img file="WO0236641A2_D0071.tif" /> v22

0257A I L Parr autoclave, Model 4520, was dried by heating under vacuum to 180 C at 0.6 torr for 1 h, then cooled and refilled with dry nitrogen. The autoclave was charged with dry, deoxygenated hexane (450 mL) and 2.0 mL of a 0.25 M solution of triisobutylaluminum in hexanes. The reactor was sealed and heated to 80 °C under nitrogen, then sufficient hydrogen was added to raise the pressure by 8.9 psi, after which ethylene was introduced to raise the total pressure to 250 psig. A sample loop injector was first purged with 2.0 mL dry, deoxygenated dichloromethane (injected into the reactor), and then used to inject 3 x 2.0 mL of a stock solution (corresponding to a total of 3.0 μmol of pro-catalyst) prepared from 17.34 mL of CH₂C1₂ and 2.66 mL of a second stock solution prepared from 45.3 mg ligand v22,

025815.0 mg Ni(acac)₂, 54 mg Ph₃C(C₆F₅)₄ and 19.546 g (14.75 mL) CH₂C1₂, followed by 2.0 mL of CH₂C1₂, using ethylene gas to force the liquids into the autoclave and raise the pressure to ca. 440 psig, after which time the reactor was isolated and the pressure was allowed to fall to about 380 psig. More ethylene was then reintroduced to raise the pressure back to ca. 430 psig, after which the pressure was allowed to fall to ca. 400 psig, to give an average pressure of 402 psig, and an average temperature was 80.4 °C. After 47 min, the reaction was quenched by injection of MeOH, then the reactor was cooled, depressurized and opened. The polyethylene was recovered by concentrating the mixture to dryness under vacuum to obtain

025913.01 g amorphous polyethylene, corresponding to 1.55 x 10⁵ mol ethylene/mol Ni. Example 21

0260Ethylene polymerization with the nickel catalyst derived from Nifacac ?, <img file="WO0236641A2_D0072.tif" />

0261The procedure of Example 20 was followed, except the average temperature was 60.1 C, the average pressure was 605 psig, the partial pressure of hydrogen was 4.49 psi, and the total reaction time was 59.7 min. This afforded 38.6 g amorphous polyethylene, corresponding to 4.6 x 10⁵ mol ethylene/mol nickel.

0262Example 22 Ethylene polymerization with the nickel catalyst derived from Nifacac)?. Pfo CsF )-. and ligand v5

0263<img file="WO0236641A2_D0073.tif" /> v5

0264The procedure of Example 20 was followed using 2 μmol ofthe nickel catalyst derived from Ni(acac)₂, Ph₃C(C₆F₅)₄ and ligand v5, and an average temperature of 60.8 C, an average pressure of 397 psig, a partial pressure of hydrogen of 5.12 psi, and a total reaction time of 21.7 min. This afforded 38. g partially crystalline polyethylene, corresponding to 6.8 x 10⁵ mol ethylene/mol nickel. Example 23

0265Ethylene polymerization with the nickel catalyst derived from Nifacac)?, Ph₃CfC₆Fs and 2,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenylimino butane The procedure of Example 20 was followed using 4.2 μmol ofthe nickel catalyst derived from Ni(acac)₂, Ph₃C(C₆Fs)₄ and 2,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenylimino)- butane, and an average temperature of 60.5 C, an average pressure of 398 psig, a partial pressure of hydrogen of 4.64 psi, and a total reaction time of 60 min. This afforded 18.7 g polyethylene, corresponding to 1.6 x 10⁵ mol ethylene/mol nickel.

0266Example 24

0267Ethylene polymerization with the nickel catalyst derived from Nifacac)?. PtoCIGJFsk and ligand v4

0268<img file="WO0236641A2_D0074.tif" /> v4

0269The procedure of Example 20 was followed using 2 μmol ofthe nickel catalyst derived from Ni(acac)₂, Ph₃C(C₆F₅)₄ and ligand v4, an initial temperature of 60 °C (the reaction exothermed to 81 °C), an average temperature of 63.7 C, an average pressure of 590 psig, a partial pressure of hydrogen of 4.03 psi, and a total reaction time of 34.5 min. This afforded 33.7 g partially crystalline polyethylene, corresponding to 6.0 x 10⁵ mol ethylene/mol nickel. Example 25

0270Ethylene polymerization with the nickel catalyst derived from Nifacacb, Ph₃C(CfiF₅ and ligand v5

0271The procedure of Example 22 was repeated using 3 μmol nickel catalyst, 13.32 psi hydrogen, an average temperature of 80.4 C, and an average pressure of 406 psig to obtain 19.9 g polyethylene, corresponding to 2.4 x 10⁵ mol ethylene/mol Ni.

0272Ligand syntheses and metal complex syntheses not given above followed procedures similar to those given above or previously described in the cross- referenced applications.